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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=White-shoe+firm" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=White-shoe+firm" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_consultancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_consultancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Management consultancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_consultancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_law_firms_outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_law_firms_outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equivalent law firms outside the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_law_firms_outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American term. For the Australian term, see <a href="/wiki/White-shoe_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="White-shoe brigade">white-shoe brigade</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term for prestigious professional firms</div> <p>In the United States, <b>white-shoe firm</b> is a term used to describe prestigious <a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">professional services</a> firms that have been traditionally associated with the upper-class elite who graduated from <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> colleges. The term comes from white buckskin <a href="/wiki/Derby_shoe" title="Derby shoe">derby shoes</a> (bucks), once the style among the men of the upper class. The term is most often used to describe leading old-line <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> law firms and financial institutions, as well as accounting firms that are over a century old, typically in New York City and Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the term's strong association with Ivy League elites, it has historically implied a cultural homogeneity associated with <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> men. However, the term is now used more as a matter of long-established, high-end firms, especially those working in complicated business matters. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Oller" title="John Oller">John Oller</a>, author of <i>White Shoe</i>, credits <a href="/wiki/Paul_Drennan_Cravath" title="Paul Drennan Cravath">Paul Drennan Cravath</a> with creating the distinct model adopted by virtually all white-shoe <a href="/wiki/Law_firms" class="mw-redirect" title="Law firms">law firms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cravath_System" title="Cravath System">Cravath System</a>, just after the turn of the 20th century, about 50 years before the phrase <i>white-shoe firm</i> came into use.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinsonReview_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinsonReview-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEWIS,_JAMES_HAMILTON,_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON,_1897-1899;_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS,_1913-1919,_1931-._LEFT,_WITH_TUMULTY.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png/220px-LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png/330px-LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png/440px-LEWIS%2C_JAMES_HAMILTON%2C_REP._FROM_WASHINGTON%2C_1897-1899%3B_SENATOR_FROM_ILLINOIS%2C_1913-1919%2C_1931-._LEFT%2C_WITH_TUMULTY.png 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">J. Hamilton Lewis</a> and attorney <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Tumulty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Tumulty">Joseph P. Tumulty</a> pictured wearing "white bucks", 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase derives from "<a href="/wiki/Derby_shoe" title="Derby shoe">white bucks</a>", laced <a href="/wiki/Suede" title="Suede">suede</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">buckskin</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Nubuck" title="Nubuck">Nubuck</a>) derby shoes, usually with a red sole, long popular among the student body of <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-safire_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safire-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1953 <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i> article, describing social strata at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, explained that "White Shoe applies primarily to the socially ambitious and the socially smug types who affect a good deal of worldly sophistication, run, ride and drink in rather small cliques, and look in on the second halves of football games when the weather is good."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> cites the phrase "white-shoe college boys" in the <a href="/wiki/J.D._Salinger" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Franny_and_Zooey" title="Franny and Zooey">Franny and Zooey</a></i> (1957) as the first use of the term:<sup id="cite_ref-chambliss_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambliss-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Phooey, I say, on all white-shoe college boys who edit their campus literary magazines. Give me an honest con man any day."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also appears in a 1958 <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> article by Spencer Klaw, which describes some firms as having "a predilection for young men who are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Social_Register" title="Social Register">Social Register</a>. These firms are called 'white-shoe outfits', a term derived from the buckskin shoes that used to be part of the accepted uniform at certain eastern prep schools and colleges."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term originated in <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> colleges and originally reflected a stereotype of old-line firms that were populated by <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)</a>. The term historically had <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> connotations, as many of the New York firms known as white-shoe were considered inaccessible to Jewish lawyers until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-chambliss_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambliss-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase has since lost some of this connotation, but is still defined by <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> as "denoting a company or law firm owned and run by members of the WASP elite who are generally conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most white-shoe firms also excluded Roman Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 column in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> described the term as synonymous with "big, old, east-coast and fairly traditional."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the term is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to firms that are perceived as prestigious or high-quality; it is also sometimes used in a derogatory manner to denote stodginess, elitism, or a lack of diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-chambliss_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambliss-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following U.S. firms are often referred to as being white-shoe firms: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accountancy">Accountancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accountancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_accounting_firms" title="Big Four accounting firms">Big Four accounting firms</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Big_Eight_auditors" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Eight auditors">Big Eight auditors</a> from which they merged: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a> (merged from <a href="/wiki/Deloitte_Haskins_%26_Sells" class="mw-redirect" title="Deloitte Haskins & Sells">Deloitte Haskins & Sells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touche_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Touche Ross">Touche Ross</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a> (merged from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Whinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst & Whinney">Ernst & Whinney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Young_(accountant)" title="Arthur Young (accountant)">Arthur Young</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a> (formerly Peat Marwick Mitchell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> (merged from <a href="/wiki/Price_Waterhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Price Waterhouse">Price Waterhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coopers_%26_Lybrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Coopers & Lybrand">Coopers & Lybrand</a>)</li></ul> <p>The only former Big Eight firm not merged into one of the Big Four was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Andersen" title="Arthur Andersen">Arthur Andersen</a>, which went out of business in 2002 after the <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Traditional</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Brothers_Harriman_%26_Co." title="Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.">Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon,_Read_%26_Co." title="Dillon, Read & Co.">Dillon, Read & Co.</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> in 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boston" title="First Boston">First Boston</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> in 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_%26_Co." title="Kuhn, Loeb & Co.">Kuhn, Loeb & Co.</a> (merged with <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> in 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-nymag_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymag-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (merged with Chase Manhattan in 1996, and became <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> in 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Weld_%26_Co." title="White Weld & Co.">White Weld & Co.</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> in 1978)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a><sup id="cite_ref-Investopedia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investopedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazard_Fr%C3%A8res_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Lazard Frères & Co.">Lazard Frères & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_consultancies">Management consultancies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Management consultancies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(management_consultancies)" title="Big Three (management consultancies)">Big Three (management consultancies)</a>, colloquially known as "MBB", consisting of the largest <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">management consulting</a> firms by revenue: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group" title="Boston Consulting Group">Boston Consulting Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain & Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession#White-shoe_firms" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession § White-shoe firms</a></div> <dl><dt>Traditional</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_%26_Porter" title="Arnold & Porter">Arnold & Porter</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader,_Wickersham_%26_Taft" title="Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft">Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravath,_Swaine_%26_Moore" title="Cravath, Swaine & Moore">Cravath, Swaine & Moore</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Polk_%26_Wardwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis Polk & Wardwell">Davis Polk & Wardwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debevoise_%26_Plimpton" title="Debevoise & Plimpton">Debevoise & Plimpton</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbank,_Tweed,_Hadley_%26_McCloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy">Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropes_%26_Gray" title="Ropes & Gray">Ropes & Gray</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearman_%26_Sterling" title="Shearman & Sterling">Shearman & Sterling</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin">Sidley Austin</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Thacher_%26_Bartlett" title="Simpson Thacher & Bartlett">Simpson Thacher & Bartlett</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_%26_Cromwell" title="Sullivan & Cromwell">Sullivan & Cromwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%26_Case" title="White & Case">White & Case</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willkie_Farr_%26_Gallagher" title="Willkie Farr & Gallagher">Willkie Farr & Gallagher</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WilmerHale" class="mw-redirect" title="WilmerHale">WilmerHale</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt> <dt>Modern</dt></dl> <p>While the term "white-shoe" historically applied only to those law firms populated by <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASPs</a>, usage of the term has since been expanded to other top-rated prestigious firms. Many of these firms were founded as a direct result of the exclusionary tendencies of the original white-shoe firms, which provided limited opportunities for Jewish and Catholic lawyers, as well as other non-WASPs, and include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akin_Gump_Strauss_Hauer_%26_Feld" title="Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld">Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahill_Gordon_%26_Reindel" title="Cahill Gordon & Reindel">Cahill Gordon & Reindel</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleary,_Gottlieb,_Steen_%26_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton">Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried,_Frank,_Harris,_Shriver_%26_Jacobson" title="Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson">Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_%26_Spalding" title="King & Spalding">King & Spalding</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latham_%26_Watkins" title="Latham & Watkins">Latham & Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hastings" title="Paul Hastings">Paul Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squire_Patton_Boggs" title="Squire Patton Boggs">Squire Patton Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul,_Weiss,_Rifkind,_Wharton_%26_Garrison" title="Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison">Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskauer_Rose" title="Proskauer Rose">Proskauer Rose</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_Emanuel_Urquhart_%26_Sullivan" title="Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan">Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadden,_Arps,_Slate,_Meagher_%26_Flom" title="Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom">Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachtell,_Lipton,_Rosen_%26_Katz" title="Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz">Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil,_Gotshal_%26_Manges" title="Weil, Gotshal & Manges">Weil, Gotshal & Manges</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalent_law_firms_outside_the_United_States">Equivalent law firms outside the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equivalent law firms outside the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(law_firms)" title="Big Six (law firms)">Big Six</a>: In 2012, three of these firms merged with overseas firms, and one other began operating in association with an overseas firm. As a consequence, it has proposed that the term is no longer applicable to the Australian legal profession, displaced by the concept of Global Elite law firms or International Business law firms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd>Grandes Firmas: <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinheiro_Neto_Advogados" class="extiw" title="pt:Pinheiro Neto Advogados">Pinheiro Neto Advogados</a>: Mattos Filho Advogados : Machado Meyer Advogados: Tozzini Freire Advogados: Veirano Advogados</dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(law_firms)" title="Seven Sisters (law firms)">Seven Sisters</a></dd> <dt>China (People's Republic)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_Circle_(law_firms)" title="Red Circle (law firms)">Red Circle</a>, coined by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawyer" title="The Lawyer">The Lawyer</a></i> magazine in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_law_firms_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four law firms (Japan)">Big Four</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(law_firms)_in_South_Africa" title="Big Five (law firms) in South Africa">Big Five</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_in_Singapore" title="Lawyers in Singapore">Big Four</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom (centered on the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Circle_(law_firms)" title="Magic Circle (law firms)">Magic Circle</a>, firms with the largest revenues, the most international work and which generally outperform the rest of the London market on profitability.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Circle_(law_firms)" title="Silver Circle (law firms)">Silver Circle</a>, the next tier below the Magic Circle (there is no Golden Circle<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) has firms smaller than those in the Magic Circle, though sometimes with similar level of profits per equity partner (PEP) and average revenue per lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-lawyer1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawyer1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawyer2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawyer2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation news cs1">Safire, William (Nov 9, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/09/magazine/on-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html">"On Language; Gimme the Ol' White Shoe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 2,</span> 2021</span> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Language%3B+Gimme+the+Ol%27+White+Shoe&rft.date=1997-11-09&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Fon-language-gimme-the-ol-white-shoe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-shoe+firm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevinsonReview-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LevinsonReview_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2019" class="citation news cs1">Levinson, Marc (20 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-shoe-review-lawyering-up-the-20th-century-11553121702?mod=djembooks">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'White Shoe' Review: Lawyering Up the 20th Century (book review)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/support_services/article559686.ece">the original</a> on June 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%27Silver+circle%27+firms+upset+the+legal+order&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fbusiness%2Findustry_sectors%2Fsupport_services%2Farticle559686.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-shoe+firm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lambert, Jeremiah and Stewart, Geoffrey S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=R30WEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Anointed: New York’s White Shoe Law Firms—How They Started, How They Grew, and How They Ran the Country</i></a> Rowman & Littlefield, 2021.</li> <li>Wald, Eli, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms." <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i> 60 (2007): 1803-1866 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/04/Wald.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White-shoe_firm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambliss2005" class="citation news cs1">Chambliss, Elizabeth (September–October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/September-October-2005/toa_sepoct05.msp">"Terms of Art"</a>. <i>Legal Affairs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Affairs&rft.atitle=Terms+of+Art&rft.date=2005-09%2F2005-10&rft.aulast=Chambliss&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalaffairs.org%2Fissues%2FSeptember-October-2005%2Ftoa_sepoct05.msp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-shoe+firm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2006" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Anthony (May 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/almID/1147165537698">"Can the 'Jewish Law Firm' Success Story Be Duplicated?"</a>. <i>New York Law Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Can+the+%27Jewish+Law+Firm%27+Success+Story+Be+Duplicated%3F&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnewyorklawjournal%2FalmID%2F1147165537698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite-shoe+firm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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