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id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Genetic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prenatal_hormone_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenatal_hormone_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prenatal hormone exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenatal_hormone_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ultrasound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigenetic_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigenetic_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Epigenetic markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigenetic_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Language dominance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Developmental timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlation_with_other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlation_with_other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Correlation with other factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Correlation_with_other_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Correlation with other factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Correlation_with_other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_childhood_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Early childhood intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Sexuality and gender identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality_rates_in_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_rates_in_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Mortality rates in combat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality_rates_in_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episodic_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episodic_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Episodic memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episodic_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus_callosum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus_callosum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Corpus callosum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpus_callosum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergent_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergent_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Divergent thinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergent_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_for_left-handed_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_for_left-handed_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Products for left-handed use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_for_left-handed_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bias_against_left-handers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias_against_left-handers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bias against left-handers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bias_against_left-handers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bias against left-handers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bias_against_left-handers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_connotations_and_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_connotations_and_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Negative connotations and discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_connotations_and_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Discrimination in education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Left-Handers_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Left-Handers_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 International Left-Handers Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Left-Handers_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Handedness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Handedness</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="استخدام إحدى اليدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استخدام إحدى اليدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="হস্তপ্রাধান্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হস্তপ্রাধান্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пераважная рука – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пераважная рука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Доминираща ръка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доминираща ръка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desnorukost/ljevorukost" title="Desnorukost/ljevorukost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Desnorukost/ljevorukost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret%C3%A0" title="Dretà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dretà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyi" title="Rudyi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rudyi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndigkeit" title="Händigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Händigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4elisus" title="Käelisus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käelisus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_dominante" title="Mano dominante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mano dominante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manprefero" title="Manprefero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manprefero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="راست‌دستی و چپ‌دستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راست‌دستی و چپ‌دستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_manuelle" title="Préférence manuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préférence manuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EC%93%B0%EC%9E%84" title="손쓰임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="손쓰임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%B1%D5%A5%D5%BC%D6%84" title="Գերիշխող ձեռք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերիշխող ձեռք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8)" title="खब्बू (लेफ्ट हैण्डर्स) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खब्बू (लेफ्ट हैण्डर्स)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominansi_tangan" title="Dominansi tangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dominansi tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendi" title="Hendi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hendi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יד דומיננטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יד דומיננטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೈಬಳಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಬಳಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဘယ်သန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘယ်သန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E3%81%8D%E6%89%8B" title="利き手 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="利き手" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Преобладающая рука – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преобладающая рука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Handedness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="چەپدەست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەپدەست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominantnost_leve_ruke_i_zdravlje" title="Dominantnost leve ruke i zdravlje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dominantnost leve ruke i zdravlje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4tisyys" title="Kätisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kätisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="చేతివాటం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేతివాటం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_tercihi" title="El tercihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El tercihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about left- and right-handedness in humans. For physical objects which are "handed", see <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">Chirality</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Handedness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Handedness (disambiguation)">Handedness (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Left-hander" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Left-Hander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Left-Hander (disambiguation)">Left-Hander (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leftie" and "Rightie" redirect here. For the political orientations, see <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/220px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/330px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/440px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Stenciled hands at the <a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a> in Argentina. Left hands make up over 90% of the artwork, demonstrating the prevalence of right-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption> A student writes with their left hand.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a>, handedness is an individual's preferential use of one <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>, known as the dominant hand, due to it being stronger, faster or more <a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" title="Fine motor skill">dextrous</a>. The other hand, comparatively often the weaker, less dextrous or simply less subjectively preferred, is called the non-dominant hand.<a href="#cite_note-indiana-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In a study from 1975 on 7,688 children in US grades 1–6, left handers comprised 9.6% of the sample, with 10.5% of male children and 8.7% of female children being left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-bul0000229-7">[7]</a> Overall, around 90% of people are right-handed.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Handedness is often defined by one's writing hand, as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do a particular task with a particular hand. There are people with true <a href="/wiki/Ambidexterity" title="Ambidexterity">ambidexterity</a> (equal preference of either hand), but it is rare—most people prefer using one hand for most purposes. Most of the current research suggests that left-handedness has an <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> marker—a combination of genetics, biology and the environment. Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed, many devices are designed for use by right-handed people, making their use by left-handed people more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> In many countries, left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hands. However, left-handed people have an advantage in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a> that involve aiming at a target in an area of an opponent's control, as their opponents are more accustomed to the right-handed majority. As a result, they are over-represented in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Right-handedness is the most common type. Right-handed people are more skillful with their right hands. Studies suggest that approximately 90% of people are right-handed.<a href="#cite_note-bul0000229-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciamerican-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Left-handedness is less common. Studies suggest that approximately 10% of people are left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-bul0000229-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidexterity" title="Ambidexterity">Ambidexterity</a> refers to having equal ability in both hands. Those who learn it still tend to favor their originally dominant hand. This is uncommon, with about a 1% prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-southpaw_essentials-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Mixed-handedness or <a href="/wiki/Cross-dominance" title="Cross-dominance">cross-dominance</a> is the change of hand preference between different tasks. This is about as widespread as left-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This is highly associated with the person's childhood brain development.<a href="#cite_note-annett-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a>]</div> Handedness may be measured behaviourally (performance measures) or through questionnaires (preference measures). The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Handedness_Inventory" title="Edinburgh Handedness Inventory">Edinburgh Handedness Inventory</a> has been used since 1971 but contains some dated questions and is hard to score. Revisions have been published by Veale<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and by Williams.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The longer Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire is not widely accessible. More recently, the Flinders Handedness Survey (FLANDERS) has been developed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Some non-human primates have a preferred hand for tasks, but they do not display a strong right-biased preference like modern humans, with individuals equally split between right-handed and left-handed preferences. When exactly a right handed preference developed in the human lineage is unknown, though it is known through various means that <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> had a right-handedness bias like modern humans. Attempts to determine handedness of early humans by analysing the morphology of lithic artefacts have been found to be unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> There are several theories of how handedness develops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_factors">Genetic factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetic factors">edit</a>]</div> Handedness displays a complex inheritance pattern. For example, if both parents of a child are left-handed, there is a 26% chance of that child being left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-McManusChris-23">[23]</a> A large study of twins from 25,732 families by Medland et al. (2006) indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritability</a> of handedness is roughly 24%.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Two theoretical single-gene models have been proposed to explain the patterns of inheritance of handedness, by Marian Annett<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, and by Chris McManus<a href="#cite_note-McManusChris-23">[23]</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a>. However, growing evidence from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">linkage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association</a> studies suggests that genetic variance in handedness cannot be explained by a single genetic <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] From these studies, McManus et al. now conclude that handedness is <a href="/wiki/Polygenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic">polygenic</a> and estimate that at least 40 <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a> contribute to the trait.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Brandler et al. performed a <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association study</a> for a measure of relative hand skill and found that genes involved in the determination of <a href="/wiki/Left-right_asymmetry" title="Left-right asymmetry">left-right asymmetry</a> in the body play a key role in handedness.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Brandler and <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Paracchini" title="Silvia Paracchini">Paracchini</a> suggest the same mechanisms that determine left-right asymmetry in the body (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nodal_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodal signaling">nodal signaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciliogenesis" title="Ciliogenesis">ciliogenesis</a>) also play a role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Brain_asymmetry" title="Brain asymmetry">brain asymmetry</a> (handedness being a reflection of brain asymmetry for motor function).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 2019, Wiberg et al. performed a genome-wide association study and found that handedness was significantly associated with four loci, three of them in genes encoding proteins involved in brain development.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prenatal_hormone_exposure">Prenatal hormone exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prenatal hormone exposure">edit</a>]</div> Four studies have indicated that individuals who have had in-utero exposure to <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a> (a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> based medication used between 1940 and 1971) were more likely to be left-handed over the clinical control group. Diethylstilbestrol animal studies "suggest that estrogen affects the developing brain, including the part that governs sexual behavior and right and left dominance".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ultrasound">edit</a>]</div> Another theory is that <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a> may sometimes affect the brains of unborn children, causing higher rates of left-handedness in children whose mothers receive ultrasound during pregnancy. Research suggests there may be a weak association between <a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical ultrasonography">ultrasound screening</a> (sonography used to check the healthy development of the fetus and mother) and left-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-Salvesen_2011-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigenetic_markers">Epigenetic markers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epigenetic markers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">Twin studies</a> indicate that genetic factors explain 25% of the variance in handedness, and environmental factors the remaining 75%.<a href="#cite_note-Medland-43">[43]</a> While the molecular basis of handedness <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetics</a> is largely unclear, Ocklenburg et al. (2017) found that asymmetric <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">methylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG sites</a> plays a key role for <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> asymmetries related to handedness.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocklenburg-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_dominance">Language dominance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language dominance">edit</a>]</div> One common handedness theory is the brain hemisphere division of labor. In most people, the left side of the brain controls speaking. The theory suggests it is more efficient for the brain to divide major tasks between the hemispheres—thus most people may use the non-speaking (right) hemisphere for perception and gross motor skills. As speech is a very complex motor control task, the specialised fine motor areas controlling speech are most efficiently used to also control fine motor movement in the dominant hand. As the right hand is controlled by the left hemisphere (and the left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere) most people are, therefore right-handed. The theory depends on left-handed people having a reversed organisation.<a href="#cite_note-book-46">[46]</a> However, the majority of left-handers have been found to have left-hemisphere language dominance—just like right-handers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Only around 30% of left-handers are not left-hemisphere dominant for language. Some of those have reversed brain organisation, where the verbal processing takes place in the right-hemisphere and visuospatial processing is dominant to the left hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Others have more ambiguous bilateral organisation, where both hemispheres do parts of typically lateralised functions. When tasks designed to investigate lateralisation (preference for handedness) are averaged across a group of left-handers, the overall effect is that left-handers show the same pattern of data as right-handers, but with a reduced asymmetry.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This finding is likely due to the small proportion of left-handers who have atypical brain organisation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The majority of the evidence comes from literature assessing oral language production and comprehension. When it comes to writing, findings from recent studies were inconclusive for a difference in lateralization for writing between left-handers and right-handers. <a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_timeline">Developmental timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Developmental timeline">edit</a>]</div> Researchers studied fetuses in utero and determined that handedness in the womb was a very accurate predictor of handedness after birth.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In a 2013 study, 39% of infants (6 to 14 months) and 97% of toddlers (18 to 24 months) demonstrated a hand preference.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Infants have been observed to fluctuate heavily when choosing a hand to lead in grasping and object manipulation tasks, especially in one- versus two-handed grasping. Between 36 and 48 months, there is a significant decline in variability between handedness in one-handed grasping; it can be seen earlier in two-handed manipulation. Children of 18–36 months showed more hand preference when performing bi-manipulation tasks than with simple grasping.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The decrease in handedness variability in children of 36–48 months may be attributable to preschool or kindergarten attendance due to increased single-hand activities such as writing and coloring.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> Scharoun and Bryden noted that right-handed preference increases with age up to the teenage years.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correlation_with_other_factors">Correlation with other factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Correlation with other factors">edit</a>]</div> The modern turn in handedness research has been towards emphasizing degree rather than direction of handedness as a critical variable.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intelligence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_mathematical_ability" title="Handedness and mathematical ability">Handedness and mathematical ability</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_who_play_left-handed" title="List of musicians who play left-handed">List of musicians who play left-handed</a></div> In his book Right-Hand, Left-Hand, Chris McManus of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> argues that the proportion of left-handers is increasing, and that an above-average quota of high achievers have been left-handed. He says that left-handers' brains are structured in a way that increases their range of abilities, and that the genes that determine left-handedness also govern development of the brain's language centers.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, he states: <blockquote>Studies in the U.K., U.S. and Australia have revealed that left-handed people differ from right-handers by only one IQ point, which is not noteworthy ... Left-handers' brains are structured differently from right-handers' in ways that can allow them to process language, spatial relations and emotions in more diverse and potentially creative ways. Also, a slightly larger number of left-handers than right-handers are especially gifted in music and math. A study of musicians in professional orchestras found a significantly greater proportion of talented left-handers, even among those who played instruments that seem designed for right-handers, such as violins. Similarly, studies of adolescents who took tests to assess mathematical giftedness found many more left-handers in the population.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></blockquote> Left-handers are overrepresented among those with lower cognitive skills and mental impairments, with those with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> being roughly twice as likely to be left-handed, as well as generally lower cognitive and non-cognitive abilities amongst left-handed children.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman_193–212-58">[58]</a> Left-handers are nevertheless also overrepresented in high IQ societies, such as <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa</a>. A 2005 study found that "approximately 20% of the members of Mensa are lefthanded, double the proportion in most general populations".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Ghayas & Adil (2007) found that left-handers were significantly more likely to perform better on <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence test">intelligence tests</a> than right-handers and that right-handers also took more time to complete the tests.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ntolka & Papadatou-Pastou (2018) found that right-handers had higher IQ scores, but that difference was negligible (about 1.5 points).<a href="#cite_note-Ntolka_&_Papadatou-Pastou-61">[61]</a> The prevalence of difficulties in left-right discrimination was investigated in a cohort of 2,720 adult members of <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intertel" title="Intertel">Intertel</a> by Storfer.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[62]</a> According to the study, 7.2% of the men and 18.8% of the women evaluated their left-right directional sense as poor or below average; moreover participants who were relatively ambidextrous experienced problems more frequently than did those who were more strongly left- or right-handed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[62]</a> The study also revealed an effect of age, with younger participants reporting more problems.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_childhood_intelligence">Early childhood intelligence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early childhood intelligence">edit</a>]</div> Nelson, Campbell, and Michel studied infants and whether developing handedness during infancy correlated with language abilities in toddlers. In the article they assessed 38 infants and followed them through to 12 months and then again once they became toddlers from 18 to 24 months. They discovered that when a child developed a consistent use of their right or left hand during infancy (such as using the right hand to put the pacifier back in, or grasping random objects with the left hand), they were more likely to have superior language skills as a toddler. Children who became lateral later than infancy (i.e., when they were toddlers) showed normal development of language and had typical language scores. The researchers used <a href="/wiki/Bayley_scales_of_infant_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayley scales of infant development">Bayley scales</a> of infant and toddler development to assess the subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2014-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In two studies, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a> found that left-handers, particularly those with mixed-hand preference, performed significantly better than right-handers in musical memory tasks.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch1978-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch1980-65">[65]</a> There are also handedness differences in perception of musical patterns. Left-handers as a group differ from right-handers, and are more heterogeneous than right-handers, in perception of certain stereo illusions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">octave illusion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scale_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale illusion">scale illusion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">glissando illusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch2019-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Studies have found a positive correlation between left-handedness and several specific physical and mental disorders and health problems, including: <ul><li>Lower-birth-weight and complications at birth are positively correlated with left-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>A variety of neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders like <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> have been associated with left- and mixed-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-Ocklenburg-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>A 2012 study showed that nearly 40% of children with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> were left-handed,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> while another study demonstrated that left-handedness was associated with a 62% increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> in women, but not in men.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Another study suggests that the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> increases for left-handed women, but the effect is unknown for men at this point.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Left-handed women may have a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> than right-handed women and the effect is greater in post-menopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>At least one study maintains that left-handers are more likely to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and are more likely to have reduced longevity from <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> causes.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Left-handers may be more likely to suffer bone fractures.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Left-handers have a lower prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>One <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> concluded: "Left-handers showed no systematic tendency to suffer from disorders of the immune system".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li></ul> As handedness is a highly heritable trait associated with various medical conditions, and because many of these conditions could have presented a Darwinian fitness challenge in ancestral populations, this indicates left-handedness may have previously been rarer than it currently is, due to natural selection. However, on average, left-handers have been found to have an advantage in fighting and competitive, interactive sports, which could have increased their reproductive success in ancestral populations.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Income">edit</a>]</div> In a 2006 better correlate with the lateralization for writing compared to the other measures of study, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between handedness and earnings for the general population, but among college-educated people, left-handers earned 10 to 15% more than their right-handed counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In a 2014 study published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> economist Joshua Goodman finds that left-handed people earn 10 to 12 percent less over the course of their lives than right-handed people. Goodman attributes this disparity to higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems in left-handed people.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman_193–212-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Handedness" title="Special:EditPage/Handedness">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southpaw_stance" title="Southpaw stance">Southpaw stance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Vick,_November_2006_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/220px-Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/330px-Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg/440px-Michael_Vick%2C_November_2006_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Vick" title="Michael Vick">Michael Vick</a>, a left-handed <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a>, winds up to throw the ball to his teammate.</figcaption></figure> Interactive sports such as table tennis, badminton and cricket have an overrepresentation of left-handedness, while non-interactive sports such as swimming show no overrepresentation. Smaller physical distance between participants increases the overrepresentation. In <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>, about half the participants are left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-AEP-81">[81]</a> In tennis, 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Seed_(sports)#Tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed (sports)">seeded players</a> are left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-82">[82]</a> The term southpaw is sometimes used to refer to a left-handed individual, especially in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some studies suggest that right handed male athletes tend to be statistically taller and heavier than left handed ones.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Other, sports-specific factors may <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">increase or decrease</a> the advantage left-handers usually hold in one-on-one situations: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, the overall advantage of a bowler's left-handedness exceeds that resulting from experience alone: even disregarding the experience factor (i.e., even for a batter whose experience against left-handed bowlers equals their experience against right-handed bowlers), a left-handed bowler challenges the <a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">average</a> (i.e., right-handed) batter more than a right-handed bowler does, because the angle of a bowler's delivery to an opposite-handed batter is much more penetrating than that of a bowler to a same-handed batter (see <a href="/wiki/Wasim_Akram" title="Wasim Akram">Wasim Akram</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, a right-handed pitcher's <a href="/wiki/Curve_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Curve ball">curve ball</a> will break away from a right-handed batter and towards a left-handed batter (batting left or right does not indicate left or right handedness). While studies of handedness show that only 10% of the general population is left-handed, the proportion of left-handed <a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a> players is closer to 39% of hitters and 28% of pitchers, according to 2012 data.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Historical <a href="/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)" title="Batting average (baseball)">batting averages</a> show that left-handed batters have a slight advantage over right-handed batters when facing right-handed pitchers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Because there are fewer left-handed pitchers than right-handed pitchers, left-handed batters have more opportunities to face right-handed pitchers than their right-handed counterparts have against left-handed pitchers.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Fifteen of the top twenty <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_batting_average_leaders" title="List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders">career batting average leaders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> history have been posted by left-handed batters.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Left-handed batters have a slightly shorter run from the batter's box to first base than right-handers. This gives left-handers a slight advantage in beating throws to first base on infield ground balls. Perhaps more important, the follow through of a left-handed swing provides momentum in the direction of first base, while the right handed batter must overcome the swing momentum towards third base before beginning his run.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Because a left-handed pitcher faces first base when he is in position to throw to the batter, whereas a right-handed pitcher has his back to first base, a left-handed pitcher has an advantage when attempting to <a href="/wiki/Pickoff" title="Pickoff">pick off</a> baserunners at first base.<a href="#cite_note-First_Base_Pickoffs_for_Lefty_Pitchers-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Defensively in baseball, left-handedness is considered an advantage for <a href="/wiki/First_basemen" class="mw-redirect" title="First basemen">first basemen</a> because they are better suited to fielding balls hit in the gap between first and second base, and because they do not have to pivot their body around before throwing the ball to another <a href="/wiki/Infielder" title="Infielder">infielder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For the same reason, the other infielder's positions are seen as being advantageous to right-handed throwers. Historically, there have been few left-handed catchers because of the perceived disadvantage a left-handed catcher would have in making the throw to third base, especially with a right-handed hitter at the plate.<a href="#cite_note-Left_Handed_Catchers-91">[91]</a> A left-handed catcher would have a potentially more dangerous time tagging out a <a href="/wiki/Baserunner" class="mw-redirect" title="Baserunner">baserunner</a> trying to score.<a href="#cite_note-Left_Handed_Catchers-91">[91]</a> With the ball in the glove on the right hand, a left-handed catcher would have to turn his body to the left to tag a runner. In doing so, he can lose the opportunity to brace himself for an impending collision.<a href="#cite_note-Left_Handed_Catchers-91">[91]</a> On the other hand, the Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers states:<a href="#cite_note-Left_Handed_Catchers-91">[91]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">One advantage is a left-handed catcher's ability to frame a right-handed pitcher's breaking balls. A right-handed catcher catches a right-hander's <a href="/wiki/Breaking_ball" title="Breaking ball">breaking ball</a> across his body, with his glove moving out of the strike zone. A left-handed catcher would be able to catch the pitch moving into the strike zone and create a better target for the umpire.</blockquote> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Four_wall_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Four wall handball">four wall handball</a>, typical strategy is to play along the left wall forcing the opponent to use their left hand to counter the attack and playing into the strength of a left-handed competitor.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, left-handed players have an advantage on the right side of the field when attacking, getting a better angle, and that defenders might be unused to them. Since few people are left-handed, there is a demand for such players.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, the centre forward position has an advantage in turning to shoot on net when rotating the reverse direction as expected by the centre of the opposition defence and gain an improved position to score. Left-handed drivers are usually on the right side of the field, because they can get better angles to pass the ball or shoot for goal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> typically uses a strategy in which a <a href="/wiki/Defenceman_(ice_hockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defenceman (ice hockey)">defence pairing</a> includes one left-handed and one right-handed defender. A disproportionately large number of ice hockey players of all positions, 62 percent, shoot left, though this does not necessarily indicate left-handedness.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, the handedness of a <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a> affects blocking patterns on the <a href="/wiki/Offensive_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive line">offensive line</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tight_end" title="Tight end">Tight ends</a>, when only one is used, typically line up on the same side as the throwing hand of the quarterback, while the <a href="/wiki/Offensive_tackle" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive tackle">offensive tackle</a> on the opposite hand, which protects the quarterback's "blind side", is typically the most valued member of the offensive line. Receivers also have to adapt to the opposite spin.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> While uncommon, there have been several <a href="/wiki/List_of_left-handed_quarterbacks" title="List of left-handed quarterbacks">notable left-handed quarterbacks</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, the oil pattern used on the bowling lane <a href="/wiki/Bowling_ball#Effect_of_lane_characteristics_on_ball_motion" title="Bowling ball">breaks down</a> faster the more times a ball is rolled down the lane. Bowlers must continually adjust their shots to compensate for the ball's change in rotation as the game or series is played and the oil is altered from its original pattern. A left-handed bowler competes on the opposite side of the lane from the right-handed bowler and therefore deals with less breakdown of the original oil placement. This means left-handed bowlers have to adjust their shot less frequently than right-handed bowlers in team events or qualifying rounds where there are possibly 4-10 people per set of two lanes. This can allow them to stay more consistent. However, this advantage is not present in bracket rounds and tournament finals where matches are 1v1 on a pair of lanes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex">Sex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sex">edit</a>]</div> According to a meta-analysis of 144 studies, totaling 1,787,629 participants, the best estimate for the male to female <a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">odds ratio</a> was 1.23, indicating that men are 23% more likely to be left-handed. For example, if the incidence of female left-handedness was 10%, then the incidence of male left-handedness would be approximately 12% (10% incidence of left-handedness among women multiplied by an odds ratio of 1:1.23 for women:men results in a 12.3% incidence of left-handedness among men).<a href="#cite_note-Papadatou-94">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_gender_identity">Sexuality and gender identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sexuality and gender identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_sexual_orientation" title="Handedness and sexual orientation">Handedness and sexual orientation</a></div> Some studies examining the relationship between handedness and sexual orientation have reported that a disproportionate minority of homosexual people exhibit left-handedness,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> though findings are mixed.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A 2001 study also found that people assigned male at birth whose <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> did not align with their assigned sex, were more than twice as likely to be left-handed than a clinical <a href="/wiki/Control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control group">control group</a> (19.5% vs. 8.3%, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilias</a> (atypical sexual interests) have also been linked to higher rates of left-handedness. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 males found "elevated paraphilic interests were correlated with elevated non-right handedness".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Greater rates of left-handedness have also been documented among <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A 2014 study attempting to analyze the biological markers of <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexuality</a> asserts that non-sexual men and women were 2.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, more likely to be left-handed than their heterosexual counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Yule-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_rates_in_combat">Mortality rates in combat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mortality rates in combat">edit</a>]</div> A study at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>—which examined mortality data for <a href="/wiki/Cricketers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricketers">cricketers</a> whose handedness was a matter of public record—found that left-handed men were almost twice as likely to die in war as their right-handed contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The study theorised that this was because weapons and other equipment was designed for the right-handed. "I can sympathise with all those left-handed cricketers who have gone to an early grave trying desperately to shoot straight with a right-handed Lee Enfield .303", wrote a journalist reviewing the study in the cricket press.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The findings echo those of previous American studies, which found that left-handed US sailors were 34% more likely to have a serious accident than their right-handed counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episodic_memory">Episodic memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Episodic memory">edit</a>]</div> A high level of handedness (whether strongly favoring right or left) is associated with poorer <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and with poorer communication between brain hemispheres,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> which may give poorer emotional processing, although <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral stimulation">bilateral stimulation</a> may reduce such effects.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpus_callosum">Corpus callosum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Corpus callosum">edit</a>]</div> A high level of handedness is associated with a smaller <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a> whereas low handedness with a larger one.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divergent_thinking">Divergent thinking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Divergent thinking">edit</a>]</div> Left-handedness is associated with better <a href="/wiki/Divergent_thinking" title="Divergent thinking">divergent thinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_for_left-handed_use">Products for left-handed use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Products for left-handed use">edit</a>]</div> Many tools and procedures are designed to facilitate use by right-handed people, often without realizing the difficulties incurred by the left-handed. John W. Santrock has written, "For centuries, left-handers have suffered unfair discrimination in a world designed for right-handers."<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> Many products for left-handed use are made by specialist producers, although not available from normal suppliers. Items as simple as a knife ground for use with the right hand are less convenient for left-handers. There is a multitude of examples: <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen tool">kitchen tools</a> such as knives, corkscrews and scissors, <a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">garden tools</a>, and so on. While not requiring a purpose-designed product, there are more appropriate ways for left-handers to tie shoelaces.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> There are companies that supply products designed specifically for left-handed use. One such is Anything Left-Handed, which in 1967 opened a shop in Soho, London; the shop closed in 2006, but the company continues to supply left-handed products worldwide by mail order.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Writing from left to right as in many languages, in particular, with the left hand covers and tends to smear (depending upon ink drying) what was just written. Left-handed writers have developed various ways of holding a pen for best results.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> For using a <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a>, preferred by many left-handers, <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nibs</a> ground to optimise left-handed use (pushing rather than pulling across the paper) without scratching are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bias_against_left-handers">Bias against left-handers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bias against left-handers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Bias against left-handed people</a></div> McManus noted that, as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> spread across Western Europe and the United States in the 19th century, workers needed to operate complex machines that were designed with right-handers in mind. This would have made left-handers more visible and at the same time appear less capable and more clumsy. Writing left-handed with a dip pen, in particular, was prone to blots and smearing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_connotations_and_discrimination">Negative connotations and discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Negative connotations and discrimination">edit</a>]</div> Moreover, apart from inconvenience, left-handed people have historically been considered unlucky or even malicious for their difference by the right-handed majority. In many languages, including English, the word for the direction "right" also means "correct" or "proper". Throughout history, being left-handed was considered negative, or evil.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Latin adjective sinister means "left" as well as "unlucky", and this double meaning survives in European derivatives of Latin, including the English words "sinister" (meaning both 'evil' and 'on the bearer's left on a coat of arms') and "ambisinister" meaning 'awkward or clumsy with both or either hand'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are many negative connotations associated with the phrase "left-handed": clumsy, awkward, unlucky, insincere, sinister, malicious, and so on. A "left-handed compliment" is one that has two meanings, one of which is unflattering to the recipient. In French, gauche means both "left" and "awkward" or "clumsy", while droit(e) (<a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to English direct and related to "adroit") means both "right" and "straight", as well as "law" and the legal sense of "right". The name "Dexter" derives from the Latin for "right", as does the word "dexterity" meaning manual skill. As these are all very old words, they would tend to support theories indicating that the predominance of right-handedness is an extremely old phenomenon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a> is sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-hand path">left-hand path</a>".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_in_education">Discrimination in education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Discrimination in education">edit</a>]</div> Before the development of fountain pens and other writing instruments, children were taught to write with a <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pen</a>. While a right-hander could smoothly drag the pen across paper from left to right, a dip pen could not easily be pushed across by the left hand without digging into the paper and making blots and stains.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Even with more modern pens, writing from left to right, as in many languages, with the left hand covers and can smear what was just written when moving across the line. Into the 20th and even the 21st century, left-handed children in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> were beaten by schoolteachers or parents for writing with their left hand,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> or had their left hands tied behind their backs to force them to write with their right hand.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As a child, the future British king <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (1895–1952) was naturally left-handed. He was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He was not expected to become king, so that was not a factor.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Until very recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, left-handed people were forced to switch to being right-handed, or at least switch to writing with the right hand.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to the importance of <a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">stroke order</a>, developed for the comfortable use of right-handed people, it is considered more difficult to write legible Chinese characters with the left hand than it is to write Latin letters, though difficulty is subjective and depends on the writer.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="against WP:RSPSS for not supplementary but relying solely on state-owned media owned by communist party and not a scientific journal, there are real-life left-handers who can write characters well, at least outside Mainland China (January 2024)">better source needed</a>] Because writing when moving one's hand away from its side towards the other side of the body can cause smudging if the outward side of the hand is allowed to drag across the writing, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> might possibly be less feasible with the left hand than the right under certain circumstances. Conversely, right-to-left alphabets, such as the Arabic and Hebrew, are generally considered easier to write with the left hand.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Depending on the position and inclination of the writing paper, and the writing method, the left-handed writer can write as neatly and efficiently or as messily and slowly as right-handed writers. Usually the left-handed child needs to be taught how to write correctly with the left hand, since discovering a comfortable left-handed writing method on one's own may not be straightforward.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Soviet school system</a>, all left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Left-Handers_Day">International Left-Handers Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International Left-Handers Day">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Left-Handers_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Left-Handers Day">International Left-Handers Day</a></div> International Left-Handers Day is held annually every August 13.<a href="#cite_note-about-129">[129]</a> It was founded by the Left-Handers Club in 1992, with the club itself having been founded in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-about-129">[129]</a> International Left-Handers Day is, according to the club, "an annual event when left-handers everywhere can celebrate their sinistrality (left-handedness) and increase public awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of being left-handed."<a href="#cite_note-about-129">[129]</a> It celebrates their uniqueness and differences, who are from seven to ten percent of the world's population. Thousands of left-handed people in today's society have to adapt to use right-handed tools and objects. Again according to the club, "in the U.K. alone there were over 20 regional events to mark the day in 2001 – including left-v-right sports matches, a left-handed tea party, pubs using left-handed corkscrews where patrons drank and played pub games with the left hand only, and nationwide 'Lefty Zones' where left-handers' creativity, adaptability and sporting prowess were celebrated, whilst right-handers were encouraged to try out everyday left-handed objects to see just how awkward it can feel using the wrong equipment."<a href="#cite_note-about-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_animals">In other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In other animals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">Kangaroos</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Macropodidae" title="Macropodidae">macropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> show a left-hand preference for everyday tasks in the wild. 'True' handedness is unexpected in marsupials however, because unlike <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a>, they lack a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>. Left-handedness was particularly apparent in the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Red-necked (Bennett's) wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) preferentially use their left hand for behaviours that involve fine manipulation, but the right for behaviours that require more physical strength. There was less evidence for handedness in <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Studies of dogs, horses, and domestic cats have shown that females of those species tend to be right-handed, while males tend to be left-handed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">Lateralization of brain function</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">Cardinal direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">Clockwise</a>, which also discusses counterclockwise/anticlockwise, the two terms for the opposite sense of rotation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">Dexter and sinister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footedness" title="Footedness">Footedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterality" title="Laterality">Laterality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Left- and right-hand traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_confusion" title="Left–right confusion">Left-right confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_dominance" title="Ocular dominance">Ocular dominance</a> (eyedness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_right_and_proper_left" title="Proper right and proper left">Proper right and proper left</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handedness">Handedness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Handedness">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Handedness_Inventory" title="Edinburgh Handedness Inventory">Edinburgh Handedness Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geschwind%E2%80%93Galaburda_hypothesis" title="Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis">Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_handedness" title="Neuroanatomy of handedness">Neuroanatomy of handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situs_inversus" title="Situs inversus">Situs inversus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_and_handedness" title="Twins and handedness">Twins and handedness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPodestáRaffinoPauneroRolandi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podestá, María Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. 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Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308215527/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dominant">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017. <q>4 : biology : being the one of a pair of bodily structures that is the more effective or predominant in action • dominant eye • used her dominant hand</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=dominant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdominant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/non-">"non-"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 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Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lefthandersday.com&rft.atitle=Left-Handers%27+Day+August+13th%3A+Celebrate+your+right+to+be+left-handed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefthandersday.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiljovKareninaIngramMalashichev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Giljov, Andrey; Karenina, Karina; Ingram, Janeane; Malashichev, Yegor (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.043">"Parallel Emergence of True Handedness in the Evolution of Marsupials and Placentals"</a>. Current Biology. 25 (14): 1878–1884. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.1878G">2015CBio...25.1878G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.043">10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26096972">26096972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Parallel+Emergence+of+True+Handedness+in+the+Evolution+of+Marsupials+and+Placentals&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1878-1884&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26096972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.05.043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.1878G&rft.aulast=Giljov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Karenina%2C+Karina&rft.au=Ingram%2C+Janeane&rft.au=Malashichev%2C+Yegor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.05.043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsMillsopp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Deborah L.; Millsopp, Sarah (August 2009). "Lateralized behaviour in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus". Animal Behaviour. 78 (2): 537–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2009.06.010">10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Lateralized+behaviour+in+the+domestic+cat%2C+Felis+silvestris+catus&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=537-541&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2009.06.010&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft.au=Millsopp%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_resources">Further resources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further resources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Lateralized Brain. 2024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2021-0-02209-4">10.1016/C2021-0-02209-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-99737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-99737-9"><bdi>978-0-323-99737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lateralized+Brain&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2021-0-02209-4&rft.isbn=978-0-323-99737-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Handedness&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/handedness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/handedness">handedness</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Left-handedness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Left-handedness">Left-handedness</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060414010532.htm">Lefties Have The Advantage In Adversarial Situations</a>, ScienceDaily, April 14, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-fighting-hypothesis-stability-of-polymorphism-in-human-handedness/">Science Creative Quarterly's overview of some of the genetic underpinnings of left-handedness</a></li> <li>Hansard (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980722/debtext/80722-15.htm">Left-handed Children</a>", Debate contribution by the Rt Hon. Mr. Peter Luff (MP for Mid-Worcestershire), House of Commons, 22 July.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">Is your Child Left-Handed? Why, according to psychological tests, left-handed people ought to remain so</a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a>. December 1918. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+your+Child+Left-Handed%3F+Why%2C+according+to+psychological+tests%2C+left-handed+people+ought+to+remain+so&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Popular+Science&rft.date=1918-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEikDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandedness" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12387.pdf">Handedness and Earnings</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314134323/http://blogs.reuters.com/2006/08/11/higher-paychecks-a-left-handed-compliment/">Higher paychecks: a left-handed compliment?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324225537/http://www.ucd.ie/geary/publications/2004/laterality.pdf">Handedness & earnings, published in Journal of Human Resources 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handedness.org/">Handedness Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/19968-study-reveals-lefties-rare.html">Study Reveals Why Lefties Are Rare</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Handedness" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Handedness" title="Template:Handedness"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Handedness" title="Template talk:Handedness"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Handedness" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Handedness"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Handedness" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Handedness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_handedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Right handedness">Right handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-handedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-handedness">Left-handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dominance" title="Cross-dominance">Cross-dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidexterity" title="Ambidexterity">Ambidexterity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_handedness" title="Neuroanatomy of handedness">Neuroanatomy of handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_and_handedness" title="Twins and handedness">Twins and handedness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_sexual_orientation" title="Handedness and sexual orientation">Handedness and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_mathematical_ability" title="Handedness and mathematical ability">Handedness and mathematical ability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Bias against left-handed people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Handedness_Inventory" title="Edinburgh Handedness Inventory">Edinburgh Handedness Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterality" title="Laterality">Laterality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footedness" title="Footedness">Footedness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Handedness" title="Category:Handedness">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laterality" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laterality" title="Template:Laterality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laterality" title="Template talk:Laterality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laterality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laterality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laterality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laterality" title="Laterality">Laterality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:17em">Side </th> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">Left </th> <th style="text-align: center;">Both </th> <th style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;">Right </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">General </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ambidexterity" title="Ambidexterity">Ambidexterity</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">In cognitive abilities </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Geschwind%E2%80%93Galaburda_hypothesis" title="Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis">Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">In brain</a> </th> <td colspan="3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_asymmetry" title="Brain asymmetry">Brain asymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_brain_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual brain theory">Dual brain theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameralism (psychology)">Bicameralism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">In eyes </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ocular_dominance" title="Ocular dominance">Ocular dominance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In hands</a> </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Left-handedness</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cross-dominance" title="Cross-dominance">Cross-dominance</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-handedness</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Handedness in boxing </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Southpaw_stance" title="Southpaw stance">Southpaw stance</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_stance" title="Orthodox stance">Orthodox stance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Handedness in people </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_who_play_left-handed" title="List of musicians who play left-handed">Musicians</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Handedness related to </th> <td colspan="3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_sexual_orientation" title="Handedness and sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_mathematical_ability" title="Handedness and mathematical ability">Mathematical ability</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Handedness measurement </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Handedness_Inventory" title="Edinburgh Handedness Inventory">Edinburgh Handedness Inventory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Handedness genetics </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/LRRTM1" title="LRRTM1">LRRTM1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">In heart </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Levocardia" title="Levocardia">Levocardia</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Dextrocardia" title="Dextrocardia">Dextrocardia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">In major viscera </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Situs_solitus" title="Situs solitus">Situs solitus</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Situs_ambiguus" title="Situs ambiguus">Situs ambiguus</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Situs_inversus" title="Situs inversus">Situs inversus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;">In feet </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Footedness" title="Footedness">Footedness</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; font-weight: normal;">Footedness in boardsports </th> <td style="text-align: left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Footedness#In_board_sports" title="Footedness">Regular foot</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Footedness#In_board_sports" title="Footedness">Goofy foot</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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