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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undersea_archaeological_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undersea_archaeological_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Undersea archaeological site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undersea_archaeological_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ngajarli_Trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ngajarli_Trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ngajarli Trail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ngajarli_Trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murujuga&params=20.581_S_116.808_E_type:landmark_region:AU"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°34′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">116°48′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.581°S 116.808°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.581; 116.808</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Burrup Peninsula in Western Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dampier Island" redirects here. For Dampier Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Dampier_Archipelago" title="Dampier Archipelago">Dampier Archipelago</a>. For the peninsula 800km to the north-east, see <a href="/wiki/Dampier_Peninsula" title="Dampier Peninsula">Dampier Peninsula</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burrupmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Burrupmap.png/300px-Burrupmap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Burrupmap.png/450px-Burrupmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Burrupmap.png/600px-Burrupmap.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Dampier Archipelago and Burrup Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Murujuga</b>, formerly known as <b>Dampier Island</b> and today usually known as the <b>Burrup Peninsula</b>, is an area in the <a href="/wiki/Dampier_Archipelago" title="Dampier Archipelago">Dampier Archipelago</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, containing the town of <a href="/wiki/Dampier,_Western_Australia" title="Dampier, Western Australia">Dampier</a>. The <b>Dampier Rock Art Precinct</b>, which covers the entire archipelago, is the subject of ongoing political debate due to historical and proposed industrial development. Over 40% of Murujuga lies within <b>Murujuga National Park</b>, which contains within it the world's largest collection of ancient 40,000 year old<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_rock_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian rock art">rock art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>). </p><p>The region is sometimes confused with the <a href="/wiki/Dampier_Peninsula" title="Dampier Peninsula">Dampier Peninsula</a>, 800 kilometres (500 mi) to the north-east. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_rock_art">Description of rock art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description of rock art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Murujuga rock art is on 2.7 billion year old <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>. The rock art was made by etching away the outer millimetres of red-brown iron oxide, exposing pale centimetre-thick weathered clay. The underneath very hard igneous rock is dark grey-green coloured, and composed of <a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">granophyre</a>, gabbo, <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_toponymy">History and toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owner">traditional owners</a> of the Murujuga are an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal nation</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Yaburara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaburara">Yaburara</a> (Jaburara) people.<sup id="cite_ref-gara_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gara-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarda languages</a>, including that of the Yaburara, <i>murujuga</i> means "hip bone sticking out".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between February and May 1869 a great number of Yaburara people were killed in an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Foam_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Foam Massacre">Flying Foam Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gara_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gara-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five clans who took over the care of the land as traditional custodians following the massacre include Yaburara, <a href="/wiki/Ngarluma" title="Ngarluma">Ngarluma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardudunera_people" title="Mardudunera people">Mardudhunera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yindjibarndi_people" title="Yindjibarndi people">Yindjibarndi</a> and Wong-Goo-Tt-Oo peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First given the English name Dampier Island after the English navigator <a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a> (1651–1715), it was then an island lying 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) off the Pilbara coast. In 1963 the island became an artificial <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> when it was connected to the mainland by a <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> for a road and railway. In 1979 Dampier Peninsula was renamed Burrup Peninsula after Mt Burrup, the highest peak on the island, which had been named after Henry Burrup, a <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Australia" title="Union Bank of Australia">Union Bank</a> clerk murdered in 1885 at <a href="/wiki/Roebourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Roebourne">Roebourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_vs_heritage_protection">Development vs heritage protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development vs heritage protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilbara_Billabong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Murujuga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pilbara_Billabong.jpg/220px-Pilbara_Billabong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pilbara_Billabong.jpg/330px-Pilbara_Billabong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pilbara_Billabong.jpg/440px-Pilbara_Billabong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Murujuga</figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula is a unique ecological and archaeological area since it contains the Murujuga cultural landscape, the world's largest and most important collection of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>. Some of the Aboriginal rock carvings have been dated to more than 45,000 years old. The collection of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_stone_arrangements" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal stone arrangements">standing stones</a> here is the largest in Australia with <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> petroglyphs numbering over one million, many depicting images of the now <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (Tasmanian tiger).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dampier Rock Art Precinct covers the entire archipelago, while the Murujuga National Park lies within Burrup.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concern around the ecological, historical, cultural and archaeological significance of the area has led to a campaign for its protection, causing conflict with industrial development on the site. The preservation of the Murujuga monument has been called for since 1969, and in 2002 the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Rock_Art_Organizations_(IFRAO)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (IFRAO)">International Federation of Rock Art Organizations</a> commenced a campaign to preserve the remaining monument. Murujuga has been listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia" title="National Trust of Australia">National Trust of Australia</a> Endangered Places Register<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch" title="2004 World Monuments Watch">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Monuments_Watch" title="2006 World Monuments Watch">2006</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Monuments_Watch" title="2008 World Monuments Watch">2008 World Monuments Watch</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 900 sites, or 24.4 percent of the rock art on Murujuga, had been destroyed to make way for industrial development between 1963 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Australian government argued for a much lower figure, suggesting that only 4 percent of sites, representing approximately 7.2 percent of petroglyphs, had been destroyed since 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> citing the lack of a complete inventory of rock art in the region<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as making assessments a challenging task. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_allocation_map_from_the_1996_Burrup_Peninsula_Land_Use_Plan_and_Management_Strategy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/Land_allocation_map_from_the_1996_Burrup_Peninsula_Land_Use_Plan_and_Management_Strategy.png/220px-Land_allocation_map_from_the_1996_Burrup_Peninsula_Land_Use_Plan_and_Management_Strategy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Land_allocation_map_from_the_1996_Burrup_Peninsula_Land_Use_Plan_and_Management_Strategy.png 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>1996 <i>Burrup Peninsula Land Use Plan and Management Strategy</i> map</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, a land use plan by the Burrup Peninsula Management Advisory Board divided the region into two areas: </p> <ul><li>a Conservation, Heritage and Recreation Area, spanning 5,400 hectares (13,000 acres), 62% of Murujuga</li> <li>an Industrial Area with an emphasis on port sites and strategic industry, 38% of Murujuga</li></ul> <p>While the plan commented upon "the value of the Northern Burrup for the preservation of its renowned Aboriginal heritage and environmental values", no comment was made on the amount of rock art affected by development and recreational activities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi people had a joint <a href="/wiki/Native_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Native title">native title</a> claim which included the Murujuga cultural landscape. The North West Shelf Joint Venture, which includes the Karratha Gas Plant, subsequently entered into a land access agreement with the Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi people. The Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi people established the Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi Foundation Limited (NYFL). Since 2000, NYFL has been the traditional owner representative organisation for the North West Shelf area. The 1998 agreement with the Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi people is largely considered to be outdated and fails to meet accepted standards for industry agreements with traditional owners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Work commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Western_Australia" title="National Trust of Western Australia">National Trust of Western Australia</a> led it to nominate the site for the National Trust Endangered Places list in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, funding was provided by <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> through the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> for further research and advocacy to be undertaken, with the goal of achieving national heritage status for the site. In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Council" title="Australian Heritage Council">Australian Heritage Council</a> advised the federal Environment and Heritage Minister that the site was suitable for listing on the <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_(Australia)" title="National Heritage List (Australia)">National Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Western Australian state government</a> continued to support development at the site, arguing a lack of cost-effective alternative sites and that geographical expansion of facility areas would be extremely limited. Former conservative party Resources Development Minister <a href="/wiki/Colin_Barnett" title="Colin Barnett">Colin Barnett</a> temporarily supported campaigns to save rock art in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian federal government</a> was divided on the issue. One reason to support site protection is that national heritage bodies support protection for the area, and the governments at national and state level have been of opposing political parties. On the other hand, the government was reluctant to interfere with the economic prosperity generated by the Western Australian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The protest campaign against development garnered popular support:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>42,000 personal messages were lodged with Woodside's Directors at their Annual General Meeting. Following shareholders questions at the AGM, Director Don Voelte finally admitted that the State Government had directed them towards developing amidst the rock art and that they had accepted.</p></blockquote> <p>The debate continued as of June 2007, with no intervention made by the Australian government. The federal minister indicated support for National Heritage listing, but the question of site boundaries and management strategies was still under negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was <a href="/wiki/Heritage-listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage-listed">heritage-listed</a> in the Australian national heritage in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 July 2008, the Australian Government placed 90% of the remaining rock art areas of the Dampier Archipelago on the National Heritage List. Campaigners continued to demand that the Australian Government include all of the undisturbed areas of the Dampier Archipelago on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Adams" title="Philip Adams">Philip Adams</a> radio show on <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a>, one worker on the site, an electrician for <a href="/wiki/Woodside_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodside Petroleum">Woodside</a> claimed the company had crushed 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> for road fill, at a time of international outrage over the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Bamiyan buddhas</a>. The oldest representation of a human face was also destroyed. The rock pools were filled with green scum, the <a href="/wiki/Eucalypt" title="Eucalypt">eucalypts</a> of the area dying, the <a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">fluming</a> of escaping natural gas, from faulty piping, rises as high as a six-storey building and burns the equivalent of the entire annual emissions in New Zealand, every day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, the state government released a report finding that industry emissions did not damage the rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WA <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Siewert" title="Rachel Siewert">Rachel Siewart</a> criticised Premier <a href="/wiki/Colin_Barnett" title="Colin Barnett">Colin Barnett</a> for reversing his previous support for protecting the rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011, the area remained on the <a href="/wiki/World_Monument_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Monument Fund">World Monument Fund</a>'s list of 100 Most Endangered Places in the World - the only such site in Australia - because of continued mismanagement of the heritage and conservation values of the Burrup.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, the Australian Government lodged a submission for the Murujuga cultural landscape to be included as an Australian entry to the World Heritage Tentative List.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, around 50 local people rallied at <a href="/wiki/Karratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Karratha">Karratha</a> to protest against one of the biggest oil and gas developments ever undertaken in Australia, by <a href="/wiki/Woodside_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodside Petroleum">Woodside Petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, known as the Scarborough project<sup id="cite_ref-2021protest_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021protest-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Scarborough being the name of the gas field, 375 km (233 mi) off the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a> coast<sup id="cite_ref-kurmelova_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurmelova-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woodsidegas_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodsidegas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The project includes a floating production unit, the drilling of 13 wells, and a 430 km (270 mi) pipeline to transport the gas to the onshore Pluto <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a> processing facility near Karratha, which will be expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-kurmelova_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurmelova-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woodsidegas_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodsidegas-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production is expected to begin in 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-kurmelova_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurmelova-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project has received environmental approval. The Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation has no role in approving such industrial projects, but there is research being undertaken as to whether increased emissions would affect the rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-2021protest_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021protest-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between traditional owners and Woodside has been complex. In July 2022, Raelene Cooper presented the concerns of some of the traditional owners to the UN in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, which stated "The rock art archives our lore. It is written not on a tablet of stone, but carved into the <i>ngurra</i>, which holds our <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreaming</a> stories and Songlines.". She also wrote to government ministers <a href="/wiki/Linda_Burney" title="Linda Burney">Linda Burney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Plibersek" title="Tanya Plibersek">Tanya Plibersek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellauer_2022_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellauer_2022-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_and_damage">Pollution and damage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pollution and damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with mechanical damage to the rock art from industrial land clearance for roads, pipelines, power lines, and other areas, Murujuga rock art has been damaged by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Pollution">industrial pollution</a>. Acidic dust pollution combines with water to form acids that dissolute manganese and iron compounds, causing the fragmentation of the rock varnish and patina. Researchers suggest reducing emissions is essential to protect the rock art for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Undersea_archaeological_site">Undersea archaeological site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Undersea archaeological site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 July 2020, scientists published a study reporting on the finding of Australia's first ancient Aboriginal underwater archaeological sites at two locations off the Burrup Peninsula. The 269 artefacts found at Cape Bruguieres, as well as an 8,500-year-old underwater <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater spring">freshwater spring</a> at Flying Foam Passage off Dampier are described in the study.<sup id="cite_ref-abcancient_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcancient-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimated to be thousands of years old, the artefacts include hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grinding_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding stone">grinding stones</a>, evidence of life before sea levels rose between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago, after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Archaeological_Association" title="Australian Archaeological Association">Australian Archaeological Association</a> described the research as "highly significant".<sup id="cite_ref-plos_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plos-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report was the result of four years of work by a team of <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a>, rock art specialists, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphologist">geomorphologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, specialist pilots and scientific divers, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Research_Council" title="Australian Research Council">Australian Research Council</a>, in collaboration with the Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a project known as the "Deep History of Sea Country" project.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teams from <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airborne_Research_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airborne Research Australia (page does not exist)">Airborne Research Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> in England were involved.<sup id="cite_ref-abcancient_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcancient-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site was placed on the WA Aboriginal Heritage List (protected under the <i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1972" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972</a></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Federal Government</a> said such underwater sites fall under the state jurisdiction. The federal <i><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Cultural_Heritage_Act_2018" title="Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018">Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018</a></i> was updated in 2019 to automatically include sunken aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecks</a> older than 75 years, but it does not automatically include Aboriginal sites.<sup id="cite_ref-abcancient_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcancient-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ngajarli_Trail">Ngajarli Trail</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ngajarli Trail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Murujuga National Park was closed for some months to allow for its construction, the Ngajarli Trail was completed in August 2020. Traditional owners working in collaboration with the government created a 700-metre (2,300 ft) universal <a href="/wiki/Boardwalk" title="Boardwalk">boardwalk</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">interpretative signs</a>. The Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation hopes to improve and enlarge facilities for visitors and to help them appreciate the cultural significance of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-birch_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birch-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts of Australia">Visual arts of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-largest-collection-ancient-rock-art-threatened-australia-s-petrochemical-plants">"World's largest collection of ancient rock art threatened by Australia's petrochemical plants"</a>. <i>www.science.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+collection+of+ancient+rock+art+threatened+by+Australia%27s+petrochemical+plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fworld-s-largest-collection-ancient-rock-art-threatened-australia-s-petrochemical-plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000287793700005?SID=USW2EC0BD0DbsrcflREdkj6k1ShWr">"UNDERSTANDING THE ROCKS: ROCK ART AND THE GEOLOGY OF MURUJUGA (BURRUP PENINSULA)"</a>. <i>Web of Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+of+Science&rft.atitle=UNDERSTANDING+THE+ROCKS%3A+ROCK+ART+AND+THE+GEOLOGY+OF+MURUJUGA+%28BURRUP+PENINSULA%29&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofscience.com%2Fwos%2Fwoscc%2Ffull-record%2FWOS%3A000287793700005%3FSID%3DUSW2EC0BD0DbsrcflREdkj6k1ShWr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gara-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gara_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gara_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGara,_Tom1983" class="citation cs2">Gara, Tom (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/38821956"><i>The Flying Foam massacre : an incident on the northwest frontier, Western Australia</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Foam+massacre+%3A+an+incident+on+the+northwest+frontier%2C+Western+Australia&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Gara%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F38821956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Antonio González Zarandona , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cPRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Murujuga: Rock Art, Heritage, and Landscape Iconoclasm,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a> 2020 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-812-25156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-812-25156-2">978-0-812-25156-2</a> p.14 ‘hip bone sticking out . .which is thought to refer to a pile of blocks that loom in the landscape.’ </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2020" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jan/29/australia-lodges-world-heritage-submission-for-50000-year-old-burrup-peninsula-rock-art">"Australia lodges world heritage submission for 50,000-year-old Burrup Peninsula rock art"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodside&rft.atitle=Scarborough&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodside.com.au%2Fwhat-we-do%2Faustralian-growth-projects%2Fscarborough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellauer_2022-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wellauer_2022_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellauerFloranceTimms2022" class="citation web cs1">Wellauer, Kirstie; Florance, Loretta; Timms, Penny (10 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-10/native-title-gas-concerns-murujuga-rock-art-pillaga-sacred-sites/101206460">"Australia needs more gas. Some Traditional Owners say the price is too high"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Photography: Brendan Esposito. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+needs+more+gas.+Some+Traditional+Owners+say+the+price+is+too+high&rft.date=2022-07-10&rft.aulast=Wellauer&rft.aufirst=Kirstie&rft.au=Florance%2C+Loretta&rft.au=Timms%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-07-10%2Fnative-title-gas-concerns-murujuga-rock-art-pillaga-sacred-sites%2F101206460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000287793700005?SID=USW2EC0BD0DbsrcflREdkj6k1ShWr">"UNDERSTANDING THE ROCKS: ROCK ART AND THE GEOLOGY OF MURUJUGA (BURRUP PENINSULA)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNDERSTANDING+THE+ROCKS%3A+ROCK+ART+AND+THE+GEOLOGY+OF+MURUJUGA+%28BURRUP+PENINSULA%29&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofscience.com%2Fwos%2Fwoscc%2Ffull-record%2FWOS%3A000287793700005%3FSID%3DUSW2EC0BD0DbsrcflREdkj6k1ShWr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcancient-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcancient_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcancient_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcancient_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelmore2020" class="citation web cs1">Michelmore, Karen (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-02/aboriginal-underwater-site-discovered-off-burrup-peninsula/12391858">"Ancient Aboriginal underwater archaeological sites discovered, and a new frontier for study"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+Aboriginal+underwater+archaeological+sites+discovered%2C+and+a+new+frontier+for+study&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Michelmore&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-07-02%2Faboriginal-underwater-site-discovered-off-burrup-peninsula%2F12391858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plos-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plos_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminO’LearyMcDonaldWiseman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin, Jonathan; O’Leary, Michael; et al. (1 July 2020). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329065">"Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (7). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0233912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1533912B">2020PLoSO..1533912B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0233912">10.1371/journal.pone.0233912</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329065">7329065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32609779">32609779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+artefacts+on+the+continental+shelf+reveal+ancient+drowned+cultural+landscapes+in+northwest+Australia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0233912&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1533912B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32609779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0233912&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Leary%2C+Michael&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Jo&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+John&rft.au=Beckett%2C+Emma&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Stankiewicz%2C+Francis&rft.au=Leach%2C+Jerem&rft.au=Hacker%2C+Jorg&rft.au=Baggaley%2C+Paul&rft.au=Jerbi%C4%87%2C+Katarina&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Madeline&rft.au=Fairweather%2C+John&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ulm%2C+Sean&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyMcDonaldBenjaminLeary2020" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Geoff; McDonald, Jo; Benjamin, Jonathan; Leary; Ulm, Sean (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/in-a-first-discovery-of-its-kind-researchers-have-uncovered-an-ancient-aboriginal-archaeological-site-preserved-on-the-seabed-138108">"In a first discovery of its kind, researchers have uncovered an ancient Aboriginal archaeological site preserved on the seabed"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=In+a+first+discovery+of+its+kind%2C+researchers+have+uncovered+an+ancient+Aboriginal+archaeological+site+preserved+on+the+seabed&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Jo&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Leary&rft.au=Ulm%2C+Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fin-a-first-discovery-of-its-kind-researchers-have-uncovered-an-ancient-aboriginal-archaeological-site-preserved-on-the-seabed-138108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deephistoryofseacountry.com/">"Deep History of Sea Country – Climate, Sea Level and Culture"</a>. <i>Deep History of Sea Country – Climate, Sea Level and Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deep+History+of+Sea+Country+%E2%80%93+Climate%2C+Sea+Level+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Deep+History+of+Sea+Country+%E2%80%93+Climate%2C+Sea+Level+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeephistoryofseacountry.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birch-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birch_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2020" class="citation web cs1">Birch, Laura (26 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-26/murujuga-national-park-reopens-rock-art-new-boardwalk/12598186">"World's largest collection of ancient rock art at Murujuga National Park re-opens"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+collection+of+ancient+rock+art+at+Murujuga+National+Park+re-opens&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-08-26%2Fmurujuga-national-park-reopens-rock-art-new-boardwalk%2F12598186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Burrup and Beyond: A short guide to the area's cultural heritage and history</i> by Ken Mulvaney, 2013, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, 49 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Zarandona2020" class="citation book cs1">González Zarandona, José Antonio (2020). <i>Murujuga: Rock Art, Heritage, and Landscape Iconoclasm</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5156-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-5156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murujuga%3A+Rock+Art%2C+Heritage%2C+and+Landscape+Iconoclasm&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5156-2&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Zarandona&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murujuga&params=20.581_S_116.808_E_type:landmark_region:AU"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°34′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">116°48′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.581°S 116.808°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20.581; 116.808</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li>Vinnicombe, P. (2002), Petroglyphs of the Dampier Archipelago: Background to Development and Descriptive Analysis, <i>Rock Art Research</i>, Volume 19, No 1, pp 3–27</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.murujuga.org.au/about/">"About"</a>. <i>Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation (MAC)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Murujuga+Aboriginal+Corporation+%28MAC%29&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.murujuga.org.au%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAHD105727" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105727">"Dampier Archipelago (including Burrup Peninsula), Karratha Dampier Rd, Dampier, WA, Australia (Place ID 105727)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database" title="Australian Heritage Database">Australian Heritage Database</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Heritage+Database&rft.atitle=Dampier+Archipelago+%28including+Burrup+Peninsula%29%2C+Karratha+Dampier+Rd%2C+Dampier%2C+WA%2C+Australia+%28Place+ID+105727%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fahdb%2Fsearch.pl%3Fmode%3Dplace_detail%3Bplace_id%3D105727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMurujuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fara.com.au/">Friends of Australian Rock Art</a> Website of FARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101091840/http://mc2.vicnet.net.au/home/dampier/web/index.html">Save Dampier Rock Art home-page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmf.org/project/dampier-rock-art-complex">The World Monuments Fund's Watch Listing for the Dampier Rock Art</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&oldid=1251969631">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murujuga&oldid=1251969631</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_cultural_history" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal cultural history">Australian Aboriginal cultural history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_art_in_Australia" title="Category:Rock art in Australia">Rock art in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heritage_places_of_Western_Australia" title="Category:Heritage places of Western Australia">Heritage places of Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Western_Australia" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Western Australia">Archaeological sites in Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dampier_Archipelago" title="Category:Dampier Archipelago">Dampier Archipelago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_National_Heritage_List" title="Category:Australian National Heritage List">Australian National Heritage List</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_West_Shelf" title="Category:North West Shelf">North West Shelf</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use Australian English from April 2012">Use Australian English from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 02:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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