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An object choice task is one in which an informant indicates the location of the hidden item to the subject (canid) by looking toward or pointing and looking toward one of two opaque containers (Hare & Tomasello, Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Use Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food, 1999). Scoring was done based on the number of times the dog followed human cues (such as pointing or gazing, or a combination of both) and correctly chose the baited object. Before trials, dogs underwent training (commonly referred to as “pretraining”) with the experimenters in order to learn that the objects placed before them held food (small treats used to reinforce the dogs’ correct behavior; commonly called “reinforcers”). Some studies, where applicable, also included temperament testing in the form of questionnaires filled out by their owners. Most studies done have focused on human-given cues (a point, a gaze, a physical marker or any combination or variation thereof). 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