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<li id="toc-Interventions_to_reduce_environmental_tobacco_smoke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interventions_to_reduce_environmental_tobacco_smoke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interventions_to_reduce_environmental_tobacco_smoke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomarkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomarkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biomarkers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomarkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cotinine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotinine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Cotinine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotinine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_(CO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_monoxide_(CO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_monoxide_(CO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_of_public_health_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_of_public_health_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Opinion of public health authorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_of_public_health_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_harm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_harm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversy over harm </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy_over_harm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversy over harm subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_harm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry-funded_studies_and_critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry-funded_studies_and_critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Industry-funded studies and critiques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-funded_studies_and_critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enstrom_and_Kabat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enstrom_and_Kabat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Enstrom and Kabat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enstrom_and_Kabat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Gori </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milloy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milloy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Milloy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milloy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levois_and_Layard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levois_and_Layard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Levois and Layard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levois_and_Layard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Health_Organization_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Health_Organization_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 World Health Organization controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Health_Organization_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EPA_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EPA_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 EPA lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EPA_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco-industry_funding_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco-industry_funding_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.7 Tobacco-industry funding of research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco-industry_funding_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco_industry_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco_industry_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tobacco industry response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_industry_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_of_major_tobacco_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_of_major_tobacco_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Position of major tobacco companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_of_major_tobacco_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_racketeering_lawsuit_against_tobacco_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_racketeering_lawsuit_against_tobacco_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_racketeering_lawsuit_against_tobacco_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoke-free_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoke-free_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Smoke-free laws </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Smoke-free_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Smoke-free laws subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Smoke-free_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Alternative forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In animals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In animals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observational_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Observational studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observational_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Passive smoking</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تدخين سلبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدخين سلبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরোক্ষ ধূমপান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরোক্ষ ধূমপান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumador_passiu" title="Fumador passiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fumador passiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasivn%C3%AD_kou%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Pasivní kouření – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pasivní kouření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiv_rygning" title="Passiv rygning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Passiv rygning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivrauchen" title="Passivrauchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Passivrauchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Παθητικό κάπνισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παθητικό κάπνισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumador_pasivo" title="Fumador pasivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fumador pasivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasiva_fumado" title="Pasiva fumado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pasiva fumado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="آلاینده هوای غیرفعال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلاینده هوای غیرفعال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabagisme_passif" title="Tabagisme passif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tabagisme passif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitheamh_fulangach" title="Caitheamh fulangach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caitheamh fulangach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumador_pasivo" title="Fumador pasivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fumador pasivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%91_%ED%9D%A1%EC%97%B0" title="간접 흡연 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간접 흡연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasivno_pu%C5%A1enje" title="Pasivno pušenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pasivno pušenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perokok_pasif" title="Perokok pasif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perokok pasif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumo_passivo" title="Fumo passivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fumo passivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99" title="עישון פסיבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עישון פסיבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupatwa_na_moshi_wa_sigara_za_wengine" title="Kupatwa na moshi wa sigara za wengine – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kupatwa na moshi wa sigara za wengine" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivf%C3%ABmmen" title="Passivfëmmen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Passivfëmmen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passz%C3%ADv_doh%C3%A1nyz%C3%A1s" title="Passzív dohányzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Passzív dohányzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perokok_pasif" title="Perokok pasif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perokok pasif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passief_roken" title="Passief roken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Passief roken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E5%96%AB%E7%85%99" title="受動喫煙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="受動喫煙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiv_r%C3%B8yking" title="Passiv røyking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Passiv røyking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierne_palenie_tytoniu" title="Bierne palenie tytoniu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bierne palenie tytoniu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabagismo_passivo" title="Tabagismo passivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabagismo passivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пассивное курение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пассивное курение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirja_pasive_e_duhanit" title="Pirja pasive e duhanit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pirja pasive e duhanit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Passive smoking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C3%ADvne_faj%C4%8Denie" title="Pasívne fajčenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pasívne fajčenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inhalation of tobacco smoke by persons other than the intended active smoker</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Second hand smoke" redirects here. For the Sublime album, see <a href="/wiki/Second-hand_Smoke" title="Second-hand Smoke">Second-hand Smoke</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg/220px-Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg/330px-Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg/440px-Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco smoke in an <a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Irish pub</a> before a <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking ban</a> came into effect on March 29, 2004</figcaption></figure> Passive smoking is the inhalation of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>, called passive smoke, secondhand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by individuals other than the active <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoker</a>. It occurs when tobacco smoke <a href="/wiki/Diffuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse">diffuses</a> into the surrounding atmosphere as an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a>, which leads to its inhalation by nearby bystanders within the same environment. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes many of the same <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">health effects caused by active smoking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sg-report-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> although at a lower prevalence due to the reduced concentration of smoke that enters the <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a>. According to a WHO report published in 2023, more than 1.3 million deaths are attributed to passive smoking worldwide every year.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samet008-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Circ07-6">[6]</a> and have been a major motivation for <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking bans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a> and indoor venues, including <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Night club">night clubs</a>, as well as some open <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public spaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Concerns around secondhand smoke have played a central role in the debate over the harms and regulation of tobacco products. Since the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a> has viewed public concern over secondhand smoke as a serious threat to its business interests.<a href="#cite_note-smoke-screen-8">[8]</a> Despite the industry's awareness of the harms of secondhand smoke as early as the 1980s, the tobacco industry coordinated a scientific controversy with the purpose of stopping regulation of their products.<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a>: 1242 <a href="#cite_note-Circ07-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lickint" title="Fritz Lickint">Fritz Lickint</a> created the term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") in a publication in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> during the 1930s. <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Terms used include "environmental tobacco smoke" to refer to the airborne matter, while "involuntary smoking" and "passive smoking" refer to exposure to secondhand smoke.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-chapman-13">[13]</a> The term "environmental tobacco smoke" can be traced back to a 1974 industry-sponsored meeting held in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, while the term "passive smoking" was first used in the title of a scientific paper in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-chapman-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a> prefers to use the phrase "secondhand smoke" rather than "environmental tobacco smoke", stating that "The descriptor 'secondhand' captures the involuntary nature of the exposure, while 'environmental' does not."<a href="#cite_note-sg-report-1">[1]</a>: 9  Most researchers consider the term "passive smoking" to be synonymous with "secondhand smoke".<a href="#cite_note-protano-14">[14]</a> In contrast, a 2011 commentary in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environmental Health Perspectives</a> argued that research into "thirdhand smoke" renders it inappropriate to refer to passive smoking with the term "secondhand smoke", which the authors stated constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto" title="Pars pro toto">pars pro toto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-protano-14">[14]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">sidestream smoke</a>" is sometimes used to refer to smoke that goes into the air directly from a burning <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">pipe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sidestream_Smoke-15">[15]</a> while "mainstream smoke" refers to smoke that a smoker exhales. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> Secondhand smoke causes many of the same diseases as <a href="/wiki/Harms_of_smoking" class="mw-redirect" title="Harms of smoking">direct smoking</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sg-report-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-calepa2005-16">[16]</a> These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a>: <ul><li>General: overall increased risk;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> reviewing the evidence accumulated on a worldwide basis, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> concluded in 2004 that "Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans."<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> reports that about 70 chemicals present in secondhand smoke are carcinogenic.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a>: Passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the United States, secondhand smoke is estimated to cause more than 7,000 deaths from lung cancer a year among non-smokers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A quarter of all cases occur in people who have never smoked.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a>: The <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="California Environmental Protection Agency">California Environmental Protection Agency</a> concluded in 2005 that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal females by 70%<a href="#cite_note-calepa2005-16">[16]</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a> has concluded that the evidence is "suggestive", but still insufficient to assert such a causal relationship.<a href="#cite_note-sg-report-1">[1]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> concluded in 2004 that there was "no support for a causal relation between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer in never-smokers."<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> A 2015 meta-analysis found that the evidence that passive smoking moderately increased the risk of breast cancer had become "more substantial than a few years ago".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a>: A 2015 overview of systematic reviews found that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-cao-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">Bladder cancer</a>: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with a significant increase in the risk of bladder cancer.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a>: risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and reduced heart rate variability.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>Epidemiological studies have shown that both active and passive cigarette smoking increase the risk of atherosclerosis.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Passive smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke, and this increased risk is disproportionately high at low levels of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Lung problems</a>: <ul><li>Risk of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Risk of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>According to a 2015 review, passive smoking may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> infection and accelerate the progression of the disease, but the evidence remains weak.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>The majority of studies on the association between secondhand smoke exposure and <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a> have found a significant association between the two.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">Cognitive impairment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>: Exposure to secondhand smoke may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Children exposed to secondhand smoke show reduced vocabulary and reasoning skills when compared with non-exposed children as well as more general cognitive and intellectual deficits.<a href="#cite_note-LingHeffernan2016-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a>: Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>During <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a>: a 2014 meta-analysis found that maternal secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of miscarriage by 11%.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth mass">Low birth weight</a><a href="#cite_note-calepa2005-16">[16]</a>, part B, ch. 3.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">Premature birth</a><a href="#cite_note-calepa2005-16">[16]</a>, part B, ch. 3<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> (Evidence of the causal link is described only as "suggestive" by the US Surgeon General in his 2006 report.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>) Laws limiting smoking decrease premature births.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital malformation">congenital malformations</a> in children<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Recent studies comparing females exposed to secondhand smoke and non-exposed females, demonstrate that females exposed while pregnant have higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tube defects">neural tube defects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul></li> <li>General: <ul><li>Worsening of asthma, allergies, and other conditions.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a slightly increased risk of allergic diseases among children and adolescents; the evidence for an association was weaker for adults.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It remains unclear whether the association between passive smoking and diabetes is causal.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Risk of carrying <a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cao-24">[24]</a></li> <li>A possible increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">periodontitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Overall increased risk of death in both adults, where it was estimated to kill 53,000 nonsmokers per year in the U.S in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and in children.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The World Health Organization states that passive smoking causes about 600,000 deaths a year, and about 1% of the global burden of disease.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> As of 2017, passive smoking causes about 900,000 deaths a year, which is about 1/8 of all deaths caused by smoking.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Skin conditions: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a higher rate of <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_to_children">Risk to children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_(21840776552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg/220px-How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg/330px-How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg/440px-How_Many_Cigarettes_a_Day_Does_Your_Child_Smoke%3F_%2821840776552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="5892" /></a><figcaption>Old prevention poster from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. "When a child breathes air filled with cigarette smoke it can be as bad as if he actually smoked the cigarette himself."</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">Sudden infant death syndrome</a> (SIDS).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In his 2006 report, the US Surgeon General concludes: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Secondhand smoking has been estimated to be associated with 430 SIDS deaths in the United States annually.<a href="#cite_note-ala-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Secondhand smoke exposure is also associated with an almost doubled risk of hospitalization for asthma exacerbation among children with asthma.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Lung infections,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Difranza_2004-68">[68]</a> also including more severe illness with <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">bronchiolitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatzimichael-69">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CDC2007-70">[70]</a> and worse outcome,<a href="#cite_note-Chatzimichael-69">[69]</a> as well as increased risk of developing tuberculosis if exposed to a carrier.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the United States, it is estimated that secondhand smoke has been associated with between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year.<a href="#cite_note-ala-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth<a href="#cite_note-CDC2007-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Allergies<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Maternal passive smoking increases the risk of non-syndromic <a href="/wiki/Orofacial_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orofacial cleft">orofacial clefts</a> by 50% among their children.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Learning difficulties, developmental delays, <a href="/wiki/Executive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive function">executive function</a> problems,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and neurobehavioral effects.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Animal models suggest a role for nicotine and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> in neurocognitive problems.<a href="#cite_note-Difranza_2004-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ear infection">middle ear infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Difranza_2004-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Invasive <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">meningococcal disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cao-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a> complications and some negative surgical outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disordered_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disordered breathing">Sleep disordered breathing</a>: Most studies have found a significant association between passive smoking and sleep disordered breathing in children, but further studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of children.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age,_race,_and_poverty_level_US.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png/220px-Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png/330px-Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png/440px-Exposure_to_secondhand_smoke_by_age%2C_race%2C_and_poverty_level_US.png 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Exposure to secondhand smoke by age, race, and poverty level in the US in 2010</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiological</a> studies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1992, a review estimated that secondhand smoke exposure was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-steenland-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Absolute_risk_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute risk increase">absolute risk increase</a> of heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while the <a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk_percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk percent">attributable risk percent</a> was 23%. A 1997 meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of heart disease by a quarter,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and two 1999 meta-analyses reached similar conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Evidence shows that inhaled sidestream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke. This fact has been known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, though it kept its findings secret.<a href="#cite_note-diethem2005-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-glantz2005-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-schick2006-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-schick2007-90">[90]</a> Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking, in particular the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary heart diseases</a>, may have been substantially underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1997, a meta-analysis on the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer concluded that such exposure caused lung cancer. The increase in risk was estimated to be 24% among non-smokers who lived with a smoker.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2000, Copas and Shi reported that there was clear evidence of publication bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis. They further concluded that after correcting for publication bias, and assuming that 40% of all studies are unpublished, this increased risk decreased from 24% to 15%.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> This conclusion has been challenged on the basis that the assumption that 40% of all studies are unpublished was "extreme".<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a>: 1269  In 2006, Takagi et al. reanalyzed the data from this meta-analysis to account for publication bias and estimated that the relative risk of lung cancer among those exposed to secondhand smoke was 1.19, slightly lower than the original estimate.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A 2000 meta-analysis found a <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a> of 1.48 for lung cancer among men exposed to secondhand smoke, and a relative risk of 1.16 among those exposed to it at work.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Another meta-analysis confirmed the finding of an increased risk of lung cancer among women with spousal exposure to secondhand smoke the following year. It found a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.29 for women exposed to secondhand smoke from their spouses.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A 2014 meta-analysis noted that "the association between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk is well established."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A minority of epidemiologists have found it hard to understand how secondhand smoke, which is more diluted than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers.<a href="#cite_note-nature-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> One proposed explanation is that secondhand smoke is not simply a diluted version of "mainstream" smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter.<a href="#cite_note-nature-98">[98]</a> Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular diseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who have acute coronary syndromes.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer. It concluded: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a></blockquote> Subsequent meta-analyses have confirmed these findings.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17690135-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267733-102">[102]</a> The National Asthma Council of Australia cites studies showing that secondhand smoke is probably the most important <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor pollutant</a>, especially around young children:<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <ul><li>Smoking by either parent, particularly by the mother, increases the risk of asthma in children.</li> <li>The outlook for early childhood asthma is less favourable in smoking households.</li> <li>Children with asthma who are exposed to smoking in the home generally have more severe disease.</li> <li>Many adults with asthma identify ETS as a trigger for their symptoms.</li> <li>Doctor-diagnosed asthma is more common among non-smoking adults exposed to ETS than those not exposed. Among people with asthma, higher ETS exposure is associated with a greater risk of severe attacks.</li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, exposure to secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause between 3,000<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and 5,000 premature deaths per year, with the larger figure cited by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> during his announcement of a nationwide smoke-free law: "That makes more than 13 deaths a day. It is an unacceptable reality in our country in terms of public health."<a href="#cite_note-France_to_ban_smoking-105">[105]</a> There is good observational evidence that smoke-free legislation reduces the number of hospital admissions for heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_and_risk_levels">Exposure and risk levels</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> concluded in 2004 that there was sufficient evidence that secondhand smoke caused cancer in humans.<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> Those who work in environments where smoke is not regulated are at higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267733-102">[102]</a> Workers particularly at risk of exposure include those in installation repair and maintenance, construction and extraction, and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimmons-109">[109]</a> Much research has come from studies of nonsmokers who are married to a smoker. The <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">US Surgeon General</a>, in his 2006 report, estimated that living or working in a place where smoking is permitted increases the non-smokers' risk of developing heart disease by 25–30% and lung cancer by 20–30%.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Similarly, children who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are shown to experience a range of adverse effects<a href="#cite_note-PugmireSweeting2017-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrachanCook1997-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrachanCook1998-113">[113]</a> and a higher risk of becoming smokers later in life.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> has identified reduction of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as key element for actions to encourage healthy child development.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> monitors the extent of and trends in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by measuring serum <a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">cotinine</a> in national health <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">surveys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of secondhand smoke exposure among U.S. nonsmokers declined from 87.5% in 1988 to 25.2% in 2014. However, nearly half of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">blacks</a> and the poor were exposed in 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventions_to_reduce_environmental_tobacco_smoke">Interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke</h3></div> A systematic review compared smoking control programmes and their effects on smoke exposure in children. The review distinguishes between community-based, ill-child and healthy-child settings and the most common types of interventions were counselling or brief advice during clinical visits. The review did not find superior outcomes for any intervention, and the authors caution that evidence from adult settings may not generalise well to children.<a href="#cite_note-BehbodSharma2018-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomarkers">Biomarkers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg/220px-Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg/330px-Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg/440px-Breath_CO_Monitor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>Breath CO monitor displaying carbon monoxide concentration of an exhaled breath sample (in ppm) with corresponding percent concentration of carboxyhemoglobin displayed below</figcaption></figure> Environmental tobacco smoke can be evaluated either by directly measuring tobacco smoke pollutants found in the air or by using biomarkers, an indirect measure of exposure. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_breath_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon monoxide breath monitor">Carbon monoxide</a> monitored through breath, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">cotinine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiocyanates">thiocyanates</a>, and proteins are the most specific biological markers of tobacco smoke exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Metz05-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Biochemical tests are a much more reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure than surveys. Certain groups of people are reluctant to disclose their smoking status and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially pregnant women and parents of young children. This is due to their smoking being socially unacceptable. Also, it may be difficult for individuals to recall their exposure to tobacco smoke.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A 2007 study in the <a href="/wiki/Addictive_Behaviors" title="Addictive Behaviors">Addictive Behaviors</a> journal found a positive correlation between secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and concentrations of nicotine and/or biomarkers of nicotine in the body. Significant biological levels of nicotine from secondhand smoke exposure were equivalent to nicotine levels from active smoking and levels that are associated with behaviour changes due to nicotine consumption.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cotinine">Cotinine</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a>, the metabolite of nicotine, is a biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure. Typically, cotinine is measured in the blood, saliva, and urine. Hair analysis has recently become a new, noninvasive measurement technique. Cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, which results in a measure of long-term, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke.<a href="#cite_note-Florescu09-122">[122]</a> Urinary cotinine levels have been a reliable biomarker of tobacco exposure and have been used as a reference in many epidemiological studies.<a href="#cite_note-BehbodSharma2018-117">[117]</a> However, cotinine levels found in the urine reflect exposure only over the preceding 48 hours. Cotinine levels of the skin, such as the hair and nails, reflect tobacco exposure over the previous three months and are a more reliable biomarker.<a href="#cite_note-Metz05-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_monoxide_(CO)">Carbon monoxide (CO)</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_breath_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon monoxide breath monitor">Carbon monoxide monitored via breath</a> is also a reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure as well as tobacco use. With high sensitivity and specificity, it not only provides an accurate measure, but the test is also non-invasive, highly reproducible, and low in cost. Breath CO monitoring measures the concentration of CO in an exhalation in <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a>, and this can be directly correlated to the blood CO concentration (<a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Breath CO monitors can also be used by emergency services to identify patients who are suspected of having CO poisoning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> A 2004 study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> concluded that non-smokers are exposed to the same carcinogens as active smokers. <a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a> contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including 69 known carcinogens. Of special concern are <a href="/wiki/Polynuclear_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons">polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, tobacco-specific N-<a href="/wiki/Nitrosamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosamines">nitrosamines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic amines">aromatic amines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/4-aminobiphenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="4-aminobiphenyl">4-aminobiphenyl</a>, all known to be highly carcinogenic. Mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and secondhand smoke contain largely the same components, however the concentration varies depending on type of smoke.<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> Several well-established <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> have been shown by the tobacco companies' own research to be present at higher concentrations in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Secondhand smoke has been shown to produce more particulate-matter (PM) pollution than an idling low-emission <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>. In an experiment conducted by the Italian National Cancer Institute, three cigarettes were left <a href="/wiki/Smolder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smolder">smoldering</a>, one after the other, in a 60 m3 garage with a limited air exchange. The cigarettes produced PM pollution exceeding outdoor limits, as well as PM concentrations up to 10-fold that of the idling engine.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure has immediate and substantial effects on blood and blood vessels in a way that increases the risk of a heart attack, particularly in people already at risk.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes significantly reduces coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy nonsmokers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11466122-127">[127]</a> Secondhand smoke is also associated with impaired <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> among adult nonsmokers.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Secondhand smoke exposure also affects <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> function, vascular <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>, and myocardial exercise tolerance at levels commonly found in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Pulmonary emphysema can be induced in rats through acute exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke (30 cigarettes per day) over a period of 45 days.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Degranulation of <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> contributing to lung damage has also been observed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">third-hand smoke</a>" was recently coined to identify the residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished and secondhand smoke has cleared from the air.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Preliminary research suggests that by-products of third-hand smoke may pose a health risk,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> though the magnitude of risk, if any, remains unknown. In October 2011, it was reported that Christus St. Frances Cabrini Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>, would seek to eliminate third-hand smoke beginning in July 2012, and that employees whose clothing smelled of smoke would not be allowed to work. This prohibition was enacted because third-hand smoke poses a special danger for the developing brains of infants and small children.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 2008, there were more than 161,000 deaths attributed to lung cancer in the United States. Of these deaths, an estimated 10% to 15% were caused by factors other than first-hand smoking; equivalent to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Slightly more than half of the lung cancer deaths caused by factors other than first-hand smoking were found in nonsmokers. Lung cancer in non-smokers may well be considered one of the most common cancer mortalities in the United States. Clinical epidemiology of lung cancer has linked the primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in non-smokers as exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, carcinogens including radon, and other indoor air pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_public_health_authorities">Opinion of public health authorities</h2></div> There is widespread <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> that exposure to secondhand smoke is harmful.<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a> The link between passive smoking and health risks is accepted by every major medical and scientific organisation, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a></li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Surgeon General">United States Surgeon General</a><a href="#cite_note-sg-report-1">[1]</a></li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="California Environmental Protection Agency">California Environmental Protection Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-calepa2005-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li>Australian <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a><a href="#cite_note-nphp-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2></div> Recent major surveys conducted by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> have found widespread public awareness that secondhand smoke is harmful. In both 1992 and 2000 surveys, more than 80% of respondents agreed with the statement that secondhand smoke was harmful. A 2001 study found that 95% of adults agreed that secondhand smoke was harmful to children, and 96% considered tobacco-industry claims that secondhand smoke was not harmful to be untruthful.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> A 2007 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> found that 56% of respondents felt that secondhand smoke was "very harmful", a number that has held relatively steady since 1997. Another 29% believe that secondhand smoke is "somewhat harmful"; 10% answered "not too harmful", while 5% said "not at all harmful".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_over_harm">Controversy over harm</h2></div> As part of its attempt to prevent or delay tighter regulation of smoking, the tobacco industry funded a number of scientific studies and, where the results cast doubt on the risks associated with secondhand smoke, sought wide publicity for those results. The industry also funded libertarian and conservative think tanks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Affairs" title="Institute of Public Affairs">Institute of Public Affairs</a> in Australia which criticised both scientific research on passive smoking and policy proposals to restrict smoking.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> New Scientist and the <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="European Journal of Public Health">European Journal of Public Health</a> have identified these industry-wide coordinated activities as one of the earliest expressions of <a href="/wiki/Denialism#Corporate_denialism" title="Denialism">corporate denialism</a>. Further, they state that the disinformation spread by the tobacco industry has created a tobacco denialism movement, sharing many characteristics of other forms of <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS_denialism" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS denialism">HIV-AIDS denialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry-funded_studies_and_critiques">Industry-funded studies and critiques</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enstrom_and_Kabat">Enstrom and Kabat</h4></div> A 2003 study by <a href="/wiki/James_Enstrom" title="James Enstrom">James Enstrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kabat" title="Geoffrey Kabat">Geoffrey Kabat</a>, published in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a>, argued that the harms of passive smoking had been overstated.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Their analysis reported no statistically significant relationship between passive smoking and lung cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, though the accompanying editorial noted that "they may overemphasise the negative nature of their findings."<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> This paper was widely promoted by the tobacco industry as evidence that the harms of passive smoking were unproven.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-tong2007-158">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> (ACS), whose database Enstrom and Kabat used to compile their data, criticized the paper as "neither reliable nor independent", stating that scientists at the ACS had repeatedly pointed out serious flaws in Enstrom and Kabat's methodology prior to publication.<a href="#cite_note-acsresponse-159">[159]</a> Notably, the study had failed to identify a comparison group of "unexposed" persons.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Enstrom's ties to the tobacco industry also drew scrutiny; in a 1997 letter to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a>, Enstrom requested a "substantial research commitment... in order for me to effectively compete against the large mountain of epidemiologic data and opinions that already exist regarding the health effects of ETS and active smoking."<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#US_racketeering_lawsuit_against_tobacco_companies">US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies</a>, the Enstrom and Kabat paper was cited by the US District Court as "a prime example of how nine tobacco companies engaged in criminal racketeering and fraud to hide the dangers of tobacco smoke."<a href="#cite_note-nature-2007-review-162">[162]</a> The Court found that the study had been funded and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Indoor_Air_Research" title="Center for Indoor Air Research">Center for Indoor Air Research</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> a tobacco industry <a href="/wiki/Front_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Front group">front group</a> tasked with "offsetting" damaging studies on passive smoking, as well as by Philip Morris who stated that Enstrom's work was "clearly litigation-oriented".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> A 2005 paper in Tobacco Control argued that the disclosure section in the Enstrom and Kabat BMJ paper, although it met the journal's requirements, "does not reveal the full extent of the relationship the authors had with the tobacco industry."<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In 2006, Enstrom and Kabat published a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of studies regarding passive smoking and coronary heart disease in which they reported a very weak association between passive smoking and heart disease mortality.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> They concluded that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of death from CHD by only 5%, although this analysis has been criticized for including two previous industry-funded studies that suffered from widespread exposure misclassification.<a href="#cite_note-Circ07-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gori">Gori</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Gio_Batta_Gori" title="Gio Batta Gori">Gio Batta Gori</a>, a tobacco industry spokesman and consultant<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and an expert on risk utility and scientific research, wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>'s magazine <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(magazine)" title="Regulation (magazine)">Regulation</a> that "...of the 75 published studies of ETS and lung cancer, some 70% did not report statistically significant differences of risk and are moot. Roughly 17% claim an increased risk and 13% imply a reduction of risk."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milloy">Milloy</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy">Steven Milloy</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a>" commentator for <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> and a former <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a> consultant,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> claimed that "of the 19 studies" on passive smoking "only 8— slightly more than 42%— reported statistically significant increases in heart disease incidence."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Another component of criticism cited by Milloy focused on <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a> and epidemiological practices in studies of passive smoking. Milloy, who has a master's degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, argued that studies yielding relative risks of less than 2 were meaningless junk science. This approach to epidemiological analysis was criticized in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A major component of the industry attack was the mounting of a campaign to establish a "bar" for "sound science" that could not be fully met by most individual investigations, leaving studies that did not meet the criteria to be dismissed as "junk science."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></blockquote> The tobacco industry and affiliated scientists also put forward a set of "Good Epidemiology Practices" which would have the practical effect of obscuring the link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer; the privately stated goal of these standards was to "impede adverse legislation".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> However, this effort was largely abandoned when it became clear that no independent epidemiological organization would agree to the standards proposed by Philip Morris et al.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11684593-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levois_and_Layard">Levois and Layard</h4></div> In 1995, Levois and Layard, both tobacco industry consultants, published two analyses in the journal <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Toxicology_and_Pharmacology" title="Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology">Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology</a> regarding the association between spousal exposure to secondhand smoke and heart disease. Both of these papers reported no association between secondhand smoke and heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> These analyses have been criticized for failing to distinguish between current and former smokers, despite the fact that former smokers, unlike current ones, are not at a significantly increased risk of heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-Circ07-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Health_Organization_controversy">World Health Organization controversy</h4></div> A 1998 study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) found "weak evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose–response relationship</a> between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS."<a href="#cite_note-environmental1440-180">[180]</a> In March 1998, before the study was published, reports appeared in the media alleging that the IARC and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) were suppressing information. The reports, appearing in the British <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> among other sources,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> alleged that the WHO withheld from publication of its own report that supposedly failed to prove an association between passive smoking and a number of other diseases (lung cancer in particular). In response, the WHO issued a press release stating that the results of the study had been "completely misrepresented" in the popular press and were in fact very much in line with similar studies demonstrating the harms of passive smoking.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The study was published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in October of the same year, and concluded the authors found "no association between childhood exposure to ETS and lung cancer risk" but "did find weak evidence of a dose–response relationship between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS."<a href="#cite_note-environmental1440-180">[180]</a> An accompanying editorial summarized: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When all the evidence, including the important new data reported in this issue of the Journal, is assessed, the inescapable scientific conclusion is that ETS is a low-level lung carcinogen.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></blockquote> With the release of formerly classified tobacco industry documents through the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a>, it was found (by Elisa Ong and <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Glantz" title="Stanton Glantz">Stanton Glantz</a>) that the controversy over the WHO's alleged suppression of data had been engineered by <a href="/wiki/Altria_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Altria Group">Philip Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a>, and other tobacco companies in an effort to discredit scientific findings which would harm their business interests.<a href="#cite_note-ong-glantz-2000-188">[188]</a> A WHO inquiry, conducted after the release of the tobacco-industry documents, found that this controversy was generated by the tobacco industry as part of its larger campaign to cut the WHO's budget, distort the results of scientific studies on passive smoking, and discredit the WHO as an institution. This campaign was carried out using a network of ostensibly independent <a href="/wiki/Front_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Front organizations">front organizations</a> and international and scientific experts with hidden financial ties to the industry.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EPA_lawsuit">EPA lawsuit</h4></div> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) issued a report estimating that 3,000 lung cancer related deaths in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were caused by passive smoking annually.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_report-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Altria_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Altria Group">Philip Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company">R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company</a>, and groups representing growers, distributors and marketers of tobacco took legal action, claiming that the EPA had manipulated this study and ignored accepted scientific and statistical practices. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina">United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina</a> ruled in favor of the tobacco industry in 1998, finding that the EPA had failed to follow proper scientific and epidemiologic practices and had "cherry picked" evidence to support conclusions which they had committed to in advance.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The court stated in part, "EPA publicly committed to a conclusion before research had begun...adjusted established procedure and scientific norms to validate the Agency's public conclusion... In conducting the ETS Risk Assessment, disregarded information and made findings on selective information; did not disseminate significant epidemiologic information; deviated from its Risk Assessment Guidelines; failed to disclose important findings and reasoning..." In 2002, the EPA successfully appealed this decision to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit</a>. The EPA's appeal was upheld on the preliminary grounds that their report had no regulatory weight, and the earlier finding was vacated.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In 1998, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, through the publication by its National Toxicology Program of the 9th Report on Carcinogens, listed environmental tobacco smoke among the known carcinogens, observing of the EPA assessment that "The individual studies were carefully summarized and evaluated."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tobacco-industry_funding_of_research">Tobacco-industry funding of research</h4></div> The tobacco industry's role in funding scientific research on secondhand smoke has been controversial.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> A review of published studies found that tobacco-industry affiliation was strongly correlated with findings exonerating secondhand smoke; researchers affiliated with the tobacco industry were 88 times more likely than independent researchers to conclude that secondhand smoke was not harmful.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9605902-195">[195]</a> In a specific example which came to light with the release of tobacco-industry documents, Philip Morris executives successfully encouraged an author to revise his industry-funded review article to downplay the role of secondhand smoke in <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report criticized the tobacco industry's role in the scientific debate: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></blockquote> This strategy was outlined at an international meeting of tobacco companies in 1988, at which Philip Morris proposed to set up a team of scientists, organized by company lawyers, to "carry out work on ETS to keep the controversy alive."<a href="#cite_note-whitecoat-198">[198]</a> All scientific research was subject to oversight and "filtering" by tobacco-industry lawyers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Philip Morris then expect the group of scientists to operate within the confines of decisions taken by PM scientists to determine the general direction of research, which apparently would then be 'filtered' by lawyers to eliminate areas of sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-whitecoat-198">[198]</a> </blockquote> Philip Morris reported that it was putting "...vast amounts of funding into these projects... in attempting to coordinate and pay so many scientists on an international basis to keep the ETS controversy alive."<a href="#cite_note-whitecoat-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_industry_response">Tobacco industry response</h3></div> Measures to tackle secondhand smoke pose a serious economic threat to the tobacco industry, having broadened the definition of smoking beyond a personal habit to something with a social impact. In a confidential 1978 report, the tobacco industry described increasing public concerns about secondhand smoke as "the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred."<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In United States of America v. Philip Morris et al., the District Court for the District of Columbia found that the tobacco industry "... recognized from the mid-1970s forward that the health effects of passive smoking posed a profound threat to industry viability and cigarette profits," and that the industry responded with "efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that ETS causes disease."<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a> Accordingly, the tobacco industry have developed several strategies to minimise the impact on their business: <ul><li>The industry has sought to position the secondhand smoke debate as essentially concerned with civil liberties and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokers%27_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smokers' rights (page does not exist)">smokers' rights</a> rather than with health, by funding groups such as <a href="/wiki/FOREST" title="FOREST">FOREST</a>.<a href="#cite_note-voice-smoker-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a> in research;<a href="#cite_note-smoke-screen-8">[8]</a> in all reviews of the effects of secondhand smoke on health published between 1980 and 1995, the only factor associated with concluding that secondhand smoke is not harmful was whether an author was affiliated with the tobacco industry.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9605902-195">[195]</a> However, not all studies that failed to find evidence of harm were by industry-affiliated authors.</li> <li>Delaying and discrediting legitimate research (see<a href="#cite_note-smoke-screen-8">[8]</a> for an example of how the industry attempted to discredit <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Hirayama" title="Takeshi Hirayama">Takeshi Hirayama</a>'s landmark study, and<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> for an example of how it attempted to delay and discredit a major Australian report on passive smoking)</li> <li>Promoting "good epidemiology" and attacking so-called <a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a> (a term popularised by industry lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Milloy" title="Steven Milloy">Steven Milloy</a>): attacking the methodology behind research showing health risks as flawed and attempting to promote <a href="/wiki/Sound_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound science">sound science</a>. Ong & Glantz (2001) cite an internal Phillip Morris memo giving evidence of this as company policy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11684593-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Creation of outlets for favourable research. In 1989, the tobacco industry established the International Society of the Built Environment, which published the <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> journal Indoor and Built Environment. This journal did not require conflict-of-interest disclosures from its authors. With documents made available through the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Master Settlement</a>, it was found that the executive board of the society and the editorial board of the journal were dominated by paid tobacco-industry consultants. The journal published a large amount of material on passive smoking, much of which was "industry-positive".<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li></ul> Citing the tobacco industry's production of biased research and efforts to undermine scientific findings, the 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report concluded that the industry had "attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus... industry documents indicate that the tobacco industry has engaged in widespread activities... that have gone beyond the bounds of accepted scientific practice."<a href="#cite_note-sg-exec-summary-203">[203]</a> The U.S. District Court, in U.S.A. v. Philip Morris et al., found that "...despite their internal acknowledgment of the hazards of secondhand smoke, Defendants have fraudulently denied that ETS causes disease."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_of_major_tobacco_companies">Position of major tobacco companies</h4></div> The positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of secondhand smoke is somewhat varied. In general, tobacco companies have continued to focus on questioning the methodology of studies showing that secondhand smoke is harmful. Some (such as <a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a>) acknowledge the medical consensus that secondhand smoke carries health risks, while others continue to assert that the evidence is inconclusive. Several tobacco companies advocate the creation of smoke-free areas within public buildings as an alternative to comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking bans">smoke-free laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_racketeering_lawsuit_against_tobacco_companies">US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies</h3></div> On September 22, 1999, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> filed a <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> lawsuit against Philip Morris and other major cigarette manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Almost 7 years later, on August 17, 2006, U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Kessler" title="Gladys Kessler">Gladys Kessler</a> found that the Government had proven its case and that the tobacco company defendants had violated the <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a> In particular, Judge Kessler found that PM and other tobacco companies had: <ul><li>conspired to minimize, distort and confuse the public about the health hazards of smoking;</li> <li>publicly denied, while internally acknowledging, that secondhand tobacco smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, and</li> <li>destroyed documents relevant to litigation.</li></ul> The ruling found that tobacco companies undertook joint efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that secondhand smoke causes disease, notably by controlling research findings via paid consultants. The ruling also concluded that tobacco companies were fraudulently continuing to deny the health effects of ETS exposure.<a href="#cite_note-kessler-4">[4]</a> On May 22, 2009, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld the lower court's 2006 ruling.<a href="#cite_note-rico-appeal-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smoke-free_laws">Smoke-free laws</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">Smoking ban</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">List of smoking bans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></div> As a consequence of the health risks associated with secondhand smoke, many national and local governments have outlawed smoking in indoor public places, including <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">cafés</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>, as well as some outdoor open areas.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> was the first country in the world to institute a comprehensive national ban on smoking in all indoor workplaces on 29 March 2004. Since then, many others have followed suit. The countries which have ratified the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> (FCTC) have a legal obligation to implement effective legislation "for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places." (Article 8 of the FCTC<a href="#cite_note-framework-treaty-211">[211]</a>) The parties to the FCTC have further adopted Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to secondhand Smoke which state that "effective measures to provide protection from exposure to tobacco smoke ... require the total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke in a particular space or environment in order to create a 100% smoke-free environment."<a href="#cite_note-fctc-guidelines-212">[212]</a> Opinion polls have shown considerable support for smoke-free laws. In June 2007, a survey of 15 countries found 80% approval for such laws.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> A survey in France, reputedly a nation of smokers, showed 70% support.<a href="#cite_note-France_to_ban_smoking-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3></div> Smoking bans by governments result in decreased harm from secondhand smoke, including less admissions for <a href="/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">acute coronary syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In the first 18 months after the town of <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo, Colorado</a>, enacted a smoke-free law in 2003, hospital admissions for heart attacks dropped 27%. Admissions in neighbouring towns without smoke-free laws showed no change, and the decline in heart attacks in Pueblo was attributed to the resulting reduction in secondhand smoke exposure.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> A 2004 smoking ban instituted in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> workplaces decreased workers' secondhand smoke exposure from 8% of workers in 2003 to 5.4% of workers in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimmons-109">[109]</a> A 2016 review also found that bans and policy changes in specific locations such as hospitals or universities can lead to reduced smoking rates. In prison settings bans might lead to reduced mortality and to lower exposure to secondhand smoke.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 2001, a systematic review for the Guide to Community Preventive Services acknowledged strong evidence of the effectiveness of smoke-free policies and restrictions in reducing expose to secondhand smoke. A follow-up to this review, identified the evidence on which the effectiveness of smoking bans reduced the prevalence of tobacco use. Articles published until 2005, were examined to further support this evidence. The examined studies provided sufficient evidence that smoke-free policies reduce tobacco use among workers when implemented in worksites or by communities.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> While a number of studies funded by the tobacco industry have claimed a negative economic impact from smoke-free laws, no independently funded research has shown any such impact. A 2003 review reported that independently funded, methodologically sound research consistently found either no economic impact or a positive impact from smoke-free laws.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Air nicotine levels were measured in Guatemalan bars and restaurants before and after an implemented smoke-free law in 2009. Nicotine concentrations significantly decreased in both the bars and restaurants measured. Also, the employees' support for a smoke-free workplace substantially increased in the post-implementation survey compared to pre-implementation survey.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_2">Public opinion</h3></div> Recent surveys taken by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Research_on_Nicotine_and_Tobacco" title="Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco">Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco</a> demonstrate supportive attitudes of the public towards smoke-free policies in outdoor areas. A vast majority of the public supports restricting smoking in various outdoor settings. The respondents' support for the policies were for varying reasons such as litter control, establishing positive smoke-free role models for youth, reducing youth opportunities to smoke, and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h3></div> Alternatives to smoke-free laws have also been proposed as a means of <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a>, particularly in bars and restaurants. For example, critics of smoke-free laws cite studies suggesting ventilation as a means of reducing tobacco smoke pollutants and improving air quality.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Ventilation has also been heavily promoted by the tobacco industry as an alternative to outright bans, via a network of ostensibly independent experts with often undisclosed ties to the industry.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> However, not all critics have connections to the industry. The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Heating,_Refrigerating_and_Air-Conditioning_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a> (ASHRAE) officially concluded in 2005 that while completely isolated smoking rooms do eliminate the risk to nearby non-smoking areas, smoking bans are the only means of eliminating health risks associated with indoor exposure. They further concluded that no system of dilution or cleaning was effective at eliminating risk.<a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-223">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Surgeon General">U.S. Surgeon General</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_Joint_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission Joint Research Centre">European Commission Joint Research Centre</a> have reached similar conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-sg-exec-summary-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecjrc-224">[224]</a> The implementation guidelines for the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> states that engineering approaches, such as ventilation, are ineffective and do not protect against secondhand smoke exposure.<a href="#cite_note-fctc-guidelines-212">[212]</a> However, this does not necessarily mean that such measures are useless in reducing harm, only that they fall short of the goal of reducing exposure completely to zero. Others have suggested a system of tradable smoking pollution permits, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade</a> pollution permits systems used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> in recent decades to curb other types of pollution.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> This would guarantee that a portion of bars/restaurants in a jurisdiction will be smoke-free, while leaving the decision to the market. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_animals">In animals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animals_and_tobacco_smoke" title="Animals and tobacco smoke">Animals and tobacco smoke</a></div> Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the carcinogenicity of environmental tobacco smoke to animals. These studies typically fall under the categories of simulated environmental tobacco smoke, administering condensates of <a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">sidestream smoke</a>, or observational studies of cancer among pets. To simulate environmental tobacco smoke, scientists expose animals to sidestream smoke, that which emanates from the cigarette's burning cone and through its paper, or a combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke.<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> The IARC monographs conclude that mice with prolonged exposure to simulated environmental tobacco smoke, that is six hours a day, five days a week, for five months with a subsequent four-month interval before dissection, will have significantly higher incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors than with control groups. The IARC monographs concluded that sidestream smoke condensates had a significantly higher carcinogenic effect on mice than did mainstream smoke condensates.<a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observational_studies">Observational studies</h3></div> Secondhand smoke is popularly recognised as a risk factor for cancer in pets.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> A study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> linked the occurrence of feline oral cancer to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke through an <a href="/wiki/Overexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexpression">overexpression</a> of the <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> gene.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Another study conducted at the same universities concluded that cats living with a smoker were more likely to get <a href="/wiki/Feline_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Feline lymphoma">feline lymphoma</a>; the risk increased with the duration of exposure to secondhand smoke and the number of smokers in the household.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a> researchers, looking at cases of canine lung cancer, was generally inconclusive, though the authors reported a weak relation for lung cancer in dogs exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. The number of smokers within the home, the number of packs smoked in the home per day, and the amount of time that the dog spent within the home had no effect on the dog's risk for lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_v._Uruguay" title="Philip Morris v. Uruguay">Philip Morris v. Uruguay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sg-report-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sg-report_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sg-report_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sg-report_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sg-report_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sg-report_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226003026/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/secondhandsmoke/fullreport.pdf">"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>. 2006-06-27. 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Executive Summary. <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>. 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executive+Summary&rft.atitle=The+Health+Consequences+of+Involuntary+Exposure+to+Tobacco+Smoke&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surgeongeneral.gov%2Flibrary%2Fsecondhandsmoke%2Freport%2Fexecutivesummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessler2006">Kessler 2006</a>, p. 1523 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> The most current positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of passive smoking can be found on their websites. 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Retrieved 2008-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Tobacco+Group+PLC+-+Media+-+Our+view+-+Smoking+and+health+-+Environmental+tobacco+smoke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial-tobacco.com%2Findex.asp%3Fpage%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx">USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006025905/http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipmorrisinternational.com/PMINTL/pages/eng/smoking/Secondhand_smoke.asp">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company" title="R. 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Retrieved 2006-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.J.+Reynolds+Tobacco+Company+-+Smoking+%26+Health+-+Summary+of+Opinions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjrt.com%2Fsmoking%2FsummaryCover.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/civil/cases/tobacco2/index.htm">Litigation Against Tobacco Companies</a> U.S. Department of Justice </li> <li id="cite_note-rico-appeal-207"><a href="#cite_ref-rico-appeal_207-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/common/opinions/200905/06-5267-1181914.pdf">Appeal Ruling</a>, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 22 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aTHJN4mM4M3I">Altria, Cigarette Makers Lose 'Lights' Ruling Appeal</a> Bloomberg news, 22 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE54L44820090522?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=10531&sp=true">U.S. appeals court agrees tobacco companies lied</a> Reuters, 22 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gothamist.com/2011/05/18/smokers_just_daring_bloomberg_to_ti.php">Smokers Daring Bloomberg To Ticket Them Under Park Ban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126094031/http://gothamist.com/2011/05/18/smokers_just_daring_bloomberg_to_ti.php">Archived</a> 2013-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-framework-treaty-211"><a href="#cite_ref-framework-treaty_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241591013.pdf">"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2005-02-27. 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Retrieved 2009-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+State+Journal&rft.atitle=Let+Bars+Buy%2C+Sell+Smoking+Permits&rft.pages=B2&rft.date=2005-09-25&rft.aulast=Haveman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=John+Mullahy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madison.com%2Farchives%2Fread.php%3Fref%3D%2Fmadison.com%2Fhtml%2Farchive_files%2Fwsj%2F2005%2F09%2F25%2F0509240280.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Andrea (2007-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/animals/070831_pets_smoking.html">"Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets"</a>. LiveScience. Retrieved 2007-08-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secondhand+Smoke+Causes+Cancer+in+Pets&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fanimals%2F070831_pets_smoking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderBertoneJakowskiDooner2004" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder LA, Bertone ER, Jakowski RM, Dooner MS, Jennings-Ritchie J, Moore AS (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.41-3-209">"p53 expression and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma"</a>. Vet Pathol. 41 (3): 209–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.41-3-209">10.1354/vp.41-3-209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15133168">15133168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24749614">24749614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vet+Pathol&rft.atitle=p53+expression+and+environmental+tobacco+smoke+exposure+in+feline+oral+squamous+cell+carcinoma&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24749614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15133168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1354%2Fvp.41-3-209&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Bertone%2C+ER&rft.au=Jakowski%2C+RM&rft.au=Dooner%2C+MS&rft.au=Jennings-Ritchie%2C+J&rft.au=Moore%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1354%252Fvp.41-3-209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoneSnyderMoore2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwf044">"Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats"</a>. American Journal of Epidemiology. 156 (3): 268–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwf044">10.1093/aje/kwf044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142262">12142262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Environmental+Tobacco+Smoke+and+Risk+of+Malignant+Lymphoma+in+Pet+Cats&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwf044&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12142262&rft.aulast=Bertone&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Snyder%2C+LA&rft.au=Moore%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Faje%252Fkwf044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReifDunnOgilvieHarris1992" class="citation journal cs1">Reif JS, Dunn K, Ogilvie GK, Harris CK (1992). "Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk". Am J Epidemiol. 135 (3): 234–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a116276">10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1546698">1546698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Epidemiol&rft.atitle=Passive+smoking+and+canine+lung+cancer+risk&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a116276&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1546698&rft.aulast=Reif&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Dunn%2C+K&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+GK&rft.au=Harris%2C+CK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <dl><dt>Scientific bodies</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905172350/http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html">Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a>, from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tobaccorelatedexposures.pdf">"Environmental Tobacco Smoke"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716173310/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2008-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Tobacco+Smoke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntp.niehs.nih.gov%2Fntp%2Froc%2Fcontent%2Fprofiles%2Ftobaccorelatedexposures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> (219 KB). From the 11th Report on Carcinogens of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurgeon_General2006" class="citation journal cs1">U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Coordinating Center for Health Promotion; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Office on Smoking and Health (2006-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/">"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General"</a>. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga.: <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20669524">20669524</a>. O2NLM: WA 754 H4325 2006. <q>Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Health+Consequences+of+Involuntary+Exposure+to+Tobacco+Smoke%3A+A+Report+of+the+Surgeon+General&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20669524&rft.au=U.S.+Dept.+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.au=Coordinating+Center+for+Health+Promotion&rft.au=National+Center+for+Chronic+Disease+Prevention+and+Health+Promotion&rft.au=Office+on+Smoking+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK44324%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIARC2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf">Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking</a> (PDF). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 83. Lyon, France: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-1283-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-1283-6"><bdi>978-92-832-1283-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Smoke+and+Involuntary+Smoking&rft.place=Lyon%2C+France&rft.series=IARC+monographs+on+the+evaluation+of+carcinogenic+risks+to+humans&rft.pub=IARC+Working+Group+on+the+Evaluation+of+Carcinogenic+Risks+to+Humans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-92-832-1283-6&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2FENG%2FMonographs%2Fvol83%2Fmono83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/">Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/tobacco/">Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/2005etsfinal.html">Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="California Environmental Protection Agency">California Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45024">Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children Aged 3-19 Years with and Without Asthma in the United States, 1999-2010</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖbergJaakkolaWoodwardPeruga2011" class="citation journal cs1">Öberg, Mattias; Jaakkola, Maritta S; Woodward, Alistair; Peruga, Armando; Prüss-Ustün, Annette (January 2011). "Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries". The Lancet. 377 (9760): 139–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961388-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21112082">21112082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7179156">7179156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Worldwide+burden+of+disease+from+exposure+to+second-hand+smoke%3A+a+retrospective+analysis+of+data+from+192+countries&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=9760&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7179156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21112082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961388-8&rft.aulast=%C3%96berg&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rft.au=Jaakkola%2C+Maritta+S&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Alistair&rft.au=Peruga%2C+Armando&rft.au=Pr%C3%BCss-Ust%C3%BCn%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Tobacco industry</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040821060747/http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf">"Tobacco Company Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 21, 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Company+Strategies+to+Undermine+Tobacco+Control+Activities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftobacco%2Fmedia%2Fen%2Fwho_inquiry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"> (1.55 MB): Report of the Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/">The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bat.library.ucsf.edu">British American Tobacco Documents Archive</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmdocs.com/">Philip Morris USA Document Archive</a>, made public as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/fctc/cop/art%208%20guidelines_english.pdf">Guidelines Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke</a>, by WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070619093702/http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/wntd/2007/pol_recommendations/en/index.html">WHO Policy recommendations on protection from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallShahDavenportGeier2010" class="citation journal cs1">Small, Elysia; Shah, Hina P.; Davenport, Jake J.; Geier, Jacqueline E.; Yavarovich, Kate R.; Yamada, Hidetaka; Sabarinath, Sreedharan N.; Derendorf, Hartmut; Pauly, James R.; Gold, Mark S.; Bruijnzeel, Adrie W. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586198">"Tobacco smoke exposure induces nicotine dependence in rats"</a>. Psychopharmacology. 208 (1): 143–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-009-1716-z">10.1007/s00213-009-1716-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586198">3586198</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19936715">19936715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Tobacco+smoke+exposure+induces+nicotine+dependence+in+rats&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586198%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19936715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00213-009-1716-z&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Elysia&rft.au=Shah%2C+Hina+P.&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Jake+J.&rft.au=Geier%2C+Jacqueline+E.&rft.au=Yavarovich%2C+Kate+R.&rft.au=Yamada%2C+Hidetaka&rft.au=Sabarinath%2C+Sreedharan+N.&rft.au=Derendorf%2C+Hartmut&rft.au=Pauly%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Gold%2C+Mark+S.&rft.au=Bruijnzeel%2C+Adrie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2006" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/doj-final-opinion.pdf">"United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+of+America+v.+Philip+Morris+et+al.%3A+Final+Opinion+of+Judge+Gladys+Kessler&rft.pub=United+States+District+Court+for+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Gladys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublichealthlawcenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fdoj-final-opinion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+smoking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222220/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0%2C8599%2C2012103%2C00.html">"How Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Changes Your Genes"</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Smoking_nav" title="Template talk:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tobacco_smoking312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Smoking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iran" title="Smoking in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Macau" title="Smoking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Malaysia" title="Smoking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_Maldives" title="Smoking in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Pakistan" title="Smoking in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_Philippines" title="Smoking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Smoking in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Timor-Leste" title="Smoking in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Vietnam" title="Smoking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Australia" title="Smoking in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_New_Zealand" title="Smoking in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Tokelau" title="Smoking in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_policy_in_Armenia" title="Tobacco policy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Croatia" title="Smoking in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Finland" title="Smoking in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hungary" title="Smoking in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ireland" title="Smoking in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Italy" title="Smoking in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Latvia" title="Smoking in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Norway" title="Smoking in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Sweden" title="Smoking in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Uruguay" title="Smoking in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Jewish_law" title="Smoking in Jewish law">Smoking in Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_tobacco" title="Islamic views on tobacco">Islamic views on tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_fatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco fatwa">Tobacco fatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnikinnick" title="Kinnikinnick">Kinnikinnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_bag" title="Pipe bag">Pipe bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Prevalence of tobacco use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco_keratosis" title="Smokeless tobacco keratosis">Smokeless tobacco keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_face" title="Smoker's face">Smoker's face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis_nicotina" title="Stomatitis nicotina">Stomatitis nicotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_male_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and male infertility">Smoking and male infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_pharmacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco-free pharmacies">Tobacco-free pharmacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_No_Tobacco_Day" title="World No Tobacco Day">World No Tobacco Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_smoking" title="Youth smoking">Youth smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_and_smoking" title="Women and smoking">Women and smoking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties#Tobacco_smoking" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer#Tobacco" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer#Causes" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause#Additional_factors" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)#Causes" title="Ptosis (breasts)">Ptosis of the breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_female_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and female infertility">Smoking and female infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">Smoking ban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">List of smoking bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_college_campuses" title="Tobacco-free college campuses">Tobacco-free college campuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans#Smoking_bans_by_country" title="List of smoking bans">Country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_Australia" title="List of smoking bans in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking ban in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_%C3%89vin" title="Loi Évin">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_the_United_States" title="List of smoking bans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_consumption_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco consumption by country">Tobacco consumption by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smoking" title="History of smoking">History of smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">Smoking jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">Tobacco pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Nicotine marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Smoking" title="Category:Smoking">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes">Cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_cigarettes" title="Template:Electronic cigarettes">Electronic cigarettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cigarettes494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cigarettes" title="Template talk:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cigarettes494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_cigarette" title="Fire-safe cigarette">Fire-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_tobacco" title="Flavored tobacco">Flavored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilated_cigarette" title="Ventilated cigarette">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol_cigarette" title="Menthol cigarette">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">Additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtray" title="Ashtray">Ashtray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_case" title="Cigarette case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_receptacle" title="Cigarette receptacle">Receptacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_machine" title="Cigarette machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_among_college_students" title="Cigarette smoking among college students">Cigarette smoking among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_for_weight_loss" title="Cigarette smoking for weight loss">Cigarette smoking for weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cigarette" title="Candy cigarette">Candy cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_cigarette" title="Herbal cigarette">Herbal cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_tobacco_product" title="Heated tobacco product">Heated tobacco product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_heated_tobacco_product_emissions" title="Composition of heated tobacco product emissions">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heated_tobacco_products" title="List of heated tobacco products">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">Snus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">Electronic cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine pouch">Nicotine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Argentina" title="Tobacco industry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Malawi" title="Tobacco industry in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Tobacco production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and the law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_cigarette_trade" title="Illicit cigarette trade">Cigarette smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain cigarette packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Legal smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Tobacco politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_brands" title="List of cigarette brands">Cigarette brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">Cigarette smoke carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Countries by tobacco consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rolling_papers" title="List of rolling papers">Rolling papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Smoking bans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" title="Category:Cigarettes">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cigarettes">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_cigarettes" title="Template:Electronic cigarettes">Electronic cigarettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions, trades, and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Laos" title="Drug policy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Drug policy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> 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[\"CITEREFCalifornia_Environmental_Protection_Agency:_Air_Resources_Board2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelermajerAdamsClarksonRobinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCendonBattlehnerLorenzi-FilhoDohlnikoff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_(CDC)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatzimichaelTsalkidisCassimosGardikis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenCliffordLangAnstey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenHuOrtonChen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiswellAkram2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopasShi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuiGongLiuWu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumberbatchRotaCattoLa_Vecchia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton_R2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavey_Smith_G2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiFranzaAligneWeitzman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiethelmMcKee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiethelmMcKee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiethelmRielleMcKee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinasKoutedakisFlouris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDogarPillaiSafdarShah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDropeBialousGlantz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDybingSanner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnstromKabat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnstromKabat2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEren,_U.Kum,_S.Sandikci,_M.Kara,_E.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeleszkoRuszczyńskiJaworskaStrzelak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzsimmons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorescuFerrenceEinarsonSelby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazerCallinanMcHughvan_Baarsel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazerMcHughCallinanKelleher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarneWatsonChapmanByrne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantzParmley1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGori,_Gio_Batta2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourd2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackshawLawWald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavemanJohn_Mullahy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeVupputuriAllenPrerost1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsRaziLeeksPriya_Kalra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardThun1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurLiangLin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIARC2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInvernizziRuprechtMazzaetal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvingClarkCrombieSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaftaJeenaBarregardNaidoo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanson_C2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaraBenkeLinIshman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesHassanienCookBritton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantorKimThyssenSilverberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimLeeHungMcNallan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlesgesDebonRay1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawMorrisWald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawWald2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeMiddaughHowieEzzati2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardi-BeeBrittonVenn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevoisLayard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinWangWuLang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingHeffernan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLvSunBiXu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacacuAutierBoniolBoyle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattQuintanaHovelletal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure_JB2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz-FavreDonnayde_Blay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyersNeubergerHe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak_K2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_on_Smoking_Health_(US)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkoliKellyHahn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOngGlantz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOngGlantz2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOonoMackayPell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtsukaWatanabeHirataetal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallisSyrigos2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanWangTalaeiHu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinelesParkSamet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtanoVitali2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugmireSweetingMoore2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuveerWhiteHaymanWoo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaupachSchäferKonstantinidesAndreas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReifDunnOgilvieHarris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaad,_Lydia2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabbaghHassanInnesElkodary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmasiGradyJonesMcDonald2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSametAvila-TangBoffettaHannan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSametBurke2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamet_JM2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaulyteRegueiraMontes-MartínezKhudyakov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchickGlantz2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchickGlantz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchickGlantz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScolloLalHylandGlantz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleimanGundelPankowJacob2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmallShahDavenportGeier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMalone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderBertoneJakowskiDooner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSongGlantzHalpern-Felsher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaynerBenaSascoSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteenland1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachanCook1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachanCook1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunLiuWangRen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurgeon_General2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakagiSekinoKatoMatsuno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorGummingWoodwardBlack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorJohnsonKazemi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorNajafiDobson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonWilsonEdwards2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThun2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThunHenleyApicella1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThun_MJ2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinuoyePellMackay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTongEnglandGlantz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTongGlantz2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrotterChapman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsaiHomaGentzkeMahoney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_HealthHuman_ServicesNational_Toxicology_Program1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVorkBroadwinBlaisdell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangJiLiuDeng2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangMayCharoenlapPyle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangWangZhangZhao2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiEYu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhincupGilgEmbersonJarvis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinickoffFriebelyTanskietal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirthAbou-HamdanSpinosaBohadana2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZengLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhongGoldbergParentHanley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZouHongDai2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_JongsteShields2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖbergJaakkolaWoodwardPeruga2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Cigarettes\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 144,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Passive Smoking\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"HVAC\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Recreational drug use\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Smoking nav\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.2"],["?","120","7.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.3"],["recursiveClone 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