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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standardization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Future tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluperfect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluperfect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Pluperfect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluperfect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Gerund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current situation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Situation in Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Language samples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_samples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language samples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fãrshãrot_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fãrshãrot_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Fãrshãrot 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fãrshãrot_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fãrshãrot_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fãrshãrot_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Fãrshãrot 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fãrshãrot_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grãmushtean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grãmushtean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Grãmushtean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grãmushtean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Comparison with Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_words_and_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_words_and_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Common words and phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_words_and_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aromanian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroemeens" title="Aroemeens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aroemeens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأرومونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأرومونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_arrumano" title="Idioma arrumano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma arrumano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arm%C3%A3neasc%C3%A3" title="Limba armãneascã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba armãneascã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroroumen" title="Aroroumen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Aroroumen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedorrumanu" title="Macedorrumanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Macedorrumanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromun_dili" title="Aromun dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aromun dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آرومان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرومان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromania-g%C3%AD" title="Aromania-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aromania-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арамунская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арамунская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арамунская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арамунская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арумънски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арумънски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumunski_jezik" title="Arumunski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arumunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroumaneg" title="Aroumaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aroumaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroman%C3%A8s" title="Aromanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aromanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Арумын чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арумын чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumun%C5%A1tina" title="Arumunština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arumunština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromunsk_(sprog)" title="Aromunsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aromunsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromunische_Sprache" title="Aromunische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aromunische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βλάχικη γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βλάχικη γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_arrumano" title="Idioma arrumano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma arrumano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumana_lingvo" title="Arumana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arumana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaniera" title="Aromaniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aromaniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آرومانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آرومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_bhasa" title="Aromanian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aromanian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroumain" title="Aroumain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aroumain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaanish" title="Aromaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aromaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arromanesa" title="Lingua arromanesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua arromanesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="아로마니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아로마니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedorumunjski_jezik" title="Makedorumunjski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makedorumunjski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumaniana_linguo" title="Arumaniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arumaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Aromania" title="Bahasa Aromania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Aromania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_aromanian" title="Lingua aromanian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua aromanian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arumena" title="Lingua arumena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua arumena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ארומנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארומנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroumanek" title="Aroumanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aroumanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aromanica" title="Lingua Aromanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Aromanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arom%C5%ABnu_valoda" title="Aromūnu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aromūnu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumun%C5%B3_kalba" title="Arumunų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arumunų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroemeens" title="Aroemeens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aroemeens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_(lingua)" title="Aromanian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aromanian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arom%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Aromán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aromán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Влашки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влашки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_aromaniana" title="Fiteny aromaniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny aromaniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അറൊമാനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറൊമാനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroemeens" title="Aroemeens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aroemeens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="アルーマニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルーマニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumeensk" title="Arumeensk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Arumeensk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumensk" title="Arumensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arumensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumensk" title="Arumensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arumensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroman%C3%A9s" title="Aromanés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aromanés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ارومانیائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارومانیائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_macedo-romen-a" title="Lenga macedo-romen-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga macedo-romen-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumuunsche_Spraak" title="Arumuunsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arumuunsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arumu%C5%84ski" title="Język arumuński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język arumuński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_arromena" title="Língua arromena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua arromena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba aromână – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba aromână" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арумынский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арумынский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱮᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_aromuna" title="Limba aromuna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba aromuna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_vllehe" title="Gjuha vllehe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha vllehe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aromanian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumun%C4%8Dina" title="Arumunčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arumunčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromun%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Aromunščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aromunščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Цинцарски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цинцарски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromunski_jezik" title="Aromunski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aromunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_kieli" title="Aromanian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aromanian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arum%C3%A4nska" title="Arumänska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arumänska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Arrumano" title="Wikang Arrumano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Arrumano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆரோமானிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆரோமானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Арумын теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арумын теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาอาโรมาเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาโรมาเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulah%C3%A7a" title="Ulahça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulahça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Aromanian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Vlach<br />Macedo-Romanian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">limba armãneascã, limba armãnã, armãneashti, armãneashte, armãneashci, armãneashce, limba rãmãneascã, limba rãmãnã, rrãmãneshti</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">210,000 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a><sup id="cite_ref-Isac_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isac-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Aromanian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Isac_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isac-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Farsherot (incl. Muzachiar)</li> <li>Moscopolean</li> <li>Gopeš–Malovište</li> <li>Pindean (incl. Olympiot)</li> <li>Gramostean</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Manually coded Aromanian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=378">rup</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rup" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rup">rup</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arom1237">arom1237</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/963">Aromanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAD-ba">51-AAD-ba</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png/320px-South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png/480px-South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png/640px-South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution and <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">dialects</a> of the Aromanian language in the southwestern Balkans</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Aromanian is classified as Definitely Endangered by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aromanian_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/100px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/150px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/200px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Aromanians" title="Names of the Aromanians">Etymology</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanians" title="List of Aromanians">List of Aromanians</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Geographical distribution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Albania" title="Aromanians in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Aromanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Aromanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Romania" title="Aromanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Serbia" title="Aromanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_diaspora" title="Aromanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_settlements" title="List of Aromanian settlements">Major settlements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Muzachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metsovo" title="Metsovo">Metsovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo" title="Kruševo">Kruševo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramos" title="Gramos">Gramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabov%C3%AB_e_Sip%C3%ABrme" title="Grabovë e Sipërme">Grabova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsala" title="Farsala">Farsala</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromanian culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_cultural_organizations" title="List of Aromanian cultural organizations">Cultural organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_folk_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian folk dance (page does not exist)">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian traditional clothing (page does not exist)">Traditional clothing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> and identity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim%C3%A3ndarea_p%C3%A3rinteasc%C3%A3" title="Dimãndarea pãrinteascã">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Aromanians" title="Flag of the Aromanians">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_National_Day" title="Aromanian National Day">National day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian Orthodox Church (page does not exist)">Aromanian Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aromanians" title="History of the Aromanians">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarina_Republic" title="Samarina Republic">Samarina Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_the_Pindus" title="Principality of the Pindus">Principality of the Pindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommendation_1333_(1997)" title="Recommendation 1333 (1997)">Recommendation 1333 (1997)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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class="new" title="Template talk:Aromanians sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aromanians_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aromanians sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance substratum">Substratum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman culture</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Regulating bodies<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Grammar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Template:Eastern Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Eastern Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="127" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="626" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="626" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="626" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Florentina_speaking_Aromanian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="418" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>An Aromanian speaking in the Gramostean dialect, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Aromanian language</b> (Aromanian: <i lang="rup">limba armãneascã</i>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">limba armãnã</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">armãneashti</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">armãneashte</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">armãneashci</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">armãneashce</i></span> or <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">limba rãmãneascã</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">limba rãmãnã</i></span>, <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">rrãmãneshti</i></span>), also known as <b>Vlach</b> or <b>Macedo-Romanian</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance language</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>. Its speakers are called <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (a broader term and an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> in widespread use to define Romance communities in the Balkans). </p><p>Aromanian shares many features with modern <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, including similar morphology and syntax, as well as a large common vocabulary inherited from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. They are considered to have developed from <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>, a common stage of all the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance">Eastern Romance</a> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Isac_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isac-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important source of dissimilarity between Romanian and Aromanian is the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Adstratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">adstratum</a> languages (external influences); whereas Romanian <a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">has been influenced</a> to a greater extent by the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, Aromanian has been more influenced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, with which it has been in close contact throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>Aromanian is native to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. In 2018, it was estimated that Aromanian had 210,000 native speakers, of which 50,000 were in Albania, 50,000 in Greece, 50,000 in Romania, 32,000 in Serbia, 18,200 in North Macedonia, and 9,800 in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aromanian-speakers also exist in the diaspora, with at least 53 speakers recorded to be living in Australia at the time of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 Australian census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2></div> <p>Aromanian has a degree of official recognition in North Macedonia, where it is taught as a subject in some primary schools. In North Macedonia, Aromanian-speakers also have the right to use the language in court proceedings. Since 2006, Aromanian has had the status of a second official municipal language in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo" title="Kruševo">Kruševo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only place where Aromanian has any kind of official status apart from general state recognition. </p><p>Apart from North Macedonia, the Aromanians are also recognized in Albania as a national minority.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aromanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Aromanian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 180px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -52px; left: -0px; width: 245px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf&page=9" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), by Daniel Moscopolites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf/page9-245px-Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf/page9-368px-Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf/page9-490px-Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf" title="File:Eisagogiki-Didaskalia.pdf"> </a></div>Dictionary of four Balkan languages (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Aromanian, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moscopolites" title="Daniel Moscopolites">Daniel Moscopolites</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>Aromanian, <a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian), <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian language</a> are descendants of a proto-language called <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a>, itself descending from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance language</a>. No later than the 10th century Common Romanian split into southern and northern dialects, and Aromanian and Romanian have developed differently from these two distinct dialects of the proto language over the course of the next one thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-Vrabie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrabie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other Eastern Romance languages, especially because Aromanian has used Greek words to coin new words (<a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>), especially within Greece, while Romanian has based most of its neologisms on <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. However, there has also been an increasing tendency for Aromanian-speakers outside of Greece to borrow terms from Romanian, due to the shared alphabet and contact with Romanian over the Internet, where Romanian-language material is much more available than it is in Aromanian. </p><p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Aromanian also received some <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> words. Still, the lexical composition remains mainly Romance. </p><p>Compared to other Balkan languages, the earliest documents and manuscripts of Aromanian appear late. This is due to the historical predominance of the Greek language in the region and the successive destruction of Aromanian books and documents throughout history. The oldest known written text in the language is an inscription from 1731 by <a href="/wiki/Nektarios_Terpos" title="Nektarios Terpos">Nektarios Terpos</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenica Monastery</a>, now in Albania. It is followed by the inscription of the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simota_Vase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simota Vase (page does not exist)">Simota Vase</a>, dated to the first half of the 18th century. In the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Apostles,_Kleino" title="Monastery of the Holy Apostles, Kleino">Monastery of the Holy Apostles</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kleino" title="Kleino">Kleino</a> (Aromanian: <i lang="rup">Clinova</i>), now Greece, there is an inscription in Aromanian dated from around 1780. The <a href="/wiki/St._Athanasius_Church,_Moscopole" title="St. Athanasius Church, Moscopole">St. Athanasius Church</a> in Moscopole, now Albania, also includes an old Aromanian writing. Other early Aromanian manuscripts are the <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_Missal" title="Aromanian Missal">Aromanian Missal</a> potentially from the beginning of the 18th century, the works of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kavalliotis" title="Theodore Kavalliotis">Theodore Kavalliotis</a> (1770), <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ucuta" title="Constantin Ucuta">Constantin Ucuta</a> (1797), <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moscopolites" title="Daniel Moscopolites">Daniel Moscopolites</a> (1802), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Constantin_Roja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Constantin Roja (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Constantin Roja</a> (1808/1809) and <a href="/wiki/Mihail_G._Boiagi" title="Mihail G. Boiagi">Mihail G. Boiagi</a> (1813) and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Dimonie" title="Codex Dimonie">Codex Dimonie</a> possibly from the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars mention other old, little-studied written instances of Aromanian. German Byzantinist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreiner_(Byzantinist)" title="Peter Schreiner (Byzantinist)">Peter Schreiner</a> dated a small glossary of Aromanian from Epirus in a manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Ioannina" title="Chronicle of Ioannina">Chronicle of Ioannina</a></i> to the 16th or 17th century based on its writing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also claims about an Aromanian inscription from 1426 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Zacharia_Church,_Gramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Zacharia Church, Gramos (page does not exist)">St. Zacharia Church</a> in the former village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linotopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linotopi (page does not exist)">Linotopi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="bg:Линотопи">bg</a>; <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Λινοτόπι Καστοριάς">el</a>; <a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="mk:Линотопи">mk</a>; <a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linatopi" class="extiw" title="sq:Linatopi">sq</a>]</span> in Greece, but according to <a href="/wiki/Hristu_C%C3%A2ndroveanu" title="Hristu Cândroveanu">Hristu Cândroveanu</a>, it was destroyed during restoration works by order of Greek priests because it was not in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">Aromanian dialects</a></div> <p>Aromanian is not a homogenous linguistic entity. Its main varieties include the Pindus type, the Gramoste type, the Farsherot type, Olympus type, and the Moscopole type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrabie200022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrabie200022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also several regional variants, named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in Albania, North Macedonia and Greece. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> variant; the Muzachiar variant from Muzachia in central Albania; the variant of Bitola; <a href="/wiki/Pelister" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelister">Pelister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malovi%C5%A1te" title="Malovište">Malovište</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Mulovishti</i>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gope%C5%A1" title="Gopeš">Gopeš</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Gopish</i>)</i>, Upper Beala; <a href="/wiki/Gorna_Belica" title="Gorna Belica">Gorna Belica</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Beala di Suprã</i>)</i> near Struga, <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo" title="Kruševo">Kruševo</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Crushuva</i>)</i>, and the variant east of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river in North Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization_efforts">Standardization efforts</h2></div> <p>The Aromanian language is not <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a>. However, there have been some efforts to do so. Notable examples include those of <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Caragiu_Mario%C8%9Beanu" title="Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu">Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Cunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Cunia (page does not exist)">Tiberius Cunia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="bg:Тибериус Куния">bg</a>; <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiu_Cunia" class="extiw" title="ro:Tiberiu Cunia">ro</a>; <a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiu_Cunia" class="extiw" title="roa-rup:Tiberiu Cunia">roa-rup</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iancu Ballamaci.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <p>Aromanian exhibits several differences from standard Romanian in its phonology, some of which are probably due to influence from Greek or Albanian. It has spirants that do not exist in Romanian, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ð,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ/</span> and which are a Greek influence. Other differences are the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>, which corresponds to Romanian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, and the sounds: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>, which exist only in local variants in Romanian. Aromanian is usually written with a version of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> with an orthography that resembles both that of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (in the use of digraphs such as <i>dh</i>, <i>sh</i>, and <i>th</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (in its use of <i>c</i> and <i>g</i>), along with the letter <i>ã</i>, used for the sounds represented in Romanian by <i>ă</i> and <i>â/î</i>. It can also be written with a modified Romanian alphabet that includes two additional letters, <i>ń</i> and <i>ľ</i>, and rarely with a version of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrabie200027–29_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrabie200027–29-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to Daco-Romanian, the Aromanian varieties have preserved from <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Proto-Romanian</a> the word-final glide [w] alongside [j] (in the Pindean and Gramostean types), while the Farsharot and Grabovean types have neither diphthongs nor the phoneme /ɨ/.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>central</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>] </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span>] </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Central approximant consonants only occur as a result of a word-initial or intervocalic [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>] and [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>] when preceding another vowel.</li> <li>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>/, /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>/ can have allophones as [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span>] when preceding front vowels.</li> <li>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>/, /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>/ are in free variation among different dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Two vowel sounds /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>/ are both represented by one grapheme; <i>ã</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian alphabet</a> consists of 27 letters and 9 <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bana_Armâneascâ_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bana_Armâneascâ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Name<sup id="cite_ref-Bana_Armâneascâ_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bana_Armâneascâ-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, a </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">Ã</a>, ã </td> <td>ã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span> </td> <td>For <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>, "â" may be used </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, b </td> <td>bã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, c </td> <td>cã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> when followed by "a", "o", "u" or a consonant (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> in some dialects); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> when followed by "e" or "i" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, d </td> <td>dã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">Dh</a>, dh </td> <td>dhã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> </td> <td>Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "d" is used </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a>, dz </td> <td>dzã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, e </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, f </td> <td>fã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, g </td> <td>gã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> before "a", "o", "u" or a consonant (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> in some dialects); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> before "e" and "i" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, h </td> <td>hã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, i </td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, j </td> <td>jã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, k </td> <td>ca </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>/</span> </td> <td>before "e" or "i" only </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, l </td> <td>lã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a>, lj </td> <td>lj </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Found in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian Latin alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, m </td> <td>mã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, n </td> <td>nã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a>, nj </td> <td>nj </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Found in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian Latin alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, o </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, p </td> <td>pã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a>, q </td> <td>kiu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td>Used only in foreign words – "c" is normally used instead </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, r </td> <td>rã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr</a>, rr </td> <td>rrã </td> <td>? </td> <td>Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "r" is used </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, s </td> <td>sã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a>, sh </td> <td>shã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, t </td> <td>tã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a>, th </td> <td>thã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "t" is used </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">Ts</a>, ts </td> <td>tsã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, u </td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, v </td> <td>vã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, w </td> <td>dublã vã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td>Used only in foreign words </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>, x </td> <td>csã/gzã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span> </td> <td>Same pronunciation as found in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, y </td> <td>i greacã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> before "e" and "i", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> elsewhere; of Greek influence – cf. Greek άγιος /ˈa.ʝos/ "holy" – γ /g/ is pronounced /ʝ/ in this case. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, z </td> <td>zã </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In addition, the digraph "gh" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/</span> before "e" and "i") is used as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg/220px-MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg/330px-MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg/440px-MakedonArman_Grammar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mihail_G._Boiagi" title="Mihail G. Boiagi">Mihail G. Boiagi</a>'s 1813 Aromanian grammar book, "Romanic or Macedono-Vlach Grammar". Written in German and Greek, it includes Aromanian texts and introduced the first writing system for Aromanian in the Latin alphabet.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of other Romance languages: </p> <ul><li>It has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural (no <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>).</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject language</a>.</li> <li>Verbs have many <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a>, including: <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.</li> <li>An imperative mood, for direct commands.</li> <li>Three <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite forms</a>: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.</li> <li>Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an <a href="/wiki/Impersonal_passive_voice" title="Impersonal passive voice">impersonal passive voice</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of which are shared with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: the definite article is a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">inflected</a>, and nouns are classified in three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>, with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine. Unlike other Romance languages, Aromanian lacks an infinitive form for verbs, the synthetic infinitive inherited from Latin became a noun like in Romanian (for example <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">cântare</i></span> < <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CANTARE</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrabie200055_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrabie200055-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div> <p>Aromanian grammar has features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Verb_infinitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb infinitive">verb infinitives</a>, a feature of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>. As such, the tenses and moods that, in Romanian, use the infinitive (like the <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future simple tense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a>) are formed in other ways in Aromanian. For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first-person-singular form. </p><p>Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations. The table below gives some examples and indicates the conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Conjugation</th> <th>Aromanian<br />(ind. pres. 1st sg.)</th> <th>Romanian<br />(ind. pres. 1st sg.)</th> <th>Romanian<br />(infinitive)</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td><b>cãntu</b> <br /><b>dau</b> <br /><b>lucredzu</b> </td> <td><i>cânt</i> <br /><i>dau</i> <br /><i>lucrez</i> </td> <td><i>a cânta I</i> <br /><i>a da I</i> <br /><i>a lucra I</i> </td> <td>sing <br />give <br />work </td></tr> <tr> <th>II </th> <td><b>ved</b> <br /><b>shed</b> <br /><b>rrãmãn</b> </td> <td><i>văd</i> <br /><i>șed</i> <br /><i>rămân</i> </td> <td><i>a vedea II</i> <br /><i>a ședea II</i> <br /><i>a rămâne III</i> (or <i>a rămânea II</i>) </td> <td>see <br />sit <br />stay </td></tr> <tr> <th>III </th> <td><b>duc</b> <br /><b>cunoscu</b> <br /><b>ardu</b> </td> <td><i>duc</i> <br /><i>cunosc</i> <br /><i>ard</i> </td> <td><i>a duce III</i> <br /><i>a cunoaște III</i> <br /><i>a arde III</i> </td> <td>carry, lead <br />know <br />burn </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <td><b>mor</b> <br /><b>fug</b> <br /><b>ndultsescu</b> </td> <td><i>mor</i> <br /><i>fug</i> <br /><i>îndulcesc</i> </td> <td><i>a muri IV</i> <br /><i>a fugi IV</i> <br /><i>a îndulci IV</i> </td> <td>die <br />run away, flee <br />sweeten </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_tense">Future tense</h4></div> <p>The future tense is formed using an auxiliary invariable particle "u" or "va" and the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>. In Romanian, declension of the future particle plus an infinitive is used. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Aromanian<br />fãrshãrot/ grãmushtean</th> <th>Romanian<br />(archaic)</th> <th>Romanian<br />(colloquial)</th> <th>Romanian<br />(modern)</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãntu</b>/ <b>va s'cãntu</b></td> <td>va să cânt</td> <td><i>o să cânt</i></td> <td><i>voi cânta</i></td> <td>I will sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãnts</b>/ <b>va s'cãnts</b></td> <td>va să cânți</td> <td><i>o să cânți</i></td> <td><i>vei cânta</i></td> <td>you (<i>sg.</i>) will sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãntã</b>/ <b>va s'cãntã</b></td> <td>va să cânte</td> <td><i>o să cânte</i></td> <td><i>va cânta</i></td> <td>(s)he will sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãntãm</b>/ <b>va s'cãntãm</b></td> <td>va să cântăm</td> <td><i>o să cântăm</i></td> <td><i>vom cânta</i></td> <td>we will sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãntatsi</b>/ <b>va s'cãntats</b></td> <td>va să cântați</td> <td><i>o să cântați</i></td> <td><i>veți cânta</i></td> <td>you (<i>pl.</i>) will sing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>u s'cãntã</b>/ <b>va s'cãntã</b></td> <td>va să cânte</td> <td><i>o să cânte</i></td> <td><i>vor cânta</i></td> <td>they will sing </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pluperfect">Pluperfect</h4></div> <p>Whereas in standard Romanian the <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> (past perfect) is formed synthetically (as in literary <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with the auxiliary verb <i>am</i> (have) as the imperfect (<i>aviam</i>) and the past participle, as in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, except that French replaces <i>avoir</i> (have) with <i>être</i> (be) for some intransitive verbs. Aromanian shares this feature with <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Meglenian</a> as well as other languages in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_language_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan language area">Balkan language area</a>. </p><p>Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person (<i>aviam</i>, <i>aviai</i>, <i>avia</i>, <i>aviamu</i>, <i>aviatu</i>, <i>avia</i>), whereas the past participle does not change.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Aromanian<br />fãrshãrot/ grãmushtean</th> <th>Meglenian</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>avia mãcatã</b>/ <b>avea mãcatã</b></td> <td>vea mancat</td> <td><i>mâncase</i></td> <td>(he/she) had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>avia durnjitã</b>/ <b>avea durnjitã</b></td> <td>vea durmit</td> <td><i>dormise</i></td> <td>(he/she) had slept </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerund">Gerund</h4></div> <p>The Aromanian <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> is applied to some verbs, but not all. These verbs are: </p> <ul><li>1st conjugation: <b>acatsã (acãtsãnd)</b>, <b>portu</b>, <b>lucreadzã/lucreashce</b>, <b>adiljã/adiljeashce</b>.</li> <li>2nd conjugation: <b>armãnã</b>, <b>cade</b>, <b>poate</b>, <b>tatse</b>, <b>veade</b>.</li> <li>3rd conjugation: <b>arupã</b>, <b>dipune</b>, <b>dutse</b>, <b>dzãse</b>, <b>fatsi/featse</b>, <b>tradzi/tradze</b>, <b>scrie</b>.</li> <li>4th conjugation: <b>apire</b>, <b>doarme</b>, <b>hivrie</b>, <b>aure</b>, <b>pate</b>, <b>avde</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian literature</a></div> <p>A literature in the Aromanian language exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television" title="Macedonian Radio Television">Macedonian Radio Television</a> (MRT) produces radio and television broadcasts in Aromanian. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Romania_International" title="Radio Romania International">Radio Romania International</a> has Aromanian service producing radio shows in Aromanian.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films produced in the Aromanian language include <a href="/wiki/Toma_Enache" title="Toma Enache">Toma Enache</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Famous_but_I%27m_Aromanian" title="I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian">I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian</a></i> (2013), the first in Aromanian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_in_Greece">Situation in Greece</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG/220px-Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG/330px-Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG/440px-Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>Romanian schools for Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians in the Ottoman Empire (1886)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AromaniansFlorina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AromaniansFlorina.png/220px-AromaniansFlorina.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AromaniansFlorina.png/330px-AromaniansFlorina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AromaniansFlorina.png/440px-AromaniansFlorina.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Use of the Aromanian language in the <a href="/wiki/Florina_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Florina Prefecture">Florina Prefecture</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities. The historical studies cited below (mostly <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Capidan" title="Theodor Capidan">Capidan</a>) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained a strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> state began opening schools for the Romanian-influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks, who thought that Romania was trying to assimilate them. 19th-century travellers in the Balkans such as <a href="/wiki/W._M._Leake" class="mw-redirect" title="W. M. Leake">W. M. Leake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fanshawe_Tozer" title="Henry Fanshawe Tozer">Henry Fanshawe Tozer</a> noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bilingual, reserving the Latin dialect for inside the home.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">communist regime of Romania</a> had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and, since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language. This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy. The decline and isolation of the Romanian-oriented groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">occupation of Greece in WWII</a>. In contrast, the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance, including leaders like <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Svolos" title="Alexandros Svolos">Alexandros Svolos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Tzimas" title="Andreas Tzimas">Andreas Tzimas</a>, and a number of Vlach villages were destroyed by the Germans. </p><p>The issue of Aromanian-language education is a sensitive one, partly because of opposition within the Greek Vlachs community to actions leading to the introduction of the language into the education system, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, the former education minister, <a href="/wiki/George_Andreas_Papandreou" class="mw-redirect" title="George Andreas Papandreou">George Papandreou</a>, received a negative response from Greek-Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme. The <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Federation_of_Cultural_Associations_of_Vlachs" title="Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs">Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs</a> expressed strong opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_1333_(1997)" title="Recommendation 1333 (1997)">Recommendation 1333 (1997)</a> that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recommendation was issued after pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Aromanian_Language_and_Culture" title="Union for Aromanian Language and Culture">Union for Aromanian Language and Culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a visit to <a href="/wiki/Metsovo" title="Metsovo">Metsovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> in 1998, Greek President <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Stephanopoulos" title="Konstantinos Stephanopoulos">Konstantinos Stephanopoulos</a> called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A recent example of the sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of <a href="/wiki/Sotiris_Bletsas" title="Sotiris Bletsas">Sotiris Bletsas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the <i>European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages</i> and financed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece, where at least one editorial compared the situation to the suppression of Kurdish and other minority languages in Turkey and noted the irony that some prosecutors in fact came from non-Hellenophone families that had once spoken Aromanian or Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bletsas was eventually acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_samples">Language samples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fãrshãrot_1"><span id="F.C3.A3rsh.C3.A3rot_1"></span>Fãrshãrot 1</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Tatã a nostu tsi eshti tu tser,<br /> si ayisiascã numa a Ta,<br /> s’yinã amirãria a Ta,<br /> si facã vrearea a Ta,<br /> cum tu tser, ashã sh'pisti loc.<br /> Pãnia a nostã, atsa di cathi dzuã, dãnu sh’azã,<br /> sh‘ yiartãni amartiili a nosti,<br /> ashe cum li yiãrtãm sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,<br /> sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,<br /> ma viagljãni di atsel rãu.<br /> Cã a Ta esti amirãria sh'puteria,<br /> a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui shi a Ayiului Spirit,<br /> tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etilor.<br /> Amin. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fãrshãrot_2"><span id="F.C3.A3rsh.C3.A3rot_2"></span>Fãrshãrot 2</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Tati a nost tsi esht tu tser,<br /> s’ayiãsiaste numa a Ta,<br /> s’zine amirãria a Ta,<br /> si fache vrera a Ta,<br /> cum tu tser, ashe sh'pisti loc.<br /> Penia a noste, atsa di cathi dzue, denu sh’aze,<br /> sh‘ yiartãni amartiãli a nosti,<br /> ashe cum li yiãrtem sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,<br /> sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,<br /> ma viagãni di atsel reu.<br /> Che a Ta esti amirãria sh'putera,<br /> al Tati shi al Hiyiu shi al Ayiu Duh,<br /> tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etãlu.<br /> Amin. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grãmushtean"><span id="Gr.C3.A3mushtean"></span>Grãmushtean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Tatã a nostu, tsi eshtsã tu tseru,<br /> s'ayiseascã numa a Ta,<br /> s'yinã amirãriljea a Ta,<br /> si facã vrearea a Ta,<br /> cumu tu tseru, ashi sh'pisti locu.<br /> Pãnea a nostã atsea di cathi dzuã dãnãu sh'adzã<br /> sh'yiartãnã amãrtiile a noasti<br /> ashi cum ilj yirtãmu sh'noi a amãrtoshloru a noshtsã.<br /> Sh'nu nã du tu pirazmo,<br /> Sh'aveagljinã di atsel arãulu.<br /> Cã a Ta easti Amirãriljia sh'putearea<br /> a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui sh a Ayiului Duhu,<br /> tora, totna sh tu eta a etilor.<br /> Amen. </p> </div></blockquote> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> – <a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C3%A3_a_nostru" class="extiw" title="roa-rup:Tatã a nostru">source</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3></div> <p>The Macedonian Aromanian publicist, translator and writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dina_Cuvata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dina Cuvata (page does not exist)">Dina Cuvata</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB)" class="extiw" title="bg:Димо Димчев (писател)">bg</a>; <a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9D._%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="mk:Димо Н. Димчев">mk</a>]</span> translated Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s'fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi ndrepturli. Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh si poartã tu duhlu a frãtsãljiljei.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Romanian">Comparison with Romanian</h2></div> <p>The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, with an English translation. The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997. The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate. The English translation is only provided as a guide to the meaning, with an attempt to keep the word order as close to the original as possible. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Aromanian</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><b>Vocala easti unã son dit zburãrea a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonorã, libirã sh'fãrã cheadicã, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gurã) icã un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son.</b> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><i>Vocala este un sunet din vorbirea omului, făcut cu trecerea sonoră, liberă și fără piedică, a aerului prin canalul sonor (compus din coardele vocale și întreaga gură) sau un semn grafic care reprezintă un atare sunet.</i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top">The vowel is a sound in human speech, made by the sonorous, free and unhindered passing of the air through the sound channel (composed of the vocal cords and the whole mouth) or a graphic symbol corresponding to that sound. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><b>Ashi bunãoarã, avem shasili vocali tsi s'fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gurã, iu limba poati si s'aflã tu un loc icã altu shi budzãli pot si sta dishcljisi unã soe icã altã.</b> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><i>Așa, avem șase vocale ce se fac cu aerul ce trece prin gură, unde limba poate să se afle într-un loc sau altul și buzele pot să stea deschise într-un soi sau altul.</i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top">This way, we have six vowels that are produced by the air passing through the mouth, where the tongue can be in one place or another and the lips can be opened in one way or another. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><b>Vocalili pot s'hibã pronuntsati singuri icã deadun cu semivocali i consoani.</b> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top"><i>Vocalele pot să fie pronunțate singure sau împreună cu semivocale sau consoane.</i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top">The vowels can be pronounced alone or together with semivowels or consonants. </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_words_and_phrases">Common words and phrases</h2></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Aromanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aromanian (person) </td> <td>(m.) <b>Armãn</b>/ <b>rrãmãn</b>, (f.) <b>armãnã</b>/ <b>rrãmãnã</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aromanian (language) </td> <td><b>Limba armãneascã</b>/ <b>limba rrãmãneascã</b>; <b>armãneashti</b>/ <b>armãneashte</b> / <b>armãneashci</b> / <b>armãneashce</b> / <b>rrãmãneshti</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good day! </td> <td><b>Bunã dzua!</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What's your name? </td> <td><b>Cum ti chiamã?</b> (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>How old are you? </td> <td><b>Di cãtsi anji esht?</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you? </td> <td><b>Cumu hits?</b> (formal) <b>Cumu eshti?</b>/ <b>Cumu eshci?</b> (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>What are you doing? </td> <td><b>Tsi fats?</b>/ <b>Tsi adari?</b> (popular) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye! </td> <td><b>S'nã videmu cu ghine!</b>/ <b>Ghini s'ni videmu!</b>/ <b>Ghini s'ni vãdem!</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bye! </td> <td><b>S'nã avdzãmu ghiniatsa!</b>/ <b>Sã s'avdzãm buniatsa! </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please. </td> <td><b>Vã plãcãrsescu.</b> (formal) <b>Ti plãcãrsescu.</b> (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sorry. </td> <td><b>S'mi hãrãdzesht.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you. </td> <td><b>Haristo.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes. </td> <td><b>Ye</b>/ <b>E.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. </td> <td><b>Nu.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't understand. </td> <td><b>Nu adukiescu</b>/ <b>Nu akicãsescu</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't know. </td> <td><b>Nu shtiu</b>/ <b>Nu shciu.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where's the bathroom? </td> <td><b>Yu esti tualetu?</b> / <b>Yu easti toaletlu?</b>/ <b>Yu easte tualetu?</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak English? </td> <td><b>Zburats / Grits – anglikiashti? / anglicheashce?</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am a student. </td> <td><b>Mini est / estu un student</b>/ <b>Mine escu un student.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am a good person. </td> <td><b>Mini est / estu un om bun</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>You are beautiful. </td> <td><b>Eshti mushat(ã)</b>/ <b>Eshci mushat(ã)</b>/ <b>Hi mushat(ã)</b>/ <b>Esht mushat(e).</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrate in Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">Latin-Greek connection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The internal classification of the Eastern Romance languages presented in Petrucci (1999) proposes a bipartite split into Northern and Southern branches, with the Northern branch splitting into Istro-Romanian and Daco-Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrucci19994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the classification presented within <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> v4.8 proposes a bipartite split between Aromanian and Northern Romanian, the latter of which is further split into Istro-Romanian and Eastern Romanian, from which Daco-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian are hypothesized to have split from.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/rup">Aromanian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isac-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isac_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isac_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isac_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsac2024" class="citation book cs1">Isac, Daniela (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWT1EAAAQBAJ"><i>Definiteness in Balkan Romance</i></a>. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198865704" title="Special:BookSources/9780198865704"><bdi>9780198865704</bdi></a>. <q>The term 'Balkan Romance' is used to designate a group of languages including Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian.<sup>1</sup> Even though the exact historical links between these languages are still unclear (...), it is commonly accepted that they have a common ancestor and hence form a coherent family. <sup>1</sup> Alternative names for Balkan Romance are Daco-Romance and Eastern Romance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Definiteness+in+Balkan+Romance&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Theoretical+Linguistics&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780198865704&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWT1EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDindeleganMaiden2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Pan%C4%83_Dindelegan" title="Gabriela Pană Dindelegan">Dindelegan, Gabriela Pană</a>; Maiden, Martin, eds. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/leogjata/docs/rev_55_soni">the original</a> on 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bana+Arm%C3%A2neasc%C3%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fleogjata%2Fdocs%2Frev_55_soni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrabie200055-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrabie200055_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVrabie2000">Vrabie 2000</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu <i>Gramatica armãneascã simplã shi practicã</i>, Crushuva 1993, 1997; Μιχάλη Μπογιάτζη <i>Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική</i> Βιέννη, and Κατσάνης Ν., Κ. Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu <i>Gramatica simplã shi practicã</i>, Crushuva 1993, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rri.ro/ro_ar/pages/home">"Radio Romania International"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Romania+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rri.ro%2Fro_ar%2Fpages%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observatornews.ro/social/primul-film-realizat-in-limba-romana-este-povestea-romantica-a-lui-toni-caramusat-112235.html">"Primul film realizat în limba aromână este povestea romantică a lui Toni Caramuşat"</a>. <i>Observator</i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observator&rft.atitle=Primul+film+realizat+%C3%AEn+limba+arom%C3%A2n%C4%83+este+povestea+romantic%C4%83+a+lui+Toni+Caramu%C5%9Fat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservatornews.ro%2Fsocial%2Fprimul-film-realizat-in-limba-romana-este-povestea-romantica-a-lui-toni-caramusat-112235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigand, in his 1888 <i>Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute</i> remarks: "By inclination, the Livadhiotes are zealous advocates of Greek ideas and would much prefer to be unified with Greece" (p.15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812154953/http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm">"ΠΟΠΣΒ – Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο"</a> [POPSV – Board of Directors]. <i>vlahos.xan.duth.gr</i> (in Greek). 18 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vlahos.xan.duth.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%A0%CE%A3%CE%92+%E2%80%93+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvlahos.xan.duth.gr%2Fnea%2F180304.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaicu2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baicu, Cornel (29 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/de/rum%C3%A4nien-ist-f%C3%BCr-uns-eine-zweite-heimat/a-958516">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rumänien ist für uns eine zweite Heimat"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Rum%C3%A4nien+ist+f%C3%BCr+uns+eine+zweite+Heimat%22&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.aulast=Baicu&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fde%2Frum%25C3%25A4nien-ist-f%25C3%25BCr-uns-eine-zweite-heimat%2Fa-958516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041012/http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm">"It's Not Greek Enough to Them"</a>. <i>vlachophiles.net</i>. 13 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vlachophiles.net&rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+Greek+Enough+to+Them&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlachophiles.net%2Findex_on_censorship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2001-1325+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN">"15-month prison sentence handed down to Mr Sotiris Bletsas for distributing information material financed by the Commission"</a>. <i>European Parliament</i>. 8 January 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament&rft.atitle=15-month+prison+sentence+handed+down+to+Mr+Sotiris+Bletsas+for+distributing+information+material+financed+by+the+Commission&rft.date=2002-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BWQ%2BE-2001-1325%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm">"Διασπορά αληθινών ειδήσεων"</a> [Dissemination of real news]. <i>iospress.gr</i> (in Greek). February 10, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214226/http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iospress.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC+%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.date=2001-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iospress.gr%2Fmikro2001%2Fmikro20010210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggman2001" class="citation web cs1">Haggman, Johan (18 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130104046/http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html">"Minority Language Activist, Bletsas Found Not Guilty in Historic Court Decision"</a>. <i>European Free Alliance – Rainbow</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Free+Alliance+%E2%80%93+Rainbow&rft.atitle=Minority+Language+Activist%2C+Bletsas+Found+Not+Guilty+in+Historic+Court+Decision&rft.date=2001-12-18&rft.aulast=Haggman&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florina.org%2Fhtml%2F2001%2F2001_bletsas_acquitted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bara, Mariana. <i>Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane</i>. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2004, 231 p.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-980-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-980-5">3-89586-980-5</a>.</li> <li>Bara, Mariana. <i>Limba armănească: Vocabular şi stil</i>. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Universitară, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-731-551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-731-551-9">978-973-731-551-9</a>.</li> <li>Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre, Maria. <i>Şcoli şi Biserici româneşti din Peninsula Balcanică: Documente (1864–1948)</i>. Bucharest: Editura Universităţii, 2004.</li> <li>Capidan, Theodor. <i>Aromânii, dialectul Aromân</i>. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academia Română</a>, Studii şi Cercetări, XX 1932.</li> <li>Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda. <i>Dicționar aromân (Macedo-vlah)</i>. Bucarest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1997.</li> <li>Friedman, Victor A. “The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization”, in <i>Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies</i>, eds. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martti Leiwo, & <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Halla-aho" title="Jussi Halla-aho">Jussi Halla-aho</a>. <i>Slavica Helsingiensa</i> <b>21</b>. University of Helsinki, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324090700/http://www.farsarotul.org/The%20Vlah%20Minority%20in%20Macedonia.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gołąb, Zbigniew. <i>The Arumanian Dialect of Kruševo, SR Macedonia</i>. Skopje: MANU, 1984.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahl" class="citation web cs1">Kahl, Thede. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808220034/http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm">"Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_Farsharotu" title="Society Farsharotu">Society Farsharotu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm">the original</a> on 2007-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aromanians+in+Greece%3A+Minority+or+Vlach-speaking+Greeks%3F&rft.pub=Society+Farsharotu&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Thede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farsarotul.org%2Fnl27_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kahl, Thede. “Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731–1809”, in <i>Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag: Studia Philologica Slavica I/I</i>, ed. Bernhard Symanzik. Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, 2006, p. 245–266.</li> <li>Marangozis, John. <i>An Introduction to Vlach Grammar</i>. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010.</li> <li>Markoviḱ, Marjan. <i>Aromanskiot i makedonskiot govor od ohridsko-struškiot region: vo balkanski kontekst</i> [Aromanian and Macedonian dialects of the Ohrid-Struga region: in Balkan context]. Skopje: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, 2007.</li> <li>Pascu, Giorge. <i>Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain</i>, 2 vols. Iaşi: Cultura Naţionalâ, 1918.</li> <li>Rosetti, Alexandru. <i>Istoria limbii române</i>, 2 vols. Bucharest, 1965–1969.</li> <li>"The Little Prince" by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> in Aromanian. Njiclu amirārush. Translated by Maria Bara and Thede Kahl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937467-37-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937467-37-5">978-3-937467-37-5</a>.</li> <li>Vrabie, Emil. <i>An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary</i>. University, Miss.; Stratford, CT: Romance monographs, 2000.</li> <li>Weigand, Gustav. <i>Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute</i>. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1888.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucci1999" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). <i>Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian</i>. München: LINCOM Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/38-9586-599-0" title="Special:BookSources/38-9586-599-0"><bdi>38-9586-599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic+Features+in+the+History+of+Rumanian&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=38-9586-599-0&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2023" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Victor (2023). "The importance of Aromanian for the study of Balkan language contact in the context of Balkan-Caucasian parallels". In Aminian Jazi, Ioana; Kahl, Thede (eds.). <i>Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus</i>. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 345–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.3508401.16">10.2307/jj.3508401.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3508401.16">jj.3508401.16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+Aromanian+for+the+study+of+Balkan+language+contact+in+the+context+of+Balkan-Caucasian+parallels&rft.btitle=Ethno-Cultural+Diversity+in+the+Balkans+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=345-360&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.3508401.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.3508401.16%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="roa-rup:"> Aromanian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aromanian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Aromanian">Aromanian</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dixionline.net">"Dictionary in Aromanian Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+in+Aromanian+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dixionline.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAromanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armanami.org/">Aromanian Language website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165008/http://www.vlach.gr/">Στα Βλάχικα – In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Aromanian_Swadesh_list">Aromanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0">Aromanian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504161926/http://www.vlachs.gr/">Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html">Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organization: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm">Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219031351/http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf">Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlahoi.net/">Greek Vlach website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctarm.org/">Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj – CTARM, webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527041635/http://www.scd-lunjina.org/">Armans Association from Serbia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425150411/http://www.aromanii.ro/">Armans Cultural Association from Romania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingetsctipt.com/2011/04/limba-armaneasca-armanesche-armaneashti.html">Η βλαχική γλώσσα στο γλώσσες και αλφάβητα του κόσμου</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aromanian.global.bible/bible/0393612187b654b8-01/LUK.1">EVANGHELU PI DUPI LUKA (The Gospel according to Luke in Aromanian).</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Aromanians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aromanians" title="Template:Aromanians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aromanians" title="Template talk:Aromanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aromanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aromanians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Aromanians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/23px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/35px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/46px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Aromanians" title="Names of the Aromanians">Names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aromanians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koutsovlachs" class="mw-redirect" title="Koutsovlachs">Koutsovlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li>Macedo-Romanians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_(obsolete_terminology)" title="Macedonian (obsolete terminology)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsintsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsintsars">Tsintsars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Aromanians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Aromanians.svg/100px-Flag_of_Aromanians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Aromanians.svg/150px-Flag_of_Aromanians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Aromanians.svg/200px-Flag_of_Aromanians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aromanians" title="History of the Aromanians">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Aromanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Aromanians">Origin of the Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoulitzas_Delphinas" title="Nikoulitzas Delphinas">Vlach uprising of 1066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a></li> <li>Ottoman era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_foreign_policy_toward_the_Aromanians_and_Megleno-Romanians_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian foreign policy toward the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians of the Ottoman Empire (page does not exist)">Ottoman Aromanians in Romanian foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_churches_in_the_Balkans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian churches in the Balkans (page does not exist)">Romanian churches in the Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Sotir_Church,_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="St. Sotir Church, Korçë">St. Sotir Church, Korçë</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_schools_in_the_Balkans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian schools in the Balkans (page does not exist)">Romanian schools in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatoles" title="Armatoles">Armatoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheta_(armed_group)" title="Cheta (armed group)">Chetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah millet</a></li></ul></li> <li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarina_Republic" title="Samarina Republic">Samarina Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931943)" title="Roman Legion (1941–1943)">Roman Legion (1941–1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_the_Pindus" title="Principality of the Pindus">Principality of the Pindus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommendation_1333_(1997)" title="Recommendation 1333 (1997)">Recommendation 1333 (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Aromanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Aromanians">Genetic studies on Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_studies" title="Aromanian studies">Aromanian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Aromanians" title="Flag of the Aromanians">Flag of the Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_National_Day" title="Aromanian National Day">Aromanian National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim%C3%A3ndarea_p%C3%A3rinteasc%C3%A3" title="Dimãndarea pãrinteascã">Dimãndarea pãrinteascã</a></li> <li>Political parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Equality_and_European_Justice" title="Alliance for Equality and European Justice">Alliance for Equality and European Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_the_Vlachs_of_Macedonia" title="Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia">Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Vlachs_of_Macedonia" title="Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia">Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_folk_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian folk dance (page does not exist)">Aromanian folk dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_Aromanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bible translations into Aromanian (page does not exist)">Bible translations into Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian name (page does not exist)">Aromanian-language names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_Missal" title="Aromanian Missal">Aromanian Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Dimonie" title="Codex Dimonie">Codex Dimonie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_mass_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian mass media (page does not exist)">Aromanian mass media</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Famous_but_I%27m_Aromanian" title="I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian">I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian</a></i></li> <li>Newspapers <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nul_de_la_Pind" title="Românul de la Pind">Românul de la Pind</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Radio stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Romania_International" title="Radio Romania International">Radio Romania International</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Aromanian music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian Orthodox Church (page does not exist)">Aromanian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian traditional clothing (page does not exist)">Aromanian traditional clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avdhela_Project" title="Avdhela Project">Avdhela Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celnic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celnic (page does not exist)">Celnic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subgroups_of_the_Aromanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subgroups of the Aromanians (page does not exist)">Subgroups of the Aromanians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_cultural_organizations" title="List of Aromanian cultural organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunjina_Serbian%E2%80%93Aromanian_Association" title="Lunjina Serbian–Aromanian Association">Lunjina Serbian–Aromanian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedo-Romanian_Cultural_Society" title="Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society">Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Federation_of_Cultural_Associations_of_Vlachs" title="Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs">Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Farsharotu" title="Society Farsharotu">Society Farsharotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A2_Arm%C3%A2nami_Association_of_French_Aromanians" title="Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians">Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Aromanian_Language_and_Culture" title="Union for Aromanian Language and Culture">Union for Aromanian Language and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical<br />distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Albania" title="Aromanians in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Aromanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Aromanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Romania" title="Aromanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Serbia" title="Aromanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_diaspora" title="Aromanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_settlements" title="List of Aromanian settlements">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avdella" title="Avdella">Avdella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramos,_Greece" title="Gramos, Greece">Gramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo" title="Kruševo">Kruševo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malovi%C5%A1te" title="Malovište">Malovište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metsovo" title="Metsovo">Metsovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshtera" title="Peshtera">Peshtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarina" title="Samarina">Samarina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aromanians" title="List of Aromanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Constantin_Batzaria" title="Nicolae Constantin Batzaria">Nicolae Constantin Batzaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Belimace" title="Constantin Belimace">Constantin Belimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_G._Boiagi" title="Mihail G. Boiagi">Mihail G. Boiagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma_Caragiu" title="Toma Caragiu">Toma Caragiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Caragiu_Mario%C8%9Beanu" title="Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu">Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades_Diamandi" title="Alcibiades Diamandi">Alcibiades Diamandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitu_Guli" title="Pitu Guli">Pitu Guli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Hagi" title="Gheorghe Hagi">Gheorghe Hagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simona_Halep" title="Simona Halep">Simona Halep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaki_brothers" title="Manaki brothers">Manaki brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaos_Matussis" title="Nicolaos Matussis">Nicolaos Matussis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Constantin_Roja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Constantin Roja (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Constantin Roja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C8%99i_Tulliu" title="Nuși Tulliu">Nuși Tulliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ucuta" title="Constantin Ucuta">Constantin Ucuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9898FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9898FF"><div><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → Eastern Romance languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Northern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Moldavian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Transylvanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a>, divided into several subdialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Banat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boyash_Romanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyash Romanian (page does not exist)">Boyash</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Southern variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Muntenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntenian dialect">Muntenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Oltenian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">†Dician</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dician_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dician dialect (page does not exist)">Dician</a> (original Dobrujan dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #9898FF">Romanian-based<br />argots/speech forms<big>*</big></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_dialects" title="Aromanian dialects">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farsherot</li> <li>Grabovean/Moscopolean</li> <li>Muzachiar</li> <li>Gopeš–Malovište</li> <li>Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #B8B8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pindean <ul><li>Olympian</li></ul></li> <li>Gramostean</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF"><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D8D8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a><br />dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">In Istria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern (variants between villages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†In Krk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Krko-Romanian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #E8E8FF">†Krko-Romanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†Krko-Romanian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><big>*</big> = Not strictly dialects; † = extinct</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Albania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Albania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Languages of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bulgaria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bulgaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages of Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Greece" title="Template:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages of Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Macedonian Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template talk:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages of North Macedonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional or minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_language" title="Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language" title="Template talk:Romanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Subdialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan dialect (page does not exist)">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Argots_and_speech_forms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argots and speech forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian itself)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Ț</a></li> <li>Former: <a href="/wiki/D%CC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="D̦">D̦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis and vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest Romanian word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar#Traditional_month_names" title="Romanian calendar">traditional month names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">profanities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">historic evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization</a> → <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Modern alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_Limbii_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul Limbii Române">Dicționarul Limbii Române</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar_moldovenesc-rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc">Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language contact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic superstratum and adstratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Vlachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language_Day" title="Romanian Language Day">Romanian Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian language in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_language" title="Category:Romanian language">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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