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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nuclear weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutonium_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutonium_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plutonium research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutonium_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_security_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_security_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Global security program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_security_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Key accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Key facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier_computing_ecosystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_computing_ecosystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Premier computing ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premier_computing_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livermore_Valley_Open_Campus_(LVOC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livermore_Valley_Open_Campus_(LVOC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livermore_Valley_Open_Campus_(LVOC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sponsors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Corporate management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Public protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="লরেন্স লিভারমোর ন্যাশনাল ল্যাবরেটরী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লরেন্স লিভারমোর ন্যাশনাল ল্যাবরেটরী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nacional_Lawrence_de_Livermore" title="Laboratori Nacional Lawrence de Livermore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laboratori Nacional Lawrence de Livermore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%27i_Livermore%27i_Riiklik_Labor" title="Lawrence'i Livermore'i Riiklik Labor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lawrence'i Livermore'i Riiklik Labor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Εθνικό Εργαστήριο Λώρενς στο Λίβερμορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικό Εργαστήριο Λώρενς στο Λίβερμορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_Nacional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Laboratorio_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Nacia Laboratorio Lawrence Livermore – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Laboratorio Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آزمایشگاه ملی لارنس لیورمور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه ملی لارنس لیورمور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire_national_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratoire national Lawrence Livermore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laboratoire national Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="로렌스 리버모어 국립연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로렌스 리버모어 국립연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המעבדה הלאומית לורנס ליברמור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעבדה הלאומית לורנס ליברמור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ローレンス・リバモア国立研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス・リバモア国立研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_Nacional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorul_Na%C8%9Bional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorul Național Lawrence Livermore – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laboratorul Național Lawrence Livermore" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливерморская национальная лаборатория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливерморская национальная лаборатория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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<span class="longitude">121°43′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.69°N 121.71°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.69; -121.71</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal research center in Livermore, California, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/220px-Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/330px-Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/440px-Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg/220px-IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg/330px-IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg/440px-IMAG3049-livermore-lab_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of the square LLNL campus (center) from the south. On the south side of LLNL is <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a> and to the north is the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Ulmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmar">Ulmar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Science and technology on a mission"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 2, 1952<span class="noprint">; 72 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1952-09-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Nuclear and basic science</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>2.7 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_S._Budil" title="Kimberly S. Budil">Kimberly S. Budil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&params=37.69_N_121.71_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°41′N</span> <span class="longitude">121°43′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.69°N 121.71°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.69; -121.71</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 square mile (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llnl.gov">llnl.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_California_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is located in California"><img alt="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is located in California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/240px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/360px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/USA_California_location_map.svg/480px-USA_California_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.556%;left:27.685%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"><img alt="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in California</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</b> (<b>LLNL</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_funded_research_and_development_centers" title="Federally funded research and development centers">federally funded research and development center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, United States. Originally established in 1952, the laboratory now is sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and administered privately by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lab was originally established as the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch in 1952 in response to the detonation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s first atomic bomb during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later became autonomous in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence Livermore Lab is primarily funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> and it is managed <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">privately</a> and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (a <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnerships_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnerships in the United States">partnership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bechtel" title="Bechtel">Bechtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWX_Technologies" title="BWX Technologies">BWX Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amentum_(company)" title="Amentum (company)">Amentum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a> in affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&M University System">Texas A&M University System</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the synthetic chemical element <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> (element 116) was named after the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Livermore facility was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, then director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-LLNL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLNL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LLNL is a research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nation's nuclear weapons</a> through the application of advanced science, engineering, and technology. The laboratory also applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities towards preventing the proliferation and use of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, bolstering homeland security, and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental needs, scientific research and outreach, and economic competitiveness. </p><p>The laboratory is located on a 1 square mile (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>) site at the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore</a>. It also operates a 7,000 acres (28 km<sup>2</sup>) remote experimental test site known as Site 300, situated about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of about $2.7 billion and a staff of nearly 9,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LLNL was established in 1952, as the <b>University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an offshoot of the existing <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">University of California Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley</a>. The lab at Livermore was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> that developed the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weapons">atomic weapons</a>. The Livermore facility was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-LLNL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLNL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new laboratory was sited at a former <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Livermore" title="Naval Air Station Livermore">naval air station</a> from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was already home to several University of California Radiation Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">Berkeley Hills</a> above the UC campus, including one of the first experiments in the magnetic approach to confined thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban university campus. </p><p>Lawrence tapped his former graduate student <a href="/wiki/Herbert_York" title="Herbert York">Herbert York</a>, age 32, to run Livermore. Under York, the Lab had four main programs: <a href="/wiki/Project_Sherwood" title="Project Sherwood">Project Sherwood</a> (the magnetic-fusion program), Project Whitney (the weapons-design program), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics program. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence "big science" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the university's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the <b>Lawrence Radiation Laboratory</b>. </p><p>Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very close relationships on research projects, business operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming">Renaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laboratory was renamed <b>Lawrence Livermore Laboratory</b> (<b>LLL</b>) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Livermore National Security (page does not exist)">Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC</a> (LLNS) assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemical element <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> named after it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial. In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7 million to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jury found that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to terminate the employees only for "reasonable cause."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a separate trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Bob_Egelko_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob_Egelko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on similar claims against LLNS.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bob_Egelko_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bob_Egelko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city's boundaries to annex LLNL and move it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore's southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering 1,057 acres (4.28 km<sup>2</sup>) that comprise the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda County. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_projects">Major projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_weapons">Nuclear weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuclear weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowline_Schooner.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bowline_Schooner.gif/220px-Bowline_Schooner.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bowline_Schooner.gif/330px-Bowline_Schooner.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bowline_Schooner.gif/440px-Bowline_Schooner.gif 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowline" title="Operation Bowline">Bowline Schooner</a>, a nuclear test conducted by LLNL in the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-LT_6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT_6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png/220px-W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png/330px-W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png/440px-W87_Peacekeeper_warheads.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Warheads designed by the LLNL on a <a href="/wiki/W87" title="W87">W87</a> missile, a type of missile still in the US nuclear stockpile today</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg/220px-B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg/330px-B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg/440px-B-83_nuclear_weapon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/B83_nuclear_bomb" title="B83 nuclear bomb">B83</a>, a nuclear weapon whose warhead was developed by LLNL that is still in the US nuclear stockpile today</figcaption></figure> <p>From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its first three <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear tests</a> were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Polaris_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris missile">Polaris missile</a>. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, many Livermore-designed <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a> entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the <a href="/wiki/MGM-52_Lance" title="MGM-52 Lance">Lance</a> surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class <a href="/wiki/LIM-49A_Spartan" class="mw-redirect" title="LIM-49A Spartan">Spartan antiballistic missile</a>. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: <a href="/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 27 nuclear bomb">W27</a> (Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), <a href="/wiki/W38_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W38 (nuclear warhead)">W38</a> (Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), <a href="/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb" title="B41 nuclear bomb">B41</a> (B52 bomb; 1957), <a href="/wiki/W45_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W45 (nuclear warhead)">W45</a> (Little John/Terrier missiles; 1956), <a href="/wiki/W47" title="W47">W47</a> (Polaris SLBM; 1957), <a href="/wiki/W48" title="W48">W48</a> (155-mm howitzer; 1957), <a href="/wiki/W55_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W55 (nuclear warhead)">W55</a> (submarine rocket; 1959), <a href="/wiki/W56" title="W56">W56</a> (Minuteman ICBM; 1960), <a href="/wiki/W58" title="W58">W58</a> (Polaris SLBM; 1960), <a href="/wiki/W62" title="W62">W62</a> (Minuteman ICBM; 1964), <a href="/wiki/W68" title="W68">W68</a> (Poseidon SLBM; 1966), <a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a> (Lance missile; 1969), <a href="/wiki/W71" title="W71">W71</a> (Spartan missile; 1968), <a href="/wiki/W79_Artillery-Fired_Atomic_Projectile" title="W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile">W79</a> (8-in. artillery gun; 1975), <a href="/wiki/W82" title="W82">W82</a> (155-mm howitzer; 1978), <a href="/wiki/B83_nuclear_bomb" title="B83 nuclear bomb">B83</a> (modern strategic bomb; 1979), and <a href="/wiki/W87" title="W87">W87</a> (LGM-118 Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the only LLNL designs still in the U.S. nuclear stockpile.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991 and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the United States began a moratorium on nuclear testing and development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based <a href="/wiki/Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">Stockpile Stewardship</a> Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, problems can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend system lifetimes, but they also can introduce performance uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the <a href="/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a> (RRW) Program. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safety and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, Congress has not allocated funding for any further development of the RRW. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plutonium_research">Plutonium research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plutonium research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LLNL conducts research into the properties and behavior of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure (e.g., with the impact of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>. Each possesses a different density and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. Alloys of plutonium are even more complex; multiple phases can be present in a sample at any given time. Experiments are being conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electrical and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials change over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is also conducted there. In March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">National Nuclear Security Administration</a> (NNSA) presented its preferred alternative for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would be a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive research and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA's overall effort to transform the Cold War era "nuclear weapons" enterprise into a 21st-century "nuclear security" enterprise. The original date to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this material as early as possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_security_program">Global security program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global security program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and by threats to energy and environmental security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-risk weapons materials and assist former weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and self-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and autonomous instruments that can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, Livermore researchers address a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine physical and life sciences, engineering, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-world problems. Activities are grouped into five programs:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Nonproliferation</b>. Preventing the spread of materials, technology, and expertise related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and detecting WMD proliferation activities worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Domestic security</b>: Anticipating, innovating and delivering technological solutions to prevent and mitigate devastating high-leverage attacks on U.S. soil.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Defense</b>: Developing and demonstrating new concepts and capabilities to help the Department of Defense prevent and deter harm to the nation, its citizens and its military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Intelligence</b>: Working at the intersection of science, technology, and analysis to provide insight into the threats to national security posed by foreign entities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Energy and environmental security</b>: Furnishing scientific understanding and technological expertise to devise energy and environmental solutions at global, regional and local scales.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_programs">Other programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs. </p> <ul><li>The LLNL chemistry, materials, and life science research focuses on chemical engineering, nuclear chemistry, materials science, and biology and <a href="/wiki/Bionanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bionanotechnology">bio-nanotechnology</a>.</li> <li>Physics thrust areas include <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure physics">high-pressure physics</a>, optical science and <a href="/wiki/High_energy_density_physics" title="High energy density physics">high energy density physics</a>, medical physics and <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a>, and nuclear, particle and <a href="/wiki/Accelerator_physics" title="Accelerator physics">accelerator physics</a>.</li> <li>In the area of energy and environmental science, Livermore's emphasis is on carbon and climate, energy, water and the environment, and the national nuclear waste repository.</li> <li>The LLNL engineering activities include micro- and <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">precision engineering</a>, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications.</li> <li>LLNL is a computing organization with capabilities in computer science, software engineering, data science, modeling and simulation, information technology, and <a href="/wiki/Cyber_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber security">cyber security</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several energy technologies in the field of <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">shale oil extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">advanced battery research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fusion_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion energy">fusion energy</a>. Main <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are <a href="/wiki/LLNL_HRS_process" title="LLNL HRS process">LLNL HRS</a> (hot-recycled-solid), <a href="/wiki/LLNL_RISE_process" title="LLNL RISE process">LLNL RISE</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-AICHE_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AICHE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_accomplishments">Key accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Key accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22">"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over its 60-year history, Lawrence Livermore has made many scientific and technological achievements, including: </p> <ul><li>Critical contributions to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a> effort through the design of nuclear weapons to meet military requirements and, since the mid-1980s, through the stockpile stewardship program, by which the safety and reliability of the enduring stockpile is ensured without underground nuclear testing.</li> <li>Design, construction, and operation of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable laser systems, culminating in the 192-beam <a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a> (NIF), completed in 2009.</li> <li>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> technology, including <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">magnetic fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">free-electron lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry" title="Accelerator mass spectrometry">accelerator mass spectrometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a>.</li> <li>Breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a>, including the development of novel tools for massively <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> and the design and application of computers that can carry out quintillions of operations per second.</li> <li>Development of technologies and systems for detecting nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and explosive threats to prevent and mitigate WMD proliferation and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.</li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography" title="Extreme ultraviolet lithography">extreme ultraviolet lithography</a> (EUVL) for fabricating next-generation <a href="/wiki/Computer_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer chips">computer chips</a>.</li> <li>First-ever detection of <a href="/wiki/Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">massive compact halo objects</a> (MACHOs), a suspected but previously undetected component of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>.</li> <li>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodetection" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodetection">biodetection</a>, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> though the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Genome_Institute" title="Joint Genome Institute">Joint Genome Institute</a> and the development of rapid PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology that lies at the heart of today's most advanced DNA detection instruments.</li> <li>Development and operation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Release_Advisory_Center" title="National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center">National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center</a> (NARAC), which provides real-time, multi-scale (global, regional, local, urban) modeling of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous material">hazardous materials</a> released into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.</li> <li>Development of highest resolution <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate models</a> and contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> which, together with former vice president <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, was awarded the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.</li> <li>Co-discoverers of new <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">superheavy elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">113</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">114</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">115</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">116</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">117</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">118</a>.</li> <li>Invention of new healthcare technologies, including a microelectrode array for construction of an artificial <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, a miniature glucose sensor for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and a compact proton therapy system for <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>.</li></ul> <p>On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received eight R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached five times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006. </p><p>Also known as the "Oscars of invention", the awards are given each year for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129. </p><p>On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars's moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>, finding that it has a connection with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, 2022 scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory announced, in a breakthrough for <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a> technology, that they have used the technique of <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> to achieve a net gain of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a> (NIF) became the first fusion reactor to achieve breakeven on December 5, 2022, with an experiment producing 3.15 megajoules of energy from a 2.05 megajoule input of laser light for an energy gain of about 1.5.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_facilities">Key facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Key facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Unique_facilities"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg/220px-Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg/330px-Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg/440px-Exterior_patio_of_the_National_Ignition_Facility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5557" data-file-height="3705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanoscience</a> Laboratory. Researchers apply advances in <a href="/wiki/Nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscience">nanoscience</a> to develop novel technologies for the detection, identification, and characterization of harmful biological <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> (viruses, spores, and bacteria) and chemical toxins.</li> <li>Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: LLNL's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) develops and applies a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> and ion-beam analytical tools used in basic research and technology development, addressing a spectrum of scientific needs important to the Laboratory, the university community, and the nation. CAMS is the world's most versatile and productive accelerator mass spectrometry facility, performing more than 25,000 AMS measurement operations per year.</li> <li>High Explosives Applications Facility and Energetic Materials Center: At HEAF, teams of scientists, engineers, and technicians address nearly all aspects of <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosives</a>: research, development and testing, material characterization, and performance and safety tests. HEAF activities support the Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, a national resource for research and development of <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a>, and propellants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Release_Advisory_Center" title="National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center">National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center</a>: NARAC is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and natural atmospheric emissions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a>: This 192-beam, stadium-size laser system is used to compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn. Experiments at NIF study physical processes at conditions that exist only in the interior of stars and in exploding nuclear weapons (see National Ignition Facility and photon science).</li> <li>Superblock: This unique high-security facility houses modern equipment for research and engineering testing of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">nuclear materials</a> and is the place where <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> expertise is developed, nurtured, and applied. Research on highly enriched <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> also is performed here.</li> <li>Livermore Computing Complex: One of the world’s most dominant high performance computing centers, the Livermore Computing Complex comprises several buildings that house many HPC systems that hold top-ranking positions on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://top500.org/lists/">Top500 list.</a> LLNL is also home to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insidehpc.com/2020/03/worlds-largest-spectra-tfinity-tape-library-installed-at-llnl/">world’s largest Spectra TFinity tape library</a>. The complex has nearly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/cooling-exascale-lawrence-livermore-plans-two-exascale-supercomputers-totaling-85mw/">48,000 square feet of machine floor space</a>, supporting both classified and unclassified national security programs.  In 2023, LLNL modernized the complex with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exascaleproject.org/exascale-day-article-powering-up-llnl-prepares-for-exascale-with-massive-energy-water-upgrade/">upgrades to its power and water-cooling capacity.</a></li> <li>Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse (subpicosecond) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam. This petawatt-class laser is used for a range of high-<a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> energy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_computing_ecosystem">Premier computing ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Premier computing ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even before the Livermore Lab opened its doors, E.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of one of the first UNIVAC computers set the precedent for LLNL's history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and most capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years in support of the stockpile stewardship mission. LLNL researchers also use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, climate change, reactions to natural disasters, and other physical phenomena. </p><p>LLNL has a long history of developing high performance computing <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and systems, focusing on creating highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. LLNL-developed software projects optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a> or <a href="/wiki/TOSS_(operating_system)" title="TOSS (operating system)">TOSS</a> (Tri-Laboratory Operating System Stack), software build and installation tools such as Spack, and resource management packages such as Flux and <a href="/wiki/SLURM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLURM">SLURM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LLNL also initiated and continues leading the development of ZFS on Linux, the official port of <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livermore_Valley_Open_Campus_(LVOC)"><span id="Livermore_Valley_Open_Campus_.28LVOC.29"></span>Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2009, a joint venture was announced between <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a>/California campus and LLNL to create an open, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and future national security challenges that require increased coupling to the private sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, energy and environmental security, cyber security, economic security, and non-proliferation. </p><p>The LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of business and operating rules devised to enhance and accelerate international scientific collaboration and partnerships with U.S. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre parcel along the eastern edge of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor center to support educational and research activities. </p><p>Objectives of LVOC </p> <ul><li>Enhance the two laboratories' national security missions by substantially increasing engagement with the private sector and academic community.</li> <li>Stay at the forefront of the science, technology and engineering fields.</li> <li>Ensure a quality future workforce by expanding opportunities for open engagement of the broader scientific community.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsors">Sponsors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sponsors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LLNL's principal sponsor is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">National Nuclear Security Administration</a> (DOE/NNSA) Office of Defense Programs, which supports its <a href="/wiki/Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">stockpile stewardship</a> and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's <a href="/wiki/Global_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global security">global security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a> work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>. LLNL also receives funding from DOE's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a>, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a>. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and development for various <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> sponsors, other federal agencies, including <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC), <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, a number of California State agencies, and private industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Fiscal Year 2009 LLNL spent $1.497 billion<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on research and laboratory operations activities: </p><p>Research/Science Budget: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a> – $301.1 million</li> <li>Nuclear Weapon Deterrent (Safety/Security/Reliability) – $227.2 million</li> <li>Advance Simulation and Computing – $221.9 million</li> <li>Nonproliferation – $152.2 million</li> <li>Department of Defense – $125.9 million</li> <li>Basic and Applied Science – $86.6 million</li> <li>Homeland Security – $83.9 million</li> <li>Energy – $22.4 million</li></ul> <p>Site Management/Operations Budget: </p> <ul><li>Safeguards/Security – $126.5 million</li> <li>Facility Operations – $118.2 million</li> <li>Environmental Restoration – $27.3 million</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LLNL director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory director also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the following scientists have served as LLNL director: </p> <ul><li>1952–1958   <a href="/wiki/Herbert_York" title="Herbert York">Herbert York</a></li> <li>1958–1960   <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li>1960–1961   <a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a></li> <li>1961–1965   <a href="/wiki/John_S._Foster,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Foster, Jr.">John S. Foster, Jr.</a></li> <li>1965–1971   Michael M. May</li> <li>1971–1988   <a href="/wiki/Roger_Batzel" title="Roger Batzel">Roger E. Batzel</a></li> <li>1988–1994   <a href="/wiki/John_Nuckolls" title="John Nuckolls">John Nuckolls</a></li> <li>1994–2002   <a href="/wiki/C._Bruce_Tarter" title="C. Bruce Tarter">C. Bruce Tarter</a></li> <li>2002–2006   <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Anastasio" title="Michael R. Anastasio">Michael R. Anastasio</a></li> <li>2006–2011   <a href="/wiki/George_H._Miller_(physicist)" title="George H. Miller (physicist)">George H. Miller</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011–2013   <a href="/wiki/Parney_Albright" title="Parney Albright">Penrose C. Albright</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013–2014   Bret Knapp, acting director<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014–2021 William H. Goldstein<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021–present   <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_S._Budil" title="Kimberly S. Budil">Kimberly S. Budil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LLNL director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the deputy director, the deputy director for science and technology, principal associate directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions directly reporting to the laboratory director. </p><p>The director's office is organized into these functional areas/offices: </p> <ul><li>Chief Information Office</li> <li>Contractor Assurance and Continuous Improvement</li> <li>Environment, Safety and Health</li> <li>Government and External Relations</li> <li>Independent Audit and Oversight</li> <li>Office of General Counsel</li> <li>Prime Contract Management Office</li> <li>Quality Assurance Office</li> <li>Security Organization</li> <li>LLNS, LLC Parent Oversight Office</li></ul> <p>The laboratory is organized into four principal directorates, each headed by a principal associate director: </p> <ul><li>Global Security</li> <li>Weapons and Complex Integration</li> <li>National Ignition Facility and Photon Science</li> <li>Operations and Business <ul><li>Business</li> <li>Facilities & Infrastructure</li> <li>Institutional Facilities Management</li> <li>Integrated Safety Management System Project Office</li> <li>Nuclear Operations</li> <li>Planning and Financial Management</li> <li>Staff Relations</li> <li>Strategic Human Resources Management</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Three other directorates are each headed by a principal associate director who reports to the LLNL director: </p> <ul><li>Computing</li> <li>Engineering</li> <li>Physical & Life Sciences</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_management">Corporate management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Corporate management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LLNL director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security, <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLC</a> (LLNS) board of governors, a group of key scientific, academic, national security and business leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly own and control LLNS. The LLNS board of governors has a total of 16 positions, with six of these governors constituting an executive committee. All decisions of the board are made by the governors on the executive committee. The other governors are advisory to the executive committee and do not have voting rights. </p><p>The University of California is entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the vice chair. One of the Bechtel governors must be a representative of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) or the Washington Division of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&W and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The executive committee has a seventh governor who is appointed by Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the executive committee. The remaining board positions are known as independent governors (also referred to as outside governors), and are selected from among individuals, preferably of national stature, and can not be employees or officers of the partner companies. </p><p>The University of California-appointed chair has tie-breaking authority over most decisions of the executive committee. The board of governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL. </p><p>LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the president and laboratory director, are generally referred to as laboratory employees. All laboratory employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS president. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal government, laboratory employees are paid by LLNS, which is responsible for all aspects of their employment, including providing health care benefits and retirement programs. </p><p>Within the board of governors, authority resides in the executive committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS executive committee is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL, and may delegate its authorities as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The executive committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals as necessary. For the most part the executive committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a practical matter most operational decisions are delegated to the president of LLNS, who is also the laboratory director. The positions of president laboratory director and deputy laboratory director are filled by joint action of the chair and vice chair of the executive committee, with the University of California nominating the president and laboratory director and Bechtel nominating the deputy laboratory director.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current LLNS chairman is <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Pattiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J. Pattiz">Norman J. Pattiz</a>, founder and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a>, America's largest radio network, who also currently serves on the board of regents of the University of California. The vice chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who also serves on the board of directors of Bechtel Group, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_protests">Public protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Livermore Action Group organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, against nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 22, 1982, more than 1,300 <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> protesters were arrested in a nonviolent demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, there has been an annual protest against nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against "new-generation nuclear warheads".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 27, 2021, the Society of Professionals, Scientists, and Engineers – University of Professional & Technical Employees Local 11, CWA Local 9119, went on a three-day strike over unfair labor practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Advancement_of_Science_in_Space" title="Center for the Advancement of Science in Space">Center for the Advancement of Science in Space</a>—operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_wall_accelerator" title="Dielectric wall accelerator">Dielectric wall accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_articles_associated_with_nuclear_issues_in_California" title="List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California">List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_US_DOE_National_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of US DOE National Laboratories">List of US DOE National Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_100_US_Federal_Contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Top 100 US Federal Contractors">Top 100 US Federal Contractors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/">"Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers | NCSES | NSF"</a>. <i>nsf.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Protest+Blooms+Again+at+Lab%3A+1%2C000+in+Livermore+Demonstrate+Against+New+Buster+Bomb&rft.date=2003-08-11&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2FNuclear-protest-blooms-again-at-lab-1-000-in-2561799.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0626080620070406">Police arrest 64 at California anti-nuclear protest</a> <i>Reuters</i>, April 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2008/03/22/scores-arrested-during-protest-at-livermore-lab-2/">"Scores arrested during protest at Livermore Lab"</a>. <i>Oakland Tribune</i>. March 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Scores+arrested+during+protest+at+Livermore+Lab&rft.date=2008-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastbaytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F22%2Fscores-arrested-during-protest-at-livermore-lab-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarter2018" class="citation book cs1">Tarter, C. Bruce (2018). <i>The American lab: an insider's history of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421425313" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421425313"><bdi>978-1421425313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+lab%3A+an+insider%27s+history+of+the+Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1421425313&rft.aulast=Tarter&rft.aufirst=C.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGusterson1996" class="citation book cs1">Gusterson, Hugh (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearritesweap0000gust_u8i6"><i>Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War</i></a></span>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21373-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21373-4"><bdi>0-520-21373-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Rites%3A+A+Weapons+Laboratory+at+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-21373-4&rft.aulast=Gusterson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearritesweap0000gust_u8i6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1">The Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program: Maintaining Confidence in the Safety and Reliability of the Enduring U.S. Nuclear Weapon Stockpile (Report). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>, Office of Defense Programs. May 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Stockpile+Stewardship+and+Management+Program%3A+Maintaining+Confidence+in+the+Safety+and+Reliability+of+the+Enduring+U.S.+Nuclear+Weapon+Stockpile&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Office+of+Defense+Programs&rft.date=1995-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Vore1992" class="citation report cs1">de Vore, Lauren, ed. (1992). Preparing for the 21st Century: 40 Years of Excellence (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-AR-108618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preparing+for+the+21st+Century%3A+40+Years+of+Excellence&rft.pub=Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_and_sources">External links and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" class="extiw" title="commons:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"><span style="font-style:italic; 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LLNL. July 14, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llnl.gov/50th_anniv/history.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Laboratory&rft.pub=LLNL&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2F50th_anniv%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015002819/https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/240009.pdf">Serving the Nation for Fifty Years: 1952–2002 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL], Fifty Years of Accomplishments</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). LLNL. 2002. UCRL-AR-148833. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/240009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Serving+the+Nation+for+Fifty+Years%3A+1952%E2%80%932002+Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory+%5BLLNL%5D%2C+Fifty+Years+of+Accomplishments&rft.pub=LLNL&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-reports-ext.llnl.gov%2Fpdf%2F240009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llnl.gov/IPandC">LLNL Industrial Partnerships and Commercialization (IPAC)</a> (official website)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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Purple">ASC Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCI_Blue_Pacific" title="ASCI Blue Pacific">ASCI Blue Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCI_White" title="ASCI White">ASCI White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloton_(supercomputer)" title="Peloton (supercomputer)">Peloton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(supercomputer)" title="Sequoia (supercomputer)">Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_(supercomputer)" title="Sierra (supercomputer)">Sierra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_path_laser" title="Long path laser">Long path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novette_laser" title="Novette laser">Novette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gist_(graphics_software)" title="Gist (graphics software)">Gist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLNL_RISE_process" title="LLNL RISE process">LLNL RISE process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LX-14" title="LX-14">LX-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropower_impulse_radar" title="Micropower impulse radar">Micropower impulse radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSE_(compiler_framework)" title="ROSE (compiler framework)">ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCALD" title="SCALD">SCALD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo_(library)" title="Silo (library)">Silo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">Slapper detonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W47" title="W47">W47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W71" title="W71">W71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorick_(programming_language)" title="Yorick (programming language)">Yorick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">IBM Blue Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial confinement fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">Laser Inertial Fusion Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">Stockpile stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Division" title="Z-Division">Z-Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Department_of_Energy728" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="Template:United States Department of Energy"><abbr title="View this 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Forrestal Building">James V. Forrestal Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turk" title="David Turk">David Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence" title="Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Science_and_Innovation" title="Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation">Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">OSTI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity" title="Office of Electricity">Office of Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Fossil_Energy" title="Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy">Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Nuclear_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy">Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration" title="Power Marketing Administration">Power Marketing Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Power_Administration" title="Southeastern Power Administration">Southeastern Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Power_Administration" title="Southwestern Power Administration">Southwestern Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">Western Area Power Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratory System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Laboratory">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Laboratory" title="New Brunswick Laboratory">NBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Nanoscale_Materials" title="Center for Nanoscale Materials">CNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source" title="Advanced Photon Source">APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_Tandem_Linear_Accelerator_System" title="Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_Microscopy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Microscopy Center">EMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Electron_Microscopy" title="National Center for Electron Microscopy">NCEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">NERSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Genome_Institute" title="Joint Genome Institute">JGI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron" title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron">AGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Functional_Nanomaterials" title="Center for Functional Nanomaterials">CFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source" title="National Synchrotron Light Source">NSLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source_II" title="National Synchrotron Light Source II">NSLS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">RHIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">TeV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_and_Environmental_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory">RESL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">JLab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livermore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Release_Advisory_Center" title="National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center">NARAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">NIF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-Axis_Radiographic_Hydrodynamic_Test_Facility" title="Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility">DARHTF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Technology_Laboratory" title="National Energy Technology Laboratory">NETL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Research_Center" title="Albany Research Center">Albany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">NREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source" title="Spallation Neutron Source">SNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Nanophase_Materials_Sciences" title="Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences">CNMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">HFIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Computational_Sciences" title="National Center for Computational Sciences">NCCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Molecular_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory">EMSL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">PPPL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment" title="National Spherical Torus Experiment">NSTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor" title="Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor">TFTR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_National_Laboratory" title="Savannah River National Laboratory">SRNL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource" title="Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource">SSRL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy Department Facilities and Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernald_Feed_Materials_Production_Center" title="Fernald Feed Materials Production Center">Fernald NLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Plant">Kansas City Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa#Area_19" title="Pahute Mesa">Area 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa#Area_20" title="Pahute Mesa">Area 20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Home_Heating_Oil_Reserve" title="Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve">NHHOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantex_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantex Plant">Pantex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant" title="Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_Field_Laboratory" title="Santa Susana Field Laboratory">SSFL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technology_Engineering_Center" title="Energy Technology Engineering Center">ETEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment" title="Sodium Reactor Experiment">SRE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">SRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)">SPR</a></li> 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California"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of California</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Merced" title="University of California, Merced">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="UCD Water tower"><img alt="UCD Water tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/158px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">Regents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_student_regent" title="University of California student regent">Student regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_police_departments" title="University of California police departments">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Student_Association" title="University of California Student Association">Student Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">National Lab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">W. M. Keck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Telecommunications_and_Information_Technology" title="California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology">Telecommunications and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology_Research_in_the_Interest_of_Society" title="Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society">Information Technology Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_NanoSystems_Institute" title="California NanoSystems Institute">NanoSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Quantitative_Biosciences" title="California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences">Quantitative Biosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Natural_Reserve_System" title="University of California Natural Reserve System">Natural Reserve System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCD</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Davis Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCI</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Irvine Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Fountain_Valley" title="UCI Health – Fountain Valley">Fountain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Lakewood" title="UCI Health – Lakewood">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Los_Alamitos" title="UCI Health – Los Alamitos">Los Alamitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Placentia" title="UCI Health – Placentia">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Health" title="UCLA Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCLA</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Medical_Center,_Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor%E2%80%93UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Harbor–UCLA Medical Center">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_View%E2%80%93UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Olive View–UCLA Medical Center">Olive View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center#Resnick_Neuropsychiatric_Hospital_at_UCLA" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Neuropsychiatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Mattel_Children%27s_Hospital" title="UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital">Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonsson_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Health" title="UC San Diego Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCSD</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Medical_Center,_Hillcrest" title="UC San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest">Medical Center, Hillcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Medical_Center" title="Jacobs Medical Center">Jacobs Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moores_Cancer_Center" title="Moores Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Health_East_Campus_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="UC San Diego Health East Campus Medical Center">East Campus Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSF Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCSF</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, San Francisco Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Bakar_Cancer_Hospital" title="UCSF Bakar Cancer Hospital">Cancer Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Benioff_Children%27s_Hospital" title="UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital">Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Betty_Irene_Moore_Women%27s_Hospital" title="UCSF Betty Irene Moore Women's Hospital">Women's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Helen_Diller_Family_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco_Fetal_Treatment_Center" title="University of California, San Francisco Fetal Treatment Center">Fetal Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Memorial_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Memorial Hospital">Saint Francis Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Medical_Center_(San_Francisco)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Medical Center (San Francisco)">St. Mary's Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Digital_Library" title="California Digital Library">California Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California_Press_journals" title="List of University of California Press journals">journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Television" title="University of California Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Libraries" title="University of California Libraries">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_California_student_newspapers" title="Template:University of California student newspapers">Student newspapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Template talk:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_anti-nuclear_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US anti-nuclear movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear groups in the United States">Anti-nuclear groups in the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_California" title="Anti-nuclear movement in California">California movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament">Great Peace March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear power in the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cancelled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cancelled nuclear reactors in the United States">Canceled nuclear reactors in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear weapons and the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear protests in the United States">Protests in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-nuclear_advocates_in_the_United_States" title="List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States">Anti-nuclear advocates in the US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations<br />and <br /> groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone_Alliance" title="Abalone Alliance">Abalone Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Nuclear_Responsibility" title="Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility">Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_Alliance" title="Clamshell Alliance">Clamshell Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Nuclear_Responsibility" title="Committee for Nuclear Responsibility">Committee for Nuclear Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Accountability_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Accountability International">Corporate Accountability International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Mass_Energy_Project" title="Critical Mass Energy Project">Critical Mass Energy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_for_Peace" title="Mothers for Peace">Mothers for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute" title="Nuclear Control Institute">Nuclear Control Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Information_and_Resource_Service" title="Nuclear Information and Resource Service">Nuclear Information and Resource Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plowshares_movement" title="Plowshares movement">Plowshares movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughshares_Fund" title="Ploughshares Fund">Ploughshares Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_Alliance" title="Shad Alliance">Shad Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States#Specific_groups" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Three Mile Island Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Bay_Plowshares" title="Kings Bay Plowshares">Kings Bay Plowshares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bichsel" title="William J. Bichsel">William J. Bichsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_G._Blair" title="Bruce G. Blair">Bruce G. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bogart" title="Larry Bogart">Larry Bogart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Crowe" title="Frances Crowe">Frances Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Barefoot_Dickerson" title="Carrie Barefoot Dickerson">Carrie Barefoot Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Doty" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard T. Feld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gofman" title="John Gofman">John Gofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gunter" title="Paul Gunter">Paul Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)" title="John Hall (New York politician)">John Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Hudson" title="Jackie Hudson">Jackie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Lovejoy">Sam Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Amory Lovins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lown" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani" title="Arjun Makhijani">Arjun Makhijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Minor" title="Gregory Minor">Gregory Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Silkwood" title="Karen Silkwood">Karen Silkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman" title="Harvey Wasserman">Harvey Wasserman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main <br /> protest<br />sites</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant">Black Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Bodega Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Montague Nuclear Power Plant">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap" title="Naval Base Kitsap">Naval Base Kitsap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant" title="Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 Weapons Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Makhijani#Publications" title="Arjun Makhijani">Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Fallout" title="Conservation Fallout">Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power" title="Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Critical_Masses:_Opposition_to_Nuclear_Power_in_California,_1958%E2%80%931978" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978">Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Atom" title="The Cult of the Atom">The Cult of the Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doomsday_Machine_(book)" title="The Doomsday Machine (book)">The Doomsday Machine (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wasserman#Killing_Our_Own_(1982)" title="Harvey Wasserman">Killing Our Own</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill%3F_The_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission_and_the_Shoreham_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant">Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant</a></span></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Real_Killing" title="Making a Real Killing">Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West</a></span></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Implosions:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System">Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Politics_in_America" title="Nuclear Politics in America">Nuclear Politics in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Almost_Lost_Detroit" title="We Almost Lost Detroit">We Almost Lost Detroit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Ed_and_the_Black_Hole" title="Atomic Ed and the Black Hole">Atomic Ed and the Black Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Syndrome" title="The China Syndrome">The China Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countdown_to_Zero" title="Countdown to Zero">Countdown to Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Circle_(film)" title="Dark Circle (film)">Dark Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silkwood" title="Silkwood">Silkwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Livermore,_California69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Livermore,_California" title="Template:Livermore, California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Livermore,_California" title="Template talk:Livermore, California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Livermore,_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Livermore, California"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Livermore Valley AVA">Livermore Valley AVA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wine_Group" title="The Wine Group">The Wine Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activant" title="Activant">Activant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Positas_College" title="Las Positas College">Las Positas College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Valley_Joint_Unified_School_District" title="Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District">Livermore Valley Joint USD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granada_High_School_(California)" title="Granada High School (California)">Granada High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_High_School" title="Livermore High School">Livermore High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Valley_Charter_Preparatory" title="Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory">Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz_Foundation" title="Hertz Foundation">Hertz Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)" title="Interstate 580 (California)">Interstate 580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Municipal_Airport" title="Livermore Municipal Airport">Livermore Municipal Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheels_(California)" title="Wheels (California)">Wheels bus system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express" title="Altamont Corridor Express">Altamont Corridor Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_station" title="Livermore station">Livermore station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_Road_station" title="Vasco Road station">Vasco Road station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(photographer)" title="Bill Owens (photographer)">Bill Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho_Subbasin" title="Mocho Subbasin">Mocho Subbasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Rodeo" title="Livermore Rodeo">Livermore Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Light" title="Centennial Light">Centennial Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushy_Peak_Regional_Preserve" title="Brushy Peak Regional Preserve">Brushy Peak Regional Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Concert_Chorale" title="Valley Concert Chorale">Valley Concert Chorale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121609702">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132530755">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131902-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81036582">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14588609x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14588609x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36526275">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01903606?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500301587">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/8024">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1273250">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077311558">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&oldid=1275089833">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory&oldid=1275089833</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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