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id="toc-Issues_from_general_anesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_from_general_anesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Issues from general anesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_from_general_anesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colon_preparation_electrolyte_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colon_preparation_electrolyte_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colon preparation electrolyte issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colon_preparation_electrolyte_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_comfort_and_pain_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_comfort_and_pain_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Patient comfort and pain management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_comfort_and_pain_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonoscopy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopie" title="Kolonoskopie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolonoskopie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="تنظير القولون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنظير القولون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کولونوسکوپی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولونوسکوپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="কোলনোস্কপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোলনোস্কপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колоноскопия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колоноскопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonosc%C3%B2pia" title="Colonoscòpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colonoscòpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloskopie" title="Koloskopie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koloskopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloskopie" title="Koloskopie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koloskopie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κολονοσκόπηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολονοσκόπηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopia" title="Colonoscopia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonoscopia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopia" title="Kolonoskopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolonoskopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کولونوسکوپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولونوسکوپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloscopie" title="Coloscopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coloscopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EB%82%B4%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD" title="대장내시경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대장내시경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Աղեդիտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղեդիտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="बृहदांत्रदर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बृहदांत्रदर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonscopia" title="Colonscopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonscopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קולונוסקופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולונוסקופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოლონოსკოპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლონოსკოპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastagb%C3%A9lt%C3%BCkr%C3%B6z%C3%A9s" title="Vastagbéltükrözés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vastagbéltükrözés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Колоноскопија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колоноскопија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="कोलॉनोस्कोपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलॉनोस्कोपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოლონოსკოპია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლონოსკოპია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopi" title="Kolonoskopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolonoskopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopie" title="Colonoscopie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colonoscopie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E5%86%85%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1" title="大腸内視鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大腸内視鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloskopi" title="Koloskopi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koloskopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopiya" title="Kolonoskopiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolonoskopiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopia" title="Kolonoskopia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonoskopia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopia" title="Colonoscopia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonoscopia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колоноскопия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колоноскопия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92" title="කොලනොස්කොපි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොලනොස්කොපි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colonoscopy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopia" title="Kolonoskopia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolonoskopia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopija" title="Kolonoskopija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolonoskopija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopia" title="Kolonoskopia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolonoskopia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloskopi" title="Koloskopi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koloskopi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80" title="కోలనోస్కోపీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోలనోస్కోపీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonoskopi" title="Kolonoskopi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolonoskopi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Колоноскопія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колоноскопія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Examination of the bowel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Colonoscopy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson,_left,_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg/280px-US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg/420px-US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg/560px-US_Navy_110405-N-KA543-028_Hospitalman_Urian_D._Thompson%2C_left%2C_Lt._Cmdr._Eric_A._Lavery_and_Registered_Nurse_Steven_Cherry_review_the_monitor_whil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Colonoscopy being performed</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=45.23&Submit=Search&action=search">45.23</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003113">D003113</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd-code.de/ops/code/1-650.html">1-650</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003886.htm">003886</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840387" class="extiw" title="d:Q840387">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Colonoscopy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>coloscopy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a medical procedure involving the <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopic</a> examination of the <a href="/wiki/Large_bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Large bowel">large bowel</a> (colon) and the <a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> portion of the small bowel. This examination is performed using either a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD camera</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic camera">fiber optic camera</a>, which is mounted on a flexible tube and passed through the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of a colonoscopy is to provide a visual diagnosis via inspection of the internal lining of the colon wall, which may include identifying issues such as ulceration or <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">precancerous</a> polyps, and to enable the opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> or the removal of suspected <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonoscopy is similar in principle to <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a>, with the primary distinction being the specific parts of the colon that each procedure can examine. The same instrument used for sigmoidoscopy performs the colonoscopy. A colonoscopy permits a comprehensive examination of the entire colon, which is typically around 1,200 to 1,500 millimeters in length.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, a sigmoidoscopy allows for the examination of only the distal portion of the colon, which spans approximately 600 millimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction is medically significant because the benefits of colonoscopy in terms of improving cancer survival have primarily been associated with the detection of lesions in the distal portion of the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Routine use of colonoscopy screening varies globally. In the US, colonoscopy is a commonly recommended and widely utilized screening method for colorectal cancer, often beginning at age 45 or 50, depending on risk factors and guidelines from organizations like the American Cancer Society.<sup id="cite_ref-colon-rectal-cancer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colon-rectal-cancer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, screening practices differ worldwide. For example, in the European Union, several countries primarily employ fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or sigmoidoscopy for population-based screening.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations stem from differences in healthcare systems, policies, and cultural factors. Recent studies<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have stressed the need for screening strategies and awareness campaigns to combat colorectal cancer - on a global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg/220px-Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg/330px-Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg/440px-Diameters_of_the_large_intestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Inner diameters of colon sections</figcaption></figure> <p>Conditions that call for colonoscopies include <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal hemorrhage</a>, unexplained changes in bowel habit and suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonoscopies are often used to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Colon_polyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon polyp">colon polyp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are also frequently used to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common indication for colonoscopy is the investigation of iron deficiency with or without <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>. The examination of the colon, to rule out a lesion contributing to blood loss, along with an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (gastroscopy) to rule out oesophageal, stomach, and proximal duodenal sources of blood loss. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a> is a quick test which can be done to test for microscopic traces of blood in the stool. A positive test is almost always an indication to do a colonoscopy. In most cases the positive result is just due to <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoids">hemorrhoids</a>; however, it can also be due to <a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">diverticulosis</a>, inflammatory bowel disease (<a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>), colon cancer, or <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a> has become a routine part of colonoscopy, allowing quick and simple removal of polyps during the procedure, without invasive surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to blood in the stool either visible or occult, it is worthy of note, that occasional rectal bleeding may have multiple non-serious potential causes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colon_cancer_screening">Colon cancer screening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colon cancer screening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colonoscopy is one of the colorectal cancer screening tests available to people in the US who are 45 years of age and older. The other screening tests include <a href="/wiki/Flexible_sigmoidoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible sigmoidoscopy">flexible sigmoidoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">double-contrast barium enema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">computed tomographic (CT) colonography</a> (virtual colonoscopy), <a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">guaiac-based fecal occult blood test</a> (gFOBT), <a href="/wiki/Fecal_immunochemical_test" title="Fecal immunochemical test">fecal immunochemical test</a> (FIT), and <a href="/wiki/Multitarget_stool_DNA_screening_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitarget stool DNA screening test">multitarget stool DNA screening test</a> (Cologuard).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent rescreenings are then scheduled based on the initial results found, with a five- or ten-year recall being common for colonoscopies that produce normal results.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid28555630_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28555630-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with a family history of colon cancer are often first screened during their teenage years. Among people who have had an initial colonoscopy that found no polyps, the risk of developing colorectal cancer within five years is extremely low. Therefore, there is no need for those people to have another colonoscopy sooner than five years after the first screening.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some medical societies in the US recommend a screening colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 50 for adults without increased risk for colorectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-coloscreen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coloscreen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that the risk of cancer is low for 10 years if a high-quality colonoscopy does not detect cancer, so tests for this purpose are indicated every ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-coloscreen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coloscreen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AGAfive_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGAfive-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonoscopy screening is associated with approximately two-thirds fewer deaths due to colorectal cancers on the left side of the colon, and is not associated with a significant reduction in deaths from right-sided disease. It is speculated that colonoscopy might reduce rates of death from colon cancer by detecting some colon polyps and cancers on the left side of the colon early enough that they may be treated, and a smaller number on the right side.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter09_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter09-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since polyps often take 10 to 15 years to transform into cancer in someone at average risk of colorectal cancer, guidelines recommend 10 years after a normal screening colonoscopy before the next colonoscopy. (This interval does not apply to people at high risk of colorectal cancer or those who experience symptoms of the disease.)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodwin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodwin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized</a> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial" title="Pragmatic clinical trial">pragmatic clinical trial</a> NordICC was the first published trial on the use of colonoscopy as a screening test to prevent colorectal cancer, related death, and death from any cause. It included 84,585 healthy men and women aged 55 to 64 years in Poland, Norway, and Sweden, who were randomized to either receive an invitation to undergo a single screening colonoscopy (invited group) or to receive no invitation or screening (usual-care group). Of the 28,220 people in the invited group, 11,843 (42.0%) underwent screening. A total of 15 people who underwent colonoscopy (0.13%) had major bleeding after polyp removal. </p><p>None of the participants experienced a <a href="/wiki/Colon_perforation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon perforation">colon perforation</a> due to colonoscopy. After 10 years, an <a href="/wiki/Intention-to-treat_analysis" title="Intention-to-treat analysis">intention-to-screen analysis</a> showed a significant <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk_reduction" title="Relative risk reduction">relative risk reduction</a> of 18% in the risk of colorectal cancer (0.98% in the invited group vs. 1.20% in the usual-care group). The analysis showed no significant change in the risk of death from colorectal cancer (0.28% vs. 0.31%) or in the risk of death from any cause (11.03% vs. 11.04%). To prevent one case of colorectal cancer, 455 invitations to colonoscopy were required.<sup id="cite_ref-Bretthauer2022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretthauer2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NordICC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordICC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, the CONFIRM trial, a randomized trial evaluating colonoscopy vs. FIT is currently ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the US spent $43 billion on cancer screening to prevent five cancers, with colonoscopies accounting for 55% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death rate from colon cancer has been on a linear decline for 40 years, falling by nearly 50 percent from the 1980s (when few were screened) to 2024; however, the increase in screening did not accelerate the decline.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, resources devoted to cancer screening would be better directed toward ensuring widespread access to effective cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2025, a recent study has revealed an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> (CRC) among individuals diagnosed with both advanced and nonadvanced <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenomas</a> during colonoscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings emphasize the importance of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> colonoscopy and suggest that patients with advanced adenomas may require more frequent screenings.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers analyzed data from the Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study and determined that individuals with adenomas—whether advanced or not—had a higher likelihood of developing CRC compared to those without adenomas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the study indicated that those with advanced adenomas faced an elevated risk of CRC-related and overall mortality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommendations">Recommendations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> issues recommendations on colorectal cancer screening guidelines. These guidelines often change and are updated as new studies and technologies have become available<sup id="cite_ref-colon-rectal-cancer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colon-rectal-cancer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other national organizations also issue such guidance, such as the UK's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various European agencies,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> guidance can vary between such agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicare_coverage">Medicare coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medicare coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> insurance covers a number of colorectal-cancer screening tests.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedural_risks">Procedural risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Procedural risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy estimates around three in 1,000 colonoscopies lead to serious complications.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perforation">Perforation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Perforation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most serious complication is generally <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="Gastrointestinal perforation">gastrointestinal perforation</a>, which is life-threatening and requires immediate surgical intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-SartelliViale2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SartelliViale2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key to managing a colonoscopic perforation is diagnosis at the time. Typically, the reasons are that the bowel prep done to facilitate the examination acts to reduce the potential for contamination, resulting in a higher likelihood of conservative management. In addition, detection at the time allows the physician to deploy strategies to seal the colon, or mark it should the patient require surgery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_from_general_anesthesia">Issues from general anesthesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issues from general anesthesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any procedure involving <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>, complications can occur, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>allergic reactions,</li> <li>cardiovascular issues,</li> <li>paradoxical agitation,</li> <li>aspiration,</li> <li>dental injury.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colon_preparation_electrolyte_issues">Colon preparation electrolyte issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colon preparation electrolyte issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrolyte imbalance caused by bowel preparation solutions is possible, but current bowel cleansing laxatives are formulated to account for electrolyte balance, making this a very rare event.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During colonoscopies, when a <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyp</a> is removed (a polypectomy), the risk of complication increases.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most serious complications is <a href="/wiki/Postpolypectomy_coagulation_syndrome" title="Postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome">postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome</a>, occurring in 1 in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000</span> procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It results from a burn injury to the wall of the colon causing abdominal pain, fever, elevated white blood cell count and elevated serum <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a>. Treatment consists of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and avoiding oral intake of food, water, etc. until symptoms improve. Risk factors include right colon polypectomy, large polyp size (>2 cm), non-polypoid lesions (laterally spreading lesions), and hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although rare, infections of the colon are a potential colonoscopy risk. The colon is not a <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterile</a> environment, and infections can occur during biopsies from what is essentially a 'small shallow cut', enabling bacterial intrusion into lower parts of the colon wall. In cases where the lining of the colon is perforated, bacteria can infiltrate the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRisks_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRisks-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection may also be introduced if the endoscope is not cleaned and sterilized appropriately between procedures. </p><p>Minor colonoscopy risks may include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sedatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedatives">sedatives</a> that may have been used. If medication is given intravenously, the <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a> may become irritated, or mild <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a> may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-MediNet_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MediNet-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A container of PEG (polyethylene glycol) with electrolyte used to clean out the intestines before certain bowel exam procedures such as colonoscopy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg/220px-Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg/330px-Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg/440px-Polyethylene_glycol_container.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>A container of PEG (<a href="/wiki/Macrogol" title="Macrogol">polyethylene glycol or macrogol</a>) with electrolyte used to clean out the <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> before certain <a href="/wiki/Bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel">bowel</a> exam procedures such as a colonoscopy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The colon must be free of solid matter for the test to be performed properly.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25239068_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25239068-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For one to three days, the patient is required to follow a <a href="/wiki/Low-fiber_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-fiber diet">low fiber</a> or clear-liquid-only diet. Examples of clear fluids are <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">apple juice</a>, chicken and/or beef broth or <a href="/wiki/Bouillon_(broth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouillon (broth)">bouillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon-lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon-lime">lemon-lime</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soda</a>, lemonade, <a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">sports drink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">water</a>. It is important that the patient remains hydrated. Sports drinks contain <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> which are depleted during the purging of the bowel. Drinks containing fiber such as <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a> should not be consumed, nor should liquids <a href="/wiki/Food_colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Food colouring">dyed</a> red, purple, orange, or sometimes brown; however, cola is allowed. In most cases, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> taken without milk are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day before the colonoscopy (or <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">colorectal surgery</a>), the patient is either given a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> preparation (such as <a href="/wiki/Bisacodyl" title="Bisacodyl">bisacodyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospho_soda" title="Phospho soda">phospho soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_picosulfate" title="Sodium picosulfate">sodium picosulfate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphate" title="Sodium phosphate">sodium phosphate</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_citrate" title="Magnesium citrate">magnesium citrate</a>) and large quantities of fluid, or <a href="/wiki/Whole_bowel_irrigation" title="Whole bowel irrigation">whole bowel irrigation</a> is performed using a solution of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytes">electrolytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure may involve both a pill-form laxative and a bowel irrigation preparation with the polyethylene glycol powder dissolved into any clear liquid, such as a sports drink that contains electrolytes. </p><p>The patient may be asked not to take aspirin or similar products such as <a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">salicylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, etc. for up to ten days before the procedure to avoid the risk of bleeding if a polypectomy is performed during the procedure. A blood test may be performed before the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedure">Procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Schematic overview of colonoscopy procedure</figcaption></figure> <p>During the procedure, the patient is often given <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> intravenously, employing agents such as <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a>. Although meperidine (Demerol) may be used as an alternative to fentanyl, the concern of seizures has relegated this agent to second choice for sedation behind the combination of fentanyl and midazolam. The average person will receive a combination of these two drugs, usually between 25 and 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>μg IV fentanyl and 1–4<span class="nowrap"> </span>mg IV midazolam. Sedation practices vary between practitioners and nations; in some clinics in Norway, sedation is rarely administered.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first step is usually a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rectal_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital rectal examination">digital rectal examination</a> (DRE), to examine the tone of the anal <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincter</a> and to determine if preparation has been adequate. A DRE is also useful in detecting anal <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> and the clinician may note issues with the prostate gland in men undergoing this procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscope</a> is then passed through the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a> up the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> (sigmoid, descending, transverse and ascending colon, the cecum), and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">terminal ileum</a>. The endoscope has a movable tip and multiple channels for instrumentation, air, suction and light. The bowel is occasionally insufflated with air to maximize visibility (a procedure that gives the patient the false sensation of needing to take a <a href="/wiki/Bowel_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel movement">bowel movement</a>). Biopsies are frequently taken for <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>. Additionally in a procedure known as <a href="/wiki/Chromoendoscopy" title="Chromoendoscopy">chromoendoscopy</a>, a contrast-dye (such as <a href="/wiki/Indigo_carmine" title="Indigo carmine">indigo carmine</a>) may be sprayed through the endoscope onto the bowel wall to help visualize any abnormalities in the mucosal morphology. A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> updated in 2016 found strong evidence that chromoscopy enhances the detection of cancerous tumors in the colon and rectum.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most experienced hands, the endoscope is advanced to the junction of where the colon and small bowel join up (<a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>) in under 10 minutes in 95% of cases. Due to tight turns and redundancy in areas of the colon that are not "fixed", loops may form in which advancement of the endoscope creates a "bowing" effect that causes the tip to actually retract. These loops often result in discomfort due to stretching of the colon and its associated <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>. Manoeuvres to "reduce" or remove the loop include pulling the endoscope backwards while twisting it. Alternatively, body position changes and abdominal support from external hand pressure can often "straighten" the endoscope to allow the scope to move forward. In a minority of patients, looping is often cited as a cause for an incomplete examination. Usage of alternative instruments leading to completion of the examination has been investigated, including use of pediatric colonoscope, push enteroscope and upper GI endoscope variants.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawsuits over missed cancerous lesions have recently prompted some institutions to better document endoscope examination times, as rapid examination times may be a source of potential medical legal liability.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often a real concern in clinical settings where high caseloads could provide financial incentive to complete colonoscopies as quickly as possible. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyp is identified."><img alt="Polyp is identified." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg/116px-Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg/175px-Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg/233px-Endomucosal_resection_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polyp is identified.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sterile solution is injected under the polyp to lift it away from deeper tissues."><img alt="A sterile solution is injected under the polyp to lift it away from deeper tissues." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg/120px-Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg/180px-Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg/240px-Endomucosal_resection_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sterile solution is injected under the polyp to lift it away from deeper tissues.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A portion of the polyp is now removed."><img alt="A portion of the polyp is now removed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg/118px-Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg/177px-Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg/235px-Endomucosal_resection_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A portion of the polyp is now removed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The polyp is fully removed."><img alt="The polyp is fully removed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg/116px-Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg/175px-Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg/233px-Endomucosal_resection_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The polyp is fully removed.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patient_comfort_and_pain_management">Patient comfort and pain management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Patient comfort and pain management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pain associated with the procedure is not caused by the insertion of the scope but rather by the inflation of the colon in order to do the inspection. The scope itself is essentially a long, flexible tube about a centimeter in diameter — that is, as big around as the little finger, which is less than the diameter of an average stool.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colon is wrinkled and corrugated, somewhat like an accordion or a clothes-dryer exhaust tube, which gives it the large surface area needed for nutrition and water absorption. In order to inspect this surface thoroughly, the physician blows it up like a balloon, using air from a compressor or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from a gas bottle (CO<sub>2</sub> is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucosal lining of the colon much faster than air and then exhaled through the lungs which is associated with less post procedural pain), in order to get the creases out. </p><p>The colon has sensors that can tell when there is unexpected gas pushing the colon walls out—which may cause mild discomfort. Usually, total anesthesia or a partial <a href="/wiki/Twilight_anesthesia" title="Twilight anesthesia">twilight sedative</a> are used to reduce the patient's awareness of pain or discomfort, or just the unusual sensations of the procedure. Once the colon has been inflated, the doctor inspects it with the scope as it is slowly pulled backward. If any polyps are found they are then cut out for later biopsy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonoscopy can be carried out without any sedation and a number of studies have been performed evaluating colonoscopy outcomes without sedation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though in the US and EU the procedure is usually carried out with some form of sedation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have found that older patients with three or more significant health problems (i.e., dementia or heart failure) had higher rates of repeat colonoscopies without medical indications. These patients are less likely to live long enough to develop colon cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, Niwa and Yamagata at Tokyo University developed the fibre-optic endoscopy device.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1968, William Wolff and Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff89_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff89-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was a significant advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire colon. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the leading medical device companies in the colonoscopy market as of 2023 include: <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Storz_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Storz SE">Karl Storz SE</a>, Pro Scope Systems, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medtronic_Plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Medtronic Plc">Medtronic Plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steris" title="Steris">Steris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> Medical.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>colonoscopy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorland1948_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland1948-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorland2000_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>coloscopy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are derived from<sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ancient Greek noun κόλον, same as English <i>colon</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the verb σκοπεῖν, <i>look (in)to</i>, <i>examine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>colonoscopy</i> is however ill-constructed,<sup id="cite_ref-Anastassiades2008_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastassiades2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this form supposes that the first part of the compound consists of a possible root κολων- or κολον-, with the connecting vowel -o, instead of the root κόλ- of κόλον.<sup id="cite_ref-Anastassiades2008_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastassiades2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compound such as κολωνοειδής, <i>like a hill</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with the additional -on-) is derived from the ancient Greek word κολώνη or κολωνός, <i>hill</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, colonoscopy (with the additional -on-) can literally be translated as <i>examination of the hill</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anastassiades2008_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastassiades2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the <i>examination of the colon</i>. </p><p>In English, multiple words exist that are derived from κόλον, such as <i>colectomy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foster1891_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster1891-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>colocentesis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>colopathy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>colostomy</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among many others, that actually lack the incorrect additional -on-. A few compound words such as <i>colonopathy</i> have doublets with -on- inserted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dirckx1997_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirckx1997-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorland2000_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The procedure of colonoscopy gained national attention in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1985 when <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> underwent a life-saving colonoscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19476902_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19476902-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10996587_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10996587-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25901884_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25901884-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey on colonoscopy shows a poor understanding of its protective value and widespread misconceptions. The public has perceptual gaps around the purpose of colonoscopies, the subjective experience of the colonoscopy procedure, and the quantity of bowel preparation needed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32437402_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32437402-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actors <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_McElhenney" title="Rob McElhenney">Rob McElhenney</a> have used their social media platform to raise awareness about the importance of colonoscopy as a procedure for <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer screening">colon cancer screening</a>. They filmed their own colonoscopies as part of a campaign called "Lead From Behind",<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrating that the procedure can be both easy and lifesaving.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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Preparation Scale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/colonoscopy">"Colonoscopy"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Medical Dictionary</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512192101/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/colonoscopy">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ronald Reagan and the Iran-Contra Scandal". <i>Politics Life Sci</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2990%2F33_2_58">10.2990/33_2_58</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25901884">25901884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41674696">41674696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+Life+Sci&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+presidential+illness.+Ronald+Reagan+and+the+Iran-Contra+Scandal&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41674696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25901884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2990%2F33_2_58&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32437402-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32437402_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmlaniRadaelliBhandari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Amlani B, Radaelli F, Bhandari P (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241766">"A survey on colonoscopy shows poor understanding of its protective value and widespread misconceptions across Europe"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (5): e0233490. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1533490A">2020PLoSO..1533490A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0233490">10.1371/journal.pone.0233490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241766">7241766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437402">32437402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+survey+on+colonoscopy+shows+poor+understanding+of+its+protective+value+and+widespread+misconceptions+across+Europe&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0233490&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7241766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32437402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0233490&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1533490A&rft.aulast=Amlani&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Radaelli%2C+F&rft.au=Bhandari%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7241766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccalliance.org/blog/press-releases/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-share-colonoscopy-videos-encourage-people-lead-from-behind">"Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney Share Their Colonoscopy Videos To Encourage People to 'Lead From Behind'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Colorectal Cancer Alliance</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195836/https://www.ccalliance.org/blog/press-releases/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-share-colonoscopy-videos-encourage-people-lead-from-behind">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorectal+Cancer+Alliance&rft.atitle=Ryan+Reynolds+and+Rob+McElhenney+Share+Their+Colonoscopy+Videos+To+Encourage+People+to+%27Lead+From+Behind%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccalliance.org%2Fblog%2Fpress-releases%2Fryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-share-colonoscopy-videos-encourage-people-lead-from-behind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uproxx.com/tv/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-lead-from-behind/">"Ryan Reynolds And Rob McElhenney Film Each Other Getting Colonoscopies"</a>. <i>UPROXX</i>. 13 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195834/https://uproxx.com/tv/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-lead-from-behind/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPROXX&rft.atitle=Ryan+Reynolds+And+Rob+McElhenney+Film+Each+Other+Getting+Colonoscopies&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuproxx.com%2Ftv%2Fryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-lead-from-behind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/14/entertainment/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-wellness/index.html">"Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney get a colonoscopy on camera to raise awareness"</a>. 14 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232106/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/14/entertainment/ryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-wellness/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ryan+Reynolds+and+Rob+McElhenney+get+a+colonoscopy+on+camera+to+raise+awareness&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F09%2F14%2Fentertainment%2Fryan-reynolds-rob-mcelhenney-colonoscopy-video-wellness%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/news/20220914/actors-bring-awareness-to-colonoscopies">"Celebrity Actors Film Their Colonoscopies to Bring Awareness"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232107/https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/news/20220914/actors-bring-awareness-to-colonoscopies">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celebrity+Actors+Film+Their+Colonoscopies+to+Bring+Awareness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fcolorectal-cancer%2Fnews%2F20220914%2Factors-bring-awareness-to-colonoscopies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonoscopy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaLiebermanAndersonBurke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta S, Lieberman D, Anderson JC, Burke CA, Dominitz JA, Kaltenbach T, et al. (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7672705">"Recommendations for Follow-Up After Colonoscopy and Polypectomy: A Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>158</b> (4): 1131–1153.e5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2019.10.026">10.1053/j.gastro.2019.10.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7672705">7672705</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32044092">32044092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+Follow-Up+After+Colonoscopy+and+Polypectomy%3A+A+Consensus+Update+by+the+US+Multi-Society+Task+Force+on+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1131-1153.e5&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7672705%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32044092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2019.10.026&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+D&rft.au=Anderson%2C+JC&rft.au=Burke%2C+CA&rft.au=Dominitz%2C+JA&rft.au=Kaltenbach%2C+T&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Shaukat%2C+A&rft.au=Syngal%2C+S&rft.au=Rex%2C+DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7672705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaLiebermanAndersonBurke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta S, Lieberman D, Anderson JC, Burke CA, Dominitz JA, Kaltenbach T, et al. (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7393611">"Recommendations for Follow-Up After Colonoscopy and Polypectomy: A Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>115</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14309%2Fajg.0000000000000544">10.14309/ajg.0000000000000544</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7393611">7393611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32039982">32039982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+Follow-Up+After+Colonoscopy+and+Polypectomy%3A+A+Consensus+Update+by+the+US+Multi-Society+Task+Force+on+Colorectal+Cancer&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7393611%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32039982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14309%2Fajg.0000000000000544&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+D&rft.au=Anderson%2C+JC&rft.au=Burke%2C+CA&rft.au=Dominitz%2C+JA&rft.au=Kaltenbach%2C+T&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Shaukat%2C+A&rft.au=Syngal%2C+S&rft.au=Rex%2C+DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7393611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephKingDowlingThomas2020" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph DA, King JB, Dowling NF, Thomas CC, Richardson LC (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7075255">"Vital Signs: Colorectal Cancer Screening Test Use - United States, 2018"</a>. <i>MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</i>. <b>69</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6910a1">10.15585/mmwr.mm6910a1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7075255">7075255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163384">32163384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Vital+Signs%3A+Colorectal+Cancer+Screening+Test+Use+-+United+States%2C+2018&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7075255%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32163384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6910a1&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=King%2C+JB&rft.au=Dowling%2C+NF&rft.au=Thomas%2C+CC&rft.au=Richardson%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7075255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColonoscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract152" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis" title="Roux-en-Y anastomosis">Roux-en-Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel120" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt</a> [TIPS]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">MRCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">PTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic 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