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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naro_Language_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naro_Language_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naro Language Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naro_Language_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Khoe language of Botswana and Namibia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Nilo-Saharan language, see <a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: goldenrod;">Naro</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: goldenrod;">Nharo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ncoakhoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ncoakhoe">Ncoakhoe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">roughly 10,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenzinger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8,000 in Botswana (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />and 1,000 in Namibia (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenzinger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />about as many L2 speakers in Botswana<sup id="cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenzinger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>West<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Naro</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: goldenrod;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nhr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nhr">nhr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/naro1249">naro1249</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/590">Naro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Naro</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, also <b>Nharo</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ghanzi_District" title="Ghanzi District">Ghanzi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and in eastern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. It is one of the most-spoken of the Tshu–Khwe languages. Naro is a trade language among speakers of different Khoe languages in <a href="/wiki/Ghanzi_District" title="Ghanzi District">Ghanzi District</a>. There exists a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naro has the following consonant inventory (in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) as described by Miller (2011), whereas the orthographic symbols were proposed by Visser (2001):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Naro </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">Dental<br />click</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">Lateral<br />click</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">Palatal<br />click</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">click</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǀʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǁʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǂʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">ᵏǀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">ᵏǃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ᵏǁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">ᵏǂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tc⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ᶢǀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dc⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ᶢǃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dq⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ᶢǁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dx⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ᶢǂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dtc⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ᵑǀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nc⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ᵑǃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nq⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ᵑǁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nx⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ᵑǂ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntc⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_click" title="Glottalized click">Glottalized</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized dental nasal click">ᵑǀˀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨cʼ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized alveolar nasal click">ᵑǃˀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click">ᵑǁˀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized palatal nasal click">ᵑǂˀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tcʼ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀkχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨cg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃkχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁkχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂkχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tcg⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kχ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kg⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fricated <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ǀkχʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨cgʼ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ǃkχʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qgʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ǁkχʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xgʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ǂkχʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tcgʼ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">kχʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kgʼ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kχ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kχʼ/</span> (spelt ⟨kg⟩ and ⟨kgʼ⟩) only contrast for some speakers: <i>kgʼám</i> ‘mouth’ vs. <i>kgʼáù</i> ‘male’. The flap /ɾ/ only occurs word-medially except in loan words. The lateral /l/ is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> medially, and by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> initially. Medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>; they occur initially only in <i>wèé</i> ‘all, both’ and in <i>yèè</i> (an interjection). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naro has five vowel qualities, /a e i o u/<i>,</i> which may occur long (/aː eː iː oː uː/ spelt ⟨aa ee ii oo uu⟩)<i>,</i> nasalized <i>(/</i>ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ/<i>),</i> <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <i>(</i>/aˤ eˤ iˤ oˤ uˤ/ , spelt ⟨<u>a</u> <u>e</u> <u>i</u> <u>o</u> <u>u</u>⟩, and combinations of these (/ãˤ ẽː/ ⟨<u>ã</u> ẽe⟩ etc.). There are three <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>: high, mid, and low </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">Syllables</a> are in general simple in Naro, with the maximal shape CV(V)C<i>,</i> where VV is a long vowel or diphthong. The only consonant that occurs in coda position is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏǁám̀/</span> <i>xám̀</i> ‘to smell’. However, long nasal vowels such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãː/</span> may occur with an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">excrescent</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ãŋ]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<span class="wrap"> </span>n/</span> also occur, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̩.nā/</span> <i>nna.</i> Nasals such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> can also form syllable nuclei, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hḿḿ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naro orthography uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, and is partially based on the systems for <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, especially as far as clicks are represented. <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraphs</a> are used for clicks, and to represent affricates. Vowel length is represented by doubling of the vowel, whereas the orthography utilizes the tilde to represent nasality (⟨ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ⟩), and underline to represent pharyngealization. Tones are written with diacritics both on vowels and nasal consonants, with the exception of the mid tone, which is not represented (e.g. ⟨á a à ḿ m̀ ń ǹ⟩)<i>.</i> </p><p>Below is an overview of Naro clicks in both orthography and IPA (Visser 2001). The <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a> is represented by <i>c</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">alveolar click</a> by <i>q</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal click</a> by <i>tc</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral click</a> by <i>x</i>. All examples are from Visser (2001). </p> <table class="IPA wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Naro clicks in orthography and IPA </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>c</i></td> <td>ǀ</td> <td><i>cõose</i> 'owl'</td> <td><i>q</i></td> <td>ǃ</td> <td><i>qaò</i> 'rise (sun, moon)'</td> <td><i>tc</i></td> <td>ǂ</td> <td><i>tcúú</i> 'head'</td> <td><i>x</i></td> <td>ǁ</td> <td><i>xòa</i> 'cave' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cg</i></td> <td>ǀχ</td> <td><i>cgàa</i> 'flesh'</td> <td><i>qg</i></td> <td>ǃχ</td> <td><i>qgóé</i> 'to run'</td> <td><i>tcg</i></td> <td>ǂχ</td> <td><i>tcgáí</i> 'eye'</td> <td><i>xg</i></td> <td>ǁχ</td> <td><i>xgóà</i> 'angry' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cg'</i></td> <td>ǀχʼ</td> <td><i>cg’õè</i> 'name'</td> <td><i>qg'</i></td> <td>ǃχʼ</td> <td><i>qg’áó</i> 'neck'</td> <td><i>tcg'</i></td> <td>ǂχʼ</td> <td><i>tcg’áì</i> 'sharp, spicy'</td> <td><i>xg'</i></td> <td>ǁχʼ</td> <td><i>xg’ari</i> 'to squeeze' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td>ǀʰ</td> <td><i>cóá '</i>child'</td> <td><i>qh</i></td> <td>ǃʰ</td> <td><i>qhàò</i> 'people, tribe, kind'</td> <td><i>tch</i></td> <td>ǂʰ</td> <td><i>tchàà</i> 'wide'</td> <td><i>xh</i></td> <td>ǁʰ</td> <td><i>xhãya</i> 'West, Namibia' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>c'</i></td> <td>ǀ̃ˀ</td> <td><i>c’áò</i> 'blood'</td> <td><i>q'</i></td> <td>ǃ̃ˀ</td> <td><i>q’óà</i> 'afraid'</td> <td><i>tc'</i></td> <td>ǂ̃ˀ</td> <td><i>tc’ubi</i> 'egg'</td> <td><i>x'</i></td> <td>ǁ̃ˀ</td> <td><i>x’áà</i> 'light (n.)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dc</i></td> <td>ǀ̬</td> <td><i>dcoàbà</i> 'spider'</td> <td><i>dq</i></td> <td>ǃ̬</td> <td><i>dqàne</i> 'chin'</td> <td><i>dtc</i></td> <td>ǂ̬</td> <td><i>dtcìì</i> 'fat (adj.)'</td> <td><i>dx</i></td> <td>ǁ̬</td> <td><i>dxàí</i> 'cheek' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nc</i></td> <td>ⁿǀ̃</td> <td><i>nco̱à</i> 'red'</td> <td><i>nq</i></td> <td>ǃ̃</td> <td><i>nqàrè</i> 'foot'</td> <td>ntc</td> <td>ǂ̃</td> <td><i>ntcùú</i> 'black'</td> <td><i>nx</i></td> <td>ǁ̃</td> <td><i>nxào</i> 'joke' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naro is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect cluster">dialect cluster</a>. </p> <ul><li>ǀAmkwe</li> <li>ǀAnekwe</li> <li>Gǃinkwe</li> <li>ǃGingkwe</li> <li>Gǃokwe</li> <li>Qabekhoe <i>or</i> Qabekho <i>or</i> ǃKabbakwe</li> <li>Tsʼaokhoe <i>or</i> Tsaukwe <i>or</i> Tsaokhwe</li> <li>Tserekwe</li> <li>Tsorokwe</li> <li>Nǀhai-ntseʼe <i>or</i> Nǁhai <i>or</i> Tsʼao <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Not the same as Ts'aokhoe?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>and possibly <a href="/wiki/%C7%82Haba_language" title="ǂHaba language">ǂHaba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naro_Language_Project">Naro Language Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naro Language Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Naro Language Project is a project currently being undertaken by the Reformed Church in <a href="/wiki/Dekar" title="Dekar">D'kar</a> that aims to describe and develop an understanding of the Naro language, increase literacy by teaching Naro speakers to read and write their language and translate the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Naro. The project was started in the 1980s. The Naro language project has, as of 2007, translated 70% of the Bible into the Naro language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are Naro numerals, from Visser (2001). Only 'one', 'two', and 'three' are native Naro numerals, while the rest have been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>. Orthography is given first, followed by IPA in brackets. </p> <ol><li><i>cúí</i> /|úí/</li> <li><i>cám̀</i> /|ám̀/</li> <li><i>nqoanà</i> /ᵑǃōa̯nà/</li> <li><i>hàka</i> /hàkā/</li> <li><i>koro</i> /kōɾō/</li> <li><i>nqáné</i> /ǃnáné/</li> <li><i>hõò</i> /hṍò/</li> <li><i>kaisà</i> /kāi̯sà/</li> <li><i>khòesí</i> [kʰo᷅e̯sí/</li> <li><i>dìsí</i> /dìsí/</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Visser, Hessel (2001) <i>Naro Dictionary: Naro–English, English–Naro</i>. Gantsi, Botswana: Naro Language Project. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99912-938-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/99912-938-5-X">99912-938-5-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naro_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brenzinger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenzinger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), <i>Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal</i> (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nhr/">Naro</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visser originally wrote the palatal clicks with a base of <span class="nowrap">⟨ç⟩</span>, but switched to <span class="nowrap">⟨tc⟩</span> to make the language more accessible from English-language typewriters and keyboards.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013023130/http://www.kuru.co.bw/naro_language_Project.html">The Kuru Naro Language Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ckh\kho&first=0">Naro basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Gǀui dialect">Gǀwi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Haba_language" title="ǂHaba language">ǂHaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoemana" title="Khoemana">Korana/Griqua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shua_language" title="Shua language">Shua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Tshwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kwadi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zorotua_dialect" title="Zorotua dialect">Zorotua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kxʼa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">ǃKung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekele_language" title="Sekele language">Sekele / Northern ǃKung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ekoka_%C7%83Kung" title="Ekoka ǃKung">Ekoka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_%C7%83Kung" title="Central ǃKung">Central ǃKung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCao%C7%81%CA%BCae" title="ǂKxʼaoǁʼae">ǂKxʼaoǁʼae</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ǂʼAmkoe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C7%82%CA%BCAmkoe_language" title="ǂʼAmkoe language">ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nossob_language" title="Lower Nossob language">Lower Nossob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa (ǃXoon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ǃKwi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boshof_%C7%83Ui" title="Boshof ǃUi">Boshof ǃUi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83G%C3%A3%C7%83ne_language" title="ǃGãǃne language">ǃGãǃne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81K%C4%81_language" title="ǁKā language">ǁKā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng (Nǀuu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroa_language" title="Seroa language">Seroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81%C5%A8%C7%81%CA%BCe_language" title="ǁŨǁʼe language">ǁŨǁʼe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Ungkue_language" title="ǂUngkue language">ǂUngkue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%80Xam_language" title="ǀXam language">ǀXam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81Xegwi_language" title="ǁXegwi language">ǁXegwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Botswana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Template:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Template talk:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Botswana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Botswana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Botswana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Languages of Botswana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birwa language">Birwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Ikalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_language" title="Kgalagadi language">Kgalagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambya_language" title="Nambya language">Nambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswapong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tswapong language">Tswapong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Zezuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kxoe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kxoe language">ǁAni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%81ana_language" title="Gǁana language">Gǁana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi language">Gǀwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Hoan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂHoan language">ǂHõã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCau%C7%81%CA%BCein" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKxʼauǁʼein">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwa language">Shua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taʼa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Tshwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template talk:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo language">Oshiwambo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama language">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga language">Ndonga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Other Bantu languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Rukwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Thimbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Shiyeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama/Damara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">ǃXóõ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%27ao-%C7%81%27ae" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKx'ao-ǁ'ae">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> 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