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(PDF) THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE | Hans Koechler - Academia.edu
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In any state system (domestically), this requires an elaborate mechanism of checks and balances between the branches of government." /> <title>(PDF) THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE | Hans Koechler - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/109732482/THE_DILEMMA_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_JUSTICE" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732422783000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732422783000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Independence of the judiciary, secured by a separation of powers, is an indispensable criterion for the rule of law. In any state system (domestically), this requires an elaborate mechanism of checks and balances between the branches of government. Specifically, “independence” rests in the judiciary’s not being bound by political instructions, but solely by the norms of the democratically created law (within the bounds of the Constitution), and in the ability (i.e. authority) to enforce its decisions via the executive branch in a subsidiary role. Only such an arrangement can ensure the exercise of judicial authority in a consistent manner. Equality before the law, as basic principle, cannot be guaranteed in any other setting. The above conditions – indispensable for the rule of law – are absent outside the normative framework of the sovereign state. Internationally, in the largely anarchic space between states, there simply is no separation of powers. There may exist a balance of power among a multitude of sovereign actors, holding each other in check. Judicial authority that stretches beyond state borders is alien to such a system. If it is asserted nonetheless, its exercise, legally dubious in itself, risks being arbitrary and politicized. This has been the case with virtually all arrangements of international criminal justice since the Second World War, such as: o the “unilateral” projection of sovereignty in cases where a state claims “universal jurisdiction” (measures that have the potential to trigger conflicts with other states); o the “collective” projection of power by states that establish a court either as victors after armed conflict or as members of the United Nations Security Council (in violation of Article 14[1] of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights); o the International Criminal Court, established by intergovernmental treaty, where limited membership (in particular regarding the absence of great powers) is in contrast to the quasi-universal prosecutorial mission of the Court (potentially also over officials from non-state parties, as far as territorial jurisdiction is concerned, in contravention, as some states argue, to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). The dilemma of international criminal justice consists in an irreconcilable contradiction at the roots of these projections of judicial power, namely a conflict between national sovereignty and supranational authority (which is situated totally outside a framework of checks and balances). This antagonism has opened the door for the politicization of the judicial function. As regards legal consistency and moral legitimacy, but also mere effectiveness, the problems are similar to those of today’s humanitarian intervention. In the absence of a world state, both risk becoming pawns of global power politics.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Hans Koechler"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-11-24","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["International Relations","International Law"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"International Progress Organization -- I.P.O. Online Papers","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/109732482/THE_DILEMMA_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_JUSTICE","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"exparch"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" 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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":109732482,"created_at":"2023-11-24T06:22:33.203-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-11-25T22:56:48.359-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Independence of the judiciary, secured by a separation of powers, is an indispensable criterion for the rule of law. In any state system (domestically), this requires an elaborate mechanism of checks and balances between the branches of government. Specifically, “independence” rests in the judiciary’s not being bound by political instructions, but solely by the norms of the democratically created law (within the bounds of the Constitution), and in the ability (i.e. authority) to enforce its decisions via the executive branch in a subsidiary role. Only such an arrangement can ensure the exercise of judicial authority in a consistent manner. Equality before the law, as basic principle, cannot be guaranteed in any other setting.\n\nThe above conditions – indispensable for the rule of law – are absent outside the normative framework of the sovereign state. Internationally, in the largely anarchic space between states, there simply is no separation of powers. There may exist a balance of power among a multitude of sovereign actors, holding each other in check. Judicial authority that stretches beyond state borders is alien to such a system. If it is asserted nonetheless, its exercise, legally dubious in itself, risks being arbitrary and politicized. \nThis has been the case with virtually all arrangements of international criminal justice since the Second World War, such as: \n\no\t the “unilateral” projection of sovereignty in cases where a state claims “universal jurisdiction” (measures that have the potential to trigger conflicts with other states);\no\t the “collective” projection of power by states that establish a court either as victors after armed conflict or as members of the United Nations Security Council (in violation of Article 14[1] of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights);\no\t the International Criminal Court, established by intergovernmental treaty, where limited membership (in particular regarding the absence of great powers) is in contrast to the quasi-universal prosecutorial mission of the Court (potentially also over officials from non-state parties, as far as territorial jurisdiction is concerned, in contravention, as some states argue, to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). \n\nThe dilemma of international criminal justice consists in an irreconcilable contradiction at the roots of these projections of judicial power, namely a conflict between national sovereignty and supranational authority (which is situated totally outside a framework of checks and balances). This antagonism has opened the door for the politicization of the judicial function. As regards legal consistency and moral legitimacy, but also mere effectiveness, the problems are similar to those of today’s humanitarian intervention. In the absence of a world state, both risk becoming pawns of global power politics.","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"International Progress Organization -- I.P.O. Online Papers"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [16426867]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":107769425,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/107769425/mini_magick20231124-1-gk3mhz.png?1700835771" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE DILEMMA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16426867" href="https://exparch.academia.edu/HKoechler"><img alt="Profile image of Hans Koechler" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/16426867/42776250/34214352/s65_hans.koechler.jpg" />Hans Koechler</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, International Progress Organization -- I.P.O. Online Papers</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Independence of the judiciary, secured by a separation of powers, is an indispensable criterion for the rule of law. In any state system (domestically), this requires an elaborate mechanism of checks and balances between the branches of government. Specifically, “independence” rests in the judiciary’s not being bound by political instructions, but solely by the norms of the democratically created law (within the bounds of the Constitution), and in the ability (i.e. authority) to enforce its decisions via the executive branch in a subsidiary role. Only such an arrangement can ensure the exercise of judicial authority in a consistent manner. Equality before the law, as basic principle, cannot be guaranteed in any other setting. The above conditions – indispensable for the rule of law – are absent outside the normative framework of the sovereign state. Internationally, in the largely anarchic space between states, there simply is no separation of powers. There may exist a balance of power among a multitude of sovereign actors, holding each other in check. Judicial authority that stretches beyond state borders is alien to such a system. If it is asserted nonetheless, its exercise, legally dubious in itself, risks being arbitrary and politicized. This has been the case with virtually all arrangements of international criminal justice since the Second World War, such as: o the “unilateral” projection of sovereignty in cases where a state claims “universal jurisdiction” (measures that have the potential to trigger conflicts with other states); o the “collective” projection of power by states that establish a court either as victors after armed conflict or as members of the United Nations Security Council (in violation of Article 14[1] of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights); o the International Criminal Court, established by intergovernmental treaty, where limited membership (in particular regarding the absence of great powers) is in contrast to the quasi-universal prosecutorial mission of the Court (potentially also over officials from non-state parties, as far as territorial jurisdiction is concerned, in contravention, as some states argue, to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). The dilemma of international criminal justice consists in an irreconcilable contradiction at the roots of these projections of judicial power, namely a conflict between national sovereignty and supranational authority (which is situated totally outside a framework of checks and balances). This antagonism has opened the door for the politicization of the judicial function. As regards legal consistency and moral legitimacy, but also mere effectiveness, the problems are similar to those of today’s humanitarian intervention. In the absence of a world state, both risk becoming pawns of global power politics.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":107769425,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109732482/THE_DILEMMA_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_JUSTICE"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":107769425,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109732482/THE_DILEMMA_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_JUSTICE"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="107769425" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/109732482/THE_DILEMMA_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_JUSTICE" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="36133753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36133753/THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_IN_WORLD_POLITICS">THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN WORLD POLITICS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="882890" href="https://anadolu.academia.edu/CenapCakmak">Cenap Cakmak</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN WORLD POLITICS","attachmentId":56026500,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36133753/THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_IN_WORLD_POLITICS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36133753/THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_IN_WORLD_POLITICS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="45125453" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45125453/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_International_Power_Politics_Ideal_versus_Real">Universal Jurisdiction and International Power Politics: Ideal versus Real</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16426867" href="https://exparch.academia.edu/HKoechler">Hans Koechler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Yeditepe'de Felsefe (Istanbul), 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The main problem of universal jurisdiction lies in the contradiction between the universality of its mission and the particularity of the political interests of the sovereign nation-states which provide the statutory framework for the application of the doctrine. The paper explores the nexus between law and politics in the field of international criminal justice and poses the question as to the institutional and procedural limits to universal jurisdiction, especially as regards the separation of powers as an indispensable element of criminal justice and the rule of law in general. It evaluates, inter alia, the practice of international courts that operate on the basis of ad hoc arrangements (such as the Yugoslavia Tribunal set up by the Security Council) and compares these arrangements to the structure and functioning of the newly established International Criminal Court. The paper further explores the long-term prospects of the Court in the framework of a unipolar world order where the only superpower actively opposes the Court as organ of universal jurisdiction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Universal Jurisdiction and International Power Politics: Ideal versus Real","attachmentId":65694123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45125453/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_International_Power_Politics_Ideal_versus_Real","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45125453/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_International_Power_Politics_Ideal_versus_Real"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="87328541" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87328541/The_International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Paradox_of_Authority">The International Criminal Court and the Paradox of Authority</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6134887" href="https://soas.academia.edu/LeslieVinjamuri">Leslie Vinjamuri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">I INTRODUCTION The creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been one of the boldest progressive moves in the history of international relations. At the heart of the Rome Statute is a commitment to the spirit and principle of international criminal justice. States under the jurisdiction of the ICC agree to cede sovereignty over individual perpetrators suspected of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes unless they are able and willing to prosecute perpetrators of these crimes at home. Even heads of state have not been immune from the formal legal authority of the ICC. Given the reach of its ambitions, it is unsurprising that the ICC has struggled to achieve some of its goals. It has, though, become a focal point for a vibrant and committed network of international advocates, lawyers, and civil society organizations committed to advancing international criminal justice. (1) States also recognize the ICC&#39;s importance. No fewer than 123 states have ratified ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The International Criminal Court and the Paradox of Authority","attachmentId":91568163,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87328541/The_International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Paradox_of_Authority","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87328541/The_International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Paradox_of_Authority"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="93252311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93252311/Ruling_through_the_International_Criminal_Court_s_rules">Ruling through the International Criminal Court’s rules</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45669935" href="https://pucrj.academia.edu/RobertoYamato">Roberto Yamato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Carta Internacional, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article investigates sovereign (in)equality as a phenomenon that is manifested in thedifferent levels of international institutions. The analysis is developed from the process againstOmar Al Bashir, Sudan’s President-in-Office, at the International Criminal Court. Consideringthat norms and rules have a social role in the multiple relations existing between agents andstructures, that is, they transform relations in the international system, the article investigates the dispositions and principles present within the scope of the International Criminal Courtthat authorize a discrimination between States. This distinction implies the imposition ofinternational rules for some actors and the maintenance of certain sovereign prerogativesfor others. More specifically, international criminal justice is characterized by selectivityin judgments, as some countries are given certain authority over the regime. In this sense,it is argued that the sovereign (in)equality that is present in inte...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ruling through the International Criminal Court’s rules","attachmentId":96040779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93252311/Ruling_through_the_International_Criminal_Court_s_rules","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93252311/Ruling_through_the_International_Criminal_Court_s_rules"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="101267109" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101267109/JUDGING_MORE_BY_JUDGING_LESS_ISSUES_AND_LIMITS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT">JUDGING MORE BY JUDGING LESS: ISSUES AND LIMITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14392720" href="https://unze.academia.edu/EnisOmerovi%C4%87">Enis Omerović</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pravni vjesnik, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With the International Criminal Court (ICC) losing not only its chance of incorporating the same great powers that decided not to support it at the very start-out of fear of losing dominance-but also about to lose long-time members such as the ones from the African Union, its chances of being a mean of institutionalized punishment against the worst individual crimes of international concern are trembling. Would the ICC obtain better outcomes if it discarded entirely its authority against member governments, and restricted its jurisdiction to cases suggested by the same countries where the crimes had been allegedly committed? The ICC could hence maintain an important role in the canalization of local jurisdictions through common, global rules: this way, even if through selective jurisdiction, it could at least limit and moderate the intentions of member States when dealing with inconvenient local enemies or oppositions. Through an analysis of the jurisdictional past of this institution and a contextualization of its controversial relationship with the United Nations (UN) Security Council, this paper aims to furnish a comparison of available outcomes, and elucidate the aforementioned possibility as an advantageous framework, although less ambitious. An eventual last focus will be put on the risks of the opposite trend, an ambitious but inefficient institution, possibly leading to the legitimization of its failures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"JUDGING MORE BY JUDGING LESS: ISSUES AND LIMITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT","attachmentId":101855626,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101267109/JUDGING_MORE_BY_JUDGING_LESS_ISSUES_AND_LIMITS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101267109/JUDGING_MORE_BY_JUDGING_LESS_ISSUES_AND_LIMITS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="27365014" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27365014/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Question_of_Sovereignty">International Criminal Court and the Question of Sovereignty</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48371956" href="https://nmml.academia.edu/AtulBhardwaj">Atul Bhardwaj</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Appalled by the increasing brutality and emboldened by the collapse of ideological barriers, international law now intends to cross the rubicon and reach out for criminals hiding behind the veil of sovereignty. It aims to sensitize the world against gross human rights violations through the threat of legal action. The rapid entry of the Rome Statute on July 1, 2002 heralds a new era in international politics. It opens new avenues for the international community to monitor human rights violations within states and bring the delinquent individuals to trial. One of the main reasons for the court to come into existence after the end of the Cold War is that many crimes committed against humanity have been ignored by states either due to 'military necessity' or under the national sovereignty and territorial integrity clause. The ICC does involve a certain sacrifice of sovereignty because it envisages asserting itself when a state refuses or fails to use its national criminal justice apparatus to deal with the perpetrator of crimes against humanity. This paper argues that the ICC challenges the exclusivity of sovereign states. ICC imposes certain restrictions and limits on state authority and competes with the state in the exercise of authority.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Criminal Court and the Question of Sovereignty","attachmentId":47620185,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27365014/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Question_of_Sovereignty","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27365014/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_Question_of_Sovereignty"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="43872196" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43872196/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_its_Quest_for_International_Criminal_Justice">Universal Jurisdiction and the International Criminal Court in its Quest for International Criminal Justice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103186177" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BiLD">Bi LD</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BiLD Law Journal 5(1), 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study is critically analysing the lack of universal jurisdiction to the International Criminal Court (ICC) as to why the ICC is denied universal jurisdiction and what are the consequences resulting therefrom on realisation of international criminal justice. Findings show that, lack of universal jurisdiction to the ICC defeats the initial purpose of setting up a permanent ICC. Because, some nationals whose nations are not state parties to the ICC cannot be prosecuted. Meaning, an individual can commit an international crime and go unpunished by the sole reason that his state is not a party to the ICC. Seeing this threat, the Rome Statute provides for some referrals. Accordingly, cases to the ICC can be referred by state party to the Rome Statute, or by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) when acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, or by non-state party when making declaration to accept the ICC jurisdiction in relation to a case, or by the prosecutor of the ICC by initiating investigations proprio motu. The important question to be asked is that are these referrals effective in obtaining international criminal justice? Evidently the issue is controversial. It is therefore important for the ICC to be accorded universal jurisdiction. This move is crucial in reducing often created ad hoc tribunals to serve the same purpose of which the ICC was created to serve. But also, the UNSC will be effective dealing with other matters of the international peace and security.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Universal Jurisdiction and the International Criminal Court in its Quest for International Criminal Justice","attachmentId":64195506,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43872196/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_its_Quest_for_International_Criminal_Justice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43872196/Universal_Jurisdiction_and_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_its_Quest_for_International_Criminal_Justice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="33583324" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33583324/INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_WITHIN_GLOBAL_REALITIES_AND_DESIRES_BEYOND_THE_CUFF_MOUNTAIN_IS_THE_ICC_A_PROPER_INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION_">INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT WITHIN GLOBAL REALITIES, AND DESIRES BEYOND THE CUFF MOUNTAIN: " IS THE ICC A PROPER INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION? "</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58887298" href="https://independent.academia.edu/stokdemir">Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Sercan Tokdemir</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT WITHIN GLOBAL REALITIES, AND DESIRES BEYOND THE CUFF MOUNTAIN: \" IS THE ICC A PROPER INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION? \"","attachmentId":53605354,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33583324/INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_WITHIN_GLOBAL_REALITIES_AND_DESIRES_BEYOND_THE_CUFF_MOUNTAIN_IS_THE_ICC_A_PROPER_INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33583324/INTERNATIONAL_CRIMINAL_COURT_WITHIN_GLOBAL_REALITIES_AND_DESIRES_BEYOND_THE_CUFF_MOUNTAIN_IS_THE_ICC_A_PROPER_INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30690796" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30690796/The_Role_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_Enforcing_International">The Role of the International Criminal Court in Enforcing International</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58444245" href="https://independent.academia.edu/omaribrahim45">omar ibrahim</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Role of the International Criminal Court in Enforcing International","attachmentId":51133129,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30690796/The_Role_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_Enforcing_International","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30690796/The_Role_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_Enforcing_International"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="97075931" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97075931/International_Criminal_Justice_An_Interdisciplinary_Inquiry_into_the_Territorial_Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_over_Nationals_of_Non_State_Parties">International Criminal Justice -An Interdisciplinary Inquiry into the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over National's of Non-State Parties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="106038219" href="https://liu-se.academia.edu/FereshtehToukhi">Fereshteh Toukhi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Over the years, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has received criticism for exercising its territorial jurisdiction over non-state parties' nationals. Non-state parties claim that the Court is illegitimate and that its jurisdictional claim over their nationals violates the principle of consent in public international law. This thesis aims to develop interdisciplinary research into international relations and international law by asking the question of how the alleged legitimacy deficit of the ICC can be alleviated. The interdisciplinary methodology is approached through supplementing the legal dogmatic method with international relations theory. In turn, the analysis is carried out in two sections, one dedicated to legal analysis and the other to the international relations theory constructivism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Criminal Justice -An Interdisciplinary Inquiry into the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over National's of Non-State Parties","attachmentId":98798190,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97075931/International_Criminal_Justice_An_Interdisciplinary_Inquiry_into_the_Territorial_Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_over_Nationals_of_Non_State_Parties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97075931/International_Criminal_Justice_An_Interdisciplinary_Inquiry_into_the_Territorial_Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_over_Nationals_of_Non_State_Parties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107769425,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107769425,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_107769425" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="32150248" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32150248/Coming_to_Terms_with_Ruthlessness_Sovereign_Equality_Global_Pluralism_and_the_Limits_of_International_Criminal_Justice">Coming to Terms with Ruthlessness: Sovereign Equality, Global Pluralism, and the Limits of International Criminal Justice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10592582" href="https://wayne.academia.edu/BRoth">Brad Roth</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coming to Terms with Ruthlessness: Sovereign Equality, Global Pluralism, and the Limits of International Criminal Justice","attachmentId":52389480,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32150248/Coming_to_Terms_with_Ruthlessness_Sovereign_Equality_Global_Pluralism_and_the_Limits_of_International_Criminal_Justice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32150248/Coming_to_Terms_with_Ruthlessness_Sovereign_Equality_Global_Pluralism_and_the_Limits_of_International_Criminal_Justice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="42699507" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42699507/Justice_and_Realpolitik_The_Predicament_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_Editorial_Comment">Justice and Realpolitik: The Predicament of the International Criminal Court -- Editorial Comment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16426867" href="https://exparch.academia.edu/HKoechler">Hans Koechler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chinese Journal of International Law, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Justice and Realpolitik: The Predicament of the International Criminal Court -- Editorial Comment","attachmentId":62911632,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42699507/Justice_and_Realpolitik_The_Predicament_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_Editorial_Comment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42699507/Justice_and_Realpolitik_The_Predicament_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_Editorial_Comment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="44336871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44336871/States_of_Justice_Symposium_Quo_Vadis_A_Review_of_Oumar_Ba_s_States_of_Justice_The_Politics_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_">States of Justice Symposium: Quo Vadis? 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A Review of Oumar Ba’s ‘States of Justice: The Politics of the International Criminal Court’","attachmentId":64727376,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44336871/States_of_Justice_Symposium_Quo_Vadis_A_Review_of_Oumar_Ba_s_States_of_Justice_The_Politics_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44336871/States_of_Justice_Symposium_Quo_Vadis_A_Review_of_Oumar_Ba_s_States_of_Justice_The_Politics_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container 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