CINXE.COM
Edward Appleton – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Edward Appleton – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )ptwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janeiro","fevereiro","março","abril","maio","junho","julho","agosto","setembro","outubro","novembro","dezembro"],"wgRequestId":"e57ff6c5-c0de-4ec5-829c-17f8b89d69d0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Edward_Appleton","wgTitle":"Edward Appleton","wgCurRevisionId":68019768,"wgRevisionId":68019768,"wgArticleId":107209,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Predefinição sobre prémios Nobel que usam a propriedade do Wikidata P8024","!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)","!Esboços maiores que 10000 bytes","!Esboços sobre físicos","Nascidos em 1892","Mortos em 1965","Nobel de Física","Medalha Real","Medalha Hughes","Medalha Appleton","Físicos do Reino Unido"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pt","wgPageContentLanguage":"pt","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Edward_Appleton", "wgRelevantArticleId":107209,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Edward_Victor_Appleton","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pt","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pt"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Edward_Appleton","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q153194","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.30"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.FeedbackHighlight-base":"ready","ext.gadget.keepPDU":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Topicon","ext.gadget.Metacaixa","ext.gadget.TitleRewrite","ext.gadget.ElementosOcultaveis","ext.gadget.FeedbackHighlight","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.NewVillagePump","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.requestForAdminship","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.PagesForDeletion","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pt&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pt&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pt&modules=ext.gadget.FeedbackHighlight-base%2CkeepPDU&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pt&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Appleton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Appleton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Edward Appleton – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Editar" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (pt)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pt.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="''Feed'' Atom Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Mudan%C3%A7as_recentes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Edward_Appleton rootpage-Edward_Appleton skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Saltar para o conteúdo</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="''Site''"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegação </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:P%C3%A1gina_principal" title="Visitar a página principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Página principal</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conte%C3%BAdo_destacado"><span>Conteúdo destacado</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eventos_atuais" title="Informação temática sobre eventos atuais"><span>Eventos atuais</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esplanada"><span>Esplanada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Aleat%C3%B3ria" title="Carregar página aleatória [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Página aleatória</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%C3%8Dndice"><span>Portais</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Informe_um_erro"><span>Informar um erro</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Colaboração </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-welcome" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Boas-vindas"><span>Boas-vindas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:P%C3%A1gina_principal" title="Um local reservado para auxílio."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-Páginas-de-testes-públicas" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:P%C3%A1gina_de_testes"><span>Páginas de testes públicas</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Portal_comunit%C3%A1rio" title="Sobre o projeto"><span>Portal comunitário</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mudan%C3%A7as_recentes" title="Uma lista de mudanças recentes nesta wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mudanças recentes</span></a></li><li id="n-maintenance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Manuten%C3%A7%C3%A3o"><span>Manutenção</span></a></li><li id="n-createpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Como_come%C3%A7ar_uma_p%C3%A1gina"><span>Criar página</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_novas"><span>Páginas novas</span></a></li><li id="n-contact-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contato"><span>Contato</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pt.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Pesquisar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Pesquisar na Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Busca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Pesquisar na Wikipédia" aria-label="Pesquisar na Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Pesquisar na Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Pesquisar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Pesquisar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ferramentas pessoais"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspeto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspeto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120521SB001&uselang=pt" class=""><span>Donativos</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Criar_conta&returnto=Edward+Appleton" title="É encorajado a criar uma conta e iniciar sessão; no entanto, não é obrigatório" class=""><span>Criar uma conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Edward+Appleton" title="Aconselhamos-lhe a criar uma conta na Wikipédia, embora tal não seja obrigatório. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Entrar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Mais opções" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas pessoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas pessoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu do utilizador" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120521SB001&uselang=pt"><span>Donativos</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Criar_conta&returnto=Edward+Appleton" title="É encorajado a criar uma conta e iniciar sessão; no entanto, não é obrigatório"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Criar uma conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Edward+Appleton" title="Aconselhamos-lhe a criar uma conta na Wikipédia, embora tal não seja obrigatório. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Entrar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páginas para editores sem sessão iniciada <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introduction" aria-label="Saiba mais sobre edição"><span>saber mais</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Minhas_contribui%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Uma lista de edições feitas a partir deste endereço IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuições</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Minha_discuss%C3%A3o" title="Discussão sobre edições feitas a partir deste endereço IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eocultar\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="''Site''"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteúdo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteúdo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Trabalhos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trabalhos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Trabalhos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trabalhos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Appleton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 79 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="إدوارد فيكتور أبلتون — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد فيكتور أبلتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد فيكتور ابلتون — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد فيكتور ابلتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन — awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдуард Віктар Эплтан — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Віктар Эплтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едуард Виктор Епълтън — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Виктор Епълтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="এডওয়ার্ড ভিক্টর অ্যাপলটন — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড ভিক্টর অ্যাপলটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێدوارد ڤیکتۆر ئەپلتۆن — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدوارد ڤیکتۆر ئەپلتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%86%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Έντουαρντ Βίκτορ Άπλετον — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Βίκτορ Άπλετον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="ॲपलटन, सर एडवर्ट विक्टर — Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ॲपलटन, सर एडवर्ट विक्टर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדוארד אפלטון — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד אפלטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड विक्टर एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B7%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էդուարդ Վիկտոր Էփլթոն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ Վիկտոր Էփլթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="エドワード・アップルトン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・アップルトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдуард Виктор Эплтон — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Виктор Эплтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸರ್ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಆಪಲ್ಟನ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಆಪಲ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B9%85%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%ED%84%B4" title="에드워드 빅터 애플턴 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 빅터 애플턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_V._Appleton" title="Eduardus V. Appleton — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus V. Appleton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvards_Epltons" title="Edvards Epltons — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edvards Epltons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="എഡ്വാർഡ് വിക്ടർ ആപ്പിൾടൺ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വാർഡ് വിക്ടർ ആപ്പിൾടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवर्ड ॲपलटन — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडवर्ड ॲपलटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادوارد ویکتور اپلتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडवार्ड भी एप्पलटन — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एडवार्ड भी एप्पलटन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ایڈورڈ وکٹر ایپلٹن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ وکٹر ایپلٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эплтон, Эдуард Виктор — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эплтон, Эдуард Виктор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="एडवार्ड् वी एप्पलटन् — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडवार्ड् वी एप्पलटन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Виктор Еплтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Appleton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D3%98%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдвард Виктор Әплтон — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдвард Виктор Әплтон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едвард Віктор Епплтон — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Віктор Епплтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86" title="اڈوارڈ وکٹر اپلیٹن — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اڈوارڈ وکٹر اپلیٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="爱德华·阿普尔顿 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华·阿普尔顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედვარდ ეპლტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward Victor Appleton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="爱德华·阿普尔顿 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华·阿普尔顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Edward_Appleton" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Edward_Appleton" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Edward_Appleton" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&oldid=68019768" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Edward_Appleton&id=68019768&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Appleton"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Appleton"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Edward+Appleton"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edward_Appleton&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Appleton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153194" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom"><span style="color:#655900;font-weight:bold;">(Redirecionado de <u><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></u>)</span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class=""><span style="color:blue;">Edward Appleton</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Medalha Nobel"><img alt="Medalha Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Appleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward Appleton"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/200px-Appleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Appleton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Edward Appleton</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/6_de_setembro#Nascimentos" title="6 de setembro">6 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bradford_(West_Yorkshire)" title="Bradford (West Yorkshire)">Bradford</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/21_de_abril" title="21 de abril">21 de abril</a> de <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> (72 anos)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo">Edimburgo</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Sepultamento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Morningside Cemetery </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ingleses" title="Ingleses">inglês</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Reino Unido </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Helen Lennie Appleton </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Filho(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Rosalind Appleton-Collins </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Edimburgo" title="Universidade de Edimburgo">Universidade de Edimburgo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College_(Cambridge)" title="St John's College (Cambridge)">St John's College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B4nomo" title="Astrônomo">astrônomo</a>, professor, <a href="/wiki/Pesquisador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesquisador">pesquisador</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes</a> (1933)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_e_Pr%C3%AAmio_Faraday#Guthrie_Lecture" title="Medalha e Prêmio Faraday">Guthrie Lecture</a> (1942)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Faraday" title="Medalha Faraday">Medalha Faraday</a> (1946)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a> (1947)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real</a> (1950)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a> (1962)</span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_e_Pr%C3%A9mio_Appleton" title="Medalha e Prémio Appleton">Medalha Appleton</a> (1947)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_Kelvin" title="Medalha de Ouro Kelvin">Medalha de Ouro Kelvin</a> (1962)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_de_Londres" title="King's College de Londres">King's College de Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Londres" title="Universidade de Londres">Universidade de Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(a)(es/s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153194" class="extiw" title="d:Q153194">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Victor Appleton</b>, <small><a href="/wiki/GBE" class="mw-redirect" title="GBE">GBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/KCB" class="mw-redirect" title="KCB">KCB</a></small> (<a href="/wiki/Bradford_(West_Yorkshire)" title="Bradford (West Yorkshire)">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/6_de_setembro" title="6 de setembro">6 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> — <a href="/wiki/Edimburgo" title="Edimburgo">Edimburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/21_de_abril" title="21 de abril">21 de abril</a> de <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsico" title="Físico">físico</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingleses" title="Ingleses">inglês</a>. </p><p>Descobriu as camadas de partículas carregadas existentes na parte superior da <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a>, hoje conhecida como <a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">ionosfera</a>, que desempenha papel vital nas <a href="/wiki/Telecomunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Telecomunicações">telecomunicações</a>, refletindo sinais de longa distância do <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(telecomunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rádio (telecomunicações)">rádio</a>. Em 1924 conseguiu provar a existência da primeira camada ionosférica refletora ao lançar ondas de rádio sobre ela (usando as primeiras qualidades do que hoje é chamado de <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>). A altura dessa camada foi calculada por Appleton em 60 milhas (96 km). Em 1926, descobriu uma segunda camada, eletricamente mais forte, atualmente conhecida como Camada de Appleton, a 150 milhas (240 km de altura). Esta camada reflete as <a href="/wiki/Ondas_curtas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondas curtas">ondas curtas</a> de rádio. Registrou, tempos depois, ecos de rádio. Em 1947 Appleton recebeu o <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a> por suas descobertas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trabalhos">Trabalhos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Trabalhos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Trabalhos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appleton observou que a intensidade do sinal de rádio de um transmissor em uma frequência como a faixa de onda média e ao longo de um caminho de cerca de cem milhas era constante durante o dia, mas variava durante a noite. Isso o levou a acreditar que era possível que dois sinais de rádio estivessem sendo recebidos. Um estava viajando ao longo do solo e outro foi refletido por uma camada na atmosfera superior. O enfraquecimento ou variação na força do sinal de rádio geral recebido resultou do padrão de <a href="/wiki/Interfer%C3%AAncia" title="Interferência">interferência</a> dos dois sinais. </p><p>A existência de uma camada atmosférica refletora não era em si uma ideia completamente nova. <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a> sugeriu a ideia no final do século 19 para explicar as mudanças rítmicas no campo magnético da Terra. Mais recentemente, em 1902, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> e Arthur E. Kennelly sugeriram que esse estrato de reflexão eletromagnética, agora chamado de camada Kennelly-Heaviside, pode explicar o sucesso de Marconi na transmissão de seus sinais através do Atlântico. Os cálculos mostraram que a curvatura natural das ondas de rádio não era suficiente para impedi-las de simplesmente “disparar” para o espaço vazio antes de chegarem ao receptor. </p><p>Appleton achava que o melhor lugar para procurar evidências da ionosfera estava nas variações que ele acreditava estar causando por volta do pôr do sol nas recepções de sinal de rádio. Era sensato sugerir que essas variações eram devidas à interferência de duas ondas, mas um passo extra para mostrar que a segunda onda causando a interferência (a primeira sendo a onda terrestre) estava descendo da ionosfera. O experimento que ele projetou tinha dois métodos para mostrar a influência ionosférica e ambos permitiam que a altura do limite inferior de reflexão (portanto, o limite inferior da camada refletora) fosse determinada. O primeiro método era denominado modulação em frequência e o segundo era calcular o ângulo de chegada do sinal refletido na antena receptora. </p><p>O método de modulação de frequência explora o fato de que há uma diferença de caminho entre a onda terrestre e a onda refletida, o que significa que elas percorrem distâncias diferentes do emissor ao receptor. </p><p>Suponha que a distância AC percorrida pela onda terrestre seja he a distância ABC percorrida pela onda refletida h '. A diferença de caminho é: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h'-h=D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h'-h=D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf3a6b10dd9af728c01a70bf7391bf8d01215235" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.226ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h'-h=D}"></span> </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/Comprimento_de_onda" title="Comprimento de onda">comprimento de onda</a> do sinal transmitido é λ. O número de diferença de comprimentos de onda entre os caminhos h e h 'é: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {h-h'}{\lambda }}={\frac {D}{\lambda }}=N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>D</mi> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {h-h'}{\lambda }}={\frac {D}{\lambda }}=N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/107e896e070871ebdf35b89ecccfe7f87ffe9438" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.06ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {h-h'}{\lambda }}={\frac {D}{\lambda }}=N}"></span> </p><p>Se N for um número inteiro, ocorrerá interferência construtiva, o que significa que um sinal máximo será alcançado na extremidade receptora. Se N for um número inteiro ímpar de meios comprimentos de onda, ocorrerá interferência destrutiva e um sinal mínimo será recebido. Vamos supor que estamos recebendo um sinal máximo para um determinado comprimento de onda λ. Se começarmos a mudar λ, este é o processo denominado modulação em frequência, N deixará de ser um número inteiro e a interferência destrutiva começará a ocorrer, significando que o sinal começará a diminuir. Agora continuamos mudando λ até que um sinal máximo seja recebido novamente. Isso significa que, para nosso novo valor λ ', nosso novo valor N' também é um número inteiro. Se alongamos λ, então sabemos que N 'é um a menos que N. Assim: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N-N'={\frac {D}{\lambda }}-{\frac {D}{\lambda '}}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <msup> <mi>N</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>D</mi> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>D</mi> <msup> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N-N'={\frac {D}{\lambda }}-{\frac {D}{\lambda '}}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b815016ccec7472a4d8861db1012551de565552" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.548ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N-N'={\frac {D}{\lambda }}-{\frac {D}{\lambda '}}=1}"></span> </p><p>Rearranging for D gives: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D=h-h'={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{\lambda }}-{\frac {1}{\lambda '}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D=h-h'={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{\lambda }}-{\frac {1}{\lambda '}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bdba038d1d1d8447a3a3867f15d78eef2b8819b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:22.121ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D=h-h'={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{\lambda }}-{\frac {1}{\lambda '}}}}}"></span> </p><p>Como sabemos λ e λ ', podemos calcular D. Usando a aproximação de que ABC é um triângulo isósceles, podemos usar nosso valor de D para calcular a altura da camada refletora. Este método é uma versão ligeiramente simplificada do método usado por Appleton e seus colegas para calcular um primeiro valor para a altura da ionosfera em 1924. Em seu experimento, eles usaram a estação de transmissão da <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> em <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> para variar os comprimentos de onda de suas emissões após o término dos programas noturnos. Eles instalaram uma estação receptora em Oxford para monitorar os efeitos da interferência. A estação receptora tinha que ser em Oxford, pois não havia nenhum emissor adequado na distância certa de cerca de 62 milhas (100 km) de <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> naquela época. </p><p>Este método de modulação de frequência revelou que o ponto a partir do qual as ondas estavam sendo refletidas era de aproximadamente 56 milhas (90 km). No entanto, não estabeleceu que as ondas foram refletidas de cima; na verdade, elas podem ter vindo de colinas em algum lugar entre Oxford e Bournemouth. O segundo método, que envolvia encontrar o ângulo de incidência das ondas refletidas no receptor, mostrava com certeza que elas vinham de cima. As triangulações deste ângulo deram resultados para a altura de reflexão compatível com o método de modulação em frequência. Não entraremos neste método em detalhes porque ele envolve cálculos bastante complexos usando a teoria eletromagnética de Maxwell. </p><p>Longe de ser conclusivo, o sucesso do experimento Oxford-Bournemouth revelou um vasto novo campo de estudo a ser explorado. Mostrou que realmente havia uma camada refletora bem acima da terra, mas também levantou muitas novas questões. Qual era a constituição dessa camada, como ela refletia as ondas, era a mesma em toda a terra, por que seus efeitos mudaram tão drasticamente entre o dia e a noite, ela mudou ao longo do ano? Appleton passaria o resto da vida respondendo a essas perguntas. Ele desenvolveu uma teoria magneto-iônica baseada no trabalho anterior de <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> t para modelar o funcionamento desta parte da atmosfera. Usando essa teoria e outros experimentos, ele mostrou que a chamada camada Kennelly-Heaviside foi fortemente ionizado e, portanto, condutor. Isso deu origem ao termo ionosfera. Ele mostrou que os elétrons livres são os agentes ionizantes. Ele descobriu que a camada poderia ser penetrada por ondas acima de uma certa frequência e que essa frequência crítica poderia ser usada para calcular a densidade de elétrons na camada. No entanto, essas ondas penetrantes também seriam refletidas de volta, mas de uma camada muito mais alta. Isso mostrou que a ionosfera tinha uma estrutura muito mais complexa do que inicialmente previsto. O nível inferior foi rotulado como E-Layer, refletiu comprimentos de onda mais longos e foi encontrado a aproximadamente 78 milhas (125 km). O nível alto, que tinha densidade de elétrons muito mais alta, era rotulado como F-Layer e podia refletir comprimentos de onda muito mais curtos que penetravam na camada inferior. Ele está situado a 186 - 248 milhas (300 - 400 km) acima da superfície da Terra.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A teoria magneto-iônica também permitiu que Appleton explicasse a origem dos misteriosos desvanecimentos ouvidos no rádio por volta do pôr do sol. Durante o dia, a luz do sol faz com que as moléculas do ar fiquem ionizadas, mesmo em altitudes bastante baixas. Nessas baixas altitudes, a densidade do ar é grande e, portanto, a densidade de elétrons do ar ionizado é muito grande. Devido a essa ionização pesada, há uma forte absorção de ondas eletromagnéticas causadas pela 'fricção de <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron">elétrons</a>'. Assim, em transmissões em qualquer distância, não haverá reflexos, pois quaisquer ondas além da que está no nível do solo serão absorvidas em vez de refletidas. No entanto, quando o sol se põe, as moléculas lentamente começam a se recombinar com seus elétrons e os níveis de densidade de elétrons livres caem. Isso significa que as taxas de absorção diminuem e as ondas podem ser refletidas com força suficiente para serem notadas, levando aos fenômenos de interferência que mencionamos. Para que esses padrões de interferência ocorram, no entanto, não deve haver simplesmente a presença de uma onda refletida, mas uma mudança na onda refletida. Caso contrário, a interferência é constante e os desbotamentos não serão ouvidos. O sinal recebido seria simplesmente mais alto ou mais baixo do que durante o dia. Isso sugere que a altura em que ocorre a reflexão deve mudar lentamente à medida que o sol se põe. Appleton descobriu, de fato, que aumentava com o <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4r_do_sol" title="Pôr do sol">pôr do sol</a> e diminuía com o nascer do sol até que a onda refletida ficasse fraca demais para ser registrada. Esta variação é compatível com a teoria de que a ionização se deve à influência do sol. No pôr-do-sol, a intensidade da radiação do sol será muito menor na superfície da Terra do que no alto da atmosfera. Isso significa que a recombinação iônica progredirá lentamente de altitudes mais baixas para mais altas e, portanto, a altura em que as ondas são refletidas aumenta lentamente à medida que o sol se põe. </p><p>A ideia básica por trás do trabalho de Appleton é tão simples que é difícil entender a princípio como ele dedicou quase toda a sua carreira científica ao seu estudo. No entanto, nos últimos parágrafos algumas das complexidades do assunto foram introduzidas. Como muitos outros campos, é aquele que cresce em complexidade quanto mais é estudado. No final de sua vida, observatórios ionosféricos foram instalados em todo o mundo para fornecer um mapa global das camadas refletoras. Links foram encontrados para o ciclo de manchas solares de 11 anos e <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Boreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Boreal">Aurora Boreal</a>, as tempestades magnéticas que ocorrem em altas latitudes. Isso se tornou particularmente relevante durante a <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a> quando as tempestades levariam a apagões de rádio. Graças à pesquisa de Appleton, os períodos em que isso ocorreriam poderiam ser previstos e a comunicação poderia ser trocada para comprimentos de onda que seriam menos afetados. O <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, outra inovação crucial do tempo de guerra, surgiu graças ao trabalho de Appleton. Em um nível muito geral, sua pesquisa consistia em determinar a distância de objetos refletivos de transmissores de sinais de rádio. Esta é exatamente a ideia do radar e dos pontos piscantes que aparecem na tela (um tubo de raios catódicos) escaneados pela barra de 'busca' circulante. Este sistema foi desenvolvido parcialmente por Appleton como um novo método, chamado método de pulso, para fazer medições ionosféricas. Mais tarde, foi adaptado por <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a> para detectar aviões. Hoje em dia, os dados ionosféricos são importantes quando as comunicações com satélites são consideradas. As frequências corretas para esses sinais devem ser selecionadas de modo que eles realmente alcancem os satélites sem serem refletidos ou desviados antes. </p><p>Em 1974, a Estação de Pesquisa de Rádio e Espaço foi rebatizada de Laboratório de Appleton em homenagem ao homem que tanto fez para estabelecer o <a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido">Reino Unido</a> como uma força líder na pesquisa ionosférica, e esteve envolvido com a estação primeiro como pesquisador e depois como secretário de seu órgão principal, o Departamento de Pesquisa Científica e Industrial. </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IEEE Global History Network (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Edward_V._Appleton">«Edward V. Appleton»</a>. IEEE History Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de julho de 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Appleton&rft.au=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.btitle=Edward+V.+Appleton&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IEEE+History+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FEdward_V._Appleton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/52">Edward Appleton</a> em Nobelprize.org</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/">«Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1947»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Appleton&rft.btitle=Perfil+no+s%C3tio+oficial+do+Nobel+de+F%C3sica+1947&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1947%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes</a></b><br />1933</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Karl Siegbahn</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></b><br />1947</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Albert_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Albert Peters">Rudolph Albert Peters</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real</a></b><br />1950<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Carl_Pantin" title="Carl Pantin">Carl Pantin</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ian_Heilbron" title="Ian Heilbron">Ian Heilbron</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Guillemin" title="Ernst Guillemin">Ernst Guillemin</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a></b><br />1962</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/George_Clark_Southworth" title="George Clark Southworth">George Clark Southworth</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Hughes_(1902_—_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes" title="Predefinição:Medalha Hughes"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Hughes (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Hughes_(1902_—_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes (1902 — 2020)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1902: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1903: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1904: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan" title="Joseph Wilson Swan">Joseph Wilson Swan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1905: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1906: <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Marks_Ayrton" title="Hertha Marks Ayrton">Hertha Marks Ayrton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Griffiths" title="Ernest Howard Griffiths">Ernest Howard Griffiths</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1908: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1909: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" title="Richard Glazebrook">Richard Glazebrook</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1910: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1911: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1912: <a href="/wiki/William_Duddell" title="William Duddell">William Duddell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1914: <a href="/wiki/John_Sealy_Townsend" title="John Sealy Townsend">John Sealy Townsend</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1915: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1916: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1918: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1919: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chree" title="Charles Chree">Charles Chree</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1920: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1921: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1924: — </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1925: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Edward_Smith" title="Frank Edward Smith">Frank Edward Smith</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1926: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradwardine_Jackson" title="Henry Bradwardine Jackson">Henry Bradwardine Jackson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1927: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1928: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1931: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1932: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1933: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Appleton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1934: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Karl Siegbahn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1935: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1936: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Schottky" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hermann Schottky">Walter Hermann Schottky</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1937: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1939: <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1940: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1941: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1942: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1943: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant">Marcus Oliphant</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1944: <a href="/wiki/George_Finch" title="George Finch">George Finch</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1945: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1946: <a href="/wiki/John_Randall" title="John Randall">John Randall</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1947: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1948: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1949: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Powell">Cecil Powell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1950: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1951: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers">Hendrik Anthony Kramers</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1952: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dee" title="Philip Dee">Philip Dee</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1953: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1954: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1955: <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1957: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proudman" title="Joseph Proudman">Joseph Proudman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1958: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Edward Andrade</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1959: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Pippard" title="Brian Pippard">Brian Pippard</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1960: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pawsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pawsey">Joseph Pawsey</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1961: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1962: <a href="/wiki/Brebis_Bleaney" title="Brebis Bleaney">Brebis Bleaney</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1963: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams" title="Frederic Calland Williams">Frederic Calland Williams</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1964: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1965: <a href="/wiki/Denys_Wilkinson" title="Denys Wilkinson">Denys Wilkinson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1966: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kemmer" title="Nicholas Kemmer">Nicholas Kemmer</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1967: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mendelssohn" title="Kurt Mendelssohn">Kurt Mendelssohn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1968: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1969: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kurti" title="Nicholas Kurti">Nicholas Kurti</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1970: <a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1971: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanbury_Brown" title="Robert Hanbury Brown">Robert Hanbury Brown</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1973: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1974: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fowler" title="Peter Fowler">Peter Fowler</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1975: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1976: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1977: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1978: <a href="/wiki/William_Cochran_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="William Cochran (físico)">William Cochran</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1979: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_(qu%C3%ADmico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Williams (químico)">Robert Williams</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1980: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Farley" title="Francis Farley">Francis Farley</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1981: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1982: <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Hoyle_Matthews" title="Drummond Hoyle Matthews">Drummond Hoyle Matthews</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vine" title="Frederick Vine">Frederick Vine</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1983: <a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">John Clive Ward</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1984: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Skyrme" title="Tony Skyrme">Tony Skyrme</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1986: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woolfson" title="Michael Woolfson">Michael Woolfson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1987: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pepper" title="Michael Pepper">Michael Pepper</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1988: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Howie" title="Archibald Howie">Archibald Howie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Whelan" title="Michael John Whelan">Michael John Whelan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1991: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burton_Moon" title="Philip Burton Moon">Philip Burton Moon</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1992: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seaton" title="Michael Seaton">Michael Seaton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1993: <a href="/wiki/George_Isaak" title="George Isaak">George Isaak</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1994: <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Chambers" title="Robert G. Chambers">Robert G. Chambers</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Shoenberg" title="David Shoenberg">David Shoenberg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1996: <a href="/wiki/Amyand_Buckingham" title="Amyand Buckingham">Amyand Buckingham</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1997: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Andrew Lang (físico)">Andrew Lang</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1998: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1999: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boksenberg" title="Alexander Boksenberg">Alexander Boksenberg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2000: <a href="/wiki/Chintamani_Rao" title="Chintamani Rao">Chintamani Rao</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2001: <a href="/wiki/John_Pethica" title="John Pethica">John Pethica</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2002: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Edwards" title="Peter Edwards">Peter Edwards</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2004: <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke" title="John Clarke">John Clarke</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2005: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moffatt" title="Keith Moffatt">Keith Moffatt</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2006: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Michael Kelly (físico)">Michael Kelly</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2007: <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2008: <a href="/wiki/Michele_Dougherty" title="Michele Dougherty">Michele Dougherty</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2011: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rosseinsky" title="Matthew Rosseinsky">Matthew Rosseinsky</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2013: <a href="/wiki/Henning_Sirringhaus" title="Henning Sirringhaus">Henning Sirringhaus</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2015: <a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2017: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Durrant" title="James Robert Durrant">James Durrant</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2019: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ian_Cooper" title="Andrew Ian Cooper">Andrew Cooper</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2020: <a href="/wiki/Clare_Grey" title="Clare Grey">Clare Grey</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Faraday" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Faraday" title="Predefinição:Medalha Faraday"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Faraday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Faraday (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Faraday&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Faraday" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Faraday" title="Medalha Faraday">Medalha Faraday</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1923: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Ziani_de_Ferranti" title="Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti">Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1925: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Rookes_Evelyn_Bell_Crompton" title="Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton">Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1927: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Semenza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Semenza (página não existe)">Guido Semenza</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hesterman_Merz" title="Charles Hesterman Merz">Charles Hesterman Merz</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Edward_Smith" title="Frank Edward Smith">Frank Edward Smith</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Blondel" title="André Blondel">André Blondel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1938: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Snell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Snell (página não existe)">John Snell</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1939: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Russell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Russell (página não existe)">Alexander Russell</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1941: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percy_Morris_Fleming" title="Arthur Percy Morris Fleming">Arthur Percy Morris Fleming</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Page (página não existe)">Archibald Page</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Paterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Paterson (página não existe)">Clifford Paterson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1946: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Appleton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1947: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Pearce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Pearce (página não existe)">Leonard Pearce</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant">Marcus Oliphant</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Samuel_Franklin" title="Charles Samuel Franklin">Charles Samuel Franklin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1950: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eckersley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Eckersley (página não existe)">Thomas Eckersley</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Stanley_Angwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Stanley Angwin (página não existe)">A. Stanley Angwin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Shoenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Shoenberg (página não existe)">Isaac Shoenberg</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1956: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._W._O._Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. W. O. Howe (página não existe)">G. W. O. Howe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_Borgquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar Borgquist (página não existe)">Waldemar Borgquist</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Radley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Radley (página não existe)">Gordon Radley</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Emmannueli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Emmannueli (página não existe)">Luigi Emmannueli</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton" title="Julius Adams Stratton">Julius Adams Stratton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._M._J._Ailleret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. M. J. Ailleret (página não existe)">P. M. J. Ailleret</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ronald_Mortlock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Ronald Mortlock (página não existe)">Joseph Ronald Mortlock</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1965: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1966: <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Barlow" title="Harold Barlow">Harold Barlow</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Herbert_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Herbert Bedford (página não existe)">Leslie Herbert Bedford</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillip_Sporn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillip Sporn (página não existe)">Phillip Sporn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Oatley" title="Charles William Oatley">Charles William Oatley</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams" title="Frederic Calland Williams">Frederic Calland Williams</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._Millington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. Millington (página não existe)">G. Millington</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Millar_Meek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Millar Meek (página não existe)">John Millar Meek</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1976: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="John Adams (físico)">John Adams</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Friedlander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Friedlander (página não existe)">E. Friedlander</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ash" title="Eric Ash">Eric Ash</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Vincent_Wilkes" title="Maurice Vincent Wilkes">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1982: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._A._Gambling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. A. Gambling (página não existe)">W. A. Gambling</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lamb_Cullen" title="Alexander Lamb Cullen">Alexander Lamb Cullen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Antony_Richard_Hoare" title="Charles Antony Richard Hoare">C. A. R. Hoare</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._D._R._Shearman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. D. R. Shearman (página não existe)">E. D. R. Shearman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Davies (página não existe)">David Davies</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hilsum" title="Cyril Hilsum">Cyril Hilsum</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Charles Kao</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lawrenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lawrenson (página não existe)">Peter Lawrenson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Rudge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Rudge (página não existe)">Alan Rudge</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Solymar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Solymar (página não existe)">L. Solymar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_MacFarlane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander MacFarlane (página não existe)">Alexander MacFarlane</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Parnaby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Parnaby (página não existe)">John Parnaby</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_David_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John David Rhodes (página não existe)">John David Rhodes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._C._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. C. Miller (página não existe)">S. C. Miller</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Midwinter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Midwinter (página não existe)">John Midwinter</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Needham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Needham (página não existe)">Roger Needham</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._A._McKeown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. A. McKeown (página não existe)">P. A. McKeown</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Brady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Brady (página não existe)">Michael Brady</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Harris_(Informatiker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Harris (Informatiker) (página não existe)">Chris Harris</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_Saxby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin Saxby (página não existe)">Robin Saxby</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2003: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Friend" title="Richard Friend">Richard Friend</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Grant_(Elektroingenieur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Grant (Elektroingenieur) (página não existe)">Peter Grant</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2005: <a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCanny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCanny (página não existe)">John McCanny</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Furber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Furber (página não existe)">Steve Furber</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Kittler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Kittler (página não existe)">Josef Kittler</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sweeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Sweeting (página não existe)">Martin Sweeting</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Donal_Bradley" title="Donal Bradley">Donal Bradley</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2011: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Chiariglione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Chiariglione (página não existe)">Leonardo Chiariglione</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2013: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pepper" title="Michael Pepper">Michael Pepper</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Toumazou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Toumazou (página não existe)">Chris Toumazou</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2015: <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Andy_Harter" title="Andy Harter">Andy Harter</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2018: não concedida <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2019: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Knight" title="Peter Knight">Peter Knight</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashir_Al-Hashimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashir Al-Hashimi (página não existe)">Bashir Al-Hashimi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E_E_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John E E Fleming (página não existe)">John E E Fleming</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arogyaswami_Paulraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arogyaswami Paulraj (página não existe)">Arogyaswami Paulraj</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_de_Física" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Física"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Nobel de Física (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_de_Física" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_von_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thomas_Sinton_Walton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a> e <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illia_Mikhailovich_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Illia Mikhailovich Frank">Frank</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yevgenyevich_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Segrè</a> e <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> e <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolay_Basov" title="Nicolay Basov">Basov</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> e <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> e <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" title="Leo James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" title="James Watson Cronin">Cronin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> e <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">J. H. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Neville_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Neville Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Glenwood_Shull" title="Clifford Glenwood Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Hooft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2024</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> e <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber|</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Smith" title="George Smith">G. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> e <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bruce_McDonald" title="Arthur Bruce McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Kosterlitz" title="John Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1901_–_1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1901_%E2%80%93_1950)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Real (1901 – 1950)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1901_%E2%80%93_1950)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Real (1901 – 1950) (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1901_%E2%80%93_1950)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1901_–_1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real. Laureados (1901 – 1950)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Ayrton" title="William Edward Ayrton">William Edward Ayrton</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Blanford" title="William Thomas Blanford">William Thomas Blanford</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1902: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> e <a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1903: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a> e <a href="/wiki/Horace_Brown" title="Horace Brown">Horace Brown</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1904: <a href="/wiki/David_Bruce" title="David Bruce">David Bruce</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Burnside" title="William Burnside">William Burnside</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1905: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">John Henry Poynting</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1906: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_George_Greenhill" title="Alfred George Greenhill">Alfred George Greenhill</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dukinfield_Henry_Scott" title="Dukinfield Henry Scott">Dukinfield Henry Scott</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Hobson" title="Ernest William Hobson">Ernest William Hobson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Heatley_Traquair" title="Ramsay Heatley Traquair">Ramsay Heatley Traquair</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1908: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Head" title="Henry Head">Henry Head</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Milne" title="John Milne">John Milne</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1909: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">Augustus Edward Hough Love</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1910: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Orpen_Bower" title="Frederick Orpen Bower">Frederick Orpen Bower</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Joly" title="John Joly">John Joly</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1911: <a href="/wiki/George_Chrystal" title="George Chrystal">George Chrystal</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1912: <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Grafton Elliot Smith</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Mitchinson_Hicks" title="William Mitchinson Hicks">William Mitchinson Hicks</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Starling" title="Ernest Starling">Ernest Starling</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Harold Baily Dixon</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1914: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Sollas" title="William Johnson Sollas">William Johnson Sollas</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1915: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Halse_Rivers_Rivers" title="William Halse Rivers Rivers">William Halse Rivers Rivers</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1916: <a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Macdonald" title="Hector Munro Macdonald">Hector Munro Macdonald</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1917: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward" title="Arthur Smith Woodward">Arthur Smith Woodward</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Aitken" title="John Aitken">John Aitken</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1918: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1919: <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Bretland_Farmer" title="John Bretland Farmer">John Bretland Farmer</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1920: <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dyson">Frank Dyson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Frost_Blackman" title="Frederick Frost Blackman">Frederick Frost Blackman</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1923: <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Martin" title="Charles James Martin">Charles James Martin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Napier_Shaw" title="Napier Shaw">Napier Shaw</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Clerk" title="Dugald Clerk">Dugald Clerk</a> e <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Henry Dale</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1925: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Charles_Seward" title="Albert Charles Seward">Albert Charles Seward</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin,_Jr." title="William Henry Perkin, Jr.">William Henry Perkin, Jr.</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Archibald Vivian Hill</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Bate_Hardy" title="William Bate Hardy">William Bate Hardy</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1927: <a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_McLennan" title="John Cunningham McLennan">John Cunningham McLennan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis" title="Thomas Lewis">Thomas Lewis</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stanley Eddington">Arthur Stanley Eddington</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1929: <a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muir" title="Robert Muir">Robert Muir</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1930: <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Marr" title="John Edward Marr">John Edward Marr</a> e <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" title="Richard Glazebrook">Richard Glazebrook</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Lang" title="William Henry Lang">William Henry Lang</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mellanby" title="Edward Mellanby">Edward Mellanby</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1933: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> e <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Laidlaw" title="Patrick Laidlaw">Patrick Laidlaw</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman" title="Sydney Chapman">Sydney Chapman</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harker_(petrologista)" title="Alfred Harker (petrologista)">Alfred Harker</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Galton_Darwin" title="Charles Galton Darwin">Charles Galton Darwin</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stephen_Goodrich" title="Edwin Stephen Goodrich">Edwin Stephen Goodrich</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Howard_Fowler" title="Ralph Howard Fowler">Ralph Howard Fowler</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Reginald_Buller" title="Arthur Henry Reginald Buller">Arthur Henry Reginald Buller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Sidgwick" title="Nevil Sidgwick">Nevil Sidgwick</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1938: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1939: <a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marshall" title="Francis Marshall">Francis Marshall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1941: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Kennaway" title="Ernest Kennaway">Ernest Kennaway</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Edward Arthur Milne</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <a href="/wiki/William_Whiteman_Carlton_Topley" title="William Whiteman Carlton Topley">William Whiteman Carlton Topley</a> e <a href="/wiki/Walter_Norman_Haworth" title="Walter Norman Haworth">Walter Norman Haworth</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1943: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Battersby_Bailey" title="Edward Battersby Bailey">Edward Battersby Bailey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Harington" title="Charles Robert Harington">Charles Robert Harington</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Brunt" title="David Brunt">David Brunt</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Salisbury" title="Edward James Salisbury">Edward James Salisbury</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" title="John Desmond Bernal">John Desmond Bernal</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1946: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Dean_Darlington" title="Cyril Dean Darlington">Cyril Dean Darlington</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1947: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Burnet" title="Frank Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1948: <a href="/wiki/James_Gray_(zo%C3%B3logo)" title="James Gray (zoólogo)">James Gray</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Peters" title="Rudolph Peters">Rudolph Peters</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Pantin" title="Carl Pantin">Carl Pantin</a> e <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Appleton</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1951_—_2000)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1951_%E2%80%94_2000)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Real (1951 — 2000)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1951_%E2%80%94_2000)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Real (1951 — 2000) (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Real_(1951_%E2%80%94_2000)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Real._Laureados_(1951_—_2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Real" title="Medalha Real">Medalha Real. Laureados (1951 — 2000)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ian_Heilbron" title="Ian Heilbron">Ian Heilbron</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett" title="Frederic Bartlett">Frederic Bartlett</a> e <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Kelk_Ingold" title="Christopher Kelk Ingold">Christopher Kelk Ingold</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1954: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs">Hans Krebs</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Wigglesworth" title="Vincent Wigglesworth">Vincent Wigglesworth</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Alexander Todd</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1956: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Thomas_Jones" title="Owen Thomas Jones">Owen Thomas Jones</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gugenheim_Gregory" title="Frederick Gugenheim Gregory">Frederick Gugenheim Gregory</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Vallance_Douglas_Hodge" title="William Vallance Douglas Hodge">William Vallance Douglas Hodge</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1958: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brian_Medawar" title="Peter Brian Medawar">Peter Brian Medawar</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cameron" title="Roy Cameron">Roy Cameron</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Le_Gros_Clark" title="Wilfrid Le Gros Clark">Wilfrid Le Gros Clark</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1962: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">John Eccles</a> e <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Harold_Read" title="Herbert Harold Read">Herbert Harold Read</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hill" title="Robert Hill">Robert Hill</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Brambell" title="Francis Brambell">Francis Brambell</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Lighthill" title="Michael James Lighthill">Michael James Lighthill</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1965: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Husband" title="Henry Charles Husband">Henry Charles Husband</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a> e <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lyttleton" title="Raymond Lyttleton">Raymond Lyttleton</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cockerell" title="Christopher Cockerell">Christopher Cockerell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hutchinson" title="Joseph Hutchinson">Joseph Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zachary_Young" title="John Zachary Young">John Zachary Young</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Edgar_Tilley" title="Cecil Edgar Tilley">Cecil Edgar Tilley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Roberts" title="Gilbert Roberts">Gilbert Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Thomas_James_Morgan" title="Walter Thomas James Morgan">Walter Thomas James Morgan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Oatley" title="Charles William Oatley">Charles William Oatley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Deacon" title="George Deacon">George Deacon</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1970: <a href="/wiki/John_Fleetwood_Baker" title="John Fleetwood Baker">John Fleetwood Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Albert_Hugh_Rushton" title="William Albert Hugh Rushton">William Albert Hugh Rushton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Charles_Dunham" title="Kingsley Charles Dunham">Kingsley Charles Dunham</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Edward_Kent" title="Percy Edward Kent">Percy Edward Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Bennett_Lewis" title="Wilfrid Bennett Lewis">Wilfrid Bennett Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> e <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abraham" title="Edward Abraham">Edward Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Rodney Porter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="George Edwards (aviação)">George Edwards</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1975: <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Chilton_Phillips" title="David Chilton Phillips">David Chilton Phillips</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1976: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walsh" title="Alan Walsh">Alan Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Learmonth_Gowans" title="James Learmonth Gowans">James Learmonth Gowans</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="John Adams (físico)">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" title="Tom Kilburn">Tom Kilburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderic_Alfred_Gregory" title="Roderic Alfred Gregory">Roderic Alfred Gregory</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Walter_Kosterlitz" title="Hans Walter Kosterlitz">Hans Walter Kosterlitz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" title="Frederick Charles Frank">Frederick Charles Frank</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Wild" title="John Paul Wild">John Paul Wild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harris" title="Henry Harris">Henry Harris</a> e <a href="/wiki/Denys_Wilkinson" title="Denys Wilkinson">Denys Wilkinson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Riley" title="Ralph Riley">Ralph Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marthe_Louise_Vogt" title="Marthe Louise Vogt">Marthe Louise Vogt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1982: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hawthorne" title="William Hawthorne">William Hawthorne</a> e <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Joseph_Bradley" title="Daniel Joseph Bradley">Daniel Joseph Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Siegmund_Feldberg" title="Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg">Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lamb_Cullen" title="Alexander Lamb Cullen">Alexander Lamb Cullen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Frances_Lyon" title="Mary Frances Lyon">Mary Frances Lyon</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alan_Battersby" title="Alan Battersby">Alan Battersby</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/wiki/John_Argyris" title="John Argyris">John Argyris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> e <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ash" title="Eric Ash">Eric Ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard Doll</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rex_Richards" title="Rex Richards">Rex Richards</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Victor_Rudolf_Born" title="Gustav Victor Rudolf Born">Gustav Victor Rudolf Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_James_Denton" title="Eric James Denton">Eric James Denton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Francis_Graham-Smith" title="Francis Graham-Smith">Francis Graham-Smith</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Barlow" title="Harold Barlow">Harold Barlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Watkins" title="Winifred Watkins">Winifred Watkins</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Batchelor" title="George Batchelor">George Batchelor</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Weatherall" title="David Weatherall">David Weatherall</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Polanyi" title="John Charles Polanyi">John Charles Polanyi</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1990: <a href="/wiki/Olgierd_Zienkiewicz" title="Olgierd Zienkiewicz">Olgierd Zienkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry" title="Michael Berry">Michael Berry</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Basil_John_Mason" title="Basil John Mason">Basil John Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Michael Berridge</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dan_Peter_McKenzie" title="Dan Peter McKenzie">Dan Peter McKenzie</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1992: <a href="/wiki/David_Tabor" title="David Tabor">David Tabor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Anthony_Epstein" title="Michael Anthony Epstein">Michael Anthony Epstein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon Donaldson</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Hill" title="Rodney Hill">Rodney Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Barlow" title="Horace Barlow">Horace Barlow</a> e <a href="/wiki/Volker_Heine" title="Volker Heine">Volker Heine</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Mansfield" title="Eric Mansfield">Eric Mansfield</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sivaramakrishna_Chandrasekhar" title="Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar">Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Metcalf" title="Donald Metcalf">Donald Metcalf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_(qu%C3%ADmico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Williams (químico)">Robert Williams</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hinde" title="Robert Hinde">Robert Hinde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Heslop-Harrison" title="Jack Heslop-Harrison">Jack Heslop-Harrison</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Eglinton" title="Geoffrey Eglinton">Geoffrey Eglinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill_Perkins" title="Donald Hill Perkins">Donald Hill Perkins</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Southern" title="Edwin Southern">Edwin Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Donald_Charlton_Bradley" title="Donald Charlton Bradley">Donald Charlton Bradley</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1999: <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Davidson" title="John Frank Davidson">John Frank Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_David_Wall" title="Patrick David Wall">Patrick David Wall</a> e <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Howie" title="Archibald Howie">Archibald Howie</a>  •</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burnstock" title="Geoffrey Burnstock">Geoffrey Burnstock</a> e <a href="/wiki/Keith_Usherwood_Ingold" title="Keith Usherwood Ingold">Keith Usherwood Ingold</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Predefinição:Medalha de Honra IEEE"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha de Honra IEEE (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Honra_IEEE" title="Medalha de Honra IEEE">Medalha de Honra IEEE</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1917–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1917: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1920: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1921: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1923: <a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael Pupin</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1926: <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Whittier_Pickard" title="Greenleaf Whittier Pickard">Greenleaf Whittier Pickard</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1927: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Winslow_Austin" title="Louis Winslow Austin">Louis Winslow Austin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zenneck" title="Jonathan Zenneck">Jonathan Zenneck</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1929: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Peder_Oluf_Pedersen" title="Peder Oluf Pedersen">Peder Oluf Pedersen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edwin_Kennelly" title="Arthur Edwin Kennelly">Arthur Edwin Kennelly</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1933: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1934: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Caldwell_Hooper" title="Stanford Caldwell Hooper">Stanford Caldwell Hooper</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_van_der_Pol" title="Balthasar van der Pol">Balthasar van der Pol</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1936: <a href="/wiki/George_Ashley_Campbell" title="George Ashley Campbell">George Ashley Campbell</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Melville_Eastham" title="Melville Eastham">Melville Eastham</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Dellinger" title="John Howard Dellinger">John Howard Dellinger</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1939: <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Lee" title="Albert G. Lee">Albert G. Lee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1940: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Espenschied" title="Lloyd Espenschied">Lloyd Espenschied</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1941: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hoyt_Taylor" title="Albert Hoyt Taylor">Albert Hoyt Taylor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1943: <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="William Wilson (físico)">William Wilson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Henry_Beverage" title="Harold Henry Beverage">Harold Henry Beverage</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1946: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">Ralph Hartley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Christopher_Frank_Horle" title="Lawrence Christopher Frank Horle">Lawrence Christopher Frank Horle</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1951: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1952: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter Ransom Gail Baker</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1953: <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Miller" title="John Milton Miller">John Milton Miller</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1954: <a href="/wiki/William_Littell_Everitt" title="William Littell Everitt">William Littell Everitt</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Harald_Trap_Friis" title="Harald Trap Friis">Harald Trap Friis</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1956: <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Lawless_Hogan" title="John Vincent Lawless Hogan">John Vincent Lawless Hogan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton" title="Julius Adams Stratton">Julius Adams Stratton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1958: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hull" title="Albert Hull">Albert Hull</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emory_Leon_Chaffee" title="Emory Leon Chaffee">Emory Leon Chaffee</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Guillemin" title="Ernst Guillemin">Ernst Guillemin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1962: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Appleton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1963: <a href="/wiki/George_Clark_Southworth" title="George Clark Southworth">George Clark Southworth</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alden_Wheeler" title="Harold Alden Wheeler">Harold Alden Wheeler</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kidd_Teal" title="Gordon Kidd Teal">Gordon Kidd Teal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ginzton" title="Edward Ginzton">Edward Ginzton</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1971: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kalman" title="Rudolf Kalman">Rudolf Kalman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1977: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Earle_Vaughan" title="Henry Earle Vaughan">Henry Earle Vaughan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellman" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1980: <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1982: <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1985: <a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1988: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1989: <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Kumar_Patel" title="Chandra Kumar Patel">Chandra Kumar Patel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1990: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_Gallager" title="Robert Gray Gallager">Robert Gray Gallager</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1992: <a href="/wiki/Amos_Edward_Joel" title="Amos Edward Joel">Amos Edward Joel</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan_%C3%85str%C3%B6m" title="Karl Johan Åström">Karl Johan Åström</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yi_Cho" title="Alfred Yi Cho">Alfred Yi Cho</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Lotfali_Askar-Zadeh" title="Lotfali Askar-Zadeh">Lotfali Askar-Zadeh</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1997: <a href="/wiki/George_Heilmeier" title="George Heilmeier">George Heilmeier</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Pederson" title="Donald Pederson">Donald Pederson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 1999: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Concordia" title="Charles Concordia">Charles Concordia</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–atualidade</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2001: <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2002: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2003: <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2004: <a href="/wiki/Tadahiro_Sekimoto" title="Tadahiro Sekimoto">Tadahiro Sekimoto</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2005: <a href="/wiki/James_Flanagan" title="James Flanagan">James Flanagan</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2006: <a href="/wiki/James_Meindl" title="James Meindl">James Meindl</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2007: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2008: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2011: <a href="/wiki/Morris_Chang" title="Morris Chang">Morris Chang</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_LeRoy_Hennessy" title="John LeRoy Hennessy">John LeRoy Hennessy</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2013: <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Mark_Jacobs" title="Irwin Mark Jacobs">Irwin Mark Jacobs</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2014: <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Baliga" title="Jayant Baliga">Jayant Baliga</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2015: <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Dave_Forney" title="Dave Forney">Dave Forney</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Kees_Schouhamer_Immink" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2018: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2019: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Petersen" title="Kurt Petersen">Kurt Petersen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenming_Hu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenming Hu (página não existe)">Chenming Hu</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> 2021: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ziv" title="Jacob Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_e_Prémio_Appleton_(1941_—_2010)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Leeuwenhoek" title="Predefinição:Medalha Leeuwenhoek"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Leeuwenhoek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Leeuwenhoek (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Leeuwenhoek&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_e_Prémio_Appleton_(1941_—_2010)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_e_Pr%C3%A9mio_Appleton" title="Medalha e Prémio Appleton">Medalha e Prémio Appleton (1941 — 2010)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1941: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman" title="Sydney Chapman">Sydney Chapman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1943: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1945: <a href="/wiki/John_Adam_Fleming" title="John Adam Fleming">John Adam Fleming</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1947: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Appleton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Miller_Bourne_Dobson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson (página não existe)">Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C Simpson (página não existe)">George C Simpson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Bartels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Bartels (página não existe)">Julius Bartels</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Forbes_Martyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Forbes Martyn (página não existe)">David Forbes Martyn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1957: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward C Bullard</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Cockcroft_Sutcliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Cockcroft Sutcliffe (página não existe)">Reginald Cockcroft Sutcliffe</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_Ellsworth_Forbush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Ellsworth Forbush (página não existe)">Scott Ellsworth Forbush</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Neville_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Neville Hill (página não existe)">Maurice Neville Hill</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1965: <a href="/wiki/Basil_John_Mason" title="Basil John Mason">Basil John Mason</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1967: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Herbert_Chapman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Herbert Chapman (página não existe)">John Herbert Chapman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Keith_Runcorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Keith Runcorn (página não existe)">Stanley Keith Runcorn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmond_George_King-Hele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmond George King-Hele (página não existe)">Desmond George King-Hele</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Robert_Bates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Robert Bates (página não existe)">David Robert Bates</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1975: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1977: <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Hoyle_Matthews" title="Drummond Hoyle Matthews">Drummond Hoyle Matthews</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_John_Vine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick John Vine (página não existe)">Frederick John Vine</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Theodore_Houghton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Theodore Houghton (página não existe)">John Theodore Houghton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Anthony_Browning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Anthony Browning (página não existe)">Keith Anthony Browning</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_John_Granville_Beynon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William John Granville Beynon (página não existe)">William John Granville Beynon</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Edmund_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Edmund Gill (página não existe)">Adrian Edmund Gill</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_John_Hoskins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian John Hoskins (página não existe)">Brian John Hoskins</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1989: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Nye_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nye (scientist) (página não existe)">John Nye</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1991: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Thomas" title="Lance Thomas">Lance Thomas</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cook (página não existe)">Alan Hugh Cook</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tudor_Bowden_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tudor Bowden Jones (página não existe)">Tudor Bowden Jones</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Coey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Coey (página não existe)">John Michael David Coey</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Edward_Harries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Edward Harries (página não existe)">John Edward Harries</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Woodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Woodman (página não existe)">Ronald Woodman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Charles_Farman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Charles Farman (página não existe)">Joseph Charles Farman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Gerard_Gardiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Gerard Gardiner (página não existe)">Brian Gerard Gardiner</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_David_Shanklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan David Shanklin (página não existe)">Jonathan David Shanklin</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Thomas_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Thomas Woods (página não existe)">Peter Thomas Woods</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Lockwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Lockwood (página não existe)">Michael Lockwood</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Dorothy_Haigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanna Dorothy Haigh (página não existe)">Joanna Dorothy Haigh</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_A_Maher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara A Maher (página não existe)">Barbara A Maher</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2006: <a href="/wiki/David_Gubbins" title="David Gubbins">David Gubbins</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Wintle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Wintle (página não existe)">Ann Wintle</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myles_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myles Allen (página não existe)">Myles Allen</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/30px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/45px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/60px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre um(a) <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">físico(a)</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153194" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q153194">Q153194</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/54941774">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54941774/">54941774</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90633162">90633162</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16449974q">16449974q</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4937112">4937112</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10639906">DA10639906</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Appleton">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/119441">119441</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118645498">118645498</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109738499">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83194663">n83194663</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=112651">112651</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munzinger-Archiv" class="extiw" title="de:Munzinger-Archiv">Munzinger</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000001354">00000001354</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/753/000099456/">000099456</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery" title="National Portrait Gallery">NPG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp56383">mp56383</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071622004">071622004</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n2006082452">n2006082452</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">ODNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30426">30426</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=22224">22224</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scopus_(base_de_dados_bibliogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Scopus (base de dados bibliográfica)">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22987372000">22987372000</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qv3p45">w6qv3p45</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083853308">083853308</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sir-edward-victor-appleton">sir-edward-victor-appleton</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Appleton-1016">Appleton-1016</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/61017">61017</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4425737A?mode=all">OL4425737A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000010967">000010967</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/560027">560027</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Polónia">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002263119">a0000002263119</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐749b9fb688‐7fpq6 Cached time: 20241116031758 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.033 seconds Real time usage: 1.562 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7920/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 285657/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15571/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 26/100 Expensive parser function count: 59/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1242/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.543/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12442580/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 29/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1024.686 1 -total 48.36% 495.584 1 Predefinição:Controle_de_autoridade 33.63% 344.598 1 Predefinição:Info/Biografia/Wikidata 32.83% 336.386 1 Predefinição:Info 7.62% 78.044 7 Predefinição:Navbox 6.00% 61.503 2 Predefinição:Br_separated_entries 4.22% 43.212 1 Predefinição:Referências 3.99% 40.934 2 Predefinição:Citar_web 2.97% 30.477 2 Predefinição:Categorização_AD_e_AB_de_outras_wikis 2.68% 27.457 1 Predefinição:Dni --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ptwiki:pcache:idhash:107209-0!canonical and timestamp 20241116031758 and revision id 68019768. Rendering was triggered because: unknown --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&oldid=68019768">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&oldid=68019768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nascidos_em_1892" title="Categoria:Nascidos em 1892">Nascidos em 1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mortos_em_1965" title="Categoria:Mortos em 1965">Mortos em 1965</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Categoria:Nobel de Física">Nobel de Física</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medalha_Real" title="Categoria:Medalha Real">Medalha Real</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medalha_Hughes" title="Categoria:Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medalha_Appleton" title="Categoria:Medalha Appleton">Medalha Appleton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:F%C3%ADsicos_do_Reino_Unido" title="Categoria:Físicos do Reino Unido">Físicos do Reino Unido</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sobre_pr%C3%A9mios_Nobel_que_usam_a_propriedade_do_Wikidata_P8024" title="Categoria:Predefinição sobre prémios Nobel que usam a propriedade do Wikidata P8024">Predefinição sobre prémios Nobel que usam a propriedade do Wikidata P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_ingl%C3%AAs-fontes_em_l%C3%ADngua_(en)" title="Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)">!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Esbo%C3%A7os_maiores_que_10000_bytes" title="Categoria:!Esboços maiores que 10000 bytes">!Esboços maiores que 10000 bytes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Esbo%C3%A7os_sobre_f%C3%ADsicos" title="Categoria:!Esboços sobre físicos">!Esboços sobre físicos</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 22h46min de 27 de maio de 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt">Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons</a>; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. Para mais detalhes, consulte as <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">condições de utilização</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/pt-br">Política de privacidade</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Sobre">Sobre a Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Aviso_geral">Avisos gerais</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Código de conduta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Programadores</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pt.wikipedia.org">Estatísticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaração sobre ''cookies''</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pt.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Appleton&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versão móvel</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7zkrf","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.033","walltime":"1.562","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7920,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":285657,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15571,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":59,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1242,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":29,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1024.686 1 -total"," 48.36% 495.584 1 Predefinição:Controle_de_autoridade"," 33.63% 344.598 1 Predefinição:Info/Biografia/Wikidata"," 32.83% 336.386 1 Predefinição:Info"," 7.62% 78.044 7 Predefinição:Navbox"," 6.00% 61.503 2 Predefinição:Br_separated_entries"," 4.22% 43.212 1 Predefinição:Referências"," 3.99% 40.934 2 Predefinição:Citar_web"," 2.97% 30.477 2 Predefinição:Categorização_AD_e_AB_de_outras_wikis"," 2.68% 27.457 1 Predefinição:Dni"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.543","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12442580,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-749b9fb688-7fpq6","timestamp":"20241116031758","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edward Appleton","url":"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Appleton","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153194","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153194","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contribuidores dos projetos da Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-17T18:59:10Z","dateModified":"2024-05-27T22:46:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/58\/Appleton.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>