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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Circulatory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotive_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotive_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Locomotive organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotive_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endoskeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endoskeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Endoskeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endoskeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_history_and_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_history_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life history and behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_history_and_behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life history and behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_history_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_sociability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_sociability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Communication and sociability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_sociability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbiosis_and_commensalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbiosis_and_commensalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Symbiosis and commensalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiosis_and_commensalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_defensive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_defensive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Predators and defensive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_defensive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Estivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phylogeny and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relation to humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Commercial harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Black market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea cucumber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seekomkommer" title="Seekomkommer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seekomkommer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="خيار البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيار البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_xiyarlar%C4%B1" title="Dəniz xiyarları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz xiyarları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دنیز خیارلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز خیارلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="সামুদ্রিক শসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামুদ্রিক শসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-sim" title="Hái-sim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Галатурыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галатурыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Галятурыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галятурыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Морски краставици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морски краставици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_krastavci" title="Morski krastavci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Morski krastavci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogombres_de_mar" title="Cogombres de mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cogombres de mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balat" title="Balat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Balat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%BD%C5%A1i" title="Sumýši – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumýši" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazzu_marinu" title="Cazzu marinu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cazzu marinu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8p%C3%B8lser" title="Søpølser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søpølser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="عرناكو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عرناكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seegurken" title="Seegurken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seegurken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_ch%CA%BCoshtsoh_ch%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9h_digh%C3%A1hii" title="Táłtłʼááh chʼoshtsoh chʼééh digháhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłtłʼááh chʼoshtsoh chʼééh digháhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meripurad" title="Meripurad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meripurad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Ολοθουροειδή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοθουροειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" title="Holothuroidea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holothuroidea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markukumo" title="Markukumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Markukumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoturia" title="Holoturia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holoturia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خیار دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خیار دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothurie" title="Holothurie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holothurie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmaire_cladaigh" title="Súmaire cladaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súmaire cladaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoturoideos" title="Holoturoideos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holoturoideos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-s%C3%AAm" title="Hói-sêm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-sêm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%82%BC%EB%A5%98" title="해삼류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해삼류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոլոթուրիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոթուրիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="समुद्र कर्कटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र कर्कटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpovi" title="Trpovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trpovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoturio" title="Holoturio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Holoturio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teripang" title="Teripang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teripang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6bj%C3%BAgu" title="Sæbjúgu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sæbjúgu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" title="Holothuroidea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Holothuroidea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מלפפוני-ים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלפפוני-ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripang" title="Tripang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tripang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಡಲ ಸೌತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲ ಸೌತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოთურიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოთურიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Голотурийлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Голотурийлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongoobahari" title="Jongoobahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jongoobahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Голотуриялар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Голотуриялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" title="Holothuroidea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Holothuroidea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABras_gur%C4%B7i" title="Jūras gurķi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūras gurķi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoturijos" title="Holoturijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holoturijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoturoideo" title="Holoturoideo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Holoturoideo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeriubork%C3%A1k" title="Tengeriuborkák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengeriuborkák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Морски краставици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Морски краставици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanga" title="Zanga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zanga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കടൽ വെള്ളരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽ വെള്ളരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="خيار البحر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيار البحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamat" title="Gamat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gamat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeekomkommers" title="Zeekomkommers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeekomkommers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B3" title="ナマコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナマコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siagurken" title="Siagurken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siagurken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8p%C3%B8lser" title="Sjøpølser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjøpølser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8p%C3%B8lse" title="Sjøpølse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjøpølse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloturia" title="Oloturia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oloturia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz_bodringlari" title="Dengiz bodringlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz bodringlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzykwy" title="Strzykwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strzykwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepino-do-mar" title="Pepino-do-mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pepino-do-mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_kumar" title="Yaku kumar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku kumar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Голотурии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голотурии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/humhum" title="humhum – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="humhum" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" title="Holothuroidea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Holothuroidea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea cucumber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holot%C3%BArie" title="Holotúrie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holotúrie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brizga%C4%8Di" title="Brizgači – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brizgači" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Морски краставац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морски краставац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpovi" title="Trpovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trpovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merimakkarat" title="Merimakkarat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merimakkarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gurkor" title="Sjögurkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjögurkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" title="Holothuroidea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Holothuroidea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கடல் வெள்ளரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல் வெள்ளரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ปลิงทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลิงทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_h%C4%B1yar%C4%B1" title="Deniz hıyarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz hıyarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" 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<tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sea cucumber<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Middle Ordovician-present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:61.836923076923px; width:158.16307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:61.836923076923px; width:158.16307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:62.836923076923px; width:156.16307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg/220px-Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg/330px-Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg/440px-Actinopyga_echinites1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A sea cucumber (<i><a href="/wiki/Actinopyga_echinites" title="Actinopyga echinites">Actinopyga echinites</a></i>), displaying its feeding tentacles and <a href="/wiki/Tube_feet" title="Tube feet">tube feet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Holothuroidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinodermata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holothuroidea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Blainville</a>, 1834</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> <small>Brandt, 1835</small></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthrochirotida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthrochirotida (page does not exist)">Arthrochirotida</a> <small>Seilacher, 1961</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochirotida" title="Dendrochirotida">Dendrochirotida</a> <small>Grube, 1840</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Elasipodida</a> <small>Théel, 1882</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holothuriida" title="Holothuriida">Holothuriida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molpadida" title="Molpadida">Molpadida</a> <small>Haeckel, 1896</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persiculida" title="Persiculida">Persiculida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synallactida" title="Synallactida">Synallactida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelenota_ananas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thelenota_ananas.jpg/220px-Thelenota_ananas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thelenota_ananas.jpg/330px-Thelenota_ananas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thelenota_ananas.jpg/440px-Thelenota_ananas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Thelenota_ananas" title="Thelenota ananas">Thelenota ananas</a></i>, a giant sea cucumber from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> tropics</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sea cucumbers</b> are <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <b>Holothuroidea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/θj/: 'th' in 'enthuse'">θj</span><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOL</span>-ə-thyuu-<span style="font-size:90%">ROY</span>-dee-ə, <span style="font-size:90%">HOH</span>-lə-</i></a>). They are <a href="/wiki/Marine_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine animal">marine animals</a> with a leathery skin and an elongated body containing a single, branched <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>. They are found on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea floor">sea floor</a> worldwide. The number of known <b>holothurian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θj/: 'th' in 'enthuse'">θj</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOL</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">THURE</span>-ee-ən, <span style="font-size:90%">HOH</span>-lə-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species worldwide is about 1,786,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the greatest number being in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoSone_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these are gathered for <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">human consumption</a>, and some species are cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> systems. The harvested product is variously referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepang</a></i>, <i>namako</i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%AAche-de-mer" class="extiw" title="wikt:bêche-de-mer">bêche-de-mer</a></i>, or <i>balate</i>. Sea cucumbers serve a useful role in the <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a> as they help recycle nutrients, breaking down <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can continue the <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoSone_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, sea cucumbers have an <a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">endoskeleton</a> just below the skin, calcified structures that are usually reduced to isolated microscopic <a href="/wiki/Ossicle_(echinoderm)" title="Ossicle (echinoderm)">ossicles</a> (or sclerietes) joined by <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. In some species these can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pelagothuria_natatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagothuria natatrix">Pelagothuria natatrix</a></i> (order <a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Elasipodida</a>, family <a href="/wiki/Pelagothuriidae" title="Pelagothuriidae">Pelagothuriidae</a>), the skeleton is absent and there is no <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> ring.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea cucumbers are named for their resemblance to the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a> plant. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif/240px-Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif/360px-Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif/480px-Sjogurka_stor_ugglan.gif 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Sea cucumber : a -Tentacles, b - Cloaca, c - Ambulacral feet on the ventral side, d -Papillae on the back</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sea cucumbers have a soft and cylindrical body, rounded off and occasionally fat in the extremities, and generally without solid appendages. Their shape ranges from almost spherical for "sea apples" (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocolochirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocolochirus">Pseudocolochirus</a></i>) to serpent-like for <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> or the classic sausage-shape, while others resemble caterpillars. The mouth is surrounded by tentacles, which can be pulled back inside the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holothurians measure generally between 10 and 30 centimetres (3.9 and 11.8 in) long, with extremes of some millimetres for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhabdomolgus_ruber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhabdomolgus ruber (page does not exist)">Rhabdomolgus ruber</a></i> and up to more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) for <i><a href="/wiki/Synapta_maculata" title="Synapta maculata">Synapta maculata</a></i>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_floridana" title="Holothuria floridana">Holothuria floridana</a></i>, which abounds just below low-water mark on the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> reefs, has a volume of well over 500 cubic centimeters (31 cu in),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. Most possess five rows of tube feet (called "<a href="/wiki/Tube_feet" title="Tube feet">podia</a>"), but <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> lacks these and moves by crawling; the podia can be of smooth aspect or provided with fleshy appendages (like <i><a href="/wiki/Thelenota_ananas" title="Thelenota ananas">Thelenota ananas</a></i>). The podia on the dorsal surface generally have no locomotive role, and are transformed into papillae. At one of the extremities opens a rounded mouth, generally surrounded with a crown of tentacles which can be very complex in some species (they are in fact modified podia); the anus is postero-dorsal. </p><p>Holothurians do not look like other echinoderms at first glance, because of their tubular body, without visible skeleton nor hard appendixes. Furthermore, the fivefold symmetry, classical for echinoderms, although preserved structurally, is doubled here by a bilateral symmetry which makes them look like <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>. However, a central symmetry is still visible in some species through five 'radii', which extend from the mouth to the anus (just like for sea urchins), on which the tube feet are attached. There is thus no "oral" or "aboral" face as for sea stars and other echinoderms, but the animal stands on one of its sides, and this face is called <i>trivium</i> (with three rows of tube feet), while the dorsal face is named <i>bivium</i>. A remarkable feature of these animals is the "catch" <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> that forms their body wall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be loosened and tightened at will, and if the animal wants to squeeze through a small gap, it can essentially liquefy its body and pour into the space. To keep itself safe in these crevices and cracks, the sea cucumber will hook up all its collagen fibers to make its body firm again.<sup id="cite_ref-piper_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piper-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common way to separate the subclasses is by looking at their oral tentacles. Order <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> have a slender and elongate body lacking tube feet, with up to 25 simple or <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> oral tentacles. <a href="/wiki/Aspidochirotida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspidochirotida">Aspidochirotida</a> are the most common sea cucumbers encountered, with a strong body and 10–30 leaflike or shield-like oral tentacles. <a href="/wiki/Dendrochirotida" title="Dendrochirotida">Dendrochirotida</a> are filter-feeders, with plump bodies and 8–30 branched oral tentacles (which can be extremely long and complex). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Details of the mouth with its tentacles."><img alt="Details of the mouth with its tentacles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/240px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/360px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/480px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Details of the mouth with its tentacles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaptula_lamberti.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Synaptula lamperti lives on sponges (here in Indonesia)."><img alt="Synaptula lamperti lives on sponges (here in Indonesia)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Synaptula_lamberti.JPG/240px-Synaptula_lamberti.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Synaptula_lamberti.JPG/360px-Synaptula_lamberti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Synaptula_lamberti.JPG/480px-Synaptula_lamberti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Synaptula_lamperti" title="Synaptula lamperti">Synaptula lamperti</a></i> lives on sponges (here in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synapta maculata, the longest known sea cucumber (Apodida)."><img alt="Synapta maculata, the longest known sea cucumber (Apodida)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/135px-Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/202px-Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/270px-Reef1118_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Synapta_maculata" title="Synapta maculata">Synapta maculata</a></i>, the longest known sea cucumber (<a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The king sea cucumber (Thelenota anax, family Stichopodidae) is one of the heaviest known holothurians."><img alt="The king sea cucumber (Thelenota anax, family Stichopodidae) is one of the heaviest known holothurians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG/240px-Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG/360px-Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG/480px-Thelenota_anax_g%C3%A9ante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The king sea cucumber (<i><a href="/wiki/Thelenota_anax" title="Thelenota anax">Thelenota anax</a></i>, family <a href="/wiki/Stichopodidae" title="Stichopodidae">Stichopodidae</a>) is one of the heaviest known holothurians.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiridota_heheva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiridota heheva, abyssal species."><img alt="Chiridota heheva, abyssal species." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiridota_heheva.jpg/240px-Chiridota_heheva.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiridota_heheva.jpg/360px-Chiridota_heheva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chiridota_heheva.jpg/480px-Chiridota_heheva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Chiridota_heheva" title="Chiridota heheva">Chiridota heheva</a></i>, abyssal species.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucumaria_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cucumaria miniata, a filter-feeding sea cucumber."><img alt="Cucumaria miniata, a filter-feeding sea cucumber." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cucumaria_big.jpg/135px-Cucumaria_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cucumaria_big.jpg/202px-Cucumaria_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cucumaria_big.jpg/270px-Cucumaria_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cucumaria_miniata" title="Cucumaria miniata">Cucumaria miniata</a></i>, a filter-feeding sea cucumber.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudocolochirus ("sea apple")."><img alt="Pseudocolochirus ("sea apple")." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg/120px-Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg/179px-Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg/239px-Pseudocolochirus_axiologus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocolochirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocolochirus">Pseudocolochirus</a></i> ("sea apple").</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holothuria leucospilota"><img alt="Holothuria leucospilota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg/240px-Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg/360px-Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg/480px-Holothuria_leucospilota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_leucospilota" title="Holothuria leucospilota">Holothuria leucospilota</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isostichopus badionotus"><img alt="Isostichopus badionotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg/240px-Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg/360px-Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg/481px-Isostichopus_badionotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Isostichopus_badionotus" title="Isostichopus badionotus">Isostichopus badionotus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thelenota rubralineata"><img alt="Thelenota rubralineata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg/270px-Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg/405px-Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg/540px-Treasure_chest_candycane_sea_cucumber_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Thelenota_rubralineata" title="Thelenota rubralineata">Thelenota rubralineata</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holothuria fuscopunctata"><img alt="Holothuria fuscopunctata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg/271px-Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg/406px-Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg/541px-Holothuria_fuscopunctata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_fuscopunctata" title="Holothuria fuscopunctata">Holothuria fuscopunctata</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohadschia_argus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bohadschia argus"><img alt="Bohadschia argus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bohadschia_argus.jpg/315px-Bohadschia_argus.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bohadschia_argus.jpg/473px-Bohadschia_argus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bohadschia_argus.jpg/630px-Bohadschia_argus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bohadschia_argus" title="Bohadschia argus">Bohadschia argus</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div> <p>Sea cucumbers are typically 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) in length, although the smallest known species are just 3 mm (0.12 in) long, and <a href="/wiki/Largest_organisms#Echinoderms_(Echinodermata)" title="Largest organisms">the largest</a> can reach 3 meters (10 ft). The body ranges from almost spherical to worm-like, and lacks the arms found in many other echinoderms, such as <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>. The anterior end of the animal, containing the mouth, corresponds to the oral pole of other echinoderms (which, in most cases, is the underside), while the posterior end, containing the anus, corresponds to the aboral pole. Thus, compared with other echinoderms, sea cucumbers can be said to be lying on their side.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber,_Coconut_Island,_Hawaii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG/220px-Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG/330px-Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG/440px-Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber%2C_Coconut_Island%2C_Hawaii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Conspicuous Sea Cucumber, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Hawaii_Island)" title="Coconut Island (Hawaii Island)">Coconut Island</a>, Hawaii</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_plan">Body plan</h3></div> <p>The body of a holothurian is roughly cylindrical. It is radially symmetrical along its longitudinal axis, and has weak bilateral symmetry transversely with a dorsal and a ventral surface. As in other <a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans</a>, there are five <a href="/wiki/Ambulacral" title="Ambulacral">ambulacra</a> separated by five ambulacral grooves, the interambulacra. The ambulacral grooves bear four rows of tube feet but these are diminished in size or absent in some holothurians, especially on the dorsal surface. The two dorsal ambulacra make up the bivium while the three ventral ones are known as the trivium.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the anterior end, the mouth is surrounded by a ring of tentacles which are usually retractable into the mouth. These are called the primary tentacles and were present in the common ancestor of echinoderms, but have been lost in all the other classes of the phylum,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be simple, branched or arborescent. They are known as the introvert and posterior to them there is an internal ring of large calcareous ossicles. Attached to this are five bands of muscle running internally longitudinally along the ambulacra. There are also circular muscles, contraction of which cause the animal to elongate and the introvert to extend. Anterior to the ossicles lie further muscles, contraction of which cause the introvert to retract.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body wall consists of an epidermis and a dermis and contains smaller calcareous ossicles, the types of which are characteristics which help to identify different species. Inside the body wall is the coelom which is divided by three longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Mesentery_(zoology)" title="Mesentery (zoology)">mesenteries</a> which surround and support the internal organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holothuroidea_(Sea_cucumber_feeding).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg/220px-Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg/330px-Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg/440px-Holothuroidea_%28Sea_cucumber_feeding%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A sea cucumber atop gravel, feeding</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> lies behind the mouth and is surrounded by a ring of ten <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> plates. In most sea cucumbers, this is the only substantial part of the skeleton, and it forms the point of attachment for muscles that can retract the tentacles into the body for safety as for the main muscles of the body wall. Many species possess an <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, but in some the pharynx opens directly into the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>. The intestine is typically long and coiled, and loops through the body three times before terminating in a <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloacal</a> chamber, or directly as the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3></div> <p>Sea cucumbers have no true <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. A ring of neural tissue surrounds the oral cavity, and sends nerves to the tentacles and the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The animal is, however, quite capable of functioning and moving about if the nerve ring is surgically removed, demonstrating that it does not have a central role in nervous coordination. In addition, five major nerves run from the nerve ring down the length of the body beneath each of the ambulacral areas.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sea cucumbers have no distinct sensory organs, although there are various nerve endings scattered through the skin, giving the animal a sense of touch and a sensitivity to the presence of light. There are, however, a few exceptions: members of the Apodida order are known to possess <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a>, while some species possess small eye-spots near the bases of their tentacles.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h3></div> <p>Sea cucumbers extract oxygen from water in a pair of "respiratory trees" that branch in the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> just inside the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, so that they "breathe" by drawing water in through the anus and then expelling it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trees consist of a series of narrow tubules branching from a common duct, and lie on either side of the digestive tract. Gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of the tubules, to and from the fluid of the main body cavity. </p><p>Together with the intestine, the respiratory trees also act as excretory organs, with nitrogenous waste diffusing across the tubule walls in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Coelomocyte" title="Coelomocyte">coelomocytes</a> depositing particulate waste.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_systems">Circulatory systems</h3></div> <p>Like all echinoderms, sea cucumbers possess both a <a href="/wiki/Water_vascular_system" title="Water vascular system">water vascular system</a> that provides hydraulic pressure to the tentacles and tube feet, allowing them to move, and a <i>haemal system</i>. The latter is more complex than that in other echinoderms, and consists of well-developed vessels as well as open <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">sinuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central haemal ring surrounds the pharynx next to the ring canal of the water vascular system, and sends off additional vessels along the radial canals beneath the ambulacral areas. In the larger species, additional vessels run above and below the intestine and are connected by over a hundred small muscular ampullae, acting as miniature hearts to pump blood around the haemal system. Additional vessels surround the respiratory trees, although they contact them only indirectly, via the <a href="/wiki/Coelom#Coelomic_fluid" title="Coelom">coelomic fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, the blood itself is essentially identical with the coelomic fluid that bathes the organs directly, and also fills the water vascular system. Phagocytic coelomocytes, somewhat similar in function to the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, are formed within the haemal vessels, and travel throughout the body cavity as well as both circulatory systems. An additional form of coelomocyte, not found in other echinoderms, has a flattened discoid shape, and contains <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>. As a result, in many (though not all) species, both the blood and the coelomic fluid are red in colour.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG/220px-Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG/330px-Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG/440px-Pearsonothuria_graeffei_bouche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Pearsonothuria_graeffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearsonothuria graeffei">Pearsonothuria graeffei</a></i> showing its three rows of podia on its <i>trivium</i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg/220px-Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg/330px-Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg/440px-Zeekomkommer-insluitselen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sea cucumber ossicles (here "wheels" and "anchors")</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> has been reported in high concentrations in holothurian blood,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however researchers have been unable to reproduce these results.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotive_organs">Locomotive organs</h3></div> <p>Like all echinoderms, sea cucumbers possess <a href="/wiki/Pentaradial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaradial symmetry">pentaradial symmetry</a>, with their bodies divided into five nearly identical parts around a central axis. However, because of their posture, they have secondarily evolved a degree of bilateral symmetry. For example, because one side of the body is typically pressed against the substratum, and the other is not, there is usually some difference between the two surfaces (except for <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a>). Like <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, most sea cucumbers have five strip-like ambulacral areas running along the length of the body from the mouth to the anus. The three on the lower surface have numerous <a href="/wiki/Tube_feet" title="Tube feet">tube feet</a>, often with suckers, that allow the animal to crawl along; they are called <i>trivium</i>. The two on the upper surface have under-developed or vestigial tube feet, and some species lack tube feet altogether; this face is called <i>bivium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some species, the ambulacral areas can no longer be distinguished, with tube feet spread over a much wider area of the body. Those of the order <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> have no tube feet or ambulacral areas at all, and burrow through sediment with muscular contractions of their body similar to that of worms, however five radial lines are generally still obvious along their body.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in those sea cucumbers that lack regular tube feet, those that are immediately around the mouth are always present. These are highly modified into retractile <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a>, much larger than the locomotive tube feet. Depending on the species, sea cucumbers have between ten and thirty such tentacles and these can have a wide variety of shapes depending on the diet of the animal and other conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sea cucumbers have papillae, conical fleshy projections of the body wall with sensory tube feet at their apices.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can even evolve into long antennae-like structures, especially on the abyssal genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scotoplanes" title="Scotoplanes">Scotoplanes</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endoskeleton">Endoskeleton</h3></div> <p>Echinoderms typically possess an internal skeleton composed of plates of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. In most sea cucumbers, however, these have become reduced to microscopic ossicles embedded beneath the skin. A few genera, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaerothuria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaerothuria (page does not exist)">Sphaerothuria</a></i>, retain relatively large plates, giving them a scaly armour.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_history_and_behaviour">Life history and behaviour</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelagothuria_natatrix_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Pelagothuria_natatrix_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The mysterious <i><a href="/wiki/Pelagothuria_natatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagothuria natatrix">Pelagothuria natatrix</a></i> is the only truly <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> echinoderm known to date.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enypniastes_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Enypniastes_sp.jpg/220px-Enypniastes_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Enypniastes_sp.jpg/330px-Enypniastes_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Enypniastes_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Benthopelagic sea cucumbers</a>, such as this <i><a href="/wiki/Enypniastes" title="Enypniastes">Enypniastes</a></i>, are often confused with jellyfish, have webbed swimming structures enabling them to swim up off the surface of the seafloor and journey as much as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) up the water column</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Expl0790_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spanish dancer (<i>Benthodytes</i> sp.), another swimming sea cucumber, hovering at 2,789 metres (9,150 ft) by the <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sea cucumbers can be found in great numbers on the deep seafloor, where they often make up the majority of the animal biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At depths deeper than 8,900 m (5.5 mi), sea cucumbers comprise 90% of the total mass of the macrofauna.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea cucumbers form large herds that move across the bathygraphic features of the ocean, hunting food. The body of some deep water holothurians, such as <i>Enypniastes eximia</i>, <i>Peniagone leander</i> and <i>Paelopatides confundens</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is made of a tough gelatinous tissue with unique properties that makes the animals able to control their own buoyancy, making it possible for them to either live on the ocean floor or to actively swim <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or float over it in order to move to new locations,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a manner similar to how the group <a href="/wiki/Torquaratoridae" title="Torquaratoridae">Torquaratoridae</a> floats through water. </p><p>Holothurians appear to be the echinoderms best adapted to extreme depths, and are still very diversified beyond 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) deep: several species from the family <a href="/wiki/Elpidiidae" title="Elpidiidae">Elpidiidae</a> ("sea pigs") can be found deeper than 9,500 metres (31,200 ft), and the record seems to be some species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Myriotrochus" title="Myriotrochus">Myriotrochus</a></i> (in particular <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myriotrochus_bruuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myriotrochus bruuni (page does not exist)">Myriotrochus bruuni</a></i>), identified down to 10,687 metres (35,062 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-MahDeepest_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahDeepest-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more shallow waters, sea cucumbers can form dense populations. The strawberry sea cucumber (<i>Squamocnus brevidentis</i>) of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> lives on rocky walls around the southern coast of the South Island where populations sometimes reach densities of 1,000 animals/m<sup>2</sup> (93 animals/sq ft). For this reason, one such area in <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a> is called the strawberry fields.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3></div> <p>Some abyssal species in the abyssal order <a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Elasipodida</a> have evolved to a "benthopelagic" behaviour: their body is nearly the same density as the water around them, so they can make long jumps (up to 1,000 metres or 3,300 feet high), before falling slowly back to the ocean floor. Most of them have specific swimming appendages, such as some kind of umbrella (like <i><a href="/wiki/Enypniastes" title="Enypniastes">Enypniastes</a></i>), or a long lobe on top of the body (<i><a href="/wiki/Psychropotes" title="Psychropotes">Psychropotes</a></i>). Only one species is known as a true completely <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> species, that never comes close to the bottom: <i><a href="/wiki/Pelagothuria_natatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagothuria natatrix">Pelagothuria natatrix</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <p>Holothuroidea are generally <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>, feeding on debris in the <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic zone</a> of the ocean. Exceptions include some <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> cucumbers and the species <i>Rynkatorpa pawsoni</i>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a> relationship with deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> of most cucumbers consists of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and decaying organic matter found in the sea. Some sea cucumbers position themselves in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> and catch food that flows by with their open tentacles. They also sift through the bottom <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> using their tentacles. Other species can dig into bottom silt or sand until they are completely buried. They then extrude their feeding tentacles, ready to withdraw at any hint of danger. </p><p>In the South Pacific sea cucumbers may be found in densities of 40 individuals/m<sup>2</sup> (3.7 individuals/sq ft). These populations can process 19 kilograms per square metre (3.9 lb/sq ft) of sediment per year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shape of the tentacles is generally adapted to the diet, and to the size of the particles to be ingested: the filter-feeding species mostly have complex arborescent tentacles, intended to maximize the surface area available for filtering, while the species feeding on the substratum will more often need digitate tentacles to sort out the nutritional material; the detritivore species living on fine sand or mud more often need shorter "peltate" tentacles, shaped like shovels. A single specimen can swallow more than 45 kilograms (99 lb) of sediment a year, and their excellent digestive capacities allow them to reject a finer, purer and homogeneous sediment. Therefore, sea cucumbers play a major role in the biological processing of the sea bed (bioturbation, purge, homogenization of the substratum etc.). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euapta_godeffroyi,_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The mouth of an Euapta godeffroyi, showing pinnate tentacles."><img alt="The mouth of an Euapta godeffroyi, showing pinnate tentacles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/225px-Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/337px-Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/449px-Euapta_godeffroyi%2C_d%C3%A9tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mouth of an <i><a href="/wiki/Euapta_godeffroyi" title="Euapta godeffroyi">Euapta godeffroyi</a></i>, showing pinnate tentacles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mouth of a Holothuria sp., showing peltate tentacles."><img alt="Mouth of a Holothuria sp., showing peltate tentacles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/240px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/360px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/480px-Apostichopus_californicus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mouth of a <i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria" title="Holothuria">Holothuria</a> sp.</i>, showing peltate tentacles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucumaria_main.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mouth of a Cucumaria miniata, with dendritic tentacles, for filtering the water."><img alt="Mouth of a Cucumaria miniata, with dendritic tentacles, for filtering the water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cucumaria_main.jpg/240px-Cucumaria_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cucumaria_main.jpg/360px-Cucumaria_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cucumaria_main.jpg/480px-Cucumaria_main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mouth of a <i><a href="/wiki/Cucumaria_miniata" title="Cucumaria miniata">Cucumaria miniata</a></i>, with dendritic tentacles, for filtering the water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holothurie_sp..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faeces of an holothurian. This participates in sediment homogenization and purification."><img alt="Faeces of an holothurian. This participates in sediment homogenization and purification." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Holothurie_sp..jpg/240px-Holothurie_sp..jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Holothurie_sp..jpg/360px-Holothurie_sp..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Holothurie_sp..jpg/480px-Holothurie_sp..jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faeces of an holothurian. This participates in sediment homogenization and purification.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_sociability">Communication and sociability</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sea_cucumber" title="Special:EditPage/Sea cucumber">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg/180px-Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg/270px-Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg/360px-Haeckel_Amphoridea-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>"Auricularia" larva (by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sea cucumbers reproduce by releasing <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> into the ocean water. Depending on conditions, one organism can produce thousands of <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>. Sea cucumbers are typically <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, with separate male and female individuals, but some species are <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">protandric</a>. The reproductive system consists of a single <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>, consisting of a cluster of tubules emptying into a single duct that opens on the upper surface of the animal, close to the tentacles.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least 30 species, including the red-chested sea cucumber (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocnella_insolens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocnella insolens">Pseudocnella insolens</a></i>), fertilize their eggs internally and then pick up the fertilized zygote with one of their feeding tentacles. The egg is then inserted into a pouch on the adult's body, where it develops and eventually hatches from the pouch as a juvenile sea cucumber.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species are known to brood their young inside the body cavity, giving birth through a small rupture in the body wall close to the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <p>In all other species, the egg develops into a free-swimming <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, typically after around three days of development. The first stage of larval development is known as an <b>auricularia</b>, and is only around 1 mm (39 <a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">mils</a>) in length. This larva swims by means of a long band of <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> wrapped around its body, and somewhat resembles the <a href="/wiki/Bipinnaria" title="Bipinnaria">bipinnaria</a> larva of starfish. As the larva grows it transforms into the <b>doliolaria</b>, with a barrel-shaped body and three to five separate rings of cilia. The <b>pentacularia</b> is the third larval stage of sea cucumber, where the tentacles appear. The tentacles are usually the first adult features to appear, before the regular tube feet.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbiosis_and_commensalism">Symbiosis and commensalism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periclimenes_imperator_(Emperor_shrimp)_on_Bohadschia_argus_(Sea_cucumber).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg/220px-Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg/330px-Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg/440px-Periclimenes_imperator_%28Emperor_shrimp%29_on_Bohadschia_argus_%28Sea_cucumber%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Emperor shrimp <i><a href="/wiki/Periclimenes_imperator" title="Periclimenes imperator">Periclimenes imperator</a></i> on a <i><a href="/wiki/Bohadschia_ocellata" title="Bohadschia ocellata">Bohadschia ocellata</a></i> sea cucumber</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous small animals can live in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensalism</a> with sea cucumbers, as well as some parasites. </p><p>Some cleaner shrimps can live on the tegument of holothurians, in particular several species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Periclimenes" title="Periclimenes">Periclimenes</a></i> (genus which is specialized in echinoderms), in particular <i><a href="/wiki/Periclimenes_imperator" title="Periclimenes imperator">Periclimenes imperator</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mah_Crabs_&_Shrimps_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mah_Crabs_&_Shrimps-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of fish, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Pearl_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl fish">pearl fish</a>, have evolved a <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensalistic</a> symbiotic relationship with sea cucumbers in which the pearl fish will live in sea cucumber's cloaca using it for protection from predation, a source of food (the nutrients passing in and out of the anus from the water), and to develop into their adult stage of life. Many <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete</a> worms (family <a href="/wiki/Polynoidae" title="Polynoidae">Polynoidae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mah_Worms_&_Snails_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mah_Worms_&_Snails-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> (like <i><a href="/wiki/Lissocarcinus_orbicularis" title="Lissocarcinus orbicularis">Lissocarcinus orbicularis</a></i>) have also specialized to use the mouth or the cloacal respiratory trees for protection by living inside the sea cucumber.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, holothurians species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Actinopyga" title="Actinopyga">Actinopyga</a></i> have anal teeth that prevent visitors from penetrating their anus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mah_Pearlfish-Sea_Cucumber_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mah_Pearlfish-Sea_Cucumber-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea cucumbers can also shelter bivalvia as endocommensals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Entovalva" title="Entovalva">Entovalva</a> sp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mah_CLAMS_that_live_in_their_throat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mah_CLAMS_that_live_in_their_throat-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lissocarcinus orbicularis, a symbiotic crab."><img alt="Lissocarcinus orbicularis, a symbiotic crab." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/241px-Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/362px-Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/482px-Swimming_Crab_-_Lissocarcinus_Orbicularis_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lissocarcinus_orbicularis" title="Lissocarcinus orbicularis">Lissocarcinus orbicularis</a></i>, a symbiotic crab.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Periclimenes imperator, a symbiotic shrimp."><img alt="Periclimenes imperator, a symbiotic shrimp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/307px-Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/460px-Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg/613px-Shrimp_on_Sea_Cucumber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Periclimenes_imperator" title="Periclimenes imperator">Periclimenes imperator</a></i>, a symbiotic shrimp.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polynoid worms on a king sea cucumber."><img alt="Polynoid worms on a king sea cucumber." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG/240px-Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG/360px-Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG/480px-Polych%C3%A8tes_sur_T._anax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polynoidae" title="Polynoidae">Polynoid</a> worms on a king sea cucumber.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_defensive_systems">Predators and defensive systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG/220px-Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG/330px-Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG/440px-Tonna_Perdix_en_train_de_se_nourrir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tonna_perdix" title="Tonna perdix">Tonna perdix</a></i>, a selective predator of tropical sea cucumbers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG/220px-Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG/330px-Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG/440px-Sea_cucumber_defence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>A sea cucumber in <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_Seychelles" title="Mahé, Seychelles">Mahé, Seychelles</a> ejects sticky filaments from the anus in self-defense.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sea cucumbers are often ignored by most of the marine predators because of the toxins they contain (in particular <a href="/wiki/Holothurin" title="Holothurin">holothurin</a>) and because of their often spectacular defensive systems. However, they remain a prey for some highly specialized predators which are not affected by their toxins, such as the big mollusks <i><a href="/wiki/Tonna_galea" title="Tonna galea">Tonna galea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tonna_perdix" title="Tonna perdix">Tonna perdix</a></i>, which paralyzes them using powerful poison before swallowing them completely.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other less specialized and opportunist predators can also prey on sea cucumbers sometimes when they cannot find any better food, such as certain species of fish (<a href="/wiki/Triggerfish" title="Triggerfish">triggerfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pufferfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pufferfish">pufferfish</a>) and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>). </p><p>Some species of coral-reef sea cucumbers within the order <a href="/wiki/Aspidochirotida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspidochirotida">Aspidochirotida</a> can defend themselves by expelling their sticky <a href="/wiki/Cuvierian_tubules" title="Cuvierian tubules">cuvierian tubules</a> (enlargements of the respiratory tree that float freely in the <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">coelom</a>) to entangle potential predators. When startled, these cucumbers may expel some of them through a tear in the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">autotomic</a> process known as <a href="/wiki/Evisceration_(autotomy)" title="Evisceration (autotomy)">evisceration</a>. Replacement tubules grow back in one and a half to five weeks, depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoSone_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release of these tubules can also be accompanied by the discharge of a toxic chemical known as <a href="/wiki/Holothurin" title="Holothurin">holothurin</a>, which has similar properties to soap. This chemical can kill animals in the vicinity and is one more method by which these sedentary animals can defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-piper_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piper-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estivation">Estivation</h3></div> <p>If the water temperature becomes too high, some species of sea cucumber from temperate seas can <a href="/wiki/Aestivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestivate">aestivate</a>. While they are in this state of dormancy they stop feeding, their gut atrophies, their metabolism slows down and they lose weight. The body returns to its normal state when conditions improve.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoSone_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny_and_classification">Phylogeny and classification</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sea_cucumbers" title="List of prehistoric sea cucumbers">List of prehistoric sea cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_echinodermata_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of echinodermata orders">List of echinodermata orders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg/220px-Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg/330px-Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg/440px-Euapta_godeffroyi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> like this <i><a href="/wiki/Euapta_godeffroyi" title="Euapta godeffroyi">Euapta godeffroyi</a></i> are snake-shaped, without podia, and have pinnate tentacles. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg/220px-Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg/330px-Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg/440px-Holothuria_cinerascens_R%C3%A9union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holothuriida" title="Holothuriida">Holothuriida</a> like this <i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_cinerascens" title="Holothuria cinerascens">Holothuria cinerascens</a></i> are sausage-shaped, with peltate tentacles. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG/220px-Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG/330px-Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG/440px-Cercodemas_anceps_Red_box_sea_cucumber_PC260152.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dendrochirotida" title="Dendrochirotida">Dendrochirotida</a> like this <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercodemas_anceps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercodemas anceps (page does not exist)">Cercodemas anceps</a></i> are curled-bodied and have arborescent tentacles. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg/220px-Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg/330px-Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg/440px-Scotoplanes_globosa_and_crab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Elasipodida</a> like this "sea pig" <i><a href="/wiki/Scotoplanes" title="Scotoplanes">Scotoplanes</a></i> have a translucent body with specific appendages; they live in the abyss. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stichopus_herrmanni_(Mayotte).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg/220px-Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg/330px-Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg/440px-Stichopus_herrmanni_%28Mayotte%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Synallactida" title="Synallactida">Synallactida</a> like this <i><a href="/wiki/Stichopus_herrmanni" title="Stichopus herrmanni">Stichopus herrmanni</a></i> still lack a definition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) are one of five <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> classes that make up the phylum Echinodermata. This is one of the most distinctive and diverse phyla, ranging from starfish to urchins to sea cucumbers and many other organisms. The echinoderms are mainly distinguished from other phyla by their body plan and organization. The earliest sea cucumbers are known from the middle <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, over 450 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apodida is the sister group to the other orders of sea cucumbers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All echinoderms share three main characteristics. When mature, echinoderms have a pentamerous radial symmetry. While this can easily be seen in a sea star or brittle star, in the sea cucumber it is less distinct and seen in their five primary tentacles. The pentamerous radial symmetry can also be seen in their five ambulacral canals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambulacral canals are used in their water vascular system which is another characteristic that binds this phylum together. </p><p>The water vascular system develops from their middle coelom or hydrocoel. Echinoderms use this system for many things including movement by pushing water in and out of their podia or "tube feet". Echinoderms tube feet (including sea cucumbers) can be seen aligned along the side of their axes. </p><p>While echinoderms are invertebrates, meaning they do not have a spine, they do all have an endoskeleton that is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a>. This endoskeleton is composed of plates called ossicles. They are always internal but may only be covered by a thin epidermal layer like in sea urchin's spines. In the sea cucumber the ossicles are only found in the dermis, making them a very supple organism. For most echinoderms, their ossicles are found in units making up a three dimensional structure. However, in sea cucumbers the ossicles are found in a two-dimensional network.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All echinoderms also possess anatomical feature(s) called <a href="/wiki/Mutable_collagenous_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutable collagenous tissues">mutable collagenous tissues</a>, or MCTs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tissues can rapidly change their passive mechanical properties from soft to stiff under the control of the nervous system and coordinated with muscle activity. Different echinoderm classes use MCTs in different ways. The asteroids, sea stars, can detach limbs for self-defense and then regenerate them. The Crinoidea, sea fans, can go from stiff to limp depending on the current for optimal filter feeding. The Echinoidea, sand dollars, use MCTs to grow and replace their rows of teeth when they need new ones. The Holothuroidea, sea cucumbers, use MCTs to eviscerate their gut as a self-defense response. MCTs can be used in many ways but are all similar at the cellular level and in mechanics of function. A common trend in the uses of MCTs is that they are generally used for self-defense mechanisms and in regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holothurian classification is complex and their paleontological phylogeny relies on a limited number of well-preserved specimens. The modern taxonomy is based first of all on the presence or the shape of certain soft parts (podia, lungs, tentacles, peripharingal crown) to determine the main orders, and secondarily on the microscopic examination of ossicles to determine the genus and the species. Contemporary genetic methods have been helpful in clarifying their classification. </p><p>Taxonomic classification according to <a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a>: </p> <ul><li>subclass Actinopoda <small>Ludwig, 1891</small> <ul><li>order <a href="/wiki/Dendrochirotida" title="Dendrochirotida">Dendrochirotida</a> <small>Grube, 1840</small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Cucumariidae" title="Cucumariidae">Cucumariidae</a> <small>Ludwig, 1894</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Cucumellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucumellidae">Cucumellidae</a> <small>Thandar & Arumugam, 2011</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Heterothyonidae" title="Heterothyonidae">Heterothyonidae</a> <small>Pawson, 1970</small></li> <li>family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monilipsolidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monilipsolidae (page does not exist)">Monilipsolidae</a> <small>Smith & Gallemí, 1991</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Paracucumidae" title="Paracucumidae">Paracucumidae</a> <small>Pawson & Fell, 1965</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Phyllophoridae" title="Phyllophoridae">Phyllophoridae</a> <small>Östergren, 1907</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Placothuriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Placothuriidae">Placothuriidae</a> <small>Pawson & Fell, 1965</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Psolidae" title="Psolidae">Psolidae</a> <small>Burmeister, 1837</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Rhopalodinidae" title="Rhopalodinidae">Rhopalodinidae</a> <small>Théel, 1886</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Sclerodactylidae" title="Sclerodactylidae">Sclerodactylidae</a> <small>Panning, 1949</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Vaneyellidae" title="Vaneyellidae">Vaneyellidae</a> <small>Pawson & Fell, 1965</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Ypsilothuriidae" title="Ypsilothuriidae">Ypsilothuriidae</a> <small>Heding, 1942</small></li></ul></li> <li>order <a href="/wiki/Elasipodida" title="Elasipodida">Elasipodida</a> <small>Théel, 1882</small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Elpidiidae" title="Elpidiidae">Elpidiidae</a> <small>Théel, 1882</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Laetmogonidae" title="Laetmogonidae">Laetmogonidae</a> <small>Ekman, 1926</small></li> <li>family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeolaetmogonidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeolaetmogonidae (page does not exist)">Palaeolaetmogonidae</a> <small>Reich, 2012</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Pelagothuriidae" title="Pelagothuriidae">Pelagothuriidae</a> <small>Ludwig, 1893</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Psychropotidae" title="Psychropotidae">Psychropotidae</a> <small>Théel, 1882</small></li></ul></li> <li>order <a href="/wiki/Holothuriida" title="Holothuriida">Holothuriida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 </small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Holothuriidae" title="Holothuriidae">Holothuriidae</a> <small>Burmeister, 1837</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Mesothuriidae" title="Mesothuriidae">Mesothuriidae</a> <small>Smirnov, 2012</small></li></ul></li> <li>order <a href="/wiki/Molpadida" title="Molpadida">Molpadida</a> <small>Haeckel, 1896</small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Caudinidae" title="Caudinidae">Caudinidae</a> <small>Heding, 1931</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Eupyrgidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupyrgidae">Eupyrgidae</a> <small>Semper, 1867</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Gephyrothuriidae" title="Gephyrothuriidae">Gephyrothuriidae</a> <small>Koehler & Vaney, 1905</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Molpadiidae" title="Molpadiidae">Molpadiidae</a> <small>Müller, 1850</small></li></ul></li> <li>order <a href="/wiki/Persiculida" title="Persiculida">Persiculida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 </small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Gephyrothuriidae" title="Gephyrothuriidae">Gephyrothuriidae</a> <small>Koehler & Vaney, 1905</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Molpadiodemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Molpadiodemidae">Molpadiodemidae</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Pseudostichopodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostichopodidae">Pseudostichopodidae</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017</small></li></ul></li> <li>order <a href="/wiki/Synallactida" title="Synallactida">Synallactida</a> <small>Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 </small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Deimatidae" title="Deimatidae">Deimatidae</a> <small>Théel, 1882</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Stichopodidae" title="Stichopodidae">Stichopodidae</a> <small>Haeckel, 1896</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Synallactidae" title="Synallactidae">Synallactidae</a> <small>Ludwig, 1894</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>subclass †Arthrochirotacea<small>Smirnov, 2012</small> <ul><li>order †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthrochirotida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthrochirotida (page does not exist)">Arthrochirotida</a> <small>Brandt, 1835</small> <ul><li>family †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeocucumariidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeocucumariidae (page does not exist)">Palaeocucumariidae</a> <small>Frizzell & Exline, 1966</small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paractinopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paractinopoda (page does not exist)">Paractinopoda</a> <small>Ludwig, 1891</small> <ul><li>order <a href="/wiki/Apodida" title="Apodida">Apodida</a> <small>Brandt, 1835</small> <ul><li>family <a href="/wiki/Chiridotidae" title="Chiridotidae">Chiridotidae</a> <small>Östergren, 1898</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Myriotrochidae" title="Myriotrochidae">Myriotrochidae</a> <small>Théel, 1877</small></li> <li>family <a href="/wiki/Synaptidae" title="Synaptidae">Synaptidae</a> <small>Burmeister, 1837</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_humans">Relation to humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumber as food">Sea cucumber as food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg/220px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg/330px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg/440px-Yokohama_Chinese_Medicine_Sea_cucumber_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dried sea cucumbers in a Japanese pharmacy</figcaption></figure> <p>To supply the markets of <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Trepanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanger">trepangers</a> traded with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> from at least the 18th century and probably earlier. This is the first recorded example of <a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">trade between the inhabitants of the Australian continent and their Asian neighbours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many commercially important species of sea cucumber that are harvested and dried for export for use in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> as <i>hoisam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell2023_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell2023-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more commonly found species in markets include:<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell2023_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell2023-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acaudina_molpadioides" title="Acaudina molpadioides">Acaudina molpadioides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinopyga_echinites" title="Actinopyga echinites">Actinopyga echinites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinopyga_mauritiana" title="Actinopyga mauritiana">Actinopyga mauritiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinopyga_palauensis" title="Actinopyga palauensis">Actinopyga palauensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostichopus_californicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostichopus californicus">Apostichopus californicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostichopus_japonicus" title="Apostichopus japonicus">Apostichopus japonicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_nobilis" title="Holothuria nobilis">Holothuria nobilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_scabra" title="Holothuria scabra">Holothuria scabra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_fuscogilva" title="Holothuria fuscogilva">Holothuria fuscogilva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isostichopus_fuscus" title="Isostichopus fuscus">Isostichopus fuscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelenota_ananas" title="Thelenota ananas">Thelenota ananas</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, although it has been used in traditional Asian folk medicine for a variety of ailments, "there is little reliable scientific evidence to support claims that sea cucumber is effective in treating cancer, arthritis, and other diseases" but research is examining "whether some compounds made by sea cucumbers may be helpful against cancer".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various pharmaceutical companies emphasize <i><a href="/wiki/Gamat" title="Gamat">gamat</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> traditional medicinal usage of this animal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extracts are prepared and made into oil, cream or cosmetics. Some products are intended to be taken internally. </p><p>A review article found that <a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">chondroitin sulfate</a> and related compounds found in sea cucumbers can help in treating joint-pain, and that dried sea cucumber is "medicinally effective in suppressing <a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">arthralgia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study suggested that sea cucumbers contain all the fatty acids necessary to play a potentially active role in tissue repair.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea cucumbers are under investigation for use in treating ailments including <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgical probes made of nanocomposite material based on the sea cucumber have been shown to reduce brain scarring.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that a <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrochirotida" title="Dendrochirotida">Cucumaria echinata</a></i> impaired the development of the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria parasite</a> when produced by transgenic <a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">mosquitoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Teripang" in a market in Asia."><img alt=""Teripang" in a market in Asia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg/240px-Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg/360px-Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg/480px-Dried_sea_cucumber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Teripang" in a market in Asia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sea cucumber in sauce in China."><img alt="Sea cucumber in sauce in China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg/304px-Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg/455px-Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg/607px-Sea_cucumber_dish_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sea cucumber in sauce in China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Haisom cah jamur, Chinese Indonesian sea cucumber with mushroom."><img alt="Haisom cah jamur, Chinese Indonesian sea cucumber with mushroom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG/240px-Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG/360px-Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG/480px-Haisom_Cah_Jamur_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Haisom cah jamur</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Chinese Indonesian</a> sea cucumber with mushroom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep fried sea cucumbers."><img alt="Deep fried sea cucumbers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg/333px-Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg/499px-Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg/665px-Sea_cucumber_dish_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deep_fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep fried">Deep fried</a> sea cucumbers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keripik_teripang_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kripik teripang, Indonesian sea cucumber cracker."><img alt="Kripik teripang, Indonesian sea cucumber cracker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Keripik_teripang_1.JPG/211px-Keripik_teripang_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Keripik_teripang_1.JPG/316px-Keripik_teripang_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Keripik_teripang_1.JPG/421px-Keripik_teripang_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kripik" title="Kripik">Kripik</a> teripang</i>, Indonesian sea cucumber cracker.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procurement">Procurement</h2></div> <p>Sea cucumbers are harvested from the environment, both legally and illegally, and are increasingly farmed via <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. The harvested animals are normally dried for resale.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT031913_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT031913-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, prices on <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a> ranged up to $1,000 per kilogram ($450/lb).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_harvest">Commercial harvest</h3></div> <p>In recent years, the sea cucumber industry in Alaska has increased due to increased demand for the skins and muscles to China.<sup id="cite_ref-NF_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild sea cucumbers are caught by divers. Wild Alaskan sea cucumbers have higher nutritional value and are larger than farmed Chinese sea cucumbers. Larger size and higher nutritional value has allowed the Alaskan fisheries to continue to compete for market share.<sup id="cite_ref-NF_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Australia's oldest fisheries is the collection of sea cucumber, harvested by divers from throughout the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> in far <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Straits">Torres Straits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. In the late 1800s as many as 400 divers operated from <a href="/wiki/Cook_Town,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Town, Queensland">Cook Town, Queensland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> of sea cucumbers in the Great Barrier Reef is threatening their population.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their popularity as luxury seafood in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> countries poses a serious threat.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_market">Black market</h3></div> <p>As of 2013 a thriving <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade#Illegal_wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">black market</a> was driven by demand in China where 450 grams (1 lb) at its peak might have sold for the equivalent of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$300</span><sup id="cite_ref-NYT031913_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT031913-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a single sea cucumber for about <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$160</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-crackdown_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crackdown-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crackdown by governments both in and out of China reduced both prices and consumption, particularly among government officials who had been known to eat (and were able to afford purchasing) the most expensive and rare species.<sup id="cite_ref-crackdown_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crackdown-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> off the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> near fishing ports such as Dzilam de Bravo, illegal harvesting had devastated the population and resulted in conflict as rival gangs struggled to control the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT031913_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT031913-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumber">Aquaculture of sea cucumber</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a> of sea cucumber stocks in many parts of the world provided motivation for the development of sea cucumber <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> in the early 1980s. The Chinese and Japanese were the first to develop successful hatchery technology on <i><a href="/wiki/Apostichopus_japonicus" title="Apostichopus japonicus">Apostichopus japonicus</a></i>, prized for its high meat content and success in commercial hatcheries.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using techniques pioneered by the Chinese and Japanese, a second species, <i><a href="/wiki/Holothuria_scabra" title="Holothuria scabra">Holothuria scabra</a></i>, was cultured for the first time in India in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-james_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years Australia, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Maldives, Solomon Islands and Vietnam have successfully cultured <i>H. scabra</i> using the same technology, and now culture other species.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskar_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <p>In India, the commercial harvest and transportation of sea cucumbers has been strictly banned under Schedule I of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Life_(Protection)_Act,_1972" title="Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972">Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972</a> (WLPA) since 2001. In 2020, the Indian government created the world's first sea cucumber conservation area, the <a href="/wiki/Dr._K.K._Mohammed_Koya_Sea_Cucumber_Conservation_Reserve" title="Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve">Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve</a>, to protect the sea cucumber species.<sup id="cite_ref-Badri_Chatterjee_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badri_Chatterjee-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaji2020_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaji2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Thuroidea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="3303" /></a><figcaption>Holothurians plate by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> from his <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (1904)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sea cucumbers have inspired thousands of <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where they are called <i>namako</i> (海鼠), written with characters that can be translated as "sea mice" (an example of <a href="/wiki/Gikun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikun">gikun</a>). In English translations of these haiku, they are usually called "sea slugs". According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the English term "sea slug" was originally applied to holothurians during the 18th century. The term is now applied to several groups of <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> that have no shell or only a very reduced shell, including the <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>. Almost 1,000 Japanese holothurian haiku translated into English appear in the book <i>Rise, Ye Sea Slugs!</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robin_D._Gill" title="Robin D. Gill">Robin D. Gill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/48px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/64px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamat" title="Gamat">Gamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Catch" collagen has two states, soft and stiff, that are under neurological control.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/190/2/243.pdf">Jose del Castillo and David S. Smith. (1996) "We Still Invoke Friction and Occam's Razor to Explain Catch in the Spines of <i>Eucidaris Tribuloides</i>." <i>Biological Bulletin</i> 190:243-244</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holothurian">"holothurian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=holothurian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fholothurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holothurian">"holothurian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=holothurian&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fholothurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulay2014" class="citation web cs1">Paulay, G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=browser&id=148744&expand=true#ct">"Holothuroidea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Register+of+Marine+Species&rft.atitle=Holothuroidea&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Paulay&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dbrowser%26id%3D148744%26expand%3Dtrue%23ct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoSone-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PLoSone_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLoSone_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLoSone_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLoSone_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu,_H.Bao,_Z.Hou,_R.Wang,_S.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Du, H.; Bao, Z.; Hou, R.; Wang, S.; Su, H.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299772">"Transcriptome Sequencing and Characterization for the Sea Cucumber <i>Apostichopus japonicus</i> (Selenka, 1867)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>7</b> (3): e33311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...733311D">2012PLoSO...733311D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033311">10.1371/journal.pone.0033311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299772">3299772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22428017">22428017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Transcriptome+Sequencing+and+Characterization+for+the+Sea+Cucumber+Apostichopus+japonicus+%28Selenka%2C+1867%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e33311&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299772%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22428017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033311&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...733311D&rft.au=Du%2C+H.&rft.au=Bao%2C+Z.&rft.au=Hou%2C+R.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Su%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3299772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2006" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, Mike (30–31 January 2006). Lefebvre, B.; David, B.; Nardin, E.; Poty, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225190556/http://www.geobiologie.uni-goettingen.de/people/mreich/pdf/PDFs/POST_Dijon_Seegurken1.pdf">"Cambrian holothurians? – The early fossil record and evolution of Holothuroidea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journées Georges Ubaghs</i>: 36–37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geobiologie.uni-goettingen.de/people/mreich/pdf/PDFs/POST_Dijon_Seegurken1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journ%C3%A9es+Georges+Ubaghs&rft.atitle=Cambrian+holothurians%3F+%E2%80%93+The+early+fossil+record+and+evolution+of+Holothuroidea&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=2006-01-30%2F2006-01-31&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geobiologie.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpeople%2Fmreich%2Fpdf%2FPDFs%2FPOST_Dijon_Seegurken1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersJohnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Martin; Johnson, Jinny (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Animals</i>. Marks and Spencer p.l.c. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84273-964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84273-964-8"><bdi>978-1-84273-964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animals&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Marks+and+Spencer+p.l.c&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84273-964-8&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jinny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an example, in Charles Edward Lincoln, "Variation development and growth in <i>Holothuria floridana</i>" <i>Biometrika</i> <b>6</b>.2–3 July 1908:279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piper-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-piper_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-piper_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2007" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Ross (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe"><i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6"><bdi>978-0-313-33922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Animals%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Curious+and+Unusual+Animals&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33922-6&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextraordinaryani0000pipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IZ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes,_Robert_D.1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. 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"Sea cucumbers symmetry (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)". <i>Paleontological Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (12): 1215–1236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PalJ...48.1215S">2014PalJ...48.1215S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030114120107">10.1134/S0031030114120107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0301">0031-0301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84952228">84952228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleontological+Journal&rft.atitle=Sea+cucumbers+symmetry+%28Echinodermata%3A+Holothuroidea%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1215-1236&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0031030114120107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84952228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-0301&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PalJ...48.1215S&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsevier" class="citation web cs1">Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140016/https://www.elsevier.com/books/chemical-zoology-v3/florkin/978-0-12-395536-4">"Chemical Zoology V3 - 1st Edition"</a>. <i>www.elsevier.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elsevier.com&rft.atitle=Chemical+Zoology+V3+-+1st+Edition&rft.au=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fchemical-zoology-v3%2Fflorkin%2F978-0-12-395536-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkie2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkie, I. C. (2005). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay-India&rft.atitle=Lakshadweep+unveils+world%27s+first+sea+cucumber+conservation+reserve&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Shaji&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findia.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F05%2Flakshadweep-unveils-worlds-first-sea-cucumber-conservation-reserve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea+cucumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, RobinD.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFWpECE_RtwC&q=rise+ye+sea+slugs"><i>Rise, Ye Sea Slugs!</i></a>. Paraverse Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9742618-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9742618-0-7">0-9742618-0-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127470#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seegurken"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4180635-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sea cucumbers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061540">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568004">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4768378">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007412760505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Holothuroidea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127470" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q127470">Q127470</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Holothuroidea">Holothuroidea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Holothuroidea/">Holothuroidea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Holothuroidea">Holothuroidea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=31">31</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6224V">6224V</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2012">2012</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/222">222</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47720">47720</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1483">1483</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=158140">158140</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7705">7705</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0a75935a-0e22-40b6-891a-116df7eb5e75">0a75935a-0e22-40b6-891a-116df7eb5e75</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=699706">699706</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=31227">31227</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A360091-6FFE-12E2-CF61-641655FD0D00">3A360091-6FFE-12E2-CF61-641655FD0D00</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a 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