CINXE.COM
History & Mission | Johns Hopkins University
<!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P2FG28R');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta name="sentry-trace" content="1db04a1450f34f6285ce5011f0178733-3d1d39bef7e14266-0" /> <meta name="baggage" content="sentry-trace_id=1db04a1450f34f6285ce5011f0178733,sentry-sample_rate=0.01,sentry-transaction=%2F%3Apage,sentry-public_key=25b32ee662884928bb7df398e8fb36f0,sentry-environment=production" /> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title>History & Mission | Johns Hopkins University</title> <meta name="description" content="Learn about the history of Johns Hopkins, founded in 1876 and named for a 19th-century philanthropist whose bequest established the university and hospital"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="803180099766052" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Johns Hopkins University" /> <meta property="og:title" content="History & Mission | Johns Hopkins University" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about the history of Johns Hopkins, founded in 1876 and named for a 19th-century philanthropist whose bequest established the university and hospital" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/7-1600x800.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/7-1600x800.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Homewood Campus" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1600" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#418fde"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Johns Hopkins University"> <meta name="application-name" content="Johns Hopkins University"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2d89ef"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/assets/themes/shared/src/assets/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script type="text/javascript" id="jhu-nonces"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jhu_nonces = {"search_people":"16d6b7d025","news_events":"fee1fc77d0","lazyload":"98af5db7b1","map":"af7374b85e","callout":"5b1ed0af45","rave_alert":"f457598f28","site_alert":"ebfd4830e3"}; var jhu_nonces_timestamp = "2025-02-23 06:16:02"; /* ]]> */ </script><meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue: #002D72;--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue: #68ACE5;--wp--preset--color--double-black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--sable: #31261D;--wp--preset--color--pms-1375-c: #FF9E1B;--wp--preset--color--pms-3278-c: #009B77;--wp--preset--color--pms-285-c: #0072CE;--wp--preset--color--pms-7406-c: #F1C400;--wp--preset--color--pms-7407-c: #CBA052;--wp--preset--color--pms-1505-c: #FF6900;--wp--preset--color--pms-7586-c: #9E5330;--wp--preset--color--pms-4625-c: #4F2C1D;--wp--preset--color--pms-486-c: #E8927C;--wp--preset--color--pms-173-c: #CF4520;--wp--preset--color--pms-187-c: #A6192E;--wp--preset--color--pms-188-c: #76232F;--wp--preset--color--pms-262-c: #51284F;--wp--preset--color--pms-7655-c: #A15A95;--wp--preset--color--pms-666-c: #A192B2;--wp--preset--color--pms-279-c: #418FDE;--wp--preset--color--pms-564-c: #86C8BC;--wp--preset--color--pms-7734-c: #286140;--wp--preset--color--pms-7490-c: #719949;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-5: #e6eefa;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-10: #cdddf5;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-20: #adc5ea;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-30: #7e9fd1;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-40: #648bc6;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-50: #4c77bb;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-60: #2c5ba2;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-70: #13428a;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-80: #002d72;--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-90: #081b39;--wp--preset--color--gray-5: #f2f0ef;--wp--preset--color--gray-10: #e5e2df;--wp--preset--color--gray-20: #cbc6c2;--wp--preset--color--gray-30: #b2aba6;--wp--preset--color--gray-40: #98908a;--wp--preset--color--gray-50: #7e756e;--wp--preset--color--gray-60: #645b53;--wp--preset--color--gray-70: #4b4038;--wp--preset--color--gray-80: #31261d;--wp--preset--color--gray-90: #190f08;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--heritage-blue-to-spirit-blue: linear-gradient(to right, #002D72, #68ACE5);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-small: var(--font-size-xxx-small);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small: var(--font-size-xx-small);--wp--preset--font-size--x-small: var(--font-size-x-small);--wp--preset--font-size--small: var(--font-size-small);--wp--preset--font-size--medium: var(--font-size-medium);--wp--preset--font-size--large: var(--font-size-large);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: var(--font-size-x-large);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: var(--font-size-xx-large);--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large: var(--font-size-xxx-large);}p{--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-small: var(--font-size-xxx-small);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small: var(--font-size-xx-small);--wp--preset--font-size--x-small: var(--font-size-x-small);--wp--preset--font-size--small: var(--font-size-small);--wp--preset--font-size--medium: var(--font-size-medium);--wp--preset--font-size--large: var(--font-size-large);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: var(--font-size-x-large);--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: var(--font-size-xx-large);--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large: var(--font-size-xxx-large);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1440px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1440px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-double-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--double-black) !important;}.has-sable-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--sable) !important;}.has-pms-1375-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1375-c) !important;}.has-pms-3278-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-3278-c) !important;}.has-pms-285-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-285-c) !important;}.has-pms-7406-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7406-c) !important;}.has-pms-7407-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7407-c) !important;}.has-pms-1505-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1505-c) !important;}.has-pms-7586-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7586-c) !important;}.has-pms-4625-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-4625-c) !important;}.has-pms-486-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-486-c) !important;}.has-pms-173-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-173-c) !important;}.has-pms-187-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-187-c) !important;}.has-pms-188-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-188-c) !important;}.has-pms-262-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-262-c) !important;}.has-pms-7655-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7655-c) !important;}.has-pms-666-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-666-c) !important;}.has-pms-279-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-279-c) !important;}.has-pms-564-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-564-c) !important;}.has-pms-7734-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7734-c) !important;}.has-pms-7490-c-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7490-c) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-5) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-10-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-10) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-20-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-20) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-30-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-30) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-40-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-40) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-50-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-50) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-60-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-60) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-70-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-70) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-80-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-80) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-90-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-90) !important;}.has-gray-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-5) !important;}.has-gray-10-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-10) !important;}.has-gray-20-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-20) !important;}.has-gray-30-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-30) !important;}.has-gray-40-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-40) !important;}.has-gray-50-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-50) !important;}.has-gray-60-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-60) !important;}.has-gray-70-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-70) !important;}.has-gray-80-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-80) !important;}.has-gray-90-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-90) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-double-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--double-black) !important;}.has-sable-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--sable) !important;}.has-pms-1375-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1375-c) !important;}.has-pms-3278-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-3278-c) !important;}.has-pms-285-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-285-c) !important;}.has-pms-7406-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7406-c) !important;}.has-pms-7407-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7407-c) !important;}.has-pms-1505-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1505-c) !important;}.has-pms-7586-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7586-c) !important;}.has-pms-4625-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-4625-c) !important;}.has-pms-486-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-486-c) !important;}.has-pms-173-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-173-c) !important;}.has-pms-187-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-187-c) !important;}.has-pms-188-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-188-c) !important;}.has-pms-262-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-262-c) !important;}.has-pms-7655-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7655-c) !important;}.has-pms-666-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-666-c) !important;}.has-pms-279-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-279-c) !important;}.has-pms-564-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-564-c) !important;}.has-pms-7734-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7734-c) !important;}.has-pms-7490-c-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7490-c) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-5) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-10-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-10) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-20-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-20) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-30-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-30) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-40-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-40) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-50-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-50) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-60-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-60) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-70-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-70) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-80-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-80) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-90-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-90) !important;}.has-gray-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-5) !important;}.has-gray-10-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-10) !important;}.has-gray-20-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-20) !important;}.has-gray-30-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-30) !important;}.has-gray-40-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-40) !important;}.has-gray-50-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-50) !important;}.has-gray-60-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-60) !important;}.has-gray-70-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-70) !important;}.has-gray-80-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-80) !important;}.has-gray-90-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-90) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue) !important;}.has-spirit-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--spirit-blue) !important;}.has-double-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--double-black) !important;}.has-sable-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--sable) !important;}.has-pms-1375-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1375-c) !important;}.has-pms-3278-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-3278-c) !important;}.has-pms-285-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-285-c) !important;}.has-pms-7406-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7406-c) !important;}.has-pms-7407-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7407-c) !important;}.has-pms-1505-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-1505-c) !important;}.has-pms-7586-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7586-c) !important;}.has-pms-4625-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-4625-c) !important;}.has-pms-486-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-486-c) !important;}.has-pms-173-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-173-c) !important;}.has-pms-187-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-187-c) !important;}.has-pms-188-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-188-c) !important;}.has-pms-262-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-262-c) !important;}.has-pms-7655-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7655-c) !important;}.has-pms-666-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-666-c) !important;}.has-pms-279-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-279-c) !important;}.has-pms-564-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-564-c) !important;}.has-pms-7734-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7734-c) !important;}.has-pms-7490-c-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pms-7490-c) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-5) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-10-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-10) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-20-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-20) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-30-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-30) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-40-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-40) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-50-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-50) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-60-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-60) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-70-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-70) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-80-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-80) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-90-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--heritage-blue-90) !important;}.has-gray-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-5) !important;}.has-gray-10-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-10) !important;}.has-gray-20-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-20) !important;}.has-gray-30-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-30) !important;}.has-gray-40-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-40) !important;}.has-gray-50-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-50) !important;}.has-gray-60-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-60) !important;}.has-gray-70-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-70) !important;}.has-gray-80-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-80) !important;}.has-gray-90-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-90) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-heritage-blue-to-spirit-blue-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--heritage-blue-to-spirit-blue) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-xxx-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-small) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-xx-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-x-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-xxx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large) !important;}p.has-xxx-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-small) !important;}p.has-xx-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small) !important;}p.has-x-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small) !important;}p.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}p.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}p.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}p.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}p.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}p.has-xxx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jhu-base-css' href='https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/assets/css/base.css?ver=f21407d6464ee4503316' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jhu-inner-css' href='https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/assets/css/inner.css?ver=64c460d8bc1da631e430' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jhu-logger-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jhu_logger_data = {"dsn":"https:\/\/25b32ee662884928bb7df398e8fb36f0@o106740.ingest.sentry.io\/4504554967007232","trace":"1","sample_rate":"0.01","transaction_name":"\/:page"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/shared/assets/js/logger.js?ver=4d30fb524601e9630d0b" id="jhu-logger-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/shared/assets/js/rave.js?ver=55f50a251fb3efebe7fb" id="jhu-rave-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/shared/assets/js/site-alert.js?ver=1471a85ac3384b228702" id="jhu-site-alert-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/shared/assets/js/modernizr.js?ver=291b8c292d0735d630d5" id="jhu-modernizr-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.jhu.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.jhu.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/12507" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" /> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1580540818936438'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1580540818936438&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-templates page-template-inner-big-header page-template-templatesinner-big-header-php page page-id-12507 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-12405 wp-embed-responsive page-layout_inner has-section-nav has-sidebar page-layout_big-header"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2FG28R" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="page-container"> <div role="banner"> <div class="banner-notifications"> <a class="skip-to-main" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <p class="browse-happy">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.</p> <![endif]--> <div class="rave-alert-container"></div> <div class="site-alert-container"></div> </div> <!-- begin IDENTITY-STRIPE section --> <div class="identity-stripe"> <div class="center force"> <a class="logo-tab column" href="/" title="Home"> <img class="white svg" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-white.svg" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="white svg-fallback" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-white.png" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="black svg" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-black.svg" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="black svg-fallback" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-black.png" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> </a> </div> </div> <!-- end IDENTITY-STRIPE section --> <!-- begin TITLE section --> <div class="page-title-section"> <div class="page-title-background" style='background-image: url(https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/7-1600x800.jpg)'></div> <div class="dot-matrix"></div> <div class="center"> <div class="page-title-container"> <h1 class="page-title"> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"> History</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">&</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Mission </span> </h1> <div class="page-breadcrumb"> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" title="Home">Home</a></span> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/" title="About Us">About Us</a></span> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" title="History & Mission">History & Mission</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end TITLE section --> </div> <div class="main-nav nav section force" id="bbMainNav" role="navigation"> <div class="center force"> <!-- <div class="menu-document" role="document"> --> <p id="aria-description-menu" class="hide">You are in a modal window. Press the escape key to exit.</p> <a href="#menu" title="Open Menu" class="hamburger" role="button"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visuallyhidden">Open Menu</span> </a> <!-- <div class="french-fries"> --> <ul class="tablist french-fries" role="tablist"> <li class="tab" role="presentation"> <a href="#menu" id="tab-menu" aria-controls="tabpanel-menu" role="tab"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i>Menu</a> </li> <li class="tab" role="presentation"> <a href="#search" id="tab-search" aria-controls="tabpanel-search" role="tab"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>Search</a> </li> <li class="tab" role="presentation"> <a href="https://hub.jhu.edu" id="tab-news-events" aria-controls="tabpanel-news-events" role="tab"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar" aria-hidden="true"></i>News & Events</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="tier-1 force actions french-fries"><li id="menu-item-18910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18910"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="Apply">Apply</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20004" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20004"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/visit/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="Visit">Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29732" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-29732"><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/programs/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="See programs">See programs</a></li> </ul> <div class="tabpanel-set force"> <div id="tabpanel-search" class="panel-search tabpanel column" aria-labelledby="tab-search" aria-hidden="true" role="tabpanel"> <button class="close-box-x close" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> <div class="jhu-block search-box force"> <form method="GET" action="/search/" class="column force" > <div class="form_fields force"> <input type="hidden" name="c" value="site_search" /> <label for="search-google-2085681616" class="visuallyhidden">Search jhu.edu</label> <input aria-label="Search jhu.edu" id="search-google-2085681616" class="column" type="text" name="q" value="" autocomplete="off"> <button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="button column"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visuallyhidden">Search jhu.edu</span><span class="text">search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="ga-search-suggestions"> <h4>Common Searches</h4> <ul class="ga-suggestion-set"> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Why is it called Johns Hopkins?" >Why is it called Johns Hopkins?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/#!/bachelors" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="What majors and minors are offered?" >What majors and minors are offered?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/graduate-studies/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Where can I find information about graduate programs?" >Where can I find information about graduate programs?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/tuition/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="How much is tuition?" >How much is tuition?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/financial-aid/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="What financial aid packages are available?" >What financial aid packages are available?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="How do I apply?" >How do I apply?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/maps-directions/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="How do I get to campus?" >How do I get to campus?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrnt.jhu.edu/jhujobs/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Where can I find job listings?" >Where can I find job listings?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://my.jh.edu/portal/group/myjhu" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Where can I log in to myJHU?" >Where can I log in to myJHU?</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sis.jhu.edu/sswf/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Where can I log in to SIS?" >Where can I log in to SIS?</a> </li> </ul> </div> <button class="close-button close x-small" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog">Close menu</button> </div> <div class="panel-actions tabpanel column"> <ul class="tier-1 force actions"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18910"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="Apply">Apply</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20004"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/visit/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="Visit">Visit</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-29732"><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/programs/" data-action="Click" data-category="Calls to Action" data-label="See programs">See programs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="tabpanel-menu" class="panel-menu tabpanel column" aria-labelledby="tab-menu" aria-hidden="true" role="tabpanel"> <button class="close-box-x close" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> <ul class="tier-1 force site-tree"><li id="menu-item-18108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-18108 active-section open"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="About Us">About Us</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-minus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Close About Us</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-18109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18109"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/university-leadership/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="University Leadership">University Leadership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-12507 current_page_item menu-item-18112 active-section open active-page"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" aria-current="page" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="History & Mission">History & Mission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-206853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-206853"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/diversity-inclusion/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Diversity & Inclusion">Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18114"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/notable-alumni/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Notable Alumni">Notable Alumni</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18116"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/community/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Hopkins in the Community">Hopkins in the Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-209446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-209446"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/hopkins-in-d-c/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Hopkins in D.C.">Hopkins in D.C.</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18115"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/international/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Hopkins Around the World">Hopkins Around the World</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18117"><a href="http://hub.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="News from Johns Hopkins">News from Johns Hopkins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18141" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18141"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Academics">Academics</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-plus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Open Academics</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-18145" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18145"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/undergraduate-studies/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Undergraduate Studies">Undergraduate Studies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18143" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18143"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/graduate-studies/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Graduate Studies">Graduate Studies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18148"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/online/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Online Studies">Online Studies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18149" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18149"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/part-time-programs/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Part-Time & Non-Degree Programs">Part-Time & Non-Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18150" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18150"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/summer-programs/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Summer Programs">Summer Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-210279" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-210279"><a href="https://registrar.jhu.edu/academic-calendar/divisional-academic-calendars/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Academic Calendars">Academic Calendars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18151" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18151"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/schools/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Schools & Divisions">Schools & Divisions</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-plus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Open Schools & Divisions</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-18152" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18152"><a href="https://sais.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Advanced International Studies">Advanced International Studies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18153" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18153"><a href="http://www.jhuapl.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18154"><a href="http://krieger.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Arts & Sciences">Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18155"><a href="http://carey.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Business">Business</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18156"><a href="http://education.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Education">Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18157"><a href="http://engineering.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-209646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-209646"><a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/10/06/johns-hopkins-school-of-government-and-policy/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Government & Policy">Government & Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18158"><a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/som/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18159"><a href="http://nursing.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18160"><a href="http://www.peabody.jhu.edu" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Peabody Conservatory">Peabody Conservatory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18161" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18161"><a href="https://publichealth.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Public Health">Public Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18118"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Admissions & Aid">Admissions & Aid</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-plus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Open Admissions & Aid</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-28305" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28305"><a href="https://apply.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Undergraduate Admissions">Undergraduate Admissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18901" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18901"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/graduate-admissions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Graduate Admissions">Graduate Admissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18132"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/visit/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Plan a Visit">Plan a Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18129"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/tuition/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Tuition & Costs">Tuition & Costs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18125" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18125"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/financial-aid/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Financial Aid">Financial Aid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18162" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18162"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Research & Faculty">Research & Faculty</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-plus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Open Research & Faculty</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-18164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18164"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/innovation/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Innovation & Incubation">Innovation & Incubation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25756" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25756"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/bloomberg-professors/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Bloomberg Distinguished Professors">Bloomberg Distinguished Professors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18165" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18165"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/milestones/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Milestones">Milestones</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18163" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18163"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/undergraduate-research/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Undergraduate Research">Undergraduate Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18177"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/libraries/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Libraries">Libraries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18168"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Campus Life">Campus Life</a><button class="toggle-section"><i class="fa fa-plus-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Open Campus Life</span></button> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li id="menu-item-18908" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18908"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/campuses/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Our Campuses">Our Campuses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18180" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18180"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/about-baltimore/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="About Baltimore">About Baltimore</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20656"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/housing-dining/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Housing & Dining">Housing & Dining</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18909"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/arts-culture/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Arts & Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18172" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18172"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/health-wellness/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Health & Wellness">Health & Wellness</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20689" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20689"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/athletics/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18178"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/security/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Security">Security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18179"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/disability-services/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Disability Services">Disability Services</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18181"><a href="http://hub.jhu.edu/events" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Calendar of Events">Calendar of Events</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="tier-1 force utility-links"><li id="menu-item-14922" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14922"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/maps-directions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Maps & Directions">Maps & Directions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15740" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15740"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/contact/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Contact the University">Contact the University</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14924" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14924"><a href="https://jobs.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Employment Opportunities">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14925" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14925"><a href="https://my.jh.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="my.jh.edu">my.jh.edu</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17176" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17176"><a href="https://giving.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Give to the University">Give to the University</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17177"><a href="https://alumni.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="For Alumni">For Alumni</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17178"><a href="https://studentaffairs.jhu.edu/parents-families/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="For Parents">For Parents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17179"><a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/media/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="For News Media">For News Media</a></li> <li id="menu-item-26134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26134"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/athletics/" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Athletics">Athletics</a></li> </ul> <button class="close-button close x-small" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog">Close menu</button> </div> <div id="tabpanel-news-events" class="panel-newsevents tabpanel column" aria-labelledby="tab-news-events" aria-hidden="true" role="tabpanel"> <button class="close-box-x close" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> <div class="newsevents-container"></div> <button class="close-button close x-small" aria-label="Close tab panel widget dialog">Close menu</button> <ul class="social-links" aria-label="Johns Hopkins University on Social Media"> <li> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/JohnsHopkins" target="_self" class="x fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="X" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="X" ><span class="visuallyhidden">X</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/johnshopkinsuniversity" target="_self" class="facebook fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Facebook" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Facebook" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/edu/the-johns-hopkins-university-18560" target="_self" class="linkedin fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="LinkedIn" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="LinkedIn" ><span class="visuallyhidden">LinkedIn</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/johnshopkins" target="_self" class="youtube fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Youtube" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Youtube" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Youtube</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-youtube-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://instagram.com/johnshopkinsu" target="_self" class="instagram fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Instagram" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Instagram" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Instagram</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-instagram-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hub.jhu.edu" target="_self" class="hub fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Hub" data-action="Click" data-category="Main Menu" data-label="Hub" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Hub</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-solid fa-gear " aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- </div> --> </div> <!-- </div> --> </div> <div class="big-story-container" role="complementary" aria-label="News alert"></div> <div class="main-content section is-layout-constrained"> <div class="bg-left outer"></div> <div class="bg-right outer"></div> <div class="center force"> <div class="bg-right inner"> <div class="bg-left inner"></div> </div> <div class="primary-column column force"> <div class="section-nav nav column" role="complementary" aria-label="Section Menu"> <ul class="tier-1 force"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-18108 active-section"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18109"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/university-leadership/">University Leadership</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-18110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18110"><a title="President’s Office" href="http://president.jhu.edu/">Office of the President</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18111"><a title="Provost’s Office" href="https://provost.jhu.edu/">Office of the Provost</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-12507 current_page_item menu-item-has-children menu-item-18112 active-section active-page"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/" aria-current="page">History & Mission</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-18113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18113"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/gilman-address/">Gilman’s Inaugural Address</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-206853"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/diversity-inclusion/">Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18114"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/notable-alumni/">Notable Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18116"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/community/">Hopkins in the Community</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-209446"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/hopkins-in-d-c/">Hopkins in D.C.</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18115"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/international/">Hopkins Around the World</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18117"><a href="http://hub.jhu.edu">News from Johns Hopkins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18141"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/">Academics</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18145"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/undergraduate-studies/">Undergraduate Studies</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-18146" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18146"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/undergraduate-studies/academic-support/">Academic Support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18147" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18147"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/undergraduate-studies/study-abroad/">Study Abroad</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18143"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/graduate-studies/">Graduate Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18148"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/online/">Online Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18149"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/part-time-programs/">Part-Time & Non-Degree Programs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18150"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/summer-programs/">Summer Programs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-210279"><a href="https://registrar.jhu.edu/academic-calendar/divisional-academic-calendars/">Academic Calendars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18151"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/schools/">Schools & Divisions</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18152"><a href="https://sais.jhu.edu/">Advanced International Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18153"><a href="http://www.jhuapl.edu">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18154"><a href="http://krieger.jhu.edu">Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18155"><a href="http://carey.jhu.edu">Business</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18156"><a href="http://education.jhu.edu">Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18157"><a href="http://engineering.jhu.edu">Engineering</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-209646"><a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/10/06/johns-hopkins-school-of-government-and-policy/">Government & Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18158"><a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/som/">Medicine</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18159"><a href="http://nursing.jhu.edu">Nursing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18160"><a href="http://www.peabody.jhu.edu">Peabody Conservatory</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18161"><a href="https://publichealth.jhu.edu/">Public Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18118"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/">Admissions & Aid</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28305"><a href="https://apply.jhu.edu/">Undergraduate Admissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18901"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/graduate-admissions/">Graduate Admissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18132"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/visit/">Plan a Visit</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18129"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/tuition/">Tuition & Costs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18125"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/financial-aid/">Financial Aid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18162"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/">Research & Faculty</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18164"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/innovation/">Innovation & Incubation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25756"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/bloomberg-professors/">Bloomberg Distinguished Professors</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18165"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/milestones/">Milestones</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-26448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26448"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/milestones/nobel-prize-winners/">Nobel Prize winners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18163"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/undergraduate-research/">Undergraduate Research</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18177"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/libraries/">Libraries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18168"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/">Campus Life</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-2 force"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18908"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/campuses/">Our Campuses</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-18169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18169"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/campuses/homewood/">Homewood Campus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18180"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/about-baltimore/">About Baltimore</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20656"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/housing-dining/">Housing & Dining</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18909"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/arts-culture/">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18172"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/health-wellness/">Health & Wellness</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20689"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/athletics/">Athletics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-18178"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/security/">Security</a> <ul class="sub-menu tier-3 force"> <li id="menu-item-20666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20666"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/security/emergency-contact-information/">Emergency Contact Information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18179"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/disability-services/">Disability Services</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18181"><a href="http://hub.jhu.edu/events">Calendar of Events</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="main-content" class="primary-content is-layout-constrained column force" role="main"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="251" height="300" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2015/04/johns_hopkins.jpg" alt="Portrait of philanthropist Johns Hopkins" class="wp-image-21820" style="width:200px"/></figure> <p>The university takes its name from 19th-century Maryland <strong>philanthropist Johns Hopkins</strong>, an entrepreneur with Quaker roots who believed in improving public health and education in Baltimore and beyond.</p> <p>Previously adopted accounts portray Johns Hopkins as an early abolitionist whose parents had freed the family’s enslaved people in the early 1800s. New research has uncovered <a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/12/09/johns-hopkins-ties-to-slaveholding-reexamined/">census records</a> that indicate enslaved people were among the individuals living and laboring in Johns Hopkins’ home in 1840 and 1850, with the latter document denoting Johns Hopkins as the slaveholder. Other new findings documented additional links between the Hopkins family and slavery, as well as indentured servitude. Researchers are investigating these records in tandem with other archival documents to offer a more nuanced and complex understanding of the Hopkins family’s relationship with slavery. More information about the university’s investigation of this history is available at the <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://retrospective.jhu.edu/our-initiatives/reexamining-hopkins-history" target="_blank">Hopkins Retrospective website</a>.</p> <p>Mr. Hopkins, one of 11 children, made his fortune in the wholesale business and by investing in emerging industries, notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, of which he became a director in 1847. In his will, he <strong>set aside $7 million</strong> to establish a hospital and affiliated training colleges, an orphanage, and a university. At the time, it was the <strong>largest philanthropic bequest in U.S. history</strong>.</p> <p>Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876 with the inauguration of our first president, Daniel Coit Gilman. He guided the opening of the university and other institutions, including the university press, the hospital, and the schools of nursing and medicine. The original academic building on the Homewood campus, Gilman Hall, is named in his honor.</p> <p>“Our simple aim is to make scholars, <strong>strong, bright, useful, and true</strong>,” Gilman said in <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/history/gilman-address/">his inaugural address</a>.</p> <p>In the speech, he defined the model of the American research university, now emulated around the globe. The mission he described then remains the university’s mission today:</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><em>To educate its students and cultivate their capacity for lifelong learning, to foster independent and original research, and to bring the benefits of discovery to the world.</em></p> </blockquote> <p>Or, summed up in a simple but powerful restatement of Gilman’s own words: <strong>“Knowledge for the world.”</strong></p> <div class="jhu-block teaser force" data-type="teaser"> <div class="teaser column force has-image"> <div class="thumbnail"> <a href="https://retrospective.jhu.edu/" target="_self" class="force gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Content Area" data-label="Hopkins Retrospective" ><div class="image column force image-landscape"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="360" height="240" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/football_team_archive-360x240.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Sepia tone photo of 12 members of the 1888 football team in striped jerseys" srcset="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/football_team_archive-360x240.jpg 360w, https://www.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/2014/08/football_team_archive-860x570.jpg 860w" /></div></a> </div> <div class="text"> <div class="accent-element"> <h5 class="headline"> <a href="https://retrospective.jhu.edu/" target="_self" class="gtm-link-click" data-action="Click" data-category="Content Area" data-label="Hopkins Retrospective" >Hopkins Retrospective</a> </h5> <div class="summary"><p>An ongoing effort to expand our understanding of the history of Johns Hopkins and weave that history into the university experience</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><strong>Learn more:</strong></p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://pages.jh.edu/gazette/1999/jan0499/obit.html" data-type="URL" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Baltimore Sun</em>‘s 1873 obituary for Johns Hopkins</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar column" role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-group"> <div class="jhu-block person force lazyload" data-type="person"><script type="application/json">{"count":1,"collection":16659,"random":true,"type":"person"}</script></div> <div class="jhu-block fact force lazyload" data-type="fact"><script type="application/json">{"count":1,"collection":25808,"random":true,"type":"fact"}</script></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-footer section" role="contentinfo"> <div class="center"> <div class="content force"> <div class="identification column force"> <a class="footer-logo column" href="/" > <img class="horizontal-logo svg center" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-white-no-clear-space.svg" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="vertical-logo svg center" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-vertical-white-no-clear-space.svg" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="horizontal-logo svg-fallback center" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-horizontal-white-no-clear-space.png" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> <img class="vertical-logo svg-fallback center" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/src/assets/images/logos/university-logo-small-vertical-white-no-clear-space.png" alt="Johns Hopkins University" /> </a> <ul class="contact column"> <li class="university-name">Johns Hopkins University</li> <li class="address"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-map-marker" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Address</span>Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li class="phone-number"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-phone-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="visuallyhidden">Phone number</span>410-516-8000</li> <li> <ul class="social-links" aria-label="Johns Hopkins University on Social Media"> <li> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/JohnsHopkins" target="_self" class="x fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="X" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="X" ><span class="visuallyhidden">X</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/johnshopkinsuniversity" target="_self" class="facebook fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Facebook" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Facebook" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Facebook</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/edu/the-johns-hopkins-university-18560" target="_self" class="linkedin fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="LinkedIn" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="LinkedIn" ><span class="visuallyhidden">LinkedIn</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/johnshopkins" target="_self" class="youtube fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Youtube" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Youtube" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Youtube</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-youtube-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://instagram.com/johnshopkinsu" target="_self" class="instagram fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Instagram" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Instagram" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Instagram</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-brands fa-instagram-square" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hub.jhu.edu" target="_self" class="hub fa-stack gtm-link-click" title="Hub" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Hub" ><span class="visuallyhidden">Hub</span><i class="fa-solid fa-stack-1x fa-square" aria-hidden="true"></i><i class="fa-stack-1x fa-solid fa-gear " aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li>© 2025 Johns Hopkins University. All rights reserved.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="nav column force"> <div role="search" id="search"> <div class="jhu-block search-box force"> <form method="GET" action="/search/" class="column force" > <div class="form_fields force"> <input type="hidden" name="c" value="site_search" /> <label for="search-google-1142881093" class="visuallyhidden">Search jhu.edu</label> <input aria-label="Search jhu.edu" id="search-google-1142881093" class="column" type="text" name="q" value="" autocomplete="off"> <button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="button column"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="visuallyhidden">Search jhu.edu</span><span class="text">search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="menu" class="force"> <ul class="tier-1 force site-tree column"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-18108 active-section"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/about/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="About Us">About Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18141"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/academics/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Academics">Academics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18151"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/schools/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Schools & Divisions">Schools & Divisions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18118"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/admissions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Admissions & Aid">Admissions & Aid</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18162"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/research/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Research & Faculty">Research & Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18168"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Campus Life">Campus Life</a></li> </ul> <ul class="tier-1 force utility-links nav-utility column"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14922"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/maps-directions/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Maps & Directions">Maps & Directions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15740"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/contact/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Contact the University">Contact the University</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14924"><a href="https://jobs.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Employment Opportunities">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14925"><a href="https://my.jh.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="my.jh.edu">my.jh.edu</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17176"><a href="https://giving.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Give to the University">Give to the University</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17177"><a href="https://alumni.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="For Alumni">For Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17178"><a href="https://studentaffairs.jhu.edu/parents-families/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="For Parents">For Parents</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17179"><a href="https://hub.jhu.edu/media/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="For News Media">For News Media</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26134"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/athletics/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Athletics">Athletics</a></li> </ul> <ul class="tier-1 force utility-links footer-utility column"><li id="menu-item-15475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15475"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/contact/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Contact the University">Contact the University</a></li> <li id="menu-item-207749" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-207749"><a href="https://jobs.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Employment Opportunities">Employment Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15476"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/university-policies/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="University Policies and Statements">University Policies and Statements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28269" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28269"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/privacystatement" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Privacy Statement">Privacy Statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-24461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-24461"><a href="http://sexualassault.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Title IX Information and Resources">Title IX Information and Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15477"><a href="https://e-catalogue.jhu.edu/university-wide-policies-information/higher-education-act-disclosures/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Higher Education Act Disclosures">Higher Education Act Disclosures</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36764" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36764"><a href="https://apply.jhu.edu/clery/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Clery Disclosure">Clery Disclosure</a></li> <li id="menu-item-26829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26829"><a href="http://accessibility.jhu.edu/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15478"><a href="https://www.jhu.edu/life/security/emergency-contact-information/" data-action="Click" data-category="Footer" data-label="Emergency Contact Information">Emergency Contact Information</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-overlay" role="button" aria-label="Close all modals"></div> <div class="main-nav-overlay" role="button" aria-label="Close menu"></div> <div id="breakpoint"> <div class="width"> <div class="hand"></div> <div class="lap"></div> <div class="desk"></div> <div class="wall"></div> <div class="jumbotron"></div> </div> <div class="height"> <div class="hand"></div> <div class="lap"></div> <div class="desk"></div> <div class="wall"></div> <div class="jumbotron"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="layout-debugger"> <div id="column-master-super-awesome-grid"> <div class="center force"> <!-- <div class="row force"><div class="column twelve">twelve</div></div> <div class="row force"><div class="column eleven">eleven</div></div> <div class="row force"><div class="column ten">ten</div></div> <div class="row force"><div class="column nine">nine</div></div> <div class="row force"><div class="column eight">eight</div></div> <div class="row force"><div class="column seven">seven</div></div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column six">six</div> <div class="column six">six</div> </div> <div class="row force"><div class="column five">five</div></div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column four">four</div> <div class="column four">four</div> <div class="column four">four</div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column three">three</div> <div class="column three">three</div> <div class="column three">three</div> <div class="column three">three</div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> <div class="column one">one</div> </div> --> <!-- <div class="row force"><div class="column twelve"></div></div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column eleven"></div> <div class="column one"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column ten"></div> <div class="column two"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column nine"></div> <div class="column three"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column eight"></div> <div class="column four"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column seven"></div> <div class="column five"></div> </div> --> <div class="row force"> <div class="column six"></div> <div class="column six"></div> </div> <!-- <div class="row force"> <div class="column five"></div> <div class="column seven"></div> </div> --> <div class="row force"> <div class="column four"></div> <div class="column four"></div> <div class="column four"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column three"></div> <div class="column three"></div> <div class="column three"></div> <div class="column three"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> <div class="column two"></div> </div> <div class="row force"> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> <div class="column one"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="width-breakpoint-totally-tubular-stripes"> <div class="stripe hand"></div> <div class="stripe lap"></div> <div class="stripe desk"></div> <div class="stripe wall"></div> <div class="stripe jumbotron"></div> </div> <div id="height-breakpoint-totally-tubular-stripes"> <div class="stripe hand"></div> <div class="stripe lap"></div> <div class="stripe desk"></div> <div class="stripe wall"></div> <div class="stripe jumbotron"></div> </div> <div id="breakpoint-checker"></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react.min.js?ver=18.3.1" id="react-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=36ae0e4dd9043bb8749b" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/api-fetch.min.js?ver=4c185334c5ec26e149cc" id="wp-api-fetch-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-api-fetch-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.createRootURLMiddleware( "https://www.jhu.edu/wp-json/" ) ); wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware = wp.apiFetch.createNonceMiddleware( "6ed5b48249" ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.mediaUploadMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.nonceEndpoint = "https://www.jhu.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react-dom.min.js?ver=18.3.1" id="react-dom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/escape-html.min.js?ver=6561a406d2d232a6fbd2" id="wp-escape-html-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/element.min.js?ver=cb762d190aebbec25b27" id="wp-element-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/assets/js/blocks/post-block/front.js?ver=09c90da101a639b9cb00" id="jhu-blocks/post-block/front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4" id="underscore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/backbone.min.js?ver=1.5.0" id="backbone-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js?ver=4.17.21" id="lodash-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lodash-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.lodash = _.noConflict(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/assets/js/vent.js?ver=a41c71dee6c1cbfb8e8f" id="jhu-vent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/machado/assets/js/page.js?ver=ac7f343063cb013b8049" id="jhu-page-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.jhu.edu/assets/themes/shared/assets/js/callout.js?ver=69f2c517841c65e2dbe9" id="jhu-callout-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha_strings = {"site_key":"6LclNtkZAAAAANENXb4rH5E6uT1RlbUCAFvjxJYj","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.jhu.edu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"d9c594c3aa"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LclNtkZAAAAANENXb4rH5E6uT1RlbUCAFvjxJYj&ver=1.2.2" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function($){grecaptcha.ready(function(){$('.grecaptcha-badge').css('visibility','hidden');});})(jQuery); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6185845.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); /*]]>*/ </script> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); twq('init','o1w55'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> </body> </html>