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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macroglia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroglia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Macroglia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroglia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microglia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microglia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Microglia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microglia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Total number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capacity_to_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_to_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Capacity to divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_to_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuron_repair_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuron_repair_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neuron repair and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuron_repair_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myelin_sheath_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myelin_sheath_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Myelin sheath creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myelin_sheath_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurotransmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurotransmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Neurotransmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurotransmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliasel" title="Gliasel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gliasel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية دبقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية دبقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyroqliya" title="Neyroqliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neyroqliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قلیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قلیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Невроглия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Невроглия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glija" title="Glija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula_glial" title="Cèl·lula glial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèl·lula glial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglie" title="Neuroglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neuroglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacelle" title="Gliacelle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gliacelle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliazelle" title="Gliazelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gliazelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliia" title="Gliia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gliia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Νευρογλοιακά κύτταρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νευρογλοιακά κύτταρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_glial" title="Célula glial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Célula glial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia_%C4%89elo" title="Glia ĉelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glia ĉelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia" title="Glia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سلول‌های گلیال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلول‌های گلیال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellule_gliale" title="Cellule gliale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cellule gliale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_glial" title="Célula glial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célula glial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EC%95%84%EA%B5%90%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="신경아교세포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경아교세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նեյրոգլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեյրոգլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glija" title="Glija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia_celulo" title="Glia celulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Glia celulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia" title="Neuroglia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neuroglia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_della_glia" title="Cellula della glia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cellula della glia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="תאי גלייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאי גלייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნეიროგლია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეიროგლია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жүйкелік глия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүйкелік глия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaney%C3%AAn_gl%C3%AEa" title="Xaneyên glîa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xaneyên glîa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_glialis" title="Cellula glialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cellula glialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiroglija" title="Neiroglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neiroglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglija" title="Neuroglija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neuroglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്ലിയൽ കോശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലിയൽ കോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacel" title="Gliacel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gliacel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="グリア細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリア細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliaceller" title="Gliaceller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gliaceller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacelle" title="Gliacelle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gliacelle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulas_glialas" title="Cellulas glialas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cellulas glialas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyrogliya" title="Neyrogliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neyrogliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rki_glejowe" title="Komórki glejowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komórki glejowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neur%C3%B3glia" title="Neuróglia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neuróglia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C4%83_glial%C4%83" title="Celulă glială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celulă glială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нейроглия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейроглия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevroglija" title="Nevroglija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevroglija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Глијалне ћелије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глијалне ћелије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glijalne_%C4%87elije" title="Glijalne ćelije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Support-cells in the nervous system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the scientific journal, see <a href="/wiki/Glia_(journal)" title="Glia (journal)">Glia (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Neuroglia" redirects here. For the nerve pain, see <a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:beige">Glia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Glial_Cell_Types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glial_Cell_Types.png/250px-Glial_Cell_Types.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glial_Cell_Types.png/375px-Glial_Cell_Types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Glial_Cell_Types.png/500px-Glial_Cell_Types.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration of the four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system: ependymal cells (light pink), astrocytes (green), microglial cells (dark red) and oligodendrocytes (light blue)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neuroectoderm" title="Neuroectoderm">Neuroectoderm</a> for macroglia, and <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">hematopoietic stem cells</a> for microglia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009457">D009457</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.0.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.0.00.005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H2.00.pdf">H2.00.06.2.00001 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma54541,">54536 54541, 54536</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Anatomical terms of microanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177105" class="extiw" title="d:Q177105">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:glia"> glia</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Glia</b>, also called <b>glial cells</b> (<b>gliocytes</b>) or <b>neuroglia</b>, are non-<a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>) and in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> that do not produce <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">electrical impulses</a>. The neuroglia make up more than one half the volume of neural tissue in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fields-2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, form <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a>, and provide support and protection for <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the central nervous system, glial cells include <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a> (that produce myelin), <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ependymal_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ependymal cell">ependymal cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a>, and in the peripheral nervous system they include <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a> (that produce myelin), and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell" title="Satellite glial cell">satellite cells</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They have four main functions: </p> <ul><li>to surround neurons and hold them in place</li> <li>to supply <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to neurons</li> <li>to <a href="/wiki/Myelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelination">insulate</a> one neuron from another</li> <li>to destroy <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and remove dead neurons.</li></ul> <p>They also play a role in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synaptic connections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in physiological processes such as <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover2011JanFeb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover2011JanFeb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi:10.1126/science.1190721_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:10.1126/science.1190721-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29018191_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29018191-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While glia were thought to outnumber neurons by a ratio of 10:1, studies using newer methods and reappraisal of historical quantitative evidence suggests an overall ratio of less than 1:1, with substantial variation between different brain tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27187682_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27187682-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glial cells have far more cellular diversity and functions than neurons, and can respond to and manipulate neurotransmission in many ways. Additionally, they can affect both the preservation and <a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">consolidation of memories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fields-2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glia were discovered in 1856, by the pathologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> in his search for a "connective tissue" in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term derives from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> γλία and γλοία "glue"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), and suggests the original impression that they were the <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuroglia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Neuroglia.png/250px-Neuroglia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Neuroglia.png/375px-Neuroglia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Neuroglia.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Neuroglia of the brain shown by <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gfapastr5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gfapastr5.jpg/250px-Gfapastr5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gfapastr5.jpg/375px-Gfapastr5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Gfapastr5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocytes</a> can be identified in culture because, unlike other mature glia, they express <a href="/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein" title="Glial fibrillary acidic protein">glial fibrillary acidic protein</a> (GFAP)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg/250px-2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg/375px-2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg/500px-2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_20x%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Glial cells in a rat brain stained with an antibody against GFAP</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png/220px-Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png/330px-Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png/440px-Blausen_0870_TypesofNeuroglia.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Different types of neuroglia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroglia">Macroglia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Macroglia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">ectodermal</a> tissue. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocytes</a></td> <td> <p>The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS,<sup id="cite_ref-scientificamerican.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>astrocytes</i> (also called <i>astroglia</i>) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. They regulate the external <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> environment of neurons by removing excess <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, and recycling <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> released during <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic transmission">synaptic transmission</a>. Astrocytes may regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation by producing substances such as <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> are <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoactive">vasoactive</a>. </p><p>Astrocytes signal each other using <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junctions</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">electrical synapses</a>) between astrocytes allow the messenger molecule <a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate">IP3</a> to diffuse from one astrocyte to another. IP3 activates <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cellular_organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular organelles">cellular organelles</a>, releasing <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>. This calcium may stimulate the production of more IP3 and cause release of ATP through channels in the membrane made of <a href="/wiki/Pannexin" title="Pannexin">pannexins</a>. The net effect is a calcium wave that propagates from cell to cell. Extracellular release of ATP, and consequent activation of <a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">purinergic receptors</a> on other astrocytes, may also mediate calcium waves in some cases. </p><p>In general, there are two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, similar in function but distinct in morphology and distribution. Protoplasmic astrocytes have short, thick, highly branched processes and are typically found in <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a>. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin, less-branched processes and are more commonly found in <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>. </p><p>It has recently been shown that astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain, and that this is what is actually being measured in <a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have been involved in neuronal circuits playing an inhibitory role after sensing changes in extracellular calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CNS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocytes</a></td> <td> <p><i>Oligodendrocytes</i> are cells that coat axons in the CNS with their cell membrane, forming a specialized membrane differentiation called <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a>, producing the <a href="/wiki/Myelin_sheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelin sheath">myelin sheath</a>. The myelin sheath provides <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulation</a> to the axon that allows <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">electrical signals</a> to propagate more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CNS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ependymal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Ependymal cells">Ependymal cells</a></td> <td> <p><i>Ependymal cells</i>, also named <i>ependymocytes</i>, line the spinal cord and the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricular system</a> of the brain. These cells are involved in the creation and secretion of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) and beat their <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> to help circulate the CSF and make up the <a href="/wiki/Blood-CSF_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-CSF barrier">blood-CSF barrier</a>. They are also thought to act as neural stem cells.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CNS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radial_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial glia">Radial glia</a></td> <td> <p><i>Radial glia cells</i> arise from <a href="/wiki/Neuroepithelial_cell" title="Neuroepithelial cell">neuroepithelial cells</a> after the onset of <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>. Their differentiation abilities are more restricted than those of neuroepithelial cells. In the developing nervous system, radial glia function both as neuronal progenitors and as a scaffold upon which newborn neurons migrate. In the mature brain, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> retain characteristic radial glial cells. In the cerebellum, these are <a href="/wiki/Bergmann_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergmann glia">Bergmann glia</a>, which regulate <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a>. In the retina, the radial <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Müller cell">Müller cell</a> is the glial cell that spans the thickness of the retina and, in addition to astroglial cells,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">PNS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a></td> <td> <p>Similar in function to oligodendrocytes, <i>Schwann cells</i> provide myelination to axons in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (PNS). They also have <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytotic</a> activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessen-2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessen-2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PNS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satellite_cells_(glial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite cells (glial)">Satellite cells</a></td> <td> <p><i>Satellite glial cells</i> are small cells that surround neurons in sensory, <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic ganglion">sympathetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic ganglion">parasympathetic</a> ganglia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells help regulate the external chemical environment. Like astrocytes, they are interconnected by <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junctions</a> and respond to ATP by elevating the intracellular concentration of calcium ions. They are highly sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> and appear to contribute to pathological states, such as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PNS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enteric_glia" title="Enteric glia">Enteric glial cells</a></td> <td> <p>Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">digestive system</a>. Glia cells are thought to have many roles in the <a href="/wiki/Enteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteric">enteric</a> system, some related to <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> and muscular digestive processes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microglia">Microglia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microglia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a> are specialized <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> that protect neurons of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> blood islands early in development, and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These cells are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord. Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels). In a healthy brain, microglia direct the immune response to brain damage and play an important role in the inflammation that accompanies the damage. Many diseases and disorders are associated with deficient microglia, such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">ALS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pituicyte" title="Pituicyte">Pituicytes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a> are glial cells with characteristics in common to astrocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanycyte" title="Tanycyte">Tanycytes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">median eminence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Ependymal_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ependymal cell">ependymal cell</a> that descend from radial glia and line the base of the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a>,</i> the fruit fly, contains numerous glial types that are functionally similar to mammalian glia but are nonetheless classified differently.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_number">Total number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Total number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, neuroglial cells are smaller than neurons. There are approximately 85 billion glia cells in the human brain,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27187682_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27187682-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the same number as neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27187682_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27187682-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glial cells make up about half the total volume of the brain and spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glia to neuron-ratio varies from one part of the brain to another. The glia to neuron-ratio in the cerebral cortex is 3.72 (60.84 billion glia (72%); 16.34 billion neurons), while that of the cerebellum is only 0.23 (16.04 billion glia; 69.03 billion neurons). The ratio in the cerebral cortex gray matter is 1.48, with 3.76 for the gray and white matter combined.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of glia cells in the human brain is distributed into the different types with <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a> being the most frequent (45–75%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> (19–40%) and <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a> (about 10% or less).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27187682_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27187682-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_astrocyte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Human_astrocyte.png/220px-Human_astrocyte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Human_astrocyte.png/330px-Human_astrocyte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Human_astrocyte.png/440px-Human_astrocyte.png 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>23-week fetal brain culture astrocyte</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gliogenesis" title="Gliogenesis">Gliogenesis</a></div> <p>Most glia are derived from <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">ectodermal</a> tissue of the developing <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">crest</a>. The exception is <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a>, which are derived from <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">hematopoietic stem cells</a>. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes, which infiltrate an injured and diseased CNS. </p><p>In the central nervous system, glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. These glia include the oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and astrocytes. In the peripheral nervous system, glia derive from the neural crest. These PNS glia include Schwann cells in nerves and satellite glial cells in ganglia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity_to_divide">Capacity to divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capacity to divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glia retain the ability to undergo cell divisions in adulthood, whereas most neurons cannot. The view is based on the general inability of the mature nervous system to replace neurons after an injury, such as a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or trauma, where very often there is a substantial proliferation of glia, or <a href="/wiki/Gliosis" title="Gliosis">gliosis</a>, near or at the site of damage. However, detailed studies have found no evidence that 'mature' glia, such as astrocytes or <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a>, retain mitotic capacity. Only the resident <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligodendrocyte precursor cell">oligodendrocyte precursor cells</a> seem to keep this ability once the nervous system matures. </p><p>Glial cells are known to be capable of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>. By contrast, scientific understanding of whether neurons are permanently <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">post-mitotic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or capable of mitosis,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still developing. In the past, glia had been considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to lack certain features of neurons. For example, glial cells were not believed to have <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">chemical synapses</a> or to release <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">transmitters</a>. They were considered to be the passive bystanders of neural transmission. However, recent studies have shown this to not be entirely true.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some glial cells function primarily as the physical support for neurons. Others provide nutrients to neurons and regulate the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> of the brain, especially surrounding neurons and their <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a>. During early <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>, glial cells direct the migration of neurons and produce molecules that modify the growth of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a>. Some glial cells display regional diversity in the CNS and their functions may vary between the CNS regions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuron_repair_and_development">Neuron repair and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neuron repair and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glia are crucial in the development of the nervous system and in processes such as <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synaptogenesis" title="Synaptogenesis">synaptogenesis</a>. Glia have a role in the regulation of repair of neurons after injury. In the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS), glia suppress repair. Glial cells known as <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> enlarge and proliferate to form a scar and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit regrowth of a damaged or severed axon. In the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (PNS), glial cells known as <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a> (or also as neuri-lemmocytes) promote repair. After axonal injury, Schwann cells regress to an earlier developmental state to encourage regrowth of the axon. This difference between the CNS and the PNS, raises hopes for the regeneration of nervous tissue in the CNS. For example, a spinal cord may be able to be repaired following injury or severance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myelin_sheath_creation">Myelin sheath creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Myelin sheath creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocytes</a> are found in the CNS and resemble an octopus: they have bulbous cell bodies with up to fifteen arm-like processes. Each process reaches out to an axon and spirals around it, creating a myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid and speeds up signal conduction along the nerve fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are responsible for myelin production. These cells envelop nerve fibers of the PNS by winding repeatedly around them. This process creates a myelin sheath, which not only aids in conductivity but also assists in the regeneration of damaged fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurotransmission">Neurotransmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neurotransmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocytes</a> are crucial participants in the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_synapse" title="Tripartite synapse">tripartite synapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17207662_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17207662-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19615761_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19615761-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22351062_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22351062-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have several crucial functions, including clearance of <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> from within the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a>, which aids in distinguishing between separate action potentials and prevents toxic build-up of certain neurotransmitters such as <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>, which would otherwise lead to <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> release <a href="/wiki/Gliotransmitter" title="Gliotransmitter">gliotransmitters</a> such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine in response to stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24910611_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24910611-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glioma" title="Glioma">Glioma</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg/250px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg/375px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg/500px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplastic">Neoplastic</a> glial cells stained with an antibody against GFAP (brown), from a <a href="/wiki/Brain_biopsy" title="Brain biopsy">brain biopsy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While glial cells in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">PNS</a> frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning, loss of neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessen-2005_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessen-2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the CNS, regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild, and not severe.<sup id="cite_ref-Puves-2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puves-2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When severe trauma presents itself, the survival of the remaining neurons becomes the optimal solution. However, some studies investigating the role of glial cells in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> are beginning to contradict the usefulness of this feature, and even claim it can "exacerbate" the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to affecting the potential repair of neurons in Alzheimer's disease, scarring and inflammation from glial cells have been further implicated in the degeneration of neurons caused by <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, a wide range of harmful exposure, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, or physical trauma, can lead to the result of physical damage to the CNS.<sup id="cite_ref-Puves-2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puves-2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, when damage occurs to the CNS, glial cells cause <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> among the surrounding cellular bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Puves-2012_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puves-2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, there is a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglial</a> activity, which results in inflammation, and, finally, there is a heavy release of growth inhibiting molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Puves-2012_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puves-2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although glial cells and neurons were probably first observed at the same time in the early 19th century, unlike neurons whose morphological and physiological properties were directly observable for the first investigators of the nervous system, glial cells had been considered to be merely "glue" that held neurons together until the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glia were first described in 1856 by the pathologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> in a comment to his 1846 publication on connective tissue. A more detailed description of glial cells was provided in the 1858 book 'Cellular Pathology' by the same author.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When markers for different types of cells were analyzed, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein%27s_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Einstein's brain">Albert Einstein's brain</a> was discovered to contain significantly more glia than normal brains in the left angular <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a>, an area thought to be responsible for mathematical processing and language.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, out of the total of 28 statistical comparisons between Einstein's brain and the control brains, finding one statistically significant result is not surprising, and the claim that Einstein's brain is different is not scientific (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem" title="Multiple comparisons problem">multiple comparisons problem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through evolution, but so does the size of the glia. Astroglial cells in human brains have a volume 27 times greater than in mouse brains.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neurocentric perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well. For the majority of the twentieth century, scientists had disregarded glial cells as mere physical scaffolds for neurons. Recent publications have proposed that the number of glial cells in the brain is correlated with the intelligence of a species.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, evidences are demonstrating the active role of glia, in particular astroglia, in cognitive processes like learning and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell" title="Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell">Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Astrocytic+complexity+distinguishes+the+human+brain&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=547-53&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17945890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16938356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2006.08.004&rft.aulast=Oberheim&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Ann&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiaohai&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Steven&rft.au=Nedergaard%2C+Maiken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu%2FMediaLibraries%2FURMCMedia%2Flabs%2Fnedergaard-lab%2Fdocuments%2FAstrocytic-Complexity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodal2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Per_Alf_Brodal" title="Per Alf Brodal">Brodal, Per</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJjI6yDNmr8C&pg=PA19">"Glia"</a>. <i>The central nervous system: structure and function</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538115-3"><bdi>978-0-19-538115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glia&rft.btitle=The+central+nervous+system%3A+structure+and+function&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538115-3&rft.aulast=Brodal&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJjI6yDNmr8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kettenmann and Ransom, <i>Neuroglia</i>, Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979459-1">978-0-19-979459-1</a> |<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C">http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304225402/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C">Archived</a> 2014-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuves2012" class="citation book cs1">Puves, Dale (2012). <i>Neuroscience</i> (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 560–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878936465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878936465"><bdi>978-0878936465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.pages=560-80&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0878936465&rft.aulast=Puves&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarres_BA2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Barres" title="Ben Barres">Barres BA</a> (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2008.10.013">"The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 430–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2008.10.013">10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18995817">18995817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=The+mystery+and+magic+of+glia%3A+a+perspective+on+their+roles+in+health+and+disease&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-40&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2008.10.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18995817&rft.au=Barres+BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2008.10.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfrieger.gmxhome.de/work/publications/pfrieger_2002.pdf">Role of glia in synapse development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207052455/http://pfrieger.gmxhome.de/work/publications/pfrieger_2002.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverstreet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Overstreet, LS (February 2005). "Quantal transmission: not just for neurons". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 59–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.11.010">10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15667925">15667925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40224065">40224065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Quantal+transmission%3A+not+just+for+neurons&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40224065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15667925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.11.010&rft.aulast=Overstreet&rft.aufirst=LS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters_A2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peters A (May 2004). "A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system". <i>Journal of Neurocytology</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 345–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ANEUR.0000044195.64009.27">10.1023/B:NEUR.0000044195.64009.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15475689">15475689</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39470375">39470375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurocytology&rft.atitle=A+fourth+type+of+neuroglial+cell+in+the+adult+central+nervous+system&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-57&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39470375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15475689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ANEUR.0000044195.64009.27&rft.au=Peters+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolterraSteinhäuser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Volterra A, Steinhäuser C (August 2004). "Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus". <i>Glia</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 249–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fglia.20080">10.1002/glia.20080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252814">15252814</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10169165">10169165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glia&rft.atitle=Glial+modulation+of+synaptic+transmission+in+the+hippocampus&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-57&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10169165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15252814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fglia.20080&rft.aulast=Volterra&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Steinh%C3%A4user%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangBergles2004" class="citation journal cs1">Huang YH, Bergles DE (June 2004). "Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse". <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 346–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2004.05.007">10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15194115">15194115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10725242">10725242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Glutamate+transporters+bring+competition+to+the+synapse&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-52&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10725242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15194115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2004.05.007&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=YH&rft.au=Bergles%2C+DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927162621/http://www.anioman.com/Profile.php?viewedArtistID=1793201250&gallery=&page=1&back=1">Artist ADSkyler</a> (uses concepts of neuroscience and found inspiration from Glia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Glia">Glia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/story/59905-the-other-brain/">"The Other Brain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022838/http://www.wnyc.org/story/59905-the-other-brain/">Archived</a> 2017-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lopate" title="Leonard Lopate">The Leonard Lopate Show</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/WNYC" title="WNYC">WNYC</a>) "Neuroscientist Douglas Field, explains how glia, which make up approximately 85 percent of the cells in the brain, work. In The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, How New Discoveries about the Brain Are Revolutionizing Medicine and Science, he explains recent discoveries in glia research and looks at what breakthroughs in brain science and medicine are likely to come."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkglia.eu/en/">"Network Glia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424154033/http://www.networkglia.eu/en/">Archived</a> 2021-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A homepage devoted to glial cells.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Nervous_tissue" title="Template:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nervous_tissue" title="Template talk:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nervous_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projection_fiber" title="Projection fiber">Projection fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_fiber" title="Association fiber">Association fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissural_fiber" title="Commissural fiber">Commissural fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">Lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">Nerve tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decussation" title="Decussation">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropil" title="Neuropil">Neuropil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_cell" title="Pyramidal cell">Pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron" title="Von Economo neuron">Von Economo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">Medium spiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ependyma" title="Ependyma">Ependymal cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanycyte" title="Tanycyte">Tanycyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell" title="Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell">Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">PNS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Dorsal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">Ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Ventral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramus_communicans" title="Ramus communicans">Ramus communicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_ramus_communicans" title="Gray ramus communicans">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ramus_communicans" title="White ramus communicans">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_ganglion" title="Autonomic ganglion">Autonomic ganglion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Preganglionic nerve fibers">Preganglionic nerve fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Postganglionic nerve fibers">Postganglionic nerve fibers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">Nerve fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funiculus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Funiculus (neuroanatomy)">Funiculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epineurium" title="Epineurium">Epineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineurium" title="Perineurium">Perineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoneurium" title="Endoneurium">Endoneurium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neuroglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">Myelination</a>: <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurilemma" title="Neurilemma">Neurilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_incisure" title="Myelin incisure">Myelin incisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_of_Ranvier" title="Node of Ranvier">Node of Ranvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internodal_segment" title="Internodal segment">Internodal segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell" title="Satellite glial cell">Satellite glial cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neurons</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber">nerve fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">Soma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axon_hillock" title="Axon hillock">Axon hillock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">Axon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telodendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Telodendron">Telodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon_terminal" title="Axon terminal">Axon terminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axoplasm" title="Axoplasm">Axoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axolemma" title="Axolemma">Axolemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofibril/neurofilament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">Dendrite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nissl_body" title="Nissl body">Nissl body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">Dendritic spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dendrite" title="Apical dendrite">Apical dendrite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basal_dendrite" title="Basal dendrite">Basal dendrite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">Bipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_neuron" title="Unipolar neuron">Unipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudounipolar_neuron" title="Pseudounipolar neuron">Pseudounipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipolar_neuron" title="Multipolar neuron">Multipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renshaw_cell" title="Renshaw cell">Renshaw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">Afferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent fibers">GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special somatic afferent">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">SVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon#types" title="Axon">fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_sensory_fiber" title="Type Ia sensory fiber">Ia or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Ib or Golgi or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_sensory_fiber" title="Type II sensory fiber">II or Aβ and Aγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_nerve_fiber" title="Group A nerve fiber">III or Aδ or fast pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">IV or C or slow pain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">Efferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">Motor neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">Upper motor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">Lower motor neuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">α motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_motor_neuron" title="Beta motor neuron">β motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">γ motorneuron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">Synapse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">Electrical synapse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">Synaptic vesicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_zone" title="Active zone">Active zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsynaptic_density" title="Postsynaptic density">Postsynaptic density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapse" title="Autapse">Autapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_synapse" title="Ribbon synapse">Ribbon synapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">Sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Ruffini ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">Olfactory receptor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cellules gliales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16758133d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neuroglie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph289375&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565533805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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