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<li id="toc-Early_mirrors_and_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mirrors_and_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early mirrors and instability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mirrors_and_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseballs_and_yin-yang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseballs_and_yin-yang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Baseballs and yin-yang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseballs_and_yin-yang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokamak_stampede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokamak_stampede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tokamak stampede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokamak_stampede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Q_and_tandem_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Q_and_tandem_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Q and tandem mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Q_and_tandem_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TMX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TMX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>TMX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TMX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_barriers_and_TMX-U" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_barriers_and_TMX-U"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Thermal barriers and TMX-U</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_barriers_and_TMX-U-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TMX-U" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TMX-U"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>TMX-U</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TMX-U-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item 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searchaux" style="display:none">Experimental fusion reactor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:110%; background: #c0c0c0;">TMX & TMX-U</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tandem Mirror Experiment</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg/250px-The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg/375px-The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg/500px-The_Tandem_Mirror_Experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="695" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) in 1979</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power#Methods" title="Fusion power">Device type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Magnetic mirror</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date(s) of construction</th><td class="infobox-data">1977 – 1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year(s) of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1979–1987</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2XIIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2XIIB (page does not exist)">2XIIB</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q87780933#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q87780933"><span title=""2XIIB" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related devices</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">Mirror Fusion Test Facility</a> (MFTF)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tandem Mirror Experiment</b> (<b>TMX</b> and <b>TMX-U</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">magnetic mirror</a> machine operated from 1979 to 1987 at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth1987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first large-scale machine to test the "tandem mirror" concept in which two mirrors trapped a large volume of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> between them in an effort to increase the efficiency of the reactor. </p><p>The original TMX was designed and built in a short period between its conception at a major physics meeting in Germany in October 1976, its design in January 1977, and its completion in October 1978. Over the next year, it validated the tandem mirror approach. Plans began to build a much larger machine based on the same principles, the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">Mirror Fusion Test Facility</a> (MFTF). MFTF was initially just a scaled-up version of TMX, but when the design was studied it was seen that it would not reach its desired performance. Some system was needed that would boost the internal temperature of the fuel. </p><p>A solution was found in the form of "<a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">thermal barriers</a>" which would trap high-energy electrons and allow the fuel to be increased in energy without increasing leakage. MFTF was modified to add barriers and became MFTF-B. While construction on MFTF-B began, thermal barriers were added to TMX to become TMX-U in 1982. While TMX-U validated the concept in general, the thermal barriers were not stable. MFTF-B was almost complete by this time, and funding was cancelled the day after its completion. TMX-U continued to operate until February 1987. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mirrors_and_instability">Early mirrors and instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early mirrors and instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Magnetic mirror</a> machines were among the first serious designs for fusion reactors, along with the <a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">stellarator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">z-pinch</a>. The machine was very simple, consisting largely of a <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a> in which the wires were not wound evenly but had areas at each end with more windings. When a current ran through the windings, the resulting magnetic field would pinch down at the ends, causing the electrons and ions to reflect back into the center and thereby stay confined. <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Post" title="Richard F. Post">Richard F. Post</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL) became a major proponent of the concept, and Livermore became a worldwide center for mirror research. </p><p>In a famous talk in 1954, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> expressed his belief that machines like the mirror had an inherent instability, today known as the <a href="/wiki/Interchange_instability" title="Interchange instability">interchange instability</a>, which would make them incapable of trapping a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> for anywhere near the required time scales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200630_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200630-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, in the infancy of the program, none of the existing machines could confine a plasma long enough to see whether this was true. By 1960, Livermore had built several ever-larger mirror machines with longer confinement times, and no hint of the problem could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg198258_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg198258-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mystery was solved at an international meeting in 1961 when <a href="/wiki/Lev_Artsimovich" title="Lev Artsimovich">Lev Artsimovich</a> asked if the Livermore teams had calibrated a particular measurement instrument to account for a delay in its readings. They had not; it was immediately realized the stability being measured was illusory, the apparent millisecond-long stability was in fact a millisecond-long delay in the readings, and the plasma was actually becoming unstable immediately. Artsimovich concluded "we now do not have a single experimental fact indicating long and stable confinement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseballs_and_yin-yang">Baseballs and yin-yang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Baseballs and yin-yang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg/220px-Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg/330px-Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg/440px-Baseball_II_magnetic_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>The Baseball II was a superconducting version of the baseball coil design, seen here in 1969 during construction. These designs demonstrated that plasma in a mirror could be stable.</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the Livermore teams, their Soviet counterparts at the <a href="/wiki/Ioffe_Institute" title="Ioffe Institute">Ioffe Institute</a> were seeing signs of the interchange instability for some time. There was already a significant amount of research on how to avoid this problem, and at the same 1961 meeting, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ioffe" title="Mikhail Ioffe">Mikhail Ioffe</a> presented data from one such design, the "minimum-B", which showed clear signals that it was suppressing this instability. This design added additional current-carrying wires that modified the magnetic field to bend the plasma into a bow-tie shape instead of a simple cylinder. The six conductors were known as "Ioffe bars".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new version of the same basic concept emerged from the UK, the "tennis ball", which was quickly picked up at Livermore, Americanized to "baseball coils", and built in a series of machines known as ALICE, Baseball I and II. These machines used a single magnet which made them much easier to build, and also had the advantage of having a very large internal volume which made it easy to insert diagnostics. The downside to this design was that the magnet was very large relative to the volume of plasma it contained. Livermore's <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Kenneth_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Kenneth Fowler (page does not exist)">Ken Fowler</a> took this basic design and modified it to produce the "yin-yang" variation, whose magnets were much closer to the plasma. This was built in the 2X series of machines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the new baseball machines demonstrated gross stability, it appeared that a working fusion reactor could be built using the design.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the two designs, baseball and yin-yang, the physicists generally preferred the former as it had easier access for diagnostic systems, and that this would also have an advantage in a real reactor as it allowed easier access for maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201348_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokamak_stampede">Tokamak stampede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tokamak stampede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These results were emerging in the early 1970s, which coincided with the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, and a resulting massive infusion of capital by the US federal government into new forms of energy. The fusion directorate, now under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Hirsch" title="Robert L. Hirsch">Robert L. Hirsch</a>, began to redirect the labs away from pure research towards an effort to make a working reactor design. The <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">tokamak</a> presented an apparent path to that end, and Hirsch began funding several large tokamak development projects in what became known as the "tokamak stampede". He also desired to have at least one backup concept in case something turned up as tokamaks grew larger. The two most successful designs at that time were the <a href="/wiki/Theta_pinch" title="Theta pinch">theta pinch</a> and mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201349-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hirsch's assistant, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Dean" title="Stephen O. Dean">Stephen O. Dean</a>, visited LLNL and told them that to remain in the running, they would have to produce a design that was competitive with the tokamaks in the short term. He noted that in this respect, while baseball might be the better design, in the short term the 2X had higher performance and a better chance of catching up to the tokamaks. The staff at LLNL were insulted that Washington bureaucrats were trying to tell them how to do their jobs, but Dean pointed out that Hirsch already had two of LLNL's other programs shut down, <a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levitron" title="Levitron">Levitron</a>. If the lab could not demonstrate a practically significant improvement in performance, they might lose their mirror program as well. He found an ally in the lab's director, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Foster_Jr." title="John S. Foster Jr.">John Foster, Jr.</a>, who broadly agreed with Dean's assessment of the political situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201349-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, effort on Baseball II was reduced, and a larger machine known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=2XIIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2XIIB (page does not exist)">2XIIB</a> was designed in place of the original 2XII. The major change was the addition of more <a href="/wiki/Neutral_beam_injector" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral beam injector">neutral beam injectors</a>, from two to a total of twelve, which would greatly improve the density and temperature of the plasma. 2XIIB was constructed rapidly and began operations in 1975, quickly meeting the performance goals in terms of temperature and density it had set for itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201349-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of 2XIIB allowed Dean to get permission in April 1976 to fund the construction of what was essentially an enlarged version of 2XIIB known as MX, setting the initial operational date in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201353_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201353-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Q_and_tandem_mirrors">Q and tandem mirrors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Q and tandem mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean also pointed out that in the longer term, neither baseball or yin-yang seemed to have any obvious advantage in terms of <a href="/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor" title="Fusion energy gain factor">gain</a>, or <i>Q</i>. While MX might match the plasma performance of the newer tokamaks, calculations showed that even in the absolute best case it would be limited to about <i>Q</i> = 1.2, where a commercially useful system would likely need to have 10 or more. Tokamaks did not appear to have any such limit. In order to be relevant after the next series of designs, LLNL would have to come up with a way to greatly improve <i>Q</i>. This sparked off considerable discussion on the topic of "Q enhancement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201353_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201353-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solution was eventually provided by <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Kenneth_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Kenneth Fowler (page does not exist)">T. Kenneth Fowler</a> at LLNL later in 1976; he and David Baldwin developed the concept now known as the "tandem mirror", in which 2XIIB-like mirrors were placed at either end of a large <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a> between them. The two mirrors would still have relatively low <i>Q</i> on their own, but over time the hot plasma they naturally leaked would heat the fuel in the solenoid to the point where it was undergoing fusion as well. At that point, the amount of power being released was limited only by the size of this central tank, which required much less energy to power than the 2X mirrors at either end. Thus a much larger amount of fuel would be undergoing fusion while requiring only a small amount of additional power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem was that mirrors are naturally symmetrical, if the fuel could flow out one end into the tank it could just as easily flow out the other and escape entirely. To solve this problem, the tandem mirror aimed to create an "ambipolar" plasma. Ideally, this allowed it to contain <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> differently. Because the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> are so much more massive than the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> they can exist with different speeds simultaneously, whereas the electrons are almost always at high speed. By trapping a volume of ions in the mirrors, electrons would be attracted to the two sides of the reactor, forming an area of negative charge. Higher-energy ions escaping the center of the mirrors would preferentially be attracted towards these negative areas, into the center of the reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-comments_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comments-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TMX">TMX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: TMX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With this advance suggesting the mirror was in the running for both breakeven and as a practical reactor, LLNL proposed building a smaller machine than MX to test the layout. A formal proposal was presented to the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> on 12 January 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approved that month. Baseball II was disassembled and TMX built in its place, beginning operations in October 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The machine quickly demonstrated that the basic tandem mirror concept was sound. On this basis, LLNL was given the go-ahead to begin the construction of the much larger, and now $200 million, MFTF. MFTF was designed to reach <i>Q</i> = 1, also known as "breakeven", and demonstrate a path towards a power producing design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_barriers_and_TMX-U">Thermal barriers and TMX-U</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thermal barriers and TMX-U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> move more freely in a plasma, they tend to leak out of a mirror machine more rapidly than the fuel ions. Over time, this causes the mass of the fuel left inside the mirror to increasingly consist of ions. This, in turn, creates a net positive charge, providing additional forces that help push the fuel out of the mirror, increasing the rate of leakage. It was this leakage that limited the <i>Q</i> of the machine; counteracting it required extremely powerful magnets that demanded large amounts of power and thus reduced the net output.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of attempts had been made to address this by injecting new fuel into the ends of the mirror using small <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>. In 1979, Fowler, David Baldwin and Grant Logan suggested a new layout for these injectors that appeared to be able to produce a "thermal barrier" that should greatly reduce the leakage. The idea was to inject new fuel ions into the ends of the mirror cells so the effective temperature on the ends was higher than in the center. This produced a kinetic barrier to fuel in the center tank and could significantly lower leakage rates, thereby further improving <i>Q</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advance was so great that it appeared the existing MFTF concept, essentially a scaled-up TMX, would serve no purpose. To test barrier the concept, in 1979 Fowler proposed taking TXM offline once its current experimental runs had ended in 1981. It would then be rebuilt with the end cells in the new configuration, as TMX-U. TMX-U was not expected to be available until 1983, which would introduce a lengthy delay in the MFTF project if the same idea was to be used on that design as well. In late 1979, Fowler proposed continuing the construction of MTFT-B with allowances so that the injectors could be modified if need be based on the results from TMX-U. The new director of fusion research, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Kinter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Kinter (page does not exist)">Ed Kinter</a>, approved the plan, and MFTF became MFTF-B, for "barrier".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, this plan proved unwise. When TMX-U began operations it was clear that the improvements from the new injectors was nowhere near what was hoped of them. When these results were scaled up to the MFTF-B design, it became clear it would not be able to reach breakeven. Construction of MFTF-B, already well underway, was allowed to continue, but the project was defunded and closed on 22 February 1986, the day after its construction was declared complete. TMX-U fired its last shots the same month. Dean would later comment that in their effort to catch up to tokamaks the mirror program was pushed too hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LLNL, who had received $720 million since 1974 for their mirror program, shut down their mirror program and turned its attention to the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> approach. Mirror programs at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> (Tara) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> (Phaedrus) were defunded the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg/220px-TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg/330px-TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg/440px-TMX_Baseball_Coils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>A worker checks the alignment of part of the shaped baseball coils.</figcaption></figure> <p>The TMX was formally proposed by Fred Coensgen and the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Livermore</a> team on January 12, 1977 to the US <a href="/wiki/Energy_Research_and_Development_Administration" title="Energy Research and Development Administration">Energy Research and Development Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was projected to cost 11 million dollars. The design consisted of five rings of current around the plasma. The ends uses shaped "Baseball" magnets at the end to stop plasma from escaping. This design produced magnetic forces that increase in every direction away from the center of the mirror region. A fusion plasma shaped like a twisted bow tie is confined inside a magnetic mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designing appropriate plugs was a challenge for all magnetic mirror machines. The baseball design was later replaced by the exotic yin-yang magnets of the <a href="/wiki/MFTF" class="mw-redirect" title="MFTF">MFTF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with escaping plasma led researchers towards the <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a> where plugs were eliminated by looping the field together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TMX-U">TMX-U</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TMX-U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A summary of results from the original runs with TMX was published in February 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the facility underwent a major overhaul. A thermal barrier was added to better contain the plasma, the number of rings was increased to over ten<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vacuum and diagnostic system was overhauled and extra magnets were added to plug up losses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new machine was referred to as the "TMX-U"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it operated into the late eighties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lidsky" title="Lawrence Lidsky">Lawrence Lidsky</a> famously criticized the magnetic mirror machines by saying: "They kept adding one set of magnets a year until it collapsed under its own weight"<sup id="cite_ref-Booth1987_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his article "<a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_With_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trouble With Fusion">The Trouble With Fusion</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Tandem Mirror experiment with thermal barriers" G A Carlson, UCRL-52836, September 19, 1979.</li> <li>"Thermonuclear confinement systems with twin mirror systems" by G I Dimov, Soviet journal of plasma physics, volume 2 number 4</li> <li>"Ion Losses from End-Stopped Mirror Trap" DP Chernin, MN Rosenbluth, Institute for Advanced Study, Nuclear Fusion 1978</li> <li>"Improved Tandem Mirror Fusion Reactor" By D E Baldwin, Physical Review Letters, October 29, 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Booth1987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booth1987_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth1987_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBooth,_William1987" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, William (1987). "Fusion's $372-Million Mothball". <i>Science</i>. <b>238</b> (4824): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Sci...238..152B">1987Sci...238..152B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.238.4824.152">10.1126/science.238.4824.152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800453">17800453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fusion%27s+%24372-Million+Mothball&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=4824&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.238.4824.152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Sci...238..152B&rft.au=Booth%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200630-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200630_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2006">Herman 2006</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg198258-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg198258_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromberg1982">Bromberg 1982</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromberg1982111_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromberg1982">Bromberg 1982</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrallTrivelpieceGross1973" class="citation journal cs1">Krall, Nicholas A.; Trivelpiece, Alvin W.; Gross, Robert A. (1973). "Principles of Plasma Physics". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>41</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1380–</span>1381. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AmJPh..41.1380K">1973AmJPh..41.1380K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1987587">10.1119/1.1987587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Plasma+Physics&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1380-%3C%2Fspan%3E1381&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0002-9505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1987587&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973AmJPh..41.1380K&rft.aulast=Krall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Trivelpiece%2C+Alvin+W.&rft.au=Gross%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelley1967" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, G G (1967). "Elimination of ambipolar potential-enhanced loss in a magnetic trap". <i>Plasma Physics</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">503–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0032-1028%2F9%2F4%2F412">10.1088/0032-1028/9/4/412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-1028">0032-1028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plasma+Physics&rft.atitle=Elimination+of+ambipolar+potential-enhanced+loss+in+a+magnetic+trap&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0032-1028%2F9%2F4%2F412&rft.issn=0032-1028&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=G+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201348-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201348_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2013">Dean 2013</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201349-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201349_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2013">Dean 2013</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201353-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201353_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201353_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2013">Dean 2013</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201354-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201354_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2013">Dean 2013</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comments-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comments_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Comments on plasma physics and controlled fusion" Burton D Fried, comments on Plasma physics and controlled fusion, 1977, Volume 2, Number 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoensgen1977" class="citation techreport cs1">Coensgen, Fred (12 January 1977). <i>TMX Major Project Proposal</i> (Technical report). LLL-Prop-148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=TMX+Major+Project+Proposal&rft.pub=LLL-Prop-148&rft.date=1977-01-12&rft.aulast=Coensgen&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth1987152_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth1987">Booth 1987</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"TMX MAJOR PROJECT PROPOSAL" Fred Coensgen, January 12, 1977, LLL-Prop-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/llnl/5795121192/in/set-72157626754270259">"Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX)"</a>. January 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tandem+Mirror+Experiment+%28TMX%29&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fllnl%2F5795121192%2Fin%2Fset-72157626754270259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozmanWangChangDalder1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kozman, T.; Wang, S.; Chang, Y.; Dalder, E.; Hanson, C.; Hinkle, R.; Myall, J.; Montoya, C.; Owen, E.; Palasek, R.; Shimer, D. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1205828/">"Magnets for the mirror fusion test facility: Testing of the first yin-yang and the design and development of other magnets"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">859–</span>866. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ITM....19..859K">1983ITM....19..859K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftmag.1983.1062533">10.1109/tmag.1983.1062533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9464">0018-9464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121612886">121612886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Magnets+for+the+mirror+fusion+test+facility%3A+Testing+of+the+first+yin-yang+and+the+design+and+development+of+other+magnets&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E859-%3C%2Fspan%3E866&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftmag.1983.1062533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121612886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983ITM....19..859K&rft.aulast=Kozman&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Chang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Dalder%2C+E.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+C.&rft.au=Hinkle%2C+R.&rft.au=Myall%2C+J.&rft.au=Montoya%2C+C.&rft.au=Owen%2C+E.&rft.au=Palasek%2C+R.&rft.au=Shimer%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1205828%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimonen1981" class="citation report cs1">Simonen, T.C, ed. (1981-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1100939/">Summary of results from the Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX)</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F5759138">10.2172/5759138</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Summary+of+results+from+the+Tandem+Mirror+Experiment+%28TMX%29&rft.date=1981-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F5759138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1100939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllenCorrellHillKaiser1987" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, S.L.; Correll, D.L.; Hill, D.N.; Kaiser, T.B.; Heifetz, D.B. (1987). "Determination of ambipolar radial transport from the particle balance in the TMX-U tandem mirror". <i>Nuclear Fusion</i>. <b>27</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2139–</span>2152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0029-5515%2F27%2F12%2F013">10.1088/0029-5515/27/12/013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5515">0029-5515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121498006">121498006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Fusion&rft.atitle=Determination+of+ambipolar+radial+transport+from+the+particle+balance+in+the+TMX-U+tandem+mirror&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2139-%3C%2Fspan%3E2152&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121498006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0029-5515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0029-5515%2F27%2F12%2F013&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=S.L.&rft.au=Correll%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Hill%2C+D.N.&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+T.B.&rft.au=Heifetz%2C+D.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickles1983" class="citation journal cs1">Pickles, W L (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1101581/">"The LLNL tandem mirror experiment (TMX) upgrade vacuum system"</a>. <i>Vacuum</i>. <b>33</b> (6): 345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-207x%2883%2990122-7">10.1016/0042-207x(83)90122-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-207X">0042-207X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vacuum&rft.atitle=The+LLNL+tandem+mirror+experiment+%28TMX%29+upgrade+vacuum+system&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0042-207x%2883%2990122-7&rft.issn=0042-207X&rft.aulast=Pickles&rft.aufirst=W+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1101581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntCoffieldPickles1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, A. L.; Coffield, F. E.; Pickles, W. L. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1201029/">"Fast pressure measurements for the TMX-U fusion experiment"</a>. <i>Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1293–</span>1296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JVSTA...1.1293H">1983JVSTA...1.1293H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1116%2F1.572092">10.1116/1.572092</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-2101">0734-2101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122863605">122863605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vacuum+Science+%26+Technology+A%3A+Vacuum%2C+Surfaces%2C+and+Films&rft.atitle=Fast+pressure+measurements+for+the+TMX-U+fusion+experiment&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1293-%3C%2Fspan%3E1296&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1116%2F1.572092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122863605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0734-2101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983JVSTA...1.1293H&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Coffield%2C+F.+E.&rft.au=Pickles%2C+W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1201029%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem_Mirror_Experiment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth1987" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, William (9 October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/238/4824/152">"Fusion's $372-Million Mothball"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>238</b> (4824): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Sci...238..152B">1987Sci...238..152B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.238.4824.152">10.1126/science.238.4824.152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800453">17800453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fusion%27s+%24372-Million+Mothball&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=4824&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1987-10-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.238.4824.152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Sci...238..152B&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F238%2F4824%2F152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromberg1982" class="citation book cs1">Bromberg, Joan Lisa (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fusionsciencepol0000brom"><i>Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262021807" title="Special:BookSources/9780262021807"><bdi>9780262021807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fusion%3A+Science%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Invention+of+a+New+Energy+Source&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780262021807&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffusionsciencepol0000brom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDean2013" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSA_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>The Search for the Ultimate Energy Source</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461460374" title="Special:BookSources/9781461460374"><bdi>9781461460374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Ultimate+Energy+Source&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781461460374&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSA_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Robin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wec8bjrc5UoC"><i>Fusion: The Search for Endless Energy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521024952" title="Special:BookSources/9780521024952"><bdi>9780521024952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fusion%3A+The+Search+for+Endless+Energy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521024952&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwec8bjrc5UoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Teller, Edward (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sW2uTmS9oYwC&pg=PA430"><i>Fusion Part A: Magnetic confinement, Part 1</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323147804" title="Special:BookSources/9780323147804"><bdi>9780323147804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fusion+Part+A%3A+Magnetic+confinement%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780323147804&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsW2uTmS9oYwC%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem+Mirror+Experiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/ASC_Purple" title="ASC Purple">ASC Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCI_Blue_Pacific" title="ASCI Blue Pacific">ASCI Blue Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCI_White" title="ASCI White">ASCI White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloton_(supercomputer)" title="Peloton (supercomputer)">Peloton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(supercomputer)" title="Sequoia (supercomputer)">Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_(supercomputer)" title="Sierra (supercomputer)">Sierra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_path_laser" title="Long path laser">Long path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novette_laser" title="Novette laser">Novette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gist_(graphics_software)" title="Gist (graphics software)">Gist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLNL_RISE_process" title="LLNL RISE process">LLNL RISE process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LX-14" title="LX-14">LX-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropower_impulse_radar" title="Micropower impulse radar">Micropower impulse radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSE_(compiler_framework)" title="ROSE (compiler framework)">ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCALD" title="SCALD">SCALD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo_(library)" title="Silo (library)">Silo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">Slapper detonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W47" title="W47">W47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W71" title="W71">W71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorick_(programming_language)" title="Yorick (programming language)">Yorick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">IBM Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial confinement fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">Laser Inertial Fusion Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">Stockpile stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Division" title="Z-Division">Z-Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fusion_power,_processes_and_devices127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fusion_power" title="Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fusion_power" title="Template talk:Fusion power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fusion power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fusion_power,_processes_and_devices127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion power</a>, processes and devices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nuclear_fusion18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_plasma" title="Burning plasma">Burning plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion" title="Timeline of nuclear fusion">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">List of experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_power_technologies" title="List of fusion power technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fusion" title="Commercial fusion">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion" title="Aneutronic fusion">Aneutronic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor" title="Fusion energy gain factor">Fusion energy gain factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_criterion" title="Lawson criterion">Lawson criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">Magnetohydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes,<br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Confinementtype62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion#Confinement" title="Nuclear fusion">Confinement</a><br />type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Gravitational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">Carbon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Neon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">Oxygen-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Silicon-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">S-process</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Magnetic mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_torus" title="Bumpy torus">Bumpy torus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_pinch" title="Theta pinch">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Zeta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_tokamak" title="Spherical tokamak">Spherical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynomak" title="Dynomak">Dynomak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_solenoid" title="Toroidal solenoid">Toroidal solenoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_liner_inertial_fusion" title="Magnetized liner inertial fusion">Magnetized liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_ion_fusion" title="Heavy ion fusion">Ion-driven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">Electrostatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colliding_beam_fusion" title="Colliding beam fusion">Colliding beam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_confinement_fusion" title="Lattice confinement fusion">Metal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fusion_experiments" title="List of fusion experiments">Devices,<br />experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic<br />confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEMOnstration_Power_Plant" title="DEMOnstration Power Plant">DEMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROTO_(fusion_reactor)" title="PROTO (fusion reactor)">PROTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Physics_Laboratory_(Saskatchewan)" title="Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)">STOR-M</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alcator_C-Mod" title="Alcator C-Mod">Alcator C-Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_fusion_reactor" title="ARC fusion reactor">ARC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak)" title="SPARC (tokamak)">SPARC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIII-D_(tokamak)" title="DIII-D (tokamak)">DIII-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enormous_Toroidal_Plasma_Device" title="Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device">Electric Tokamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_Tokamak_Experiment" title="Lithium Tokamak Experiment">LTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment" title="National Spherical Torus Experiment">NSTX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Large_Torus" title="Princeton Large Torus">PLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor" title="Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor">TFTR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Toroidal_Experiment" title="Pegasus Toroidal Experiment">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riggatron" title="Riggatron">Riggatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">SSPX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ETE_(tokamak)" title="ETE (tokamak)">ETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Chauffage_Alfv%C3%A9n_Br%C3%A9silien_(TCABR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien (TCABR)">TCABR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novillo_(tokamak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novillo (tokamak) (page does not exist)">Novillo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_Novillo" class="extiw" title="es:Tokamak Novillo">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia,<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Fusion_Engineering_Test_Reactor" title="China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor">CFETR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Advanced_Superconducting_Tokamak" title="Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak">EAST</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HT-7" title="HT-7">HT-7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HH70" title="HH70">HH70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2A" title="HL-2A">HL-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-2M" title="HL-2M">HL-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUNIST" title="SUNIST">SUNIST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ADITYA_(tokamak)" title="ADITYA (tokamak)">ADITYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SST-1_(tokamak)" title="SST-1 (tokamak)">SST-1</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JT-60" title="JT-60">JT-60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-shu_University_Experiment_with_Steady_State_Spherical_Tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-shu University Experiment with Steady State Spherical Tokamak (page does not exist)">QUEST</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEST" class="extiw" title="ja:QUEST">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/GLAST_(tokamak)" title="GLAST (tokamak)">GLAST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KSTAR" title="KSTAR">KSTAR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Tokamak-1" title="Thailand Tokamak-1">TT-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Torus" title="Joint European Torus">JET</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/COMPASS_tokamak" title="COMPASS tokamak">COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOLEM_tokamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOLEM tokamak (page does not exist)">GOLEM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak_TM-1_MH" class="extiw" title="cs:Tokamak TM-1 MH">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_de_Fontenay_aux_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokamak de Fontenay aux Roses">TFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEST_(formerly_Tore_Supra)" title="WEST (formerly Tore Supra)">WEST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ASDEX_Upgrade" title="ASDEX Upgrade">ASDEX Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEXTOR" class="mw-redirect" title="TEXTOR">TEXTOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Divertor_Tokamak_Test" title="Divertor Tokamak Test">DTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati_Tokamak_Upgrade" title="Frascati Tokamak Upgrade">FTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGNITOR" title="IGNITOR">IGNITOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISTTOK" title="ISTTOK">ISTTOK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T-15_(reactor)" title="T-15 (reactor)">T-15</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokamak_%C3%A0_configuration_variable" title="Tokamak à configuration variable">TCV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mega_Ampere_Spherical_Tokamak" title="Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak">MAST-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Tight_Aspect_Ratio_Tokamak" title="Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak">START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Tokamak_for_Energy_Production" title="Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production">STEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Non-neutral_Torus" title="Columbia Non-neutral Torus">CNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Toroidal_Hybrid" title="Compact Toroidal Hybrid">CTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Illinois_Device_for_Research_and_Applications" title="Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications">HIDRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helically_Symmetric_Experiment" title="Helically Symmetric Experiment">HSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_C_stellarator" title="Model C stellarator">Model C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Compact_Stellarator_Experiment" title="National Compact Stellarator Experiment">NCSX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SCR-1" title="SCR-1">SCR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia,<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/H-1NF" title="H-1NF">H-1NF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heliotron_J" title="Heliotron J">Heliotron J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Helical_Device" title="Large Helical Device">LHD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WEGA_(stellarator)" class="mw-redirect" title="WEGA (stellarator)">WEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-AS" title="Wendelstein 7-AS">Wendelstein 7-AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/TJ-II" title="TJ-II">TJ-II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uragan-2M" title="Uragan-2M">Uragan-2M</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uragan-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uragan-3M (page does not exist)">Uragan-3M</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD-3%D0%9C" class="extiw" title="uk:Ураган-3М">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinch_(plasma_physics)" title="Pinch (plasma physics)">Pinch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perhapsatron" title="Perhapsatron">Perhapsatron</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(fusion_reactor)" title="Sceptre (fusion reactor)">Sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">RFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reversed-Field_eXperiment" title="Reversed-Field eXperiment">RFX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Symmetric_Torus" title="Madison Symmetric Torus">MST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mirror" title="Magnetic mirror">Mirror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gas_Dynamic_Trap" title="Gas Dynamic Trap">GDT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astron_(fusion_reactor)" title="Astron (fusion reactor)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Compact_Fusion_Reactor" title="Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor">Lockheed Martin CFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">MFTF</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TMX</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Levitated_Dipole_Experiment" title="Levitated Dipole Experiment">LDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_field-reversed_configuration" title="Princeton field-reversed configuration">PFRC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trisops" title="Trisops">Trisops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magneto-inertial_fusion" title="Magneto-inertial fusion">Magneto-inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/General_Fusion" title="General Fusion">SPECTOR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Linus_(fusion_experiment)" title="Linus (fusion experiment)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion#Devices" title="Magnetized target fusion">FRX-L – FRCHX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helion_Energy" title="Helion Energy">Fusion Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial<br />confinement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_path_laser" title="Long path laser">Long path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">NIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_laser" title="Nike laser">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">OMEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/GEKKO_XII" title="GEKKO XII">GEKKO XII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/HiPER" title="HiPER">HiPER</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Asterix_IV_laser" title="Asterix IV laser">Asterix IV (PALS)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laser_M%C3%A9gajoule" title="Laser Mégajoule">LMJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LULI2000" title="LULI2000">LULI2000</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ISKRA_lasers" title="ISKRA lasers">ISKRA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_laser" title="Vulcan laser">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-laser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Project_PACER" title="Project PACER">PACER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Fusion_Materials_Irradiation_Facility" title="International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility">International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITER_Neutral_Beam_Test_Facility" title="ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility">ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility</a></li></ul> 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