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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghomara language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أمازيغية غمارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمازيغية غمارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gomara" title="Idioma gomara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma gomara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bereber_ghomari" title="Idioma bereber ghomari – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma bereber ghomari" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomareg" title="Gomareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gomareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara" title="Ghomara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ghomara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تاغماريت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاغماريت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara" title="Ghomara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghomara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bereber_ghomari" title="Idioma bereber ghomari – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bereber ghomari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomari" title="Ghomari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghomari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara_jezik" title="Ghomara jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ghomara jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara_language" title="Ghomara language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ghomara language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara_(taal)" title="Ghomara (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghomara (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="ゴマラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴマラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Ghomara" title="Lenga Ghomara – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Ghomara" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_gomara" title="Língua gomara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua gomara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomara_jezik" title="Ghomara jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ghomara jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%C9%A3umarit" title="Tutlayt Taɣumarit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taɣumarit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3umart" title="Taɣumart – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣumart" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Ghomara</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen_Province" title="Chefchaouen Province">Chefchaouen Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghomara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomara people">Ghomara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Hannouche_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannouche-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ghomara</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gho" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gho">gho</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghom1257">ghom1257</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8469">Ghomara</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG/320px-Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG/480px-Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Ghomara_Berber_-_Localisation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghomara_Berber_-_Details.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ghomara_Berber_-_Details.PNG/320px-Ghomara_Berber_-_Details.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Ghomara_Berber_-_Details.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff66; color:black;"> </span> Ghomara Berber</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Ghomara language</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern Berber</a> language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. It is the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Ghomara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomara people">Ghomara</a> <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, who total around 10,000 people. Ghomara Berber is spoken on the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a>, among the Beni Bu Zra and Beni Mansur tribes of the Ghomara confederacy. Despite being listed as endangered, it is still being passed on to children in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Endangered_Langauges_Project_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Endangered_Langauges_Project-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghomara Berber is relatively similar to <a href="/wiki/Senhadja_de_Srair_Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Senhadja de Srair Berber">Senhadja de Srair Berber</a> spoken around Ketama. However, it is difficult to understand for a speaker of <a href="/wiki/Rifian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifian language">Rifian</a>. </p><p>Some typical features that distinguish the Ghomara variety of Berber from Rifian Berber are the use of the preposition <i>dar</i> instead of the Rifian <i>ghar</i>, the feminine plural ending <i>-an</i> instead of <i>-in</i>, and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Spirantisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantisation">spirantisation</a> in word-initial position. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although elderly Ghomara teach children how to speak Ghomara Berber at home, the language is still considered threatened, with only 10,000 known speakers. A major reason can be attributed to the small geographical location where this language is used, as well as the more common usage of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a> throughout Morocco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Arabic, Ghomara and the other Berber dialects have three vowels: a-, i-, u-.<sup id="cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Hannouche-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghomara has 44 consonants, and most consonants in Ghomara have geminated forms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization"><small>phar.</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization"><small>phar.</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization"><small>lab.</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization"><small>lab.</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">gʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">lˤ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">rˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> in Ghomara Berber, there are several common trends. The prefix a-, i-, or u- commonly identifies the masculine singular nouns in the language (i.e., <i>arg'az</i> “man”). For feminine singular nouns, there is both a prefix and a suffix such as ta-...-t (i.e., <i>tarbat</i> “girl”). This is the most common way to identify feminine singular nouns. Masculine plural nouns are characterized by i-...-en or i-...-an (i.e., <i>irg'azen</i> “men”). For feminine plural nouns, ti-...-an (i.e., <i>tirbatan</i> “girls”) is the most common circumfix.<sup id="cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Hannouche-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghomara Berber uses personal, singular, and plural pronouns. </p><p>The first person singular pronoun <i>nekkin</i> is equivalent to "I" in English. The second person singular male pronoun <i>kedžin</i> and female pronoun <i>kemmin</i> is equivalent to "you" in English. Similarly, in Ghomara Berber, the third person singular male pronoun <i>netta</i> and female pronoun <i>nettaθa</i> is equivalent to him or her in English respectively. </p><p>The first person plural pronoun <i>nuçna</i> is equivalent to "we" in English and the second person plural pronoun <i>kunna</i> is equivalent to "you all" in English. Lastly, <i>niçma</i> is the third person plural pronoun equivalent to "they" in English, and is not distinguished by gender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ghomara Berber verbs contain certain affixes that characterize singularity, plurality, and point of view (POV). The following is an example of the verb conjugations for the English word "to write" or <i>ara</i> in Ghomara Berber: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st POV </th> <td>ara-x </td> <td>n-ara </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd POV </th> <td>t-ara-t </td> <td>t-ara-m </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd POV </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td>y-ara </td> <td rowspan="2">ara-n* </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>t-ara </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives have either suffix -ø, which characterizes masculine singular nouns or -θ, which characterizes both feminine singular and all plural nouns. For example: </p> <ul><li>Masculine singular: <i>tayfur mellulø</i> “the, a white table”</li> <li>Feminine singular: <i>tamɣart mezziθ</i> “the, a little woman”</li> <li>Masculine plural: <i>irgazen muqqreθ</i> “(the) big men”</li> <li>Feminine plural: <i>timettutan muqqreθ</i> “(the) big women”</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of common English words in Ghomara Berber:<sup id="cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Hannouche-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>targat</i>: “dream”</li> <li><i>ahlan</i>: “welcome, hello” (borrowed from Arabic)</li> <li><i>hemmam</i>: “bathroom” (borrowed from Arabic)</li> <li><i>tamuda</i>: “pig"</li> <li><i>lmakla</i>: “food” (borrowed from Arabic)</li> <li><i>tanebdut</i>: “summer”</li> <li><i>kama</i>: “bed” (borrowed from Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghomara Berber uses a numerical system similar to many other languages. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal numbers">Cardinal numbers</a> <i>yan</i> (“one”, masculine) and <i>yat</i> (“one”, feminine) are the only Berber numerals in Ghomara, while all the other cardinal numbers are borrowed from Moroccan Arabic (<i>zuž</i> (“two”), <i>tlata</i> (“three”), <i>ɛišrin </i> (“twenty”), <i>tlatin</i> (“thirty”), etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hannouche-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannouche_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamal El Hannouche, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/46039741/Arabic-Influence-in-Ghomara-Berber-by-J-El-Hannouche">Arabic influence in Ghomara Berber</a>, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maarten Kossmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8902056/Berber_subclassification_preliminary_version_">Berber subclassification (preliminary version)</a>, Leiden (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian Nordhoff et al., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghom1257">Ghomara</a>", in: Glottolog 2.2, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Endangered_Langauges_Project-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Endangered_Langauges_Project_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8469">"Did you know Ghomara is threatened?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Ghomara+is+threatened%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F8469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhomara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.Hannouche-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J.Hannouche_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Hannouche2008" class="citation thesis cs1">El Hannouche, Jamal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7963026"><i>Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey</i></a> (Master thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ghomara+Berber%3A+A+Brief+Grammatical+Survey&rft.degree=Master&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=El+Hannouche&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7963026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhomara+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMourigh2015">Mourigh 2015</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghomara_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourigh2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Mourigh, Khalid (2015). <i>A grammar of Ghomara Berber</i> (PhD thesis). Leiden University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F31685">1887/31685</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+grammar+of+Ghomara+Berber&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F31685&rft.aulast=Mourigh&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhomara+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourigh2016" class="citation book cs1">Mourigh, Khalid (2016). <i>A Grammar of Ghomara Berber</i>. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Ghomara+Berber&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=R%C3%BCdiger+K%C3%B6ppe+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mourigh&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhomara+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gabriel Camps and J. Vignet-Zunz. 1998. Ghomâra (Ghumara, Ghmara). In Gabriel Camps (ed.), Encyclopédie berbère: Gauda - Girrei, 3110–3119. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.</li> <li>Colin, Georges S. 1929. Le parler berbère des Ġmāra. Hespéris: (pp. 43–58) archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Kossmann, Maarten G. (2013). <i>The Arabic influence on Northern Berber</i>. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 67. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+influence+on+Northern+Berber&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Semitic+Languages+and+Linguistics+67&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhomara+language" class="Z3988"></span> (contains much discussion of Ghomara Berber based on Mourigh's materials).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilal-Mâqil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Koiné</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Darija</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Tashelhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language" title="Sanhaja de Srair language">Sanhaja de Srair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">Gharbi</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Tarifit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oran_and_Figuig_Berber" title="South Oran and Figuig Berber">Tabeldit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Atlas_Berber" title="Eastern Middle Atlas Berber">Eastern Middle Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Zenati" title="Eastern Morocco Zenati">Eastern Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Sabir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup>†,4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Undescribed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Latin</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Morocco" title="French language in Morocco">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">Main liturgical languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a></i></li> <li><i><sup>4</sup> Formerly native to <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>, extinct as native in Morocco</i></li> <li><i><sup>†</sup> Extinct</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berber_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berber_languages" title="Template:Berber languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berber_languages" title="Template talk:Berber languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berber languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berber_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awjila_language" title="Awjila language">Awjila</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fezzan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fezzan language">Fezzan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foqaha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foqaha language">Foqaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sokna_language" title="Sokna language">Sokna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tmessa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmessa language">Tmessa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadam%C3%A8s_language" title="Ghadamès language">Ghadamès</a></li> <li><i>Jaghbub</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kufra_Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufra Berber">Kufra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafusi_language" title="Nafusi language">Nafusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadu_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadu Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Jadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalut_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalut Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Nalut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazzin_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wazzin Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Wazzin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yefren_Berber_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yefren Berber dialect (page does not exist)">Yefren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language">Siwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Middle_Atlas_Berber" title="Eastern Middle Atlas Berber">Eastern Middle Atlas</a> (transitional to Atlas) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Seghrouchen_Berber" title="Ait Seghrouchen Berber">Seghrouchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ait_Warayn_Berber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ait Warayn Berber (page does not exist)">Warayn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab%E2%80%93Wargla_languages" title="Mzab–Wargla languages">Northern Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Mozabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugurt_language" title="Tugurt language">Wad Righ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargli language">Wargla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oran_and_Figuig_Berber" title="South Oran and Figuig Berber">South Oran and Figuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidikelt_language" title="Tidikelt language">Tidikelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurara_language" title="Gurara language">Gurara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwat_language" title="Tuwat language">Tuwat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian language">Riffian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Riffian_Berber_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Riffian Berber dialects (page does not exist)">Central Riffian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Snous_dialect" title="Beni Snous dialect">Snouss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Riffian_Berber_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Riffian Berber dialects (page does not exist)">Western Riffian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Zenati" title="Eastern Morocco Zenati">Eastern Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznasen_Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznasen Berber">Iznasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawiya_language" title="Shawiya language">Shawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Zenati_languages" title="East Zenati languages">Tunisian-Zuwara</a> (transitional to Eastern) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_Berber" title="Jerba Berber">Jerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matmata_Berber" title="Matmata Berber">Matmata</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sened_language" title="Sened language">Sened</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douiret_language" title="Douiret language">Douiret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuwara_Berber" title="Zuwara Berber">Zuwara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Zenatic_dialects" title="Western Algerian Zenatic dialects">Western Algerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouraya_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouraya language (page does not exist)">Gouraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheliff_Basin_Berber" title="Sheliff Basin Berber">Shelif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenwa_language" title="Shenwa language">Shenwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Zenati</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">Gharb</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language" title="Sanhaja de Srair language">Senhaja de Srair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Eastern_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Eastern Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Central-Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Western_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Western Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Central-Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Kabyle_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Kabyle dialect (page does not exist)">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standardised</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Moroccan_Amazigh" title="Standard Moroccan Amazigh">Moroccan Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Algerian Berber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Tuareg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a> <ul><li>Tahaggart</li> <li>Ajjer</li> <li>Ghat</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Tuareg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamashek</a> <ul><li>Tadhaq</li> <li>Tanaslamt</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a> <ul><li>Tayirt <ul><li>Ingal</li> <li>Gofat</li></ul></li> <li>Tanassfarwat <ul><li>Azerori</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Tayart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Berber_languages" title="Western Berber languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetserret_language" title="Tetserret language">Tetserret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Old Libyan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Numidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Numidian language">East Numidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fezzan-Tripolitanian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fezzan-Tripolitanian language (page does not exist)">Fezzan-Tripolitanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Mauretanian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Mauretanian language (page does not exist)">Mauretanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Numidian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Numidian language (page does not exist)">West Numidian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berber_orthography" title="Berber orthography">Orthography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-Berber alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber Arabic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Academy_of_Amazigh_Language" title="Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language">AAAL (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut-Conseil_%C3%A0_l%27amazighit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut-Conseil à l'amazighité">HCA (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_the_Amazigh_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture">IRCAM (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_de_l%27Alphab%C3%A9tisation_Fonctionelle_et_de_la_Linguistique_Appliqu%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Nationale de l'Alphabétisation Fonctionelle et de la Linguistique Appliquée">DNAFLA (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Recherche_Berb%C3%A8re" title="Centre de Recherche Berbère">CRB (France)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NGOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Academy" title="Berber Academy">Berber Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amazigh_Congress" title="World Amazigh Congress">World Amazigh Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazigh_Cultural_Association_in_America" title="Amazigh Cultural Association in America">Amazigh Cultural Association in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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