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<li id="toc-Participation_in_drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Participation in drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Denmark's role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contents of the Ilulissat Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhanced_cooperation_(A5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_cooperation_(A5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enhanced cooperation (A5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_cooperation_(A5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ilulissat_Declaration_from_an_ocean_governance_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ilulissat_Declaration_from_an_ocean_governance_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Ilulissat Declaration from an ocean governance perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ilulissat_Declaration_from_an_ocean_governance_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Critique of the Ilulissat Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_and_future_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_and_future_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current and future challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_and_future_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arctic inter-governmental conference</div> <p>The <b>Ilulissat Declaration</b> is a document signifying necessary joint regional efforts and responsibilities in response to the potentially adverse effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> with regard to the melting <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic ice pack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was brought into force on May 28, 2008 by the United States, the Russian Federation, Canada, Norway and Denmark (the five coastal states of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_five" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic five">Arctic five</a> or A5), following the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Ilulissat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The conference delegates discussed the Arctic Ocean, climate change, the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">marine environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_safety" title="Maritime safety">maritime safety</a>, and division of emergency responsibilities if new <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">shipping routes</a> are opened.<sup id="cite_ref-declaration_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-declaration-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration addresses the areas of "vulnerable ecosystems, the livelihoods of local inhabitants and indigenous communities, and the potential exploitation of natural resources", invoking a jurisdictional and sovereign-based approach to convey the responsibilities of the Arctic five.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasingly concerning consequences of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a>, resulting in melting Arctic <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>, have become ground for enhanced <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">attention and cooperation</a> in the region. Fear of economic exploitation and <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a> was a key source of momentum in drafting and implementing the Ilulissat Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melting Arctic ice, exacerbated by climate change, has intensified concerns that economic activities in the area will further degrade the environment – thereby calling for renewed cooperation efforts and reaffirming territorial claims. For example, melting of the sea ice will lead to more <a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>, that could lead to economic exploitation in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territorial dimension of the declaration was seen by many as a response to Russian explorers planting the <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Russian flag</a> at the bottom of the seabed of the Arctic Ocean in 2007, just the year prior to the Ilulissat Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurrence had a snowball effect in the media, with warnings of a scramble for the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such depictions of intense geopolitical friction heightened the fear of territorial rivalry in the rapidly melting Arctic, from which arose the Ilulissat Declaration. </p><p>Furthermore, it was feared that a so-called ‘governance gap', brought to light by the flag-incident, was further problematising matters, resulting in an international impression of disorder in the Arctic region – which the regional states realised would give ammunition for foreign states to try to make a claim in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the commitment of the A5 to the Ilulissat Declaration was also designed to act as an international indication and reminder that there was already "regional order in the Arctic".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linked to the aforementioned fear of a perceived ‘governance gap', another motivation for creating this declaration was merely to block any calls for an Arctic Treaty that would bring in new legislation and new states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework of regional governance is supported in the Ilulissat Declaration, stating that the existing legal framework – the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS) – is to continue to be respected and kept firmly in place.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_drafting">Participation in drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Participation in drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the A5 only make up five of the eight members of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a>, this meant that the Arctic Council, as a complete forum, was not included – missing Sweden, Iceland, and Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also excluded were Indigenous organisations such as the permanent participants of the Arctic Council, like the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a> (ICC)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 Arctic Ocean Conference (where the declaration was drafted) was hosted by <a href="/wiki/Per_Stig_M%C3%B8ller" title="Per Stig Møller">Per Stig Møller</a>, Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Enoksen" title="Hans Enoksen">Hans Enoksen</a>, Greenlandic Premier at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key ministerial level attendees included <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a>, Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lunn" title="Gary Lunn">Gary Lunn</a>, Canadian Minister for Natural Resources, and <a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a>, American Deputy Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denmark's_role"><span id="Denmark.27s_role"></span>Denmark's role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Denmark's role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Denmark was the initiator of the Ilulissat Declaration, influenced by the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, Per Stig Møller.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Russian-affiliated flag affair, Møller made this statement in an interview about the whole incident: </p><blockquote><p>"That was my biggest fear; the Arctic becoming a fait accompli. After all, in that context we are the weak nation. If someone would take the law into their own hands outside of Greenland and say: ‘We will take this' and then e.g. drill for oil without asking for permission, what could we do? That is why I, as the Danish Foreign Minister, think of a joint initiative… It is not the strong one who needs the law. It is always the weak).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Møller instigated the meeting that led to the Ilulissat Declaration in an attempt to signal order and reassert control in the Arctic region.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minister of Foreign Affairs justified the purely state-based composition of the declaration, excluding groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">ICC</a>, by stating that the five coastal states were the ones pivotal in communicating a unified political stance, both regionally and internationally, and that the UNCLOS was the adequate structure through which to take responsible future actions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration">Contents of the Ilulissat Declaration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents of the Ilulissat Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual content of the Ilulissat Declaration, as aforementioned, pertains to "vulnerable ecosystems, the livelihoods of local inhabitants and indigenous communities, and the potential exploitation of natural resources". The declaration specifies that cooperation should take the form of search and rescue capabilities, protection and preservation, and collection of scientific data.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As elaborated in the document, cooperation between the Arctic Five already takes place, so this declaration acts as a reassertion of such roles and responsibilities which need to be taken seriously in the Arctic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enhanced_cooperation_(A5)"><span id="Enhanced_cooperation_.28A5.29"></span>Enhanced cooperation (A5)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enhanced cooperation (A5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Greenland's at the time Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Suka_K._Frederiksen" title="Suka K. Frederiksen">Suka K. Frederiksen</a>, and Denmark's at the time Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Samuelsen" title="Anders Samuelsen">Anders Samuelsen</a>, decided to host a tenth anniversary of the Ilulissat Declaration by hosting yet another event in Ilulissat, Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to reaffirm the enshrined principles in the Ilulissat Declaration and vow to continue abiding by them. </p><p>In the 2018 meeting, the previously excluded members of the Arctic Council were invited, namely Sweden, Iceland, and Finland, in addition to indigenous organisations part of the Arctic Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Ilulissat_Declaration_from_an_ocean_governance_perspective">The Ilulissat Declaration from an ocean governance perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Ilulissat Declaration from an ocean governance perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some academics have tried to explain why Denmark, despite being such a small state without an array of threats, has such an extensive maritime agenda by utilising <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small state theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small state theory claims that smaller states must compensate for their comparatively smaller capacities by collaborating with players on the international level in order to remain strategic and have a voice in important political matters.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Denmark's activities in the Arctic, its geographical positioning automatically makes Denmark a key actor, which is conveyed by the Ilulissat Declaration which Denmark's Foreign Minister instigated himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ilulissat Declaration epitomises a regional maritime governance perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was crucial for the A5 to assert this regional maritime power in the aftermath of the Russian-flag incident, as perceptions of a ‘governance gap' led to an array of actors arguing for an Arctic Treaty in the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, which is based on an international approach.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the declaration, the Arctic Ocean coastal states attempted to restate their legitimacy and power in the region, squashing any calls for an international approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique_of_the_Ilulissat_Declaration">Critique of the Ilulissat Declaration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critique of the Ilulissat Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial critics of the Arctic Five claimed that the A5's exclusive cooperation in certain areas had the capacity to undermine other cooperation efforts that have overlapping aims – such as the Arctic Council (consisting of Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia and the United States, in addition to the six <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council#Indigenous_permanent_participants" title="Arctic Council">Permanent Participants</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland, Finland, and Sweden's exclusion (the remaining states of the Arctic Council – the forum which was not invited to the Arctic Ocean Conference in 2008), in addition to the exclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic Peoples</a>, added fuel to the fire and was seen as a form of exclusionary politics that collided with existing institutional provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This critique was echoed particularly by the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who were excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-driven nature of the Ilulissat Declaration was seen as questionable, and the signatory states' exclusive power to delineate the Arctic was especially contested.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this potential ground for tension has contracted since due to a refinement in the way that the Arctic Five is actually used – now primarily being seen as a supplementary forum to the Arctic Council and covering niche areas and topics not within the Arctic Council's confinement or capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has supposedly diminished a competitive interpretation of the A5 with regard to the Arctic Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension was also alleviated through the inclusion of the other Arctic Council members and indigenous people in the 2018 meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>In addition, initiatives taken since have included more actors – non-coastal actors – as conveyed by negotiations pertaining to fisheries in the central Arctic Ocean (Schatz, Proelss, Liu).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiatives like this have reduced the initial competitive perceptions of the A5 by demonstrating the necessity of broader cooperation in the Arctic region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_and_future_challenges">Current and future challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current and future challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the worrying effects of climate change, acting as a constant source of pressure on actors involved in the Arctic region, there are other developments that have presented themselves as potentially acting as a particular challenge to the Ilulissat Declaration and the Arctic Five. One perceived 'threat' is that of China's increasing commercial interests in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an official white paper on China's Arctic Policy from 2018, China claimed to be a "Near-Arctic State", and thus has clear "economic interests" and maritime claims, stating that there is an incentive to build a so-called ‘<a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Polar Silk Road</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such assertions have caused some concern for states that fear China may become too aggressive in the region and end up leveraging too much power in the Arctic, both physically and politically.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilulissat_Declaration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRahbek-ClemmensenThomasen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon; Thomasen, Gry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.polsci.ku.dk/publikationer/learning-from-the-ilulissat-iniative/download/CMS_Rapport_2018__1_-_Learning_from_the_Ilulissat_initiative.pdf">"Learning from the Ilulissat Initiative: State Power, Institutional Legitimacy, and Governance in the Arctic Ocean 2007‒18"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centre for Military Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Learning+from+the+Ilulissat+Initiative%3A+State+Power%2C+Institutional+Legitimacy%2C+and+Governance+in+the+Arctic+Ocean+2007%E2%80%9218&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rahbek-Clemmensen&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Thomasen%2C+Gry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.polsci.ku.dk%2Fpublikationer%2Flearning-from-the-ilulissat-iniative%2Fdownload%2FCMS_Rapport_2018__1_-_Learning_from_the_Ilulissat_initiative.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlulissat+Declaration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-declaration-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-declaration_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310172346/http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf">"Ilulissat Declaration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ilulissat+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceanlaw.org%2Fdownloads%2Farctic%2FIlulissat_Declaration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlulissat+Declaration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dodds, Klaus (2013). 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href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Russian ambassador's residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Houston">Consulate-General of Russia, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in New York City">Consulate-General of Russia, New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Henry Hammond House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco">Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Point,_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">2024 Ankara prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov,_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian interference in United States elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Trevor_Reed" title="Arrest of Trevor Reed">Arrest of Trevor Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tenet_Media_investigation" title="2024 Tenet Media investigation">2024 Tenet Media investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Mutual detargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_legs" title="Bush legs">Bush legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_One_Inch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not One Inch (book)">Not One Inch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Russia–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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