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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Male–male competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male–male_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Callings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Callings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Callings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Callings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testosterone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testosterone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Testosterone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testosterone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Polyandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex-role_reversal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex-role_reversal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sex-role reversal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-role_reversal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postcopulatory_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postcopulatory_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Postcopulatory mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postcopulatory_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postcopulatory mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postcopulatory_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sperm_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sperm_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sperm competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sperm_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptic_female_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptic_female_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cryptic female choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptic_female_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Angry_elephant_ears.jpg/240px-Angry_elephant_ears.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Angry_elephant_ears.jpg/360px-Angry_elephant_ears.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Angry_elephant_ears.jpg/480px-Angry_elephant_ears.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Elephants can use their ears as threat displays in male-to-male competition</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sexual selection in mammals</b> is a process the study of which started with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s observations concerning <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">sexual selection in humans</a>, and in other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of male–male competition and <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a> that mold the development of future <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> in a population for a given <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHYS-20140129_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20140129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elephant_seals">Elephant seals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elephant seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG/220px-MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG/330px-MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG/440px-MacquarieIslandElephantSeal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seals</a> fighting on <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> for the right to mate</figcaption></figure> <p>A good example of intrasexual selection, in which males fight for dominance over a <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harem</a> of females, is the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a> – large, oceangoing mammals of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Mirounga</i>. There are two species: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">northern</a> (<i>M. angustirostris</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a> (<i>M. leonina</i>) – the largest <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivoran</a> living today. Both species show extreme <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, possibly the largest of any mammal, with southern males typically five to six times heavier than the females.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the females average 400 to 900 kilograms (880 to 1,980 lb) and 2.6 to 3 metres (8.5 to 9.8 ft) long, the bulls average 2,200 to 4,000 kilograms (4,900 to 8,800 lb) and 4.2 to 5 metres (14 to 16 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record-sized bull, shot in Possession Bay, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>, on February 28, 1913, measured 6.85 metres (22.5 ft) long and was estimated to weigh 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum weight of a female is 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) with a length of 3.7 metres (12 ft). </p><p>Males arrive in the colonies before the females and fight for control of harems.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large body size confers advantages in fighting. The <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behaviour" title="Agonistic behaviour">agonistic behaviour</a> of the bulls gives rise to a dominance hierarchy, with access to harems and breeding activity being determined by rank.<sup id="cite_ref-McCann_1981_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCann_1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant bulls or "harem masters" establish harems of several dozen females. The least successful males have no harems, but may try to copulate with a harem male's females when the dominant male is not looking. A dominant male must stay in his territory to defend it, which can mean months without eating, living on his store of blubber. Some males have stayed ashore for more than three months without food. Two fighting males use their weight and canine teeth against each other. The outcome is rarely fatal, and the defeated bull will flee; however, bulls suffer severe tears and cuts. Males commonly vocalize with a coughing roar that serves in both individual recognition and size assessment. Conflicts between high-ranking males are more often resolved with posturing and vocalizing than with physical contact.<sup id="cite_ref-McCann_1981_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCann_1981-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg/220px-Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg/330px-Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg/440px-Elephant_seals_fighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2849" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">northern elephant seals</a> fight fiercely each year. Unsuccessful males may not mate at all, while successful males have harems of 30 to 100 females.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the case of <i>intrasexual selection</i>, adorned males may gain a reproductive advantage without the intervention of female preference. This advantage will be conferred by weapons used in the process of resolving disputes, such as those over territorial rights. The use of sexual ornamentation as a <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">signaling device</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> among males, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Pecking_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecking order">pecking order</a>, allows struggle to proceed without excessive injury or fatality. It is predominantly when two opposing males are so closely matched, as would be found in males not having established themselves in a dominance hierarchy, that asymmetries cannot be found and the confrontation escalates to a point where the asymmetries must be proved by aggressive use of ornamentation. </p><p>How often males will physically engage each other, and in what manner, can best be understood by applying <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> developed for biology, most notably by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_uncertain_example:_the_giraffe">An uncertain example: the giraffe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: An uncertain example: the giraffe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg/220px-Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg/330px-Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg/440px-Two_male_giraffes_are_necking_in_San_Francisco_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>Two male <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <i>Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata</i> <a href="/wiki/Giraffe#Necking" title="Giraffe">necking</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zoo" title="San Francisco Zoo">San Francisco Zoo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The evolutionary origins of the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>'s (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>) long neck are controversial. The long-accepted "competing browser's hypothesis" originally put forth by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> has been put into question. Originally, scientists believed that the elongation of the giraffe's neck had been a result of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> acting in relation to <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> behaviour, where it was supposed that longer necks enabled favoured individuals to gather food inaccessible to other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But even though the giraffe's overall height is about 6 meters, it still typically feeds at about 2 meters above the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the giraffe's kudu, impala, and steenbok competitors do not feed above 2 meters and prefer feeding at shoulder level as well, rather than at the maximum height they could reach.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative explanation for the origin of long necks in giraffe is sexual selection. Male giraffe often <a href="/wiki/Giraffe#Necking" title="Giraffe">neck</a> with other males to exhibit dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are six criteria that need to be satisfied for the exaggerated neck to be classified as a result of sexual selection. The characteristic should be more exaggerated in one of the sexes; it must be used to indicate dominance; have no direct survival benefits; cost the organism in terms of survival or other factors (e.g., energetics<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); positive <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">allometry</a> should be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But evolutionary history shows that increased neck length is not correlated to increases in other parts of the body, which would be expected from foraging selection, so sexual selection may be a more satisfactory explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have failed to resolve the causes involved: perhaps the neck was a result of both or other forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precopulatory_mechanisms">Precopulatory mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precopulatory mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Precopulatory mechanisms determine who will father an offspring prior to sex. <a href="/wiki/Male%E2%80%93male_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Male–male competition">Male–male competition</a> is the biggest precopulatory mechanism in mammals. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is a result of male–male competition that is easily seen in species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male–male_competition"><span id="Male.E2.80.93male_competition"></span>Male–male competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Male–male competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg/240px-Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg/360px-Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg/480px-Ursus_americanusDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3670" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>American black bear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_plug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/240px-Mating_plug.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/360px-Mating_plug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mating_plug.jpg/480px-Mating_plug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Mating plug</figcaption></figure> <p>Male–male competition to copulate with the opposite sex is often seen in <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="African elephants">African elephants</a> strongly promote male–male competition. <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">Elephants</a> continuously grow throughout their lifetime. As males grow older, they also experience increasing lapses of <a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">musth</a>, a violent sexual excitement, and most <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a> happens to males in musth as it helps them win fights.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fight between a male in musth and one not can result in the death of the latter. </p><p>Species with intense male–male competition are known to exhibit the most size dimorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, female <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bears</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) are 20–40% smaller than males.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male mammals can compete for <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a> as well with <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant seals">elephant seals</a> competing fiercely for harems. As mammals reach sexual maturity, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristic</a> arise.<sup id="cite_ref-number6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephant seals have a proboscis in the adult male, which is used to project loud noises, frequently heard during the mating season.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephant seals with a bigger proboscis emit lower sounds than males with a smaller proboscis and are the bigger of the males in a colony. Mate-guarding is an important factor in male–male competition to ensure fertilization of an <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>, and, when successful, helps to overlook and court the female.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It especially prevents <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a> from occurring as it ensures reproductive success. This process can be engaged when a post-coital signal is sent to a male to keep guard by the female.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mating_plug" title="Mating plug">Mating plugs</a> are a form of mate-guarding that have proved to show precopulatory female choice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulatory plugs are commonly acellular and thought to be made by proteins from the seminal vesicles.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA taken from copulatory plugs show females deter from mating with close relatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Callings">Callings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Callings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koala_and_joey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Koala_and_joey.jpg/220px-Koala_and_joey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Koala_and_joey.jpg/330px-Koala_and_joey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Koala_and_joey.jpg/440px-Koala_and_joey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Mother with joey on back</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>, mammals will call out to the opposite sex. Male <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koalas</a> that are bigger will let out a different sound than smaller koalas. The bigger males which are routinely sought out for are called sires. Females choose sires because of indirect benefits that their offspring could inherit, like larger bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-sires and females do not vary in their body mass and can reject a male by screaming or hitting him. Male–male competition is rarely exhibited in koalas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acoustic signaling is a type of call that can be used from a significant distance encoding an organism's location, condition and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sac-winged_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac-winged bat">Sac-winged bats</a> display acoustic signaling, which is often interpreted as songs. When females hear these songs, named a 'whistle', they call onto the males to breed with a screech of their own. This action is termed 'calling of the sexes'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a> along with other mammals also perform acoustic signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testosterone">Testosterone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Testosterone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG/240px-New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG/360px-New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG/480px-New_Mexico_Bighorn_Sheep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bighorn male sheep</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a> is a driving factor towards achieving fertilizing success. <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a> display curved horns on the rams of the species which are big compared to the small horns displayed on the females of the species. The bigger the horns are, the more testosterone there was found to be in the male. This is important because social rank has a positive correlation with the length of the horns.<sup id="cite_ref-number6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social rank leads to tending of a group of females to copulate with.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testosterone also appears more in polygynous species than in monogamous species.<sup id="cite_ref-number19_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyandry">Polyandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polyandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyandrous females have two or more mating partners while they are in heat. Females are more likely to find a new mate when their current male had a high number of paternities the year before or their current male was old. This is presumed to have an effect on offspring and giving them more genetic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex-role_reversal">Sex-role reversal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sex-role reversal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerkat_(Suricata_suricatta)_Tswalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg/240px-Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg/360px-Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg/480px-Meerkat_%28Suricata_suricatta%29_Tswalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Meerkats</figcaption></figure> <p>Sex role reversal is the change in behavior of a specific species from their ordinary pattern. Sex-role reversal supports sexual dimorphism very strongly.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female–female competition is a common abnormality within animals with accepted sex roles. Females invest into choosing the best possible mate because they have more of a part in bringing up their offspring than males (gestation and lactation). Gestation and lactation are energy-consuming, which means their competition for resources is high.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female–female competitions are observed to gain access for better mates. <a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat</a> females acquire dominant status because resources for female reproduction are scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant females in this species are heavier and win in competitions over other females. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postcopulatory_mechanisms">Postcopulatory mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postcopulatory mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copulating with the opposite sex does not ensure fertilization of an egg. Postcopulatory mechanisms include <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a><sup id="cite_ref-KappelerSchaik2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KappelerSchaik2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_female_choice" title="Cryptic female choice">cryptic female choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sperm_competition">Sperm competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sperm competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperm_stained.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sperm_stained.JPG/240px-Sperm_stained.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sperm_stained.JPG/360px-Sperm_stained.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sperm_stained.JPG/480px-Sperm_stained.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Stained human sperm</figcaption></figure> <p>Sperm competition involves male gametes trying to fertilize eggs first. As a result of sperm competition, some males in a given species can develop bigger testes and seminal vesicles.<sup id="cite_ref-number25_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number25-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger <a href="/wiki/Sperm#midpiece" title="Sperm">midpiece</a> areas in the sperm that contain mitochondria are also observed.<sup id="cite_ref-number19_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger testes and bigger midpieces in sperm are seen in males that mate with multiple partners. A female that has been with multiple partners will most likely give birth to an offspring fathered by the male that produced the most or faster sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-number25_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number25-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that primates and rodents with longer flagellum fathered more offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of the <a href="/wiki/Baculum" title="Baculum">baculum</a> is also influenced by sperm competition in some mammal species.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptic_female_choice">Cryptic female choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cryptic female choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cryptic female choice is a postcopulatory mechanism that cannot be observed because it takes place inside a female's body.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enables a female to have some control over who fathers her child even after fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some species, females may choose to mate with more than one male to prevent infanticide or harassment. Infanticide can be prevented by confusing the males in a given colony. If the female mates with multiple males, then the males will not know for sure who fathered the offspring. Infanticide can also be prevented by choosing a male that will protect her and the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-number25_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number25-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual harassment may be avoided if females give in to males and copulate when they please.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_mammals&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonesRatterman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, A. 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