CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Shakespeare in performance - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"591505a1-2a77-4ae6-a705-3b0934bbe432","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Shakespeare_in_performance","wgTitle":"Shakespeare in performance","wgCurRevisionId":1240131675,"wgRevisionId":1240131675,"wgArticleId":12677324,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles containing video clips","Plays by William Shakespeare"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Shakespeare_in_performance","wgRelevantArticleId":12677324,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7462844","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/1200px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="943"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/800px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="629"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/640px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="503"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Shakespeare in performance - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Shakespeare_in_performance rootpage-Shakespeare_in_performance skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shakespeare+in+performance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shakespeare+in+performance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Shakespeare+in+performance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Shakespeare+in+performance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Performances_during_Shakespeare's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performances_during_Shakespeare's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Performances during Shakespeare's lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performances_during_Shakespeare's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum_and_Restoration_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum_and_Restoration_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interregnum and Restoration performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum_and_Restoration_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elsewhere in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shakespeare_on_screen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare_on_screen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shakespeare on screen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare_on_screen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dress and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shakespeare in performance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8A%E6%BC%94" title="シェイクスピアの上演 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェイクスピアの上演" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7462844#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Shakespeare_in_performance" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Shakespeare_in_performance" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&oldid=1240131675" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Shakespeare_in_performance&id=1240131675&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShakespeare_in_performance"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShakespeare_in_performance"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7462844" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Performances of William Shakespeare's plays</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/300px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/450px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg/600px-Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(painter)" title="John Gilbert (painter)">Sir John Gilbert's</a> 1849 painting: <i>The Plays of William Shakespeare at 420 scenes and characters from several of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of performances of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare's</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">plays</a> have been staged since the end of the 16th century. While Shakespeare was alive, many of his greatest plays were performed by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> acting companies at the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre" title="Blackfriars Theatre">Blackfriars Theatres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the actors of these original performances were <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burbage" title="Richard Burbage">Richard Burbage</a> (who played the title role in the first performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cowley" title="Richard Cowley">Richard Cowley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Kempe" title="William Kempe">William Kempe</a>. </p><p>Shakespeare's plays continued to be staged after his death until the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> (1642–1660), when most public stage performances were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> rulers. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a>, Shakespeare's plays were performed in playhouses, with elaborate scenery, and staged with music, dancing, thunder, lightning, wave machines, and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>. During this time the texts were "reformed" and "improved" for the stage, an undertaking which has seemed shockingly disrespectful to posterity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in "authentic" historical costumes and sets. The staging of the reported sea fights and barge scene in <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> was one spectacular example.<sup id="cite_ref-Halpern_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpern_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such elaborate scenery for the frequently changing locations in Shakespeare's plays often led to a loss of pace. Towards the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a> led a reaction against this heavy style. In a series of "Elizabethan" productions on a <a href="/wiki/Thrust_stage" title="Thrust stage">thrust stage</a>, he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Harley_Granville-Barker" title="Harley Granville-Barker">Harley Granville-Barker</a> directed quarto and folio texts with few cuts,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a> and others called for abstract staging. Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearean production styles seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performances_during_Shakespeare's_lifetime"><span id="Performances_during_Shakespeare.27s_lifetime"></span>Performances during Shakespeare's lifetime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Performances during Shakespeare's lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The troupe for which Shakespeare wrote his earliest plays is not known with certainty; the title page of the 1594 edition of <i>Titus Andronicus</i> reveals that it had been acted by three different companies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a new company of which Shakespeare was a founding member, at <a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shoreditch" title="Shoreditch">Shoreditch</a>, north of the Thames.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Londoners flocked there to see the first part of <i>Henry IV</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Digges_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Digges (II)">Leonard Digges</a> recalling, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the landlord of the Theatre announced that he would not renew the company's lease, they pulled the playhouse down and used the timbers to construct the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a>, the first London playhouse built by actors for actors, on the south bank of the Thames at <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with <i>Julius Caesar</i> one of the first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays were written for the Globe, including <i>Hamlet</i>, <i>Othello</i> and <i>King Lear</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_theatre_london.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Globe_theatre_london.jpg/220px-Globe_theatre_london.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Globe_theatre_london.jpg/330px-Globe_theatre_london.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Globe_theatre_london.jpg/440px-Globe_theatre_london.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption> Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Globe_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe theatre">Globe theatre</a> London</figcaption></figure> <p>The Globe, like London's other open-roofed public theatres, employed a thrust-stage, covered by a cloth canopy. A two-storey facade at the rear of the stage hid the <a href="/wiki/Green_room" title="Green room">tiring house</a> and, through windows near the top of the facade, opportunities for balcony scenes such as the one in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>. Doors at the bottom of the facade may have been used for discovery scenes like that at the end of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i>. A trap door in the stage itself could be used for stage business, like some of that involving the ghost in <i>Hamlet</i>. This trapdoor area was called "hell", as the canopy above was called "heaven" </p><p>Less is known about other features of staging and production. Stage props seem to have been minimal, although costuming was as elaborate as was feasible. The "two hours' traffic" mentioned in the prologue to <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> was not fanciful; the city government's hostility meant that performances were officially limited to that length of time. Though it is not known how seriously companies took such injunctions, it seems likely either that plays were performed at near-breakneck speed or that the play-texts now extant were cut for performance, or both. </p><p>The other main theatre where Shakespeare's original plays were performed was the second <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre" title="Blackfriars Theatre">Blackfriars Theatre</a>, an indoor theatre built by <a href="/wiki/James_Burbage" title="James Burbage">James Burbage</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burbage" title="Richard Burbage">Richard Burbage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a> of the Lord Chamberlain's Men. However, neighborhood protests kept Burbage from using the theater for the Lord Chamberlain's Men performances for a number of years. After the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> in 1603, they entered a special relationship with the new court of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James</a>. Performance records are patchy, but it is known that the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604 and 31 October 1605, including two performances of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1608_in_literature" title="1608 in literature">1608</a> the King's Men (as the company was then known) took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre" title="Blackfriars Theatre">Blackfriars Theatre</a>. After 1608, the troupe performed at the indoor <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre" title="Blackfriars Theatre">Blackfriars Theatre</a> during the winter and the Globe during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indoor setting, combined with the Jacobean vogue for lavishly staged <a href="/wiki/Masques" class="mw-redirect" title="Masques">masques</a>, created new conditions for performance which enabled Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate stage devices. In <i>Cymbeline</i>, for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plays produced at the indoor theater presumably also made greater use of sound effects and music. </p><p>A fragment of the naval captain <a href="/wiki/William_Keeling" title="William Keeling">William Keeling</a>'s diary survives, in which he details his crew's shipboard performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> (off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, 5 September 1607, and at <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, 31 March 1608),<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i> (Sierra Leone, 30 September 1607).<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time after its discovery, the fragment was suspected of being a forgery, but is now generally accepted as genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the first recorded amateur performances of any Shakespeare plays.<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 June 1613, the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of <i>Henry VIII</i>. A theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man who put out his burning breeches with a bottle of ale.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with rare precision. Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wotton" title="Henry Wotton">Henry Wotton</a> recorded that the play "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre was rebuilt but, like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> in 1642. </p><p>The actors in Shakespeare's company included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burbage" title="Richard Burbage">Richard Burbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kempe" title="William Kempe">Will Kempe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Condell" title="Henry Condell">Henry Condell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Heminges" title="John Heminges">John Heminges</a>. Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including <i>Richard III</i>, <i>Hamlet</i>, <i>Othello</i>, and <i>King Lear</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular comic actor Will Kempe played Peter in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> and <a href="/wiki/Dogberry" title="Dogberry">Dogberry</a> in <i>Much Ado About Nothing</i>, among other parts. He was replaced around the turn of the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Armin" title="Robert Armin">Robert Armin</a>, who played roles such as <a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(As_You_Like_It)" title="Touchstone (As You Like It)">Touchstone</a> in <i>As You Like It</i> and the fool in <i>King Lear</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is certainly known about acting styles. Critics praised the best actors for their naturalness. Scorn was heaped on ranters and on those who "tore a passion to tatters", as Hamlet has it. Also with Hamlet, playwrights complain of clowns who improvise on stage (modern critics often blame Kemp in particular in this regard). In the older tradition of comedy which reached its apex with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tarlton" title="Richard Tarlton">Richard Tarlton</a>, clowns, often the main draw of a troupe, were responsible for creating comic by-play. By the Jacobean era, that type of humor had been supplanted by verbal wit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interregnum_and_Restoration_performances">Interregnum and Restoration performances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interregnum and Restoration performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg/200px-Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg/300px-Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg/400px-Restoration_Theatre_Drolls_Characters_1662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece to <i>The Wits</i> (1662), showing theatrical <a href="/wiki/Droll" title="Droll">drolls</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a> in the lower left corner</figcaption></figure> <p>Shakespeare's plays continued to be staged after his death until the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> (1642–1660), when most public stage performances were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> rulers. While denied the use of the stage, costumes and scenery, actors still managed to ply their trade by performing "<a href="/wiki/Droll" title="Droll">drolls</a>" or short pieces of larger plays that usually ended with some type of jig. Shakespeare was among the many playwrights whose works were plundered for these scenes. Among the drolls taken from Shakespeare were <i>Bottom the Weaver</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nick_Bottom" title="Nick Bottom">Bottom</a>'s scenes from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Grave-makers</i> (the gravedigger's scene from <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> in 1660, Shakespeare's plays were divided between the two newly licensed companies: the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Company" title="King's Company">King's Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Killigrew" title="Thomas Killigrew">Thomas Killigrew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke</a>'s Men of <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a>. The licensing system prevailed for two centuries; from 1660 to 1843, only two main companies regularly presented Shakespeare in London. Davenant, who had known early-Stuart actors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lowin" title="John Lowin">John Lowin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_(17th-century_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor (17th-century actor)">Joseph Taylor</a>, was the main figure establishing some continuity with earlier traditions; his advice to his actors is thus of interest as possible reflections of original practices. </p><p>On the whole, though, innovation was the order of the day for Restoration companies. <a href="/wiki/John_Downes_(17th-century_prompter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Downes (17th-century prompter)">John Downes</a> reports that the King's Men initially included some Caroline actors; however, the forced break of the Interregnum divided both companies from the past. Restoration actors performed on <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> stages, often in the evening, between six and nine. Set-design and <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a> became more elaborate and variable. Perhaps most noticeably, <a href="/wiki/Boy_player" title="Boy player">boy players</a> were replaced by actresses. The audiences of comparatively expensive indoor theaters were richer, better educated, and more homogeneous than the diverse, often unruly crowds at the Globe. Davenant's company began at the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Court_Theatre" title="Salisbury Court Theatre">Salisbury Court Theatre</a>, then moved to the theater at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>, and finally settled in the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Dorset Garden Theatre</a>. Killigrew began at <a href="/wiki/Gibbon%27s_Tennis_Court" title="Gibbon's Tennis Court">Gibbon's Tennis Court</a> before settling into <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>'s new theatre in <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a>. Patrons of both companies expected fare quite different from what had pleased Elizabethans. For tragedy, their tastes ran to <a href="/wiki/Heroic_drama" title="Heroic drama">heroic drama</a>; for comedy, to the <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">comedy of manners</a>. Though they liked Shakespeare, they seem to have wished his plays to conform to these preferences. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg/200px-Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg/300px-Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg/400px-Thomas_Betterton_as_Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Restoration actor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Betterton" title="Thomas Betterton">Thomas Betterton</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a>, confronted by his father's ghost (with both Hamlet and Gertrude in contemporary dress) (1709)</figcaption></figure> <p>Restoration writers obliged them by adapting Shakespeare's plays freely. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Tate" title="Nahum Tate">Nahum Tate</a> rewrote some of Shakespeare's plays to suit the tastes of the day, which favoured the courtly comedy of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Beaumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">Fletcher</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_unities" title="Classical unities">neo-classical rules of drama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1681, Tate provided <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_King_Lear" title="The History of King Lear">The History of King Lear</a></i>, a modified version of Shakespeare's original tragedy with a happy ending. According to Stanley Wells, Tate's version "supplanted Shakespeare's play in every performance given from 1681 to 1838,"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Macready" class="mw-redirect" title="William Charles Macready">William Charles Macready</a> played Lear from a shortened and rearranged version of Shakespeare's text.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Twas my good fortune", Tate said, "to light on one expedient to rectify what was wanting in the regularity and probability of the tale, which was to run through the whole a love betwixt Edgar and Cordelia that never changed words with each other in the original".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tate's <i>Lear</i> remains famous as an example of an ill-conceived adaptation arising from insensitivity to Shakespeare's tragic vision. Tate's genius was not in language – many of his interpolated lines don't even scan – but in structure; his Lear begins brilliantly with the Edmund the Bastard's first attention-grabbing speech, and ends with Lear's heroic saving of Cordelia in the prison and a restoration of justice to the throne. Tate's worldview, and that of the theatrical world that embraced (and demanded) his "happy ending" versions of the Bard's tragic works (such as <i>King Lear</i> and <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>) for over a century, arose from a profoundly different sense of morality in society and of the role that theatre and art should play within that society. Tate's versions of Shakespeare see the responsibility of theatre as a transformative agent for positive change by holding a moral mirror up to our baser instincts. Tate's versions of what we now consider some of the Bard's greatest works dominated the stage throughout the 18th century precisely because the Ages of Enlightenment and Reason found Shakespeare's "tragic vision" immoral, and his tragic works unstageable. Tate is seldom performed today, though in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Shakespeare_Company" title="Riverside Shakespeare Company">Riverside Shakespeare Company</a> mounted a successful production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_King_Lear" title="The History of King Lear">The History of King Lear</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/The_Shakespeare_Center" title="The Shakespeare Center">The Shakespeare Center</a>, heralded by some as a "Lear for the Age of Ronald Reagan."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps a more typical example of the purpose of Restoration revisions is Davenant's <i>The Law Against Lovers</i>, a 1662 comedy combining the main plot of <i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i> with subplot of <i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i>. The result is a snapshot of Restoration comic tastes. Beatrice and Benedick are brought in to parallel Claudio and Hero; the emphasis throughout is on witty conversation, and Shakespeare's thematic focus on lust is steadily downplayed. The play ends with three marriages: Benedick's to Beatrice, Claudio's to Hero, and Isabella's to an Angelo whose attempt on Isabella's virtue was a ploy. Davenant wrote many of the bridging scenes and recast much of Shakespeare's verse as <a href="/wiki/Heroic_couplet" title="Heroic couplet">heroic couplets</a>. </p><p>A final feature of Restoration stagecraft impacted productions of Shakespeare. The taste for <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> that the exiles had developed in France made its mark on Shakespeare as well. Davenant and <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> worked <i>The Tempest</i> into an opera, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(1667)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tempest (1667)">The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island</a></i>; their work featured a sister for Miranda, a man, Hippolito, who has never seen a woman, and another paired marriage at the end. It also featured many songs, a spectacular shipwreck scene, and a masque of flying cupids. Other of Shakespeare's works given operatic treatment included <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> (as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairy-Queen" title="The Fairy-Queen">The Fairy-Queen</a></i> in 1692) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gildon" title="Charles Gildon">Charles Gildon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i> (by way of an elaborate masque.) </p><p>However ill-guided such revisions may seem now, they made sense to the period's dramatists and audiences. The dramatists approached Shakespeare not as <a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">bardolators</a>, but as theater professionals. Unlike Beaumont and Fletcher, whose "plays are now the most pleasant and frequent entertainments of the stage", according to Dryden in 1668, "two of theirs being acted through the year for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare appeared to them to have become dated. Yet almost universally, they saw him as worth updating. Though most of these revised pieces failed on stage, many remained current on stage for decades; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Otway" title="Thomas Otway">Thomas Otway</a>'s Roman adaptation of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, for example, seems to have driven Shakespeare's original from the stage between 1680 and 1744. It was in large part the revised Shakespeare that took the lead place in the repertory in the early 18th century, while <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher" title="Beaumont and Fletcher">Beaumont and Fletcher</a>'s share steadily declined.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 18th century witnessed three major changes in the production of Shakespeare's plays. In England, the development of the star system transformed both acting and production; at the end of the century, the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> revolution touched acting as it touched all the arts. At the same time, actors and producers began to return to Shakespeare's texts, slowly weeding out the Restoration revisions. Finally, by the end of the century Shakespeare's plays had been established as part of the repertory outside of Great Britain: not only in the United States but in many European countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-William_Hogarth_-_David_Garrick_as_Richard_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3727" /></a><figcaption><i>David Garrick as Richard III</i>. By <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, 1745. <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery" title="Walker Art Gallery">Walker Art Gallery</a>. Tent scene before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>: Richard is haunted by the ghosts of those he has murdered.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, Shakespeare dominated the London stage, while Shakespeare productions turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors. After the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_1737" title="Licensing Act 1737">Licensing Act</a> of 1737, one fourth of the plays performed were by Shakespeare, and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time (<i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> in 1755 and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> the next year) and still commanded audiences. This occasion was a striking example of the growing prominence of Shakespeare stars in the theatrical culture, the big attraction being the competition and rivalry between the male leads at Covent Garden and Drury Lane, <a href="/wiki/Spranger_Barry" title="Spranger Barry">Spranger Barry</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>. In the 1740s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Macklin" title="Charles Macklin">Charles Macklin</a>, in roles such as <a href="/wiki/Malvolio" title="Malvolio">Malvolio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock">Shylock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>, who won fame as Richard III in 1741, helped make Shakespeare truly popular.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrick went on to produce 26 of the plays at <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane Theatre</a> between 1747 and 1776, and he held a great <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Jubilee" title="Shakespeare Jubilee">Shakespeare Jubilee</a> at Stratford in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He freely adapted Shakespeare's work, however, saying of <i>Hamlet</i>: "I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act. I have brought it forth without the grave-digger's trick, Osrick, & the fencing match."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently no incongruity was perceived in having Barry and Garrick, in their late thirties, play adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next. 18th century notions of verisimilitude did not usually require an actor to be physically appropriate for a role, a fact epitomized by a 1744 production of <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> in which <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Cibber" title="Theophilus Cibber">Theophilus Cibber</a>, then forty, played Romeo to the Juliet of his teenaged daughter Jennie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_Europe">Elsewhere in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Shakespeare's work was performed in continental Europe even during his lifetime; <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a> pointed out German versions of <i>Hamlet</i> and other plays, of uncertain provenance, but certainly quite old.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was not until after the middle of the next century that Shakespeare appeared regularly on German stages.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a> compared Shakespeare to German folk literature. <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> organised a Shakespeare jubilee in Frankfurt in 1771, stating that the dramatist had shown that the Aristotelian unities were "as oppressive as a prison" and were "burdensome fetters on our imagination". <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> likewise proclaimed that reading Shakespeare's work opens "leaves from the book of events, of providence, of the world, blowing in the <a href="/wiki/Sands_of_time_(idiom)" title="Sands of time (idiom)">sands of time</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim that Shakespeare's work breaks through all creative boundaries to reveal a chaotic, teeming, contradictory world became characteristic of Romantic criticism, later being expressed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in the preface to his play <i>Cromwell</i>, in which he lauded Shakespeare as an artist of the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a>, a genre in which the tragic, absurd, trivial and serious were inseparably intertwined.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png/300px-Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png/450px-Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png/600px-Drury_Lane_1813_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The Theatre Royal at <a href="/wiki/Drury_Lane" title="Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> in 1813. The <a href="/wiki/Thrust_stage" title="Thrust stage">platform stage</a> is gone and the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pit</a> divides the actors from the audience.</figcaption></figure><p> Theatres and theatrical scenery became ever more elaborate in the 19th century, and the acting editions used were progressively cut and restructured to emphasize more and more the <a href="/wiki/Soliloquy" title="Soliloquy">soliloquies</a> and the stars, at the expense of pace and action.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performances were further slowed by the need for frequent pauses to change the scenery, creating a perceived need for even more cuts in order to keep performance length within tolerable limits; it became a generally accepted maxim that Shakespeare's plays were too long to be performed without substantial cuts. The platform, or apron, stage, on which actors of the 17th century would come forward for audience contact, was gone, and the actors stayed permanently behind the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">fourth wall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proscenium_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscenium arch">proscenium arch</a>, further separated from the audience by the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> (see image at right). </p><p>Victorian productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in "authentic" historical costumes and sets. The staging of the reported sea fights and barge scene in <i> <a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> was one spectacular example.<sup id="cite_ref-Halpern_1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpern_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too often, the result was a loss of pace. Towards the end of the century, <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a> led a reaction against this heavy style. In a series of "Elizabethan" productions on a <a href="/wiki/Thrust_stage" title="Thrust stage">thrust stage</a>, he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama. </p><p>Through the 19th century, a roll call of legendary actors' names all but drown out the plays in which they appear: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> (1755–1831), <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Kemble" title="John Philip Kemble">John Philip Kemble</a> (1757–1823), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> (1838–1905), and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> (1847–1928). To be a star of the legitimate drama came to mean being first and foremost a "great Shakespeare actor", with a famous interpretation of, for men, Hamlet, and for women, Lady Macbeth, and especially with a striking delivery of the great soliloquies. The acme of spectacle, star, and soliloquy of Shakespeare performance came with the reign of actor-manager Henry Irving and his co-star Ellen Terry in their elaborately staged productions, often with orchestral <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum Theatre, London</a> from 1878 to 1902. At the same time, a revolutionary return to the roots of Shakespeare's original texts, and to the platform stage, absence of scenery, and fluid scene changes of the Elizabethan theatre, was being effected by <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Stage_Society" title="Elizabethan Stage Society">Elizabethan Stage Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Harley_Granville-Barker" title="Harley Granville-Barker">Harley Granville-Barker</a> directed quarto and folio texts with few cuts,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1996_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a> and others called for abstract staging. Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearean production styles seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th century also saw a multiplicity of visual interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s plays. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Gordon Craig</a>'s design for <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> in 1911 was groundbreaking in its <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubist</a> influence. Craig defined space with simple flats: monochrome canvases stretched on wooden frames, which were hinged together to be self-supporting. Though the construction of these flats was not original, its application to Shakespeare was completely new. The flats could be aligned in many configurations and provided a technique of simulating architectural or abstract lithic structures out of supplies and methods common to any theater in Europe or the Americas. </p><p>The second major shift of 20th-century scenography of Shakespeare was in <a href="/wiki/Barry_Vincent_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Vincent Jackson">Barry Vincent Jackson</a>'s 1923 production of <i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Rep" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Rep">Birmingham Rep</a>. This production was groundbreaking because it reintroduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Modern_dress" title="Modern dress">modern dress</a> back into Shakespeare. It was not the first modern-dress production since there were a few minor examples before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but <i>Cymbeline</i> was the first to call attention to the device in a blatant way. <a href="/wiki/Iachimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iachimo">Iachimo</a> was costumed in evening dress for the wager, the court was in military uniforms, and the disguised <a href="/wiki/Imogen_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imogen (Shakespeare)">Imogen</a> in knickerbockers and cap. It was for this production that critics invented the <a href="/wiki/Catch_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch phrase">catch phrase</a> "Shakespeare in plus-fours".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiment was moderately successful, and the director, <a href="/wiki/H.K._Ayliff" class="mw-redirect" title="H.K. Ayliff">H.K. Ayliff</a>, two years later staged <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> in modern dress. These productions paved the way for the modern-dress Shakespearean productions that we are familiar with today. </p><p>In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> to direct a groundbreaking production of <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> with an all <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> cast. The production became known as the <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Voodoo Macbeth</a>, as Welles changed the setting to a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> run by an evil king thoroughly controlled by African magic.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially hostile, the black community took to the production thoroughly, ensuring full houses for ten weeks at the <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Theatre_(Harlem)" title="Lafayette Theatre (Harlem)">Lafayette Theatre</a> and prompting a small <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> success and a national tour.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable productions of the 20th century that follow this trend of relocating Shakespeare's plays are <a href="/wiki/H.K._Ayliff" class="mw-redirect" title="H.K. Ayliff">H.K. Ayliff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> of 1928 set on the battlefields of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i> of 1937 based on the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">Nazi</a> rallies at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, and Thacker's <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolanus (play)">Coriolanus</a></i> of 1994 costumed in the manner of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, a <a href="/wiki/Deconstructive" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructive">deconstructive</a> version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i> was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main character walked through the audience toward the stage, acting drunk and shouting <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a> comments before he proceeded to tear down (i.e., deconstruct) the scenery. Even after press coverage, some audience members still fled from the performance, thinking they were witnessing a real assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_(I._iii)_at_the_White_House_(trimmed).ogv" title="File:20090512 James Earl Jones - Othello (I. iii) at the White House (trimmed).ogv">"Othello"</a> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">5</span>:<span class="s">05</span></span>)</div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/232px--20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="131" data-durationhint="305" data-mwtitle="20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_(I._iii)_at_the_White_House_(trimmed).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">The American actor <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a>'s Act I, scene III monologue from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> Evening of Poetry, Music, and the Spoken Word on 12 May 2009.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_(I._iii)_at_the_White_House_(trimmed).ogg" title="File:20090512 James Earl Jones - Othello (I. iii) at the White House (trimmed).ogg">"Othello"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="305" data-mwtitle="20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_(I._iii)_at_the_White_House_(trimmed).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogg/20090512_James_Earl_Jones_-_Othello_%28I._iii%29_at_the_White_House_%28trimmed%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio only version</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> in the UK has produced two major Shakespeare festivals in the twenty-first century. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_(RSC_festival)" title="Complete Works (RSC festival)">Complete Works (RSC festival)</a> in 2006–2007, which staged productions of all of Shakespeare's plays and poems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second is the World Shakespeare Festival in 2012, which is part of the London 2012 <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Olympiad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Olympiad">Cultural Olympiad</a>, and features nearly 70 productions involving thousands of performers from across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of these productions are part of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_to_Globe_Festival" title="Globe to Globe Festival">Globe to Globe Festival</a>. Each of the productions in this festival has been reviewed by Shakespeare academics, theatre practitioners, and bloggers in a project called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yearofshakespeare.com/">Year of Shakespeare</a>. </p><p>In May 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> opened with <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> in the title role at the <a href="/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse" title="Donmar Warehouse">Donmar Warehouse</a> West End season at <a href="/wiki/Wyndham%27s_Theatre" title="Wyndham's Theatre">Wyndham's</a>. He was joined by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cook" title="Ron Cook">Ron Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eyre" title="Peter Eyre">Peter Eyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lee" title="Gwilym Lee">Gwilym Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macmillan_(actor)" title="John Macmillan (actor)">John MacMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McNally" title="Kevin McNally">Kevin R McNally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw" title="Gugu Mbatha-Raw">Gugu Mbatha-Raw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Ryan_(actor)" title="Matt Ryan (actor)">Matt Ryan</a>, Alex Waldmann and <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Wilton" title="Penelope Wilton">Penelope Wilton</a>. The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-ShentonStage_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShentonStage-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production was also mounted at <a href="/wiki/Elsinore_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsinore Castle">Elsinore Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> from 25 to 30 August 2009<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre" title="Broadhurst Theatre">Broadhurst Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(theatre_company)" title="Propeller (theatre company)">Propeller</a> company have taken all-male cast productions around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd" title="Phyllida Lloyd">Phyllida Lloyd</a> has continually staged all-female cast versions of Shakespeare in London.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shakespeare_on_screen">Shakespeare on screen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shakespeare on screen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations</a></div> <p>More than 420 feature-length film versions of Shakespeare's plays have been produced since the early 20th century, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the film adaptations, especially <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> movies marketed to teenage audiences, use his plots rather than his dialogue, while others are simply filmed versions of his plays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress_and_design">Dress and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dress and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries there had been an accepted style of how Shakespeare was to be performed which was erroneously labeled "Elizabethan" but actually reflected a trend of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> from a period shortly after Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare's performances were originally performed in contemporary dress. Actors were costumed in clothes that they might wear off the stage. This continued into the 18th century, the Georgian period, where costumes were the current fashionable dress. It was not until centuries after his death, primarily the 19th Century, that productions started looking back and tried to be "authentic" to a Shakespearean style. The Victorian era had a fascination with historical accuracy and this was adapted to the stage in order to appeal to the educated middle class. Charles Kean was particularly interested in historical context and spent many hours researching historical dress and setting for his productions. This faux-Shakespearean style was fixed until the 20th century. As of the twenty-first century, there are very few productions of Shakespeare, both on stage and on film, which are still performed in "authentic" period dress, while as late as 1990, virtually every true film version of a Shakespeare play was performed in correct period costume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor's Preface to <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i> by William Shakespeare, Simon and Schuster, 2004, p. xl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foakes, 6.<br />• Nagler, A.M (1958). <i>Shakespeare's Stage</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 7. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02689-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02689-7">0-300-02689-7</a>.<br />• Shapiro, 131–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringler, William jr. "Shakespeare and His Actors: Some Remarks on King Lear" from <i>Lear from Study to Stage: Essays in Criticism</i> edited by James Ogden and Arthur Hawley Scouten, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1997, p. 127.<br /> King,T.J. (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._King_Jr." title="Thomas J. King Jr.">Thomas J. King Jr.</a>) (1992). <i>Casting Shakespeare's Plays; London actors and their roles 1590–1642</i>, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32785-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32785-7">0-521-32785-7</a> (Paperback edition 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-10721-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-10721-0">0-521-10721-0</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halpern_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halpern_1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halpern_1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern (1997). <i>Shakespeare Among the Moderns</i>. New York: Cornell University Press, 64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8418-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8418-9">0-8014-8418-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1996_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1996_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, Trevor R (ed.) (1996). <i>A Midsummer Night's Dream</i>. William Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Introduction, 2, 38–39. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57565-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57565-6">0-521-57565-6</a>.<br />• Halpern, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bristol, Michael, and Kathleen McLuskie (eds.). <i>Shakespeare and Modern Theatre: The Performance of Modernity.</i> London; New York: Routledge; Introduction, 5–6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21984-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21984-1">0-415-21984-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, <i>Oxford Shakespeare</i>, xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, <i>Oxford Shakespeare</i>, xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_A._Foakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald A. Foakes">Foakes, R.A.</a> (1990). "Playhouses and Players". In <i>The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama</i>. A.R. Braunmuller and Michael Hattaway (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38662-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38662-4">0-521-38662-4</a>.<br />• Shapiro, 125–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foakes, 6.<br />• Nagler, A.M. (1958). <i>Shakespeare's Stage</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02689-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02689-7">0-300-02689-7</a>.<br />• Shapiro, 131–32.<br />• King, T.J. (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._King_Jr." title="Thomas J. King Jr.">Thomas J. King Jr.</a>) (1971). <i>Shakespearean Staging, 1599–1642</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80490-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-80490-2">0-674-80490-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, <i>Oxford Shakespeare</i>, xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foakes, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackroyd, 454.<br />• Holland, Peter (ed.) (2000). <i>Cymbeline</i>. London: Penguin; Introduction, xli. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071472-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071472-3">0-14-071472-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BK1Vu6pw84C&dq=WILLIAM+KEELING+1578+1620&pg=PA138">Alan & Veronica Palmer, <i>Who's Who in Shakespeare's England</i></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, F.E. <i>A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964.</i> Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; pp. 262, 426–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.william-shakespeare.org.uk/globe-theatre-fire.htm">Globe Theatre Fire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, <i>Oxford Shakespeare</i>, 1247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringler, William Jr. (1997)."Shakespeare and His Actors: Some Remarks on King Lear". In <i>Lear from Study to Stage: Essays in Criticism</i>. James Ogden and Arthur Hawley Scouten (eds.). New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3690-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3690-X">0-8386-3690-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, Vol 1: 341.<br />• Shapiro, 247–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nettleton, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrowsmith, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Barbara A (2001). <i>Restoration Shakespeare: Viewing the Voice</i>. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3918-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3918-6">0-8386-3918-6</a>.<br />• <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Griswold" title="Wendy Griswold">Griswold, Wendy</a> (1986). <i>Renaissance Revivals: City Comedy and Revenge Tragedy in the London Theatre, 1576–1980.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30923-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30923-1">0-226-30923-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Stanley Wells</a>, "Introduction" from <i>King Lear</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Tate's dedication to <i>The History of King Lear</i>. Quoted by Peter Womack (2002). "Secularizing <i>King Lear</i>: Shakespeare, Tate and the Sacred." In <i>Shakespeare Survey 55: King Lear and its Afterlife</i>. Peter Holland (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 98. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81587-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81587-8">0-521-81587-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Shakespeare_Company" title="Riverside Shakespeare Company">Riverside Shakespeare Company</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryden, <i><a href="/wiki/Essay_of_Dramatick_Poesie" title="Essay of Dramatick Poesie">Essay of Dramatick Poesie</a></i>, <i>The Critical and Miscellaneous Prose Works of John Dryden</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Malone" title="Edmond Malone">Edmond Malone</a>, ed. (London: Baldwin, 1800): 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uglow, Jenny (1997). <i>Hogarth</i>. London: Faber and Faber, 398. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19376-5">0-571-19376-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Peter (1995). <i>Edmond Malone, Shakespearean Scholar: A Literary Biography</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46030-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46030-1">0-521-46030-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Sir William Young, 10 January 1773. Quoted by Uglow, 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tieck, xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfister 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Düntzer, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cappon, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the 19th century playwright <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>'s essay, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/other_gilbert/short_stories/shakespeare.htm">Unappreciated Shakespeare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216182023/http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/other_gilbert/short_stories/shakespeare.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Foggerty%27s_Fairy_and_Other_Tales" title="Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales">Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay_Trewin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Courtenay Trewin">Trewin, J.C.</a> <i>Shakespeare on the English Stage</i>, 1900–1064. London, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyanna_Thompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Ayanna Thompson (2011). <i>Passing Strange: Shakespeare, Race, and Contemporary America</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195385854" title="Special:BookSources/9780195385854"><bdi>9780195385854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passing+Strange%3A+Shakespeare%2C+Race%2C+and+Contemporary+America&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195385854&rft.au=Ayanna+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+in+performance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shakespeare_2001,_pages_1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Looking at Shakespeare: A Visual History of Twentieth-Century Performance</i> by Dennis Kennedy, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahiers Elisabéthains: A Biannual Journal of English Renaissance Studies, Special Issue 2007: The Royal Shakespeare Company Complete Works Festival, 2006–2007, Stratford-upon-Avon, Edited by Peter J. Smith and Janice Valls-Russell with Kath Bradley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128195106/http://www.worldshakespearefestival.org.uk/about/">"About the World Shakespeare Festival | World Shakespeare Festival 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldshakespearefestival.org.uk/about/">the original</a> on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+World+Shakespeare+Festival+%26%23124%3B+World+Shakespeare+Festival+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshakespearefestival.org.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+in+performance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShentonStage-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShentonStage_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Shenton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/18174/jude-law-to-star-in-donmars-hamlet">"Jude Law to Star in Donmar's Hamlet."</a> <i>The Stage</i>. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://broadwayworld.com/article/Cook_Eyre_Lee_And_More_Join_Jude_Law_In_Grandages_HAMLET_20090204">"Cook, Eyre, Lee And More Join Jude Law In Grandage's HAMLET."</a> broadwayworld.com. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/3am/2009/07/10/it-s-the-highest-accolade-for-115875-21508571/">"Jude Law to play Hamlet at 'home' Kronborg Castle."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">The Daily Mirror</a></i>. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theatre programme, Everyman Cheltenham, June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Billington2012" class="citation web cs1">Michael Billington (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/dec/05/julius-caesar-review">"Julius Caesar – review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Julius+Caesar+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.au=Michael+Billington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2012%2Fdec%2F05%2Fjulius-caesar-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+in+performance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stannswarehouse.org/show/henry-iv/">"Henry IV"</a>. St Ann's Warehouse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+IV&rft.pub=St+Ann%27s+Warehouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstannswarehouse.org%2Fshow%2Fhenry-iv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+in+performance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Van-Syckle2016" class="citation web cs1">Katie Van-Syckle (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2016/legit/news/taming-of-the-shrew-phyllida-lloyd-shakespeare-in-the-park-1201782312/">"Phyllida Lloyd Reveals Challenges of Bringing All-Female 'Taming of the Shrew' to Central Park"</a>. Variety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phyllida+Lloyd+Reveals+Challenges+of+Bringing+All-Female+%27Taming+of+the+Shrew%27+to+Central+Park&rft.pub=Variety&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.au=Katie+Van-Syckle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2016%2Flegit%2Fnews%2Ftaming-of-the-shrew-phyllida-lloyd-shakespeare-in-the-park-1201782312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+in+performance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Mark (ed.). <i>The Guinness Book of Records 1999</i>, Bantam Books, 358; Voigts-Virchow, Eckart (2004), <i>Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s</i>, Gunter Narr Verlag, 92.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arrowsmith, William Robson. <i>Shakespeare's Editors and Commentators</i>. London: J. Russell Smith, 1865.</li> <li>Cappon, Edward. <i>Victor Hugo: A Memoir and a Study</i>. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1885.</li> <li>Dryden, John. <i>The Critical and Miscellaneous Prose Works of John Dryden</i>. Edmond Malone, editor. London: Baldwin, 1800.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Joseph_D%C3%BCntzer" title="Johann Heinrich Joseph Düntzer">Düntzer, J.H.J.</a>, <i>Life of Goethe</i>. Thomas Lyster, translator. New York: Macmillan, 1884.</li> <li>Glick, Claris. "William Poel: His Theories and Influence." <i>Shakespeare Quarterly</i> 15 (1964).</li> <li>Hill, Erroll. <i>Shakespeare in Sable</i>. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">Houseman, John</a>. <i>Run-through: A Memoir</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.</li> <li>Jackson, Russell. "Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1994–5." <i>Shakespeare Quarterly</i> 46 (1995).</li> <li>Nettleton, George Henry. <i>English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century (1642–1780)</i>. London: Macmillan, 1914.</li> <li>Pfister, Manfred. "Shakespeare and the European Canon." <i>Shifting the Scene: Shakespeare in European Culture</i>. Balz Engler and Ledina Lambert, eds. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2004.</li> <li>Sprague, A.C. <i>Beaumont and Fletcher on the Restoration Stage</i>. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1954.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck, Ludwig</a>. <i>Alt-englisches Theater oder Supplemente zum Shakspear</i>. Berlin, 1811.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/WQVxxgh-hh8A8A"><i>Shakespeare at the National Theatre</i>, 1967–2012</a>, compiled by Daniel Rosenthal, on Google Arts & Culture</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Shakespeare" title="Template talk:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i></li> <li><i>Henry IV</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch's and Shakespeare's sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover's Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a></i> ✻†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love's Labour's Won">Love's Labour's Won</a></i> †</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden's Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare's Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare's handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare's writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare's will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust" title="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7462844#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121041">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287064405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&oldid=1240131675">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&oldid=1240131675</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plays_by_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Plays by William Shakespeare">Plays by William Shakespeare</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 August 2024, at 18:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_in_performance&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-tj844","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.486","walltime":"0.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4923,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":68506,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3124,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":92959,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 503.750 1 -total"," 38.95% 196.199 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.38% 102.659 4 Template:Navbox"," 19.24% 96.907 1 Template:Shakespeare"," 18.21% 91.710 16 Template:ISBN"," 14.53% 73.205 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.06% 60.755 16 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 9.90% 49.862 1 Template:Cite_book"," 8.99% 45.306 1 Template:Listen"," 8.05% 40.560 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.242","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6019961,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-lzkns","timestamp":"20241122150137","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shakespeare in performance","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shakespeare_in_performance","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7462844","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7462844","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-08-08T13:53:40Z","dateModified":"2024-08-13T18:10:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Gilbert_WShakespeares_Plays.jpg","headline":"performances of William Shakespeare's plays"}</script> </body> </html>