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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="بوابة:عصور حديثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:عصور حديثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Novov%C4%9Bk" title="Portál:Novověk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Novověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Fr%C3%BChe_Neuzeit" title="Portal:Frühe Neuzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Frühe Neuzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πύλη:Νεότεροι χρόνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Νεότεροι χρόνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Edad_Moderna" title="Portal:Edad Moderna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Edad Moderna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_moderne" title="Portail:Époque moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Époque moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <div style="background:#FFFFFF; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:black; padding:6px;"> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Modern_History_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Modern History Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a></b> or the <b>modern period</b> is considered the current <a href="/wiki/Historical_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical period">historical period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>. It was originally applied to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">history of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western history">Western history</a> for events that came after the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, often from around the year 1500, like the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a> giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. From the 1990s, it is more common among historians to refer to the period after the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century as the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. The modern period is today more often used for events from the 19th century until today. The time from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1945) can also be described as being part of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary history</a>. The common definition of the modern period today is often associated with events like the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and the transition to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_order" title="Liberal international order">liberal international order</a>. </p><p>The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science, politics, warfare, and technology. It has also been an <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/European_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="European powers">European powers</a> and later their colonies, strengthened its political, economic, and cultural <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the rest of the world. It also created a new modern lifestyle and has permanently changed the way people around the world live. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era#19th_century" title="Modern era">19th</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Modern_era#20th_century" title="Modern era">20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> art, politics, science, and culture have come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America, but almost every area on the globe, including <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">movements thought of as opposed to</a> the western world and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. The modern era is closely associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, urbanization, and a belief in the positive possibilities of technological and political <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Modern_history&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_articles_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected articles - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Modern_history&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 The history of Los Angeles began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central New Spain (modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now Downtown Los Angeles, as instructed by Spanish Governor of Las Californias, Felipe de Neve, and authorized by Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli. After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly white Protestants from the Midwest and Upland South. Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Its motion picture industry made the city world-famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector. Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially from Mexico and Asia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time, droughts and wildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city's water security. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 The history of Los Angeles began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central New Spain (modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now Downtown Los Angeles, as instructed by Spanish Governor of Las Californias, Felipe de Neve, and authorized by Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli. After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly white Protestants from the Midwest and Upland South. Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Its motion picture industry made the city world-famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector. Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially from Mexico and Asia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time, droughts and wildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city's water security. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The history of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown Los Angeles</a>, as instructed by Spanish Governor of <a href="/wiki/Las_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Neve" title="Felipe de Neve">Felipe de Neve</a>, and authorized by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Bucareli" title="Antonio María de Bucareli">Antonio María de Bucareli</a>. After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe railroad</a> line from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly white <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a>.<br /><br />Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Its motion picture industry</a> made the city world-famous, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector.<br /><br />Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time, <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">droughts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">wildfires</a> have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city's <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Los Angeles">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 The Spanish Republic (Spanish: República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Spanish: Segunda República Española), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, at which time the 1931 Constitution was approved. During this time and the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the Reformist Biennium, Manuel Azaña's executive initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would modernize the country. In 1932 religious orders were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Soon, Azaña lost parliamentary support and President Alcalá-Zamora forced his resignation in September 1933. The subsequent 1933 election was won by the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA). However the President declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies. Instead, he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. In October 1934, CEDA was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. A general strike was called by the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the name of the Alianza Obrera. The rebellion developed into a bloody revolutionary uprising, aiming to overthrow the republican government. Armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias, killing policemen, clerics, and businessmen and destroying religious buildings and part of the University of Oviedo. In the occupied areas, the rebels officially declared a proletarian revolution and abolished regular money. The rebellion was crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish colonial troops from Spanish Morocco. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 The Spanish Republic (Spanish: República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Spanish: Segunda República Española), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, at which time the 1931 Constitution was approved. During this time and the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the Reformist Biennium, Manuel Azaña's executive initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would modernize the country. In 1932 religious orders were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Soon, Azaña lost parliamentary support and President Alcalá-Zamora forced his resignation in September 1933. The subsequent 1933 election was won by the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA). However the President declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies. Instead, he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. In October 1934, CEDA was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. A general strike was called by the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the name of the Alianza Obrera. The rebellion developed into a bloody revolutionary uprising, aiming to overthrow the republican government. Armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias, killing policemen, clerics, and businessmen and destroying religious buildings and part of the University of Oviedo. In the occupied areas, the rebels officially declared a proletarian revolution and abolished regular money. The rebellion was crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish colonial troops from Spanish Morocco. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b>Spanish Republic</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">República Española</i>), commonly known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Segunda República Española</i>), was the form of democratic government in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a>. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<br /><br />After the proclamation of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">a provisional government</a> was established until December 1931, at which time the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">1931 Constitution</a> was approved. During this time and the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">Reformist Biennium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>'s executive initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would modernize the country. In 1932 <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a> were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home rule was granted to <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, with a local parliament and a president of its own.<br /><br />Soon, Azaña lost parliamentary support and President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> forced his resignation in September 1933. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/1933_Spanish_general_election" title="1933 Spanish general election">1933 election</a> was won by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right">Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right</a> (CEDA). However the President declined to invite its leader, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">Gil Robles</a>, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies. Instead, he invited the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> to do so. CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. In October 1934, CEDA was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. A general strike was called by the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a> (UGT) and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) in the name of the <i>Alianza Obrera</i>. The rebellion developed into a bloody <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">revolutionary uprising</a>, aiming to overthrow the republican government. Armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, killing policemen, clerics, and businessmen and destroying religious buildings and part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oviedo" title="University of Oviedo">University of Oviedo</a>. In the occupied areas, the rebels officially declared a proletarian revolution and abolished regular money. The rebellion was crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a>, the latter using mainly <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Moorish colonial troops</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 The Kingdom of Libya (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, romanized: Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya, lit. 'Libyan Kingdom'; Italian: Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 The Kingdom of Libya (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, romanized: Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya, lit. 'Libyan Kingdom'; Italian: Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/220px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/330px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/440px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المملكة الليبية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Libyan Kingdom'; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Regno di Libia</i>), known as the <b>United Kingdom of Libya</b> from 1951 to 1963, was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">coup d'état on 1 September 1969</a>. The coup, led by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, overthrew <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Libyan_Arab_Republic" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan Arab Republic</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4   NATO and   Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War era The Cold War was a period of global geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no direct fighting between the two superpowers, though each supported opposing sides in regional conflicts known as proxy wars. In addition to the struggle for ideological and economic influence and an arms race in both conventional and nuclear weapons, the Cold War was expressed through technological rivalries such as the Space Race, espionage, propaganda campaigns, embargoes, and sports diplomacy. After the end of World War II in 1945, during which the US and USSR had been allies, the USSR installed satellite governments in its occupied territories in Eastern Europe and North Korea by 1949, resulting in the political division of Europe (and Germany) by an "Iron Curtain". The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon in 1949, four years after their use by the US at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and allied with the People's Republic of China, founded in 1949. The US declared the Truman Doctrine of "containment" of communism in 1947, launched the Marshall Plan in 1948 to assist Western Europe's economic recovery, and founded the NATO military alliance in 1949 (matched by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact in 1955). The Berlin Blockade of 1948 to 1949 was an early confrontation, as was the Korean War of 1950 to 1953, which ended in a stalemate. US involvement in regime change during the Cold War included support for anti-communist and right-wing dictatorships and uprisings, while Soviet involvement included the funding of left-wing parties, wars of independence, and dictatorships. As nearly all the colonial states underwent decolonization, many became Third World battlefields of the Cold War. Both powers used economic aid in an attempt to win the loyalty of non-aligned countries. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 installed the first communist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after deployments of US missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into nuclear war. Another major proxy conflict was the Vietnam War of 1955 to 1975, which ended in defeat for the US. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4   NATO and   Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War era The Cold War was a period of global geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no direct fighting between the two superpowers, though each supported opposing sides in regional conflicts known as proxy wars. In addition to the struggle for ideological and economic influence and an arms race in both conventional and nuclear weapons, the Cold War was expressed through technological rivalries such as the Space Race, espionage, propaganda campaigns, embargoes, and sports diplomacy. After the end of World War II in 1945, during which the US and USSR had been allies, the USSR installed satellite governments in its occupied territories in Eastern Europe and North Korea by 1949, resulting in the political division of Europe (and Germany) by an "Iron Curtain". The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon in 1949, four years after their use by the US at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and allied with the People's Republic of China, founded in 1949. The US declared the Truman Doctrine of "containment" of communism in 1947, launched the Marshall Plan in 1948 to assist Western Europe's economic recovery, and founded the NATO military alliance in 1949 (matched by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact in 1955). The Berlin Blockade of 1948 to 1949 was an early confrontation, as was the Korean War of 1950 to 1953, which ended in a stalemate. US involvement in regime change during the Cold War included support for anti-communist and right-wing dictatorships and uprisings, while Soviet involvement included the funding of left-wing parties, wars of independence, and dictatorships. As nearly all the colonial states underwent decolonization, many became Third World battlefields of the Cold War. Both powers used economic aid in an attempt to win the loyalty of non-aligned countries. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 installed the first communist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after deployments of US missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into nuclear war. Another major proxy conflict was the Vietnam War of 1955 to 1975, which ended in defeat for the US. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_(1949-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/250px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/375px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/500px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3465A4; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></span> and <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D40000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></span> states during the Cold War era</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></b> was a period of global <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (US) and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and communist <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, which lasted from 1947 until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">cold war</a></i> is used because there was no direct fighting between the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, though each supported opposing sides in regional conflicts known as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. In addition to the struggle for ideological and economic influence and an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in both conventional and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear weapons</a>, the Cold War was expressed through technological rivalries such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda campaign">propaganda campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">embargoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sports_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports diplomacy">sports diplomacy</a>.<br /><br />After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, during which the US and USSR had been allies, the USSR installed <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite governments</a> in its occupied territories in Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> by 1949, resulting in the political division of Europe (and Germany) by an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>". The USSR tested <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">its first nuclear weapon</a> in 1949, four years after their use by the US <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">at Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, and allied with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, founded in 1949. The US declared the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>" of communism in 1947, launched the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in 1948 to assist Western Europe's economic recovery, and founded the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military alliance in 1949 (matched by the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955). The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> of 1948 to 1949 was an early confrontation, as was the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> of 1950 to 1953, which ended in a stalemate. <br /><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_during_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States involvement in regime change during the Cold War">US involvement in regime change during the Cold War</a> included support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">right-wing dictatorships</a> and uprisings, while <a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement</a> included the funding of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing parties">left-wing parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">wars of independence</a>, and dictatorships. As nearly all the colonial states underwent <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, many became <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> battlefields of the Cold War. Both powers used economic aid in an attempt to win the loyalty of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned countries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> of 1959 installed the first communist regime in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> began after deployments of US missiles in Europe and Soviet missiles in Cuba; it is widely considered <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">the closest</a> the Cold War came to escalating into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>. Another major proxy conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> of 1955 to 1975, which ended in defeat for the US. (<b><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 The history of Ireland between 1536 and 1691 saw the conquest and colonisation of the island by the English state and the settlement of tens of thousands of Protestant settlers from England, Wales and Scotland. Ireland had been partially conquered by England in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, yet had never been fully brought under English rule. The Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century largely reduced the Gaelic lords of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster to English rule, while colonial projects like the Munster Plantation and Ulster Plantation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries transformed landholding in the country. In the process the Irish were subordinated to the rule of London-based governments and a British Protestant minority became the dominant political and economic class ruling over an Irish Roman Catholic majority. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when King Henry VIII deposed the FitzGerald dynasty as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new Kingdom of Ireland was declared by Henry VIII in 1542), and 1691, when the Catholic Jacobites surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. This is sometimes called the early modern period. The English Reformation, by which Henry VIII broke with Papal authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son Edward VI of England moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic. Queen Mary I then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and Queen Elizabeth I broke again with Rome in 1559. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. The religious schism meant that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic) Old English were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 The history of Ireland between 1536 and 1691 saw the conquest and colonisation of the island by the English state and the settlement of tens of thousands of Protestant settlers from England, Wales and Scotland. Ireland had been partially conquered by England in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, yet had never been fully brought under English rule. The Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century largely reduced the Gaelic lords of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster to English rule, while colonial projects like the Munster Plantation and Ulster Plantation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries transformed landholding in the country. In the process the Irish were subordinated to the rule of London-based governments and a British Protestant minority became the dominant political and economic class ruling over an Irish Roman Catholic majority. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when King Henry VIII deposed the FitzGerald dynasty as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new Kingdom of Ireland was declared by Henry VIII in 1542), and 1691, when the Catholic Jacobites surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. This is sometimes called the early modern period. The English Reformation, by which Henry VIII broke with Papal authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son Edward VI of England moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic. Queen Mary I then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and Queen Elizabeth I broke again with Rome in 1559. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. The religious schism meant that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic) Old English were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">The history of Ireland between 1536 and 1691</a></b> saw the conquest and colonisation of the island by the English state and the settlement of tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> settlers from England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Scotland. Ireland had been <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">partially conquered by England</a> in the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries, yet had never been fully brought under English rule. The Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century largely reduced the Gaelic lords of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> to English rule, while colonial projects like the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster Plantation">Munster Plantation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster Plantation</a> of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries transformed landholding in the country. In the process the Irish were subordinated to the rule of London-based governments and a British Protestant minority became the dominant political and economic class ruling over an Irish <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> majority. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> deposed the <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald dynasty</a> as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> was declared by Henry VIII in 1542), and 1691, when the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. This is sometimes called the <b>early modern period</b>.<br /><br />The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, by which Henry VIII broke with <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papal</a> authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, the Irish remained Catholic. <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary I</a> then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> broke again with Rome in 1559. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. The religious schism meant that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic) <a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a> were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. (<b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 The history of the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the history of Italy that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum. The Italian republican history is generally divided into two phases, the First and Second Republic. After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the end of World War II, Italian politics and society were dominated by Christian Democracy (DC), a broad-based Christian political party, from 1946 to 1994. From the late 1940s until 1991, the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Christian Democracy governed uninterrupted during this period, dominating every cabinet and providing nearly every prime minister. It governed primarily with the support of an array of minor parties from the centre-left to the centre-right, including the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Republican Party (PRI), and Italian Liberal Party (PLI), and even far-right parties like the Italian Social Movement (MSI). The Communist Party was excluded entirely from government, with the partial exception of the short-lived Historic Compromise, in which the PCI provided external support to a DC minority government from 1976 to 1979. The political situation was radically transformed in the early 1990s due to two major shocks: the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the wide-reaching Tangentopoli corruption scandal from 1992 to 1994. The former caused the dissolution and split of the PCI and splintering of the opposition, while the latter led to the collapse of nearly every established political party in Italy, including Christian Democracy, the PSI, PSDI, PRI, PLI, and others. Anti-establishment sentiment resulted in a 1993 referendum enabling the reform of the electoral system from pure proportional representation to a majoritarian-leaning mixed system. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 The history of the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the history of Italy that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum. The Italian republican history is generally divided into two phases, the First and Second Republic. After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the end of World War II, Italian politics and society were dominated by Christian Democracy (DC), a broad-based Christian political party, from 1946 to 1994. From the late 1940s until 1991, the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Christian Democracy governed uninterrupted during this period, dominating every cabinet and providing nearly every prime minister. It governed primarily with the support of an array of minor parties from the centre-left to the centre-right, including the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Republican Party (PRI), and Italian Liberal Party (PLI), and even far-right parties like the Italian Social Movement (MSI). The Communist Party was excluded entirely from government, with the partial exception of the short-lived Historic Compromise, in which the PCI provided external support to a DC minority government from 1976 to 1979. The political situation was radically transformed in the early 1990s due to two major shocks: the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the wide-reaching Tangentopoli corruption scandal from 1992 to 1994. The former caused the dissolution and split of the PCI and splintering of the opposition, while the latter led to the collapse of nearly every established political party in Italy, including Christian Democracy, the PSI, PSDI, PRI, PLI, and others. Anti-establishment sentiment resulted in a 1993 referendum enabling the reform of the electoral system from pure proportional representation to a majoritarian-leaning mixed system. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">history of the Italian Republic</a></b> concerns the events relating to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">history of Italy</a> that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a>. The Italian republican history is generally divided into two phases, the First and Second Republic.<br /><br />After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of the Fascist regime in Italy</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Italian politics and society were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC), a broad-based Christian political party, from 1946 to 1994. From the late 1940s until 1991, the opposition was led by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI). Christian Democracy governed uninterrupted during this period, dominating every cabinet and providing nearly every prime minister. It governed primarily with the support of an array of minor parties from the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a> (PSDI), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a> (PRI), and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> (PLI), and even <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> parties like the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI). The Communist Party was excluded entirely from government, with the partial exception of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a>, in which the PCI provided external support to a DC minority government from 1976 to 1979.<br /><br />The political situation was radically transformed in the early 1990s due to two major shocks: the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 and the wide-reaching <i><a href="/wiki/Tangentopoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangentopoli">Tangentopoli</a></i> corruption scandal from 1992 to 1994. The former caused the dissolution and split of the PCI and splintering of the opposition, while the latter led to the collapse of nearly every established political party in Italy, including Christian Democracy, the PSI, PSDI, PRI, PLI, and others. Anti-establishment sentiment resulted in a <a href="/wiki/1993_Italian_referendum" title="1993 Italian referendum">1993 referendum</a> enabling the reform of the electoral system from pure <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> to a majoritarian-leaning <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed system</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Berlusconi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlusconi era">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Contemporary archaeology is a field of archaeological research that focuses on the most recent (20th and 21st century) past, and also increasingly explores the application of archaeological thinking to the contemporary world. It has also been referred to as the archaeology of the 'contemporary past'. The use of this term in the United Kingdom is particularly associated with the Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory (CHAT) conference group. The field forms part of historical archaeology, or the archaeology of the modern period. Unlike ethnoarchaeology, contemporary archaeology studies the recent and contemporary past in its own right, rather than to develop models that can inform the study of the more distant past. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Contemporary archaeology is a field of archaeological research that focuses on the most recent (20th and 21st century) past, and also increasingly explores the application of archaeological thinking to the contemporary world. It has also been referred to as the archaeology of the 'contemporary past'. The use of this term in the United Kingdom is particularly associated with the Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory (CHAT) conference group. The field forms part of historical archaeology, or the archaeology of the modern period. Unlike ethnoarchaeology, contemporary archaeology studies the recent and contemporary past in its own right, rather than to develop models that can inform the study of the more distant past. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary archaeology</a></b> is a field of archaeological research that focuses on the most recent (20th and 21st century) past, and also increasingly explores the application of archaeological thinking to the contemporary world. It has also been referred to as the archaeology of the 'contemporary past'. The use of this term in the United Kingdom is particularly associated with the Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory (CHAT) conference group. The field forms part of <a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">historical archaeology</a>, or the archaeology of the modern period. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">ethnoarchaeology</a>, contemporary archaeology studies the recent and contemporary past in its own right, rather than to develop models that can inform the study of the more distant past. (<b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 The mission at 312 Azusa Street in 1907, Los Angeles, California, the United States, considered to be the birthplace of Pentecostalism. The history of modern Christianity concerns the Christian religion from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of World War II. It can be divided into the early modern period and the late modern period. The history of Christianity in the early modern period coincides with the Age of Exploration, and is usually taken to begin with the Protestant Reformation c. 1517–1525 (usually rounded down to 1500) and ending in the late 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the events leading up to the French Revolution of 1789. It includes the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery. Christianity expanded throughout the world during the Age of Exploration. Christianity has thus become the world's largest religion. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 The mission at 312 Azusa Street in 1907, Los Angeles, California, the United States, considered to be the birthplace of Pentecostalism. The history of modern Christianity concerns the Christian religion from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of World War II. It can be divided into the early modern period and the late modern period. The history of Christianity in the early modern period coincides with the Age of Exploration, and is usually taken to begin with the Protestant Reformation c. 1517–1525 (usually rounded down to 1500) and ending in the late 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the events leading up to the French Revolution of 1789. It includes the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery. Christianity expanded throughout the world during the Age of Exploration. Christianity has thus become the world's largest religion. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/300px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/450px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/600px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The mission at <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">312 Azusa Street</a> in 1907, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, considered to be the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>.</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">history of modern Christianity</a></b> concerns the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a> from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of World War II. It can be divided into the early modern period and the <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">late modern period</a>. The history of Christianity in the early modern period coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, and is usually taken to begin with the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517–1525</span> (usually rounded down to 1500) and ending in the late 18th century with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the events leading up to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a>. Christianity expanded throughout the world during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>. Christianity has thus become the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Charles de Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic, the president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and the prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly, the president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a cohabitation. In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant the president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means the president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term. The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic (4 September 1870–10 July 1940). (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Charles de Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic, the president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and the prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly, the president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a cohabitation. In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant the president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means the president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term. The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic (4 September 1870–10 July 1940). (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/330px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/440px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Cinquième République</i>) is <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s current <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. It was established on 4 October 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of the Fifth Republic</a>.<br /><br />The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>, replacing the former <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential</a> (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_France#French_Fifth_Republic_(1958–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of France">first French president elected under the Fifth Republic</a> in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'esprit de la nation</i></span> ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic, the president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and the prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly, the president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a <i>cohabitation</i>. In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant the president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means the president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term. <br /><br />The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal monarchy">feudal monarchy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> and the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">4 September 1870</a>–<a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">10 July 1940</a>). (<b><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 East Asia, the region dominated by Chinese, Japanese and Korean culture, was greatly transformed following its contact with the West in the 19th century. This defining period can be considered as the start of the modern period of East Asian history, and also happens to be the time of origin of most schools of martial arts of East Asian origin practiced today. New approaches and ideas about martial arts were created that are distinctly different from the previous history of martial arts, especially under the influence of nascent nationalism in the region, which took the respective traditions of martial arts as being part of the nation's heritage to be polished and standardized into a pure form and showcased to the rest of the world. As a result, the modern martial arts of China and Japan are for the most part a product of the nationalist governments in power during the 1920s and 1930s, in the case of Korea developed under Japanese occupation and cast in terms of a Korean national art during the 1950s. The modern history of Indochinese martial arts is closely related, and especially modern Muay Thai was developed in the years leading up to and following the Siamese revolution of 1932. In many countries local arts like Te in Okinawa, kenjutsu and jujutsu in Japan, and taekyon and soobak in Korea mixed with other martial arts and evolved to produce some of the more well-known martial arts in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries like karate, aikido, and taekwondo. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 East Asia, the region dominated by Chinese, Japanese and Korean culture, was greatly transformed following its contact with the West in the 19th century. This defining period can be considered as the start of the modern period of East Asian history, and also happens to be the time of origin of most schools of martial arts of East Asian origin practiced today. New approaches and ideas about martial arts were created that are distinctly different from the previous history of martial arts, especially under the influence of nascent nationalism in the region, which took the respective traditions of martial arts as being part of the nation's heritage to be polished and standardized into a pure form and showcased to the rest of the world. As a result, the modern martial arts of China and Japan are for the most part a product of the nationalist governments in power during the 1920s and 1930s, in the case of Korea developed under Japanese occupation and cast in terms of a Korean national art during the 1950s. The modern history of Indochinese martial arts is closely related, and especially modern Muay Thai was developed in the years leading up to and following the Siamese revolution of 1932. In many countries local arts like Te in Okinawa, kenjutsu and jujutsu in Japan, and taekyon and soobak in Korea mixed with other martial arts and evolved to produce some of the more well-known martial arts in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries like karate, aikido, and taekwondo. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">East Asia, the region dominated by Chinese, Japanese and Korean culture, was greatly transformed following its contact with the West in the 19th century. This defining period can be considered as the start of the modern period of East Asian history, and also happens to be the time of origin of most schools of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> of East Asian origin practiced today.<br />New approaches and ideas about martial arts were created that are distinctly different from the previous <a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">history of martial arts</a>, especially under the influence of nascent <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in the region, which took the respective traditions of martial arts as being part of the nation's heritage to be polished and standardized into a pure form and showcased to the rest of the world.<br /><br />As a result, the modern martial arts of China and Japan are for the most part a product of the nationalist governments in power during the 1920s and 1930s, in the case of Korea developed under <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a> and cast in terms of a Korean national art during the 1950s.<br />The modern history of <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese martial arts">Indochinese martial arts</a> is closely related, and especially modern <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> was developed in the years leading up to and following the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a>.<br /><br />In many countries local arts like <a href="/wiki/Te_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Te (martial arts)">Te</a> in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> in Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Taekyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekyon">taekyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soobak" class="mw-redirect" title="Soobak">soobak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> mixed with other martial arts and evolved to produce some of the more well-known martial arts in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries like <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Modern history of East Asian martial arts">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración) or Bourbon Restoration (Spanish: Restauración borbónica) was the period in Spanish history between the First Spanish Republic and the Second Spanish Republic from 1874 to 1931. It began on 29 December 1874, after a coup d'état by General Arsenio Martínez Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. After nearly a century of political instability and several civil wars, the Restoration attempted to establish a new political system that ensured stability through the practice of turno, an intentional rotation of liberal and conservative parties in leadership often achieved through electoral fraud. Critics of the system included republicans, socialists, anarchists, Basque and Catalan nationalists, and Carlists. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración) or Bourbon Restoration (Spanish: Restauración borbónica) was the period in Spanish history between the First Spanish Republic and the Second Spanish Republic from 1874 to 1931. It began on 29 December 1874, after a coup d'état by General Arsenio Martínez Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. After nearly a century of political instability and several civil wars, the Restoration attempted to establish a new political system that ensured stability through the practice of turno, an intentional rotation of liberal and conservative parties in leadership often achieved through electoral fraud. Critics of the system included republicans, socialists, anarchists, Basque and Catalan nationalists, and Carlists. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Restauración</i>) or <b>Bourbon Restoration</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Restauración borbónica</i>) was the period in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish history">Spanish history</a> between the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> from 1874 to 1931. It began on 29 December 1874, after a coup d'état by General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a> ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.<br /><br />After nearly a century of political instability and several civil wars, the Restoration attempted to establish a new political system that ensured stability through the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Turno" title="Turno">turno</a></i>, an intentional rotation of liberal and conservative parties in leadership often achieved through <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>. Critics of the system included <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> nationalists, and <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 The New-York Tribune printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended: Baltic States War of Independence and Russian Civil War White Army – Yudenich North Russia intervention White Army – Kolchak in Siberia White Army – Denikin Ukrainian War of Independence Polish–Soviet War Silesia tension between the Poles and Germans. Romanian occupation of Hungary Gabriele D'Annunzio seizes Fiume, creates the Italian Regency of Carnaro Fighting in Albania Turkish War of Independence In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (interbellum) lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of social and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the first world. The era's indulgences were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany and Italy. China was in the midst of a half-century of instability and the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang the Chinese Communist Party and many warlords. The empires of Britain, France, and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many colonies; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting most of Ireland became independent. The Russian, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman territories and German colonies redistributed among the Allies, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland became independent nations in their own right, and Bessarabia (now Moldova and parts of Ukraine) chose to reunify with Romania. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 The New-York Tribune printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended: Baltic States War of Independence and Russian Civil War White Army – Yudenich North Russia intervention White Army – Kolchak in Siberia White Army – Denikin Ukrainian War of Independence Polish–Soviet War Silesia tension between the Poles and Germans. Romanian occupation of Hungary Gabriele D'Annunzio seizes Fiume, creates the Italian Regency of Carnaro Fighting in Albania Turkish War of Independence In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (interbellum) lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of social and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the first world. The era's indulgences were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany and Italy. China was in the midst of a half-century of instability and the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang the Chinese Communist Party and many warlords. The empires of Britain, France, and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many colonies; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting most of Ireland became independent. The Russian, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman territories and German colonies redistributed among the Allies, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland became independent nations in their own right, and Bessarabia (now Moldova and parts of Ukraine) chose to reunify with Romania. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Europe with numbered locations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/400px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/600px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg/800px-Post_WWI_Conflict_Map_In_New-York_Tribune_November_9_1919_Page_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption><br />The <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended:<div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states#Interwar_period_and_independence,_1918–1940" title="Baltic states">Baltic States War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Yudenich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia intervention</a></li><li>White Army – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li><li>White Army – <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Denikin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Silesia</a> tension between the Poles and Germans.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Romanian occupation of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> seizes Fiume, creates the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania during World War I">Fighting in Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure><br />In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the 20th century">history of the 20th century</a>, the <b>interwar period (<i><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">interbellum</a></i>)</b> lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (WWI) to the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, a time of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">economic mobility</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and more became common among populations in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">first world</a>. The era's indulgences were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies.<br /><br />Politically, the era coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, starting in Russia with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, particularly in Germany and Italy. China was in the midst of a half-century of instability and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and many warlords. The empires of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, and others faced challenges as <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a>; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">most of Ireland became independent.</a><br /><br />The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empires</a> were dismantled, with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a> redistributed among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> became independent nations in their own right, and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">chose to reunify</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Louis XIV of France (the Sun King), under whose reign the ancien régime reached an absolutist form of government; portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701 The ancien régime (/ˌɒ̃sjæ̃ reɪˈʒiːm/; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ⓘ; lit. 'old rule') was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic. "Ancien régime" is now a common metaphor for "a system or mode no longer prevailing". The administrative and social structures of the ancien régime in France evolved across years of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), and internal conflicts. The attempts of the Valois Dynasty to reform and re-establish control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Wars of Religion from 1562 to 1598. During the Bourbon Dynasty, much of the reigns of Henry IV (r. 1589–1610) and Louis XIII (r. 1610–1643) and the early years of Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) focused on administrative centralization. Despite the notion of "absolute monarchy" (typified by the king's right to issue orders through lettres de cachet) and efforts to create a centralized state, ancien régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, the French nobility struggled to maintain their influence in local judiciary and state branches while the Fronde and other major internal conflicts violently contested additional centralization. The drive for centralization related directly to questions of royal finances and the ability to wage war. The internal conflicts and dynastic crises of the 16th and the 17th centuries between Catholics and Protestants, the Habsburgs' internal family conflict, and the territorial expansion of France in the 17th century all demanded great sums, which needed to be raised by taxes, such as the land tax (taille) and the tax on salt (gabelle), and by contributions of men and service from the nobility. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Louis XIV of France (the Sun King), under whose reign the ancien régime reached an absolutist form of government; portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701 The ancien régime (/ˌɒ̃sjæ̃ reɪˈʒiːm/; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ⓘ; lit. 'old rule') was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic. "Ancien régime" is now a common metaphor for "a system or mode no longer prevailing". The administrative and social structures of the ancien régime in France evolved across years of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), and internal conflicts. The attempts of the Valois Dynasty to reform and re-establish control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Wars of Religion from 1562 to 1598. During the Bourbon Dynasty, much of the reigns of Henry IV (r. 1589–1610) and Louis XIII (r. 1610–1643) and the early years of Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) focused on administrative centralization. Despite the notion of "absolute monarchy" (typified by the king's right to issue orders through lettres de cachet) and efforts to create a centralized state, ancien régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, the French nobility struggled to maintain their influence in local judiciary and state branches while the Fronde and other major internal conflicts violently contested additional centralization. The drive for centralization related directly to questions of royal finances and the ability to wage war. The internal conflicts and dynastic crises of the 16th and the 17th centuries between Catholics and Protestants, the Habsburgs' internal family conflict, and the territorial expansion of France in the 17th century all demanded great sums, which needed to be raised by taxes, such as the land tax (taille) and the tax on salt (gabelle), and by contributions of men and service from the nobility. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> (the Sun King), under whose reign the <i>ancien régime</i> reached an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> form of government; portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>, 1701</figcaption></figure><br />The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/æ̃/: nasal 'in' in 'vin blanc'">æ̃</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃sjɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁeʒim]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-ancien_r%C3%A9gime.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-ancien_r%C3%A9gime.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-ancien r\u00e9gime.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-ancien_r%C3%A9gime.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-ancien_r%C3%A9gime.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-ancien_r%C3%A9gime.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-ancien régime.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">old rule</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> and social system of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> that the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> system of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> and in 1792 through its <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of the king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">declaration of a republic</a>. "Ancien régime" is now a common metaphor for "a system or mode no longer prevailing".<br /><br />The administrative and social structures of the <i>ancien régime</i> in France evolved across years of state-building, legislative acts (like the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a>), and internal conflicts. The attempts of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois Dynasty</a> to reform and re-establish control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a> from 1562 to 1598. During the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon Dynasty</a>, much of the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1589–1610</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1610–1643</span>) and the early years of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1643–1715</span>) focused on administrative centralization. Despite the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>" (typified by the king's right to issue orders through <i><a href="/wiki/Lettres_de_cachet" title="Lettres de cachet">lettres de cachet</a></i>) and efforts to create a centralized state, <i>ancien régime</i> France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, the French nobility struggled to maintain their influence in local judiciary and state branches while <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a> and other major internal conflicts violently contested additional centralization.<br /><br />The drive for centralization related directly to questions of royal finances and the ability to wage war. The internal conflicts and dynastic crises of the 16th and the 17th centuries between Catholics and Protestants, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>' internal family conflict, and the territorial expansion of France in the 17th century all demanded great sums, which needed to be raised by taxes, such as the land tax (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Taille" title="Taille">taille</a></i></span>) and the tax on salt (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a></i></span>), and by contributions of men and service from the nobility. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 According to most scholars the history of modern Egypt dates from the start of the rule of Muhammad Ali in 1805 and his launching of Egypt's modernization project that involved building a new army and suggesting a new map for the country, though the definition of Egypt's modern history has varied in accordance with different definitions of modernity. Some scholars date it as far back as 1516 with the Ottomans' defeat of the Mamlūks in 1516–17. Muhammad Ali's dynasty became practically independent from Ottoman rule, following his military campaigns against the Empire and his ability to enlist large-scale armies, allowing him to control both Egypt and parts of North Africa and the Middle East. In 1882, the Khedivate of Egypt became part of the British sphere of influence in the region, a situation that conflicted with its position as an autonomous vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The country became a British protectorate in 1915 and achieved full independence in 1922, becoming a kingdom under the rule of Muhammad Ali's dynasty, which lasted until 1952. Gamal Abdel Nasser ended monarchical rule and established a republic in Egypt, known as the Republic of Egypt, following the 1952 Egyptian revolution. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades: by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination in 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 According to most scholars the history of modern Egypt dates from the start of the rule of Muhammad Ali in 1805 and his launching of Egypt's modernization project that involved building a new army and suggesting a new map for the country, though the definition of Egypt's modern history has varied in accordance with different definitions of modernity. Some scholars date it as far back as 1516 with the Ottomans' defeat of the Mamlūks in 1516–17. Muhammad Ali's dynasty became practically independent from Ottoman rule, following his military campaigns against the Empire and his ability to enlist large-scale armies, allowing him to control both Egypt and parts of North Africa and the Middle East. In 1882, the Khedivate of Egypt became part of the British sphere of influence in the region, a situation that conflicted with its position as an autonomous vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The country became a British protectorate in 1915 and achieved full independence in 1922, becoming a kingdom under the rule of Muhammad Ali's dynasty, which lasted until 1952. Gamal Abdel Nasser ended monarchical rule and established a republic in Egypt, known as the Republic of Egypt, following the 1952 Egyptian revolution. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades: by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination in 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">According to most scholars the <b>history of modern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></b> dates from the start of the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt#Reinventing_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in 1805 and his launching of Egypt's modernization project that involved building a new army and suggesting a new map for the country, though the definition of Egypt's modern history has varied in accordance with different definitions of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. Some scholars date it as far back as 1516 with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans'</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">defeat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamlūks</a> in 1516–17.<br /><br />Muhammad Ali's dynasty became practically independent from Ottoman rule, following his military campaigns against the Empire and his ability to enlist large-scale armies, allowing him to control both Egypt and parts of North Africa and the Middle East. In 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> became part of the British sphere of influence in the region, a situation that conflicted with its position as an autonomous vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <br />The country became a British <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorate of Egypt">protectorate</a> in 1915 and achieved full independence in 1922, becoming a kingdom under the rule of Muhammad Ali's dynasty, which lasted until 1952.<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> ended monarchical rule and established a republic in Egypt, known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Egypt">Republic of Egypt</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a>. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Egypt">presidents</a> over the following six decades: by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> from 1971 until his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_El_Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Anwar El Sadat">assassination</a> in 1981, and by <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Free France (French: France libre) was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II. Led by General Charles de Gaulle, Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France to Nazi Germany. It joined the Allied nations in fighting Axis forces with the Free French Forces (Forces françaises libres), supported the resistance in Nazi-occupied France, known as the French Forces of the Interior, and gained strategic footholds in several French colonies in Africa. Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain led efforts to negotiate an armistice and established a German puppet state known as Vichy France. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the Appeal of 18 June (Appel du 18 juin) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the Empire Defense Council (Conseil de défense de l'Empire)—later the French National Committee (Comité national français or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call. Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific, India, and Equatorial Africa, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected de Gaulle's appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by November 1942. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 Free France (French: France libre) was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II. Led by General Charles de Gaulle, Free France was established as a government-in-exile in London in June 1940 after the Fall of France to Nazi Germany. It joined the Allied nations in fighting Axis forces with the Free French Forces (Forces françaises libres), supported the resistance in Nazi-occupied France, known as the French Forces of the Interior, and gained strategic footholds in several French colonies in Africa. Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal Philippe Pétain led efforts to negotiate an armistice and established a German puppet state known as Vichy France. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the Appeal of 18 June (Appel du 18 juin) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the Empire Defense Council (Conseil de défense de l'Empire)—later the French National Committee (Comité national français or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call. Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific, India, and Equatorial Africa, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected de Gaulle's appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by November 1942. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/330px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/440px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">France libre</i>) was a resistance government<br />claiming to be the legitimate government of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third Republic</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Led by General <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></span>, Free France was established as a <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in London in June 1940 after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. It joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied nations</a> in fighting <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces with the <b>Free French Forces</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Forces françaises libres</i></span>), supported the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Nazi-occupied France</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a>, and gained strategic footholds in several <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies in Africa</a>.<br /><br />Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> led efforts to <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">negotiate an armistice</a> and established a German puppet state known as <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Appel du 18 juin</i></span>) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Conseil de défense de l'Empire</i></span>)—later the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comité national français</i></span> or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call.<br /><br />Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected <span class="nowrap">de Gaulle</span>'s appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by <a href="/wiki/Allied_landings_in_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied landings in North Africa">November 1942.</a> (<b><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Topics">More selected articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Need_help?" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Need_help.3F"></span>Need help?</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p>Do you have a question about Modern history that you can't find the answer to? </p><p>Consider asking it at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Wikipedia reference desk</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Modern_history&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small><b>The following are images from various modern history-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1U.S. Army troops in Kunar Province (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 1U.S. Army troops in Kunar Province (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/120px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/180px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg/240px-US_Army_Afghanistan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> troops in <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2Martin Luther King Jr., an African American civil rights movement leader (Washington, August 1963) (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 2Martin Luther King Jr., an African American civil rights movement leader (Washington, August 1963) (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/111px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/166px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/222px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> leader (<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">Washington, August 1963</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3The division of Europe during the Cold War (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 3The division of Europe during the Cold War (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg/120px-Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg/180px-Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg/240px-Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>The division of Europe during the Cold War (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4Elvis Presley in 1956, a leading figure of rock and roll and rockabilly. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 4Elvis Presley in 1956, a leading figure of rock and roll and rockabilly. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/92px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/138px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg/184px-Elvis_Presley_first_national_television_appearance_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in 1956, a leading figure of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oilfields_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Oil field in California, 1938. The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the Apsheron Peninsula north-east of Baku. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 5Oil field in California, 1938. The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the Apsheron Peninsula north-east of Baku. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/120px-Oilfields_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/180px-Oilfields_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oilfields_California.jpg/240px-Oilfields_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9126" data-file-height="7009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">Oil field</a> in California, 1938.<br />The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the <a href="/wiki/Apsheron_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsheron Peninsula">Apsheron Peninsula</a> north-east of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6Hong Kong, under British administration from 1842 to 1997, is one of the original Four Asian Tigers. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 6Hong Kong, under British administration from 1842 to 1997, is one of the original Four Asian Tigers. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/120px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/180px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg/240px-20091002_Hong_Kong_6269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, under British administration from 1842 to 1997, is one of the original <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923). (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 7Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923). (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/120px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/180px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/240px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>Map of territorial changes in Europe after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (as of 1923). (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8The Blue Marble, Earth as seen from Apollo 17 in December 1972. The photograph was taken by LMP Harrison Schmitt. The second half of the 20th century saw humanity's first space exploration. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 8The Blue Marble, Earth as seen from Apollo 17 in December 1972. The photograph was taken by LMP Harrison Schmitt. The second half of the 20th century saw humanity's first space exploration. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/120px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/180px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/240px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, Earth as seen from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> in December 1972. The photograph was taken by LMP <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>. The second half of the 20th century saw humanity's first <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Decolonization of the British Empire in Africa. (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 9Decolonization of the British Empire in Africa. (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/120px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/180px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/240px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>Decolonization of the British Empire in Africa. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10A visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet. Partial map of the Internet based in 2005. (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 10A visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet. Partial map of the Internet based in 2005. (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/120px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/180px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/240px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>A visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet. Partial map of the Internet based in 2005. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Photo of American astronaut Buzz Aldrin during the first moonwalk in 1969, taken by Neil Armstrong. The relatively young aerospace engineering industries rapidly grew in the 66 years after the Wright brothers' first flight. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 11Photo of American astronaut Buzz Aldrin during the first moonwalk in 1969, taken by Neil Armstrong. The relatively young aerospace engineering industries rapidly grew in the 66 years after the Wright brothers' first flight. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/119px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/178px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/238px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>Photo of American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">first moonwalk</a> in 1969, taken by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>. The relatively young <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> industries rapidly grew in the 66 years after the Wright brothers' first flight. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12I and the Village, 1911, by Marc Chagall, a modern painter (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 12I and the Village, 1911, by Marc Chagall, a modern painter (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/94px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/141px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg/188px-Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/I_and_the_Village" title="I and the Village">I and the Village</a></i>, 1911, by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">modern painter</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 World powers and empires in 1914, just before the First World War. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 13 World powers and empires in 1914, just before the First World War. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/120px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/180px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/240px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">World powers and empires in 1914, just before the First World War. </div> (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_independence_dates.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14The international community grew in the second half of the century significantly due to a new wave of decolonization, particularly in Africa. Most of the newly independent states, were grouped together with many other so called developing countries. Developing countries gained attention, particularly due to rapid population growth, leading to a record world population of nearly 7 billion people by the end of the century. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 14The international community grew in the second half of the century significantly due to a new wave of decolonization, particularly in Africa. Most of the newly independent states, were grouped together with many other so called developing countries. Developing countries gained attention, particularly due to rapid population growth, leading to a record world population of nearly 7 billion people by the end of the century. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/113px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/169px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Africa_independence_dates.PNG/226px-Africa_independence_dates.PNG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>The international community grew in the second half of the century significantly due to a new wave of decolonization, particularly in Africa. Most of the newly independent states, were grouped together with many other so called <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. Developing countries gained attention, particularly due to rapid population growth, leading to a record <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> of nearly 7 billion people by the end of the century. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_079_europe_(fleming).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15A stamp commemorating Alexander Fleming. His discovery of penicillin changed the world of medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 15A stamp commemorating Alexander Fleming. His discovery of penicillin changed the world of medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/120px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/180px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/240px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>A stamp commemorating <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>. His discovery of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> changed the world of medicine by introducing the age of antibiotics. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_(HDR).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16The Empire State Building is an iconic building of the 1930s. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 16The Empire State Building is an iconic building of the 1930s. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/81px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/121px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg/162px-Empire_State_Building_%28HDR%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> is an iconic building of the 1930s. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17Earthrise, taken on December 24, 1968 by astronaut William "Bill" Anders during the Apollo 8 space mission. It was the first photograph taken of Earth from lunar orbit. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 17Earthrise, taken on December 24, 1968 by astronaut William "Bill" Anders during the Apollo 8 space mission. It was the first photograph taken of Earth from lunar orbit. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/120px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/180px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/240px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i>, taken on December 24, 1968 by astronaut <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William "Bill" Anders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> space mission. It was the first photograph taken of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18The World Trade Center on fire in the September 11 attacks (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 18The World Trade Center on fire in the September 11 attacks (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/120px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/180px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/240px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> on fire in the September 11 attacks (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_towns_incunabula.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Spread of printing by Johannes Gutenberg from Mainz in Europe in the 15th century (from Modern era)"><img alt="Image 19Spread of printing by Johannes Gutenberg from Mainz in Europe in the 15th century (from Modern era)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/111px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/166px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Printing_towns_incunabula.svg/222px-Printing_towns_incunabula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span><a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">Spread of printing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> in Europe in the 15th century (from <b><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20Wheat yields greatly increased from the Green Revolution in the world's least developed countries. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 20Wheat yields greatly increased from the Green Revolution in the world's least developed countries. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/120px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/180px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg/240px-Wheat_yields_in_Least_Developed_Countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>Wheat yields greatly increased from the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> in the world's <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21The pioneer of computer science, Alan Turing (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 21The pioneer of computer science, Alan Turing (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/101px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/151px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg/202px-Alan_Turing_portr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span>The pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Charlie Chaplin in his 1921 film The Kid, with Jackie Coogan. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 22Charlie Chaplin in his 1921 film The Kid, with Jackie Coogan. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/89px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/133px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg/177px-Chaplin_The_Kid_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> in his 1921 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kid_(1921_film)" title="The Kid (1921 film)">The Kid</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Coogan" title="Jackie Coogan">Jackie Coogan</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23First flight of the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; Orville piloting with Wilbur running at wingtip. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 23First flight of the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; Orville piloting with Wilbur running at wingtip. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/120px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/180px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/240px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span>First flight of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i> on December 17, 1903, in <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>; Orville piloting with Wilbur running at wingtip. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Ralph Baer's Magnavox Odyssey, the first video game console, released in 1972. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 24Ralph Baer's Magnavox Odyssey, the first video game console, released in 1972. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/120px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/180px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/240px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Baer">Ralph Baer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a></i>, the first video game console, released in 1972. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_(2014).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25Countries by real GDP growth rate in 2014. (Countries in brown were in recession.) (from Contemporary history)"><img alt="Image 25Countries by real GDP growth rate in 2014. (Countries in brown were in recession.) (from Contemporary history)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg/120px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg/180px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg/240px-Countries_by_Real_GDP_Growth_Rate_%282014%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>Countries by real GDP growth rate in 2014. (Countries in brown were in recession.) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26The mushroom cloud of the detonation of Little Boy, the first nuclear attack in history, on 6 August 1945 over Hiroshima, igniting the nuclear age with the international security dominating thread of mutual assured destruction in the latter half of the 20th century. (from 20th century)"><img alt="Image 26The mushroom cloud of the detonation of Little Boy, the first nuclear attack in history, on 6 August 1945 over Hiroshima, igniting the nuclear age with the international security dominating thread of mutual assured destruction in the latter half of the 20th century. (from 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/102px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/153px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/204px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> of the detonation of <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">first nuclear attack</a> in history, on 6 August 1945 over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, igniting the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear age">nuclear age</a> with the international security dominating thread of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutual assured destruction</a> in the latter half of the 20th century. (from <b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/41px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/54px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/25px-Ambox_globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/38px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/50px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/27px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/41px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/54px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/27px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/41px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/54px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/25px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/50px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/27px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/41px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/54px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/15px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/23px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/30px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/27px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/41px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/54px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/25px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/50px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/23px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/45px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/21px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/32px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/42px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/10px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/16px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/21px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/12px-IPhone_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/18px-IPhone_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IPhone_5.svg/24px-IPhone_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="4578" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:2010s" title="Portal:2010s">2010s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_(DALL-_E)_Dec_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg/25px-Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg/38px-Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg/50px-Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:2020s" title="Portal:2020s">2020s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/23px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/36px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/47px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><span style="float:right;margin-left:0.9em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProjects"><img alt="WikiProjects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/100px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/150px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">WikiProject History</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div class="nomobile" style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Topics</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Modern_World" title="A History of the Modern World">A History of the Modern World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Europe">Modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">Fin de siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">Late modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern languages">Modern languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_reenactment" title="Modern reenactment">Modern reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Modern warfare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Modern history of East Asian martial arts">Modern history of East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Los Angeles">Modern history of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> <p>Countries </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_since_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cyprus since 1878">History of Cyprus since 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">History of modern Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Fiji" title="Modern history of Fiji">Modern history of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Iraq" title="Modern history of Iraq">Modern history of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">History of modern Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern history of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">History of modern Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Wales" title="Modern history of Wales">Modern history of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history of Yemen</a></li></ul> <p>France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a> – 1498–1515</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a> – 1515–1589</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a> – 1589–1792</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">France in the long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">History of France (1900 to present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> – 1870–1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> – 1940–1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a> – 1944–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> – 1946–1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> – 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany in the early modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century history of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> <p>Greece </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">History of modern Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_Greek_history" title="Timeline of modern Greek history">Timeline of modern Greek history</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Ireland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> (1815-1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Colonial Empire">Italian Colonial Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">History of the Italian Republic</a> (1945 to present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a> (1969-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconi_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlusconi era">Berlusconi era</a> (2001 to 2011)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Libya </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitania Vilayet">Tripolitania Vilayet</a> (1864-1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_as_Italian_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Libya as Italian colony">History of Libya as Italian colony</a> (1911-1943)</li> <li>World War II and Allied occupation, see <a href="/wiki/Libya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya during World War II">Libya during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> (1951-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_under_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya under Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a> (1969-2011)</li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Spain">Early Modern history of Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> (16th to 17th centuries) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century Spain">17th-century Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Spain">Bourbon Spain</a> (18th century)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="19th-century Spain">19th-century Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1814%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1814–73)">History of Spain (1814–73)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration (Spain)</a> (1874–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century Spain">20th-century Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> (1936–1975)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">History of Spain (1975–present)</a></li></ul> <p>United Kingdom </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049300">.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox th,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox td,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-subgroup,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-list,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-even,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox span,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Events_by_month" title="Portal:Current events/Events by month"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Current_events/Events_by_month" title="Portal talk:Current events/Events by month"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portal:Current_events/Events_by_month" title="Special:EditPage/Portal:Current events/Events by month"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_events_by_month218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current events by month</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2025" title="2025">2025</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2025" title="Portal:Current events/January 2025">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2025" title="Portal:Current events/February 2025">February</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2024" title="Portal:Current events/January 2024">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2024" title="Portal:Current events/February 2024">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2024" title="Portal:Current events/March 2024">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2024" title="Portal:Current events/April 2024">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2024" title="Portal:Current events/May 2024">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2024" title="Portal:Current events/June 2024">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2024" title="Portal:Current events/July 2024">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2024" title="Portal:Current events/August 2024">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2024" title="Portal:Current events/September 2024">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2024" title="Portal:Current events/October 2024">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2024" title="Portal:Current events/November 2024">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2024" title="Portal:Current events/December 2024">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2023" title="Portal:Current events/January 2023">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2023" title="Portal:Current events/February 2023">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2023" title="Portal:Current events/March 2023">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2023" title="Portal:Current events/April 2023">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2023" title="Portal:Current events/May 2023">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2023" title="Portal:Current events/June 2023">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2023" title="Portal:Current events/July 2023">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2023" title="Portal:Current events/August 2023">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2023" title="Portal:Current events/September 2023">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2023" title="Portal:Current events/October 2023">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2023" title="Portal:Current events/November 2023">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2023" title="Portal:Current events/December 2023">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2022" title="Portal:Current events/January 2022">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2022" title="Portal:Current events/February 2022">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2022" title="Portal:Current events/March 2022">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2022" title="Portal:Current events/April 2022">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2022" title="Portal:Current events/May 2022">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2022" title="Portal:Current events/June 2022">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2022" title="Portal:Current events/July 2022">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2022" title="Portal:Current events/August 2022">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2022" title="Portal:Current events/September 2022">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2022" title="Portal:Current events/October 2022">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2022" title="Portal:Current events/November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2022" title="Portal:Current events/December 2022">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2021" title="Portal:Current events/January 2021">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2021" title="Portal:Current events/February 2021">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2021" title="Portal:Current events/March 2021">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2021" title="Portal:Current events/April 2021">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2021" title="Portal:Current events/May 2021">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2021" title="Portal:Current events/June 2021">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2021" title="Portal:Current events/July 2021">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2021" title="Portal:Current events/August 2021">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2021" title="Portal:Current events/September 2021">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2021" title="Portal:Current events/October 2021">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2021" title="Portal:Current events/November 2021">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2021" title="Portal:Current events/December 2021">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2020" title="Portal:Current events/January 2020">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2020" title="Portal:Current events/February 2020">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2020" title="Portal:Current events/March 2020">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2020" title="Portal:Current events/April 2020">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2020" title="Portal:Current events/May 2020">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2020" title="Portal:Current events/June 2020">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2020" title="Portal:Current events/July 2020">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2020" title="Portal:Current events/August 2020">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2020" title="Portal:Current events/September 2020">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2020" title="Portal:Current events/October 2020">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2020" title="Portal:Current events/November 2020">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2020" title="Portal:Current events/December 2020">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2019" title="Portal:Current events/January 2019">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2019" title="Portal:Current events/February 2019">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2019" title="Portal:Current events/March 2019">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2019" title="Portal:Current events/April 2019">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2019" title="Portal:Current events/May 2019">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2019" title="Portal:Current events/June 2019">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2019" title="Portal:Current events/July 2019">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2019" title="Portal:Current events/August 2019">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2019" title="Portal:Current events/September 2019">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2019" title="Portal:Current events/October 2019">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2019" title="Portal:Current events/November 2019">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2019" title="Portal:Current events/December 2019">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2018" title="Portal:Current events/January 2018">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2018" title="Portal:Current events/February 2018">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2018" title="Portal:Current events/March 2018">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2018" title="Portal:Current events/April 2018">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2018" title="Portal:Current events/May 2018">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2018" title="Portal:Current events/June 2018">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2018" title="Portal:Current events/July 2018">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2018" title="Portal:Current events/August 2018">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2018" title="Portal:Current events/September 2018">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2018" title="Portal:Current events/October 2018">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2018" title="Portal:Current events/November 2018">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2018" title="Portal:Current events/December 2018">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2017" title="Portal:Current events/January 2017">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2017" title="Portal:Current events/February 2017">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2017" title="Portal:Current events/March 2017">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2017" title="Portal:Current events/April 2017">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2017" title="Portal:Current events/May 2017">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2017" title="Portal:Current events/June 2017">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2017" title="Portal:Current events/July 2017">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2017" title="Portal:Current events/August 2017">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2017" title="Portal:Current events/September 2017">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2017" title="Portal:Current events/October 2017">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2017" title="Portal:Current events/November 2017">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2017" title="Portal:Current events/December 2017">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016" title="2016">2016</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2016" title="Portal:Current events/January 2016">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2016" title="Portal:Current events/February 2016">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2016" title="Portal:Current events/March 2016">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2016" title="Portal:Current events/April 2016">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2016" title="Portal:Current events/May 2016">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2016" title="Portal:Current events/June 2016">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2016" title="Portal:Current events/July 2016">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2016" title="Portal:Current events/August 2016">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2016" title="Portal:Current events/September 2016">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2016" title="Portal:Current events/October 2016">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2016" title="Portal:Current events/November 2016">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2016" title="Portal:Current events/December 2016">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2015" title="Portal:Current events/January 2015">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2015" title="Portal:Current events/February 2015">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2015" title="Portal:Current events/March 2015">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2015" title="Portal:Current events/April 2015">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2015" title="Portal:Current events/May 2015">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2015" title="Portal:Current events/June 2015">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2015" title="Portal:Current events/July 2015">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2015" title="Portal:Current events/August 2015">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2015" title="Portal:Current events/September 2015">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2015" title="Portal:Current events/October 2015">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2015" title="Portal:Current events/November 2015">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2015" title="Portal:Current events/December 2015">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2014" title="Portal:Current events/January 2014">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2014" title="Portal:Current events/February 2014">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2014" title="Portal:Current events/March 2014">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2014" title="Portal:Current events/April 2014">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2014" title="Portal:Current events/May 2014">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2014" title="Portal:Current events/June 2014">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2014" title="Portal:Current events/July 2014">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2014" title="Portal:Current events/August 2014">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2014" title="Portal:Current events/September 2014">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2014" title="Portal:Current events/October 2014">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2014" title="Portal:Current events/November 2014">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2014" title="Portal:Current events/December 2014">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2013" title="Portal:Current events/January 2013">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2013" title="Portal:Current events/February 2013">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2013" title="Portal:Current events/March 2013">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2013" title="Portal:Current events/April 2013">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2013" title="Portal:Current events/May 2013">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2013" title="Portal:Current events/June 2013">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2013" title="Portal:Current events/July 2013">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2013" title="Portal:Current events/August 2013">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2013" title="Portal:Current events/September 2013">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2013" title="Portal:Current events/October 2013">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2013" title="Portal:Current events/November 2013">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2013" title="Portal:Current events/December 2013">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2012" title="Portal:Current events/January 2012">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2012" title="Portal:Current events/February 2012">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2012" title="Portal:Current events/March 2012">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2012" title="Portal:Current events/April 2012">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2012" title="Portal:Current events/May 2012">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2012" title="Portal:Current events/June 2012">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2012" title="Portal:Current events/July 2012">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2012" title="Portal:Current events/August 2012">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2012" title="Portal:Current events/September 2012">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2012" title="Portal:Current events/October 2012">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2012" title="Portal:Current events/November 2012">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2012" title="Portal:Current events/December 2012">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2011" title="Portal:Current events/January 2011">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2011" title="Portal:Current events/February 2011">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2011" title="Portal:Current events/March 2011">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2011" title="Portal:Current events/April 2011">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2011" title="Portal:Current events/May 2011">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2011" title="Portal:Current events/June 2011">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2011" title="Portal:Current events/July 2011">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2011" title="Portal:Current events/August 2011">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2011" title="Portal:Current events/September 2011">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2011" title="Portal:Current events/October 2011">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2011" title="Portal:Current events/November 2011">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2011" title="Portal:Current events/December 2011">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2010" title="Portal:Current events/January 2010">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2010" title="Portal:Current events/February 2010">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2010" title="Portal:Current events/March 2010">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2010" title="Portal:Current events/April 2010">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2010" title="Portal:Current events/May 2010">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2010" title="Portal:Current events/June 2010">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2010" title="Portal:Current events/July 2010">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2010" title="Portal:Current events/August 2010">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2010" title="Portal:Current events/September 2010">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2010" title="Portal:Current events/October 2010">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2010" title="Portal:Current events/November 2010">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2010" title="Portal:Current events/December 2010">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2009" title="Portal:Current events/January 2009">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2009" title="Portal:Current events/February 2009">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2009" title="Portal:Current events/March 2009">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2009" title="Portal:Current events/April 2009">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2009" title="Portal:Current events/May 2009">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2009" title="Portal:Current events/June 2009">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2009" title="Portal:Current events/July 2009">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2009" title="Portal:Current events/August 2009">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2009" title="Portal:Current events/September 2009">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2009" title="Portal:Current events/October 2009">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2009" title="Portal:Current events/November 2009">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2009" title="Portal:Current events/December 2009">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2008" title="Portal:Current events/January 2008">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2008" title="Portal:Current events/February 2008">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2008" title="Portal:Current events/March 2008">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2008" title="Portal:Current events/April 2008">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2008" title="Portal:Current events/May 2008">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2008" title="Portal:Current events/June 2008">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2008" title="Portal:Current events/July 2008">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2008" title="Portal:Current events/August 2008">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2008" title="Portal:Current events/September 2008">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2008" title="Portal:Current events/October 2008">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2008" title="Portal:Current events/November 2008">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2008" title="Portal:Current events/December 2008">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2007" title="Portal:Current events/January 2007">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2007" title="Portal:Current events/February 2007">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2007" title="Portal:Current events/March 2007">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2007" title="Portal:Current events/April 2007">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2007" title="Portal:Current events/May 2007">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2007" title="Portal:Current events/June 2007">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2007" title="Portal:Current events/July 2007">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2007" title="Portal:Current events/August 2007">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2007" title="Portal:Current events/September 2007">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2007" title="Portal:Current events/October 2007">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2007" title="Portal:Current events/November 2007">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2007" title="Portal:Current events/December 2007">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2006" title="Portal:Current events/January 2006">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2006" title="Portal:Current events/February 2006">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2006" title="Portal:Current events/March 2006">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2006" title="Portal:Current events/April 2006">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2006" title="Portal:Current events/May 2006">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2006" title="Portal:Current events/June 2006">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2006" title="Portal:Current events/July 2006">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2006" title="Portal:Current events/August 2006">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2006" title="Portal:Current events/September 2006">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2006" title="Portal:Current events/October 2006">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2006" title="Portal:Current events/November 2006">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2006" title="Portal:Current events/December 2006">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2005" title="Portal:Current events/January 2005">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2005" title="Portal:Current events/February 2005">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2005" title="Portal:Current events/March 2005">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2005" title="Portal:Current events/April 2005">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2005" title="Portal:Current events/May 2005">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2005" title="Portal:Current events/June 2005">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2005" title="Portal:Current events/July 2005">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2005" title="Portal:Current events/August 2005">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2005" title="Portal:Current events/September 2005">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2005" title="Portal:Current events/October 2005">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2005" title="Portal:Current events/November 2005">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2005" title="Portal:Current events/December 2005">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2004" title="Portal:Current events/January 2004">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2004" title="Portal:Current events/February 2004">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2004" title="Portal:Current events/March 2004">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2004" title="Portal:Current events/April 2004">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2004" title="Portal:Current events/May 2004">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2004" title="Portal:Current events/June 2004">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2004" title="Portal:Current events/July 2004">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2004" title="Portal:Current events/August 2004">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2004" title="Portal:Current events/September 2004">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2004" title="Portal:Current events/October 2004">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2004" title="Portal:Current events/November 2004">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2004" title="Portal:Current events/December 2004">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2003" title="Portal:Current events/January 2003">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2003" title="Portal:Current events/February 2003">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2003" title="Portal:Current events/March 2003">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2003" title="Portal:Current events/April 2003">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2003" title="Portal:Current events/May 2003">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2003" title="Portal:Current events/June 2003">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2003" title="Portal:Current events/July 2003">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2003" title="Portal:Current events/August 2003">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2003" title="Portal:Current events/September 2003">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2003" title="Portal:Current events/October 2003">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2003" title="Portal:Current events/November 2003">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2003" title="Portal:Current events/December 2003">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/January_2002" title="Portal:Current events/January 2002">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/February_2002" title="Portal:Current events/February 2002">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/March_2002" title="Portal:Current events/March 2002">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/April_2002" title="Portal:Current events/April 2002">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/May_2002" title="Portal:Current events/May 2002">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/June_2002" title="Portal:Current events/June 2002">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/July_2002" title="Portal:Current events/July 2002">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/August_2002" title="Portal:Current events/August 2002">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2002" title="Portal:Current events/September 2002">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/October_2002" title="Portal:Current events/October 2002">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/November_2002" title="Portal:Current events/November 2002">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/December_2002" title="Portal:Current events/December 2002">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Portal:Current events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Calendars" title="Portal:Current events/Calendars">Calendars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Subcategories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Subcategories</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Category puzzle"><img alt="Category puzzle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/36px-C_Puzzle.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/54px-C_Puzzle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/72px-C_Puzzle.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Category puzzle</figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_history" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history" title="Category:Modern history">Modern history</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_history_by_continent" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_by_continent" title="Category:Modern history by continent">Modern history by continent</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_history_by_country" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_by_country" title="Category:Modern history by country">Modern history by country</a></bdi></div><div 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title="Category:Historians of the modern period">Historians of the modern period</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_inscriptions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_inscriptions" title="Category:Modern inscriptions">Modern inscriptions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_Earth_impact_events" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_Earth_impact_events" title="Category:Modern Earth impact events">Modern Earth impact events</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_people" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_people" title="Category:Modern people">Modern people</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_nomads" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_nomads" title="Category:Modern nomads">Modern nomads</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_philosophy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_philosophy" title="Category:Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_runic_writing" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_runic_writing" title="Category:Modern runic writing">Modern runic writing</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Modern_history_timelines" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_timelines" title="Category:Modern history timelines">Modern history timelines</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Writers_of_historical_fiction_set_in_the_modern_age" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_of_historical_fiction_set_in_the_modern_age" title="Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age">Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9682D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A9A2BF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F7F4FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Modern_history" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Modern history">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Modern history">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Modern_history" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Modern history">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" 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