CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="tr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Abaküs - Vikipedi</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )trwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Ocak","Şubat","Mart","Nisan","Mayıs","Haziran","Temmuz","Ağustos","Eylül","Ekim","Kasım","Aralık"],"wgRequestId":"77ead1e5-3c56-45d8-bf50-225b30444c76","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Abaküs","wgTitle":"Abaküs","wgCurRevisionId":32705492,"wgRevisionId":32705492,"wgArticleId":15254,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarşiv şablonu wayback bağlantıları","BNC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","BNF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","NKC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri","Yunan matematiği","Antik Mısır'da matematik","Mekanik hesap makineleri","Matematik araç ve gereçleri"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"tr", "wgPageContentLanguage":"tr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Abaküs","wgRelevantArticleId":15254,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgStableRevisionId":32705492,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"tr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"tr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12806", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.HizliBilgi","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=tr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/1200px-Kugleramme.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1285"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/800px-Kugleramme.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="856"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/640px-Kugleramme.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="685"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Abaküs - Vikipedi"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//tr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak%C3%BCs"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Değiştir" href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Vikipedi (tr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//tr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak%C3%BCs"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Vikipedi Atom beslemesi" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:SonDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Abaküs rootpage-Abaküs skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">İçeriğe atla</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ana menü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ana menü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ana menü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gezinti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" title="Anasayfayı ziyaret et [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Anasayfa</span></a></li><li id="n-Hakkımızda" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Hakk%C4%B1nda"><span>Hakkımızda</span></a></li><li id="n-İçindekiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:G%C3%B6z_at"><span>İçindekiler</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Rastgele" title="Rastgele bir sayfaya gidin [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rastgele madde</span></a></li><li id="n-Seçkin-içerik" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Se%C3%A7kin_i%C3%A7erik"><span>Seçkin içerik</span></a></li><li id="n-Yakınımdakiler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Yak%C4%B1n%C4%B1mdakiler"><span>Yakınımdakiler</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Katılım" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Katılım" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Katılım </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Deneme_tahtas%C4%B1"><span>Deneme tahtası</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:K%C3%B6y_%C3%A7e%C5%9Fmesi" title="Güncel olaylarla ilgili son bilgiler"><span>Köy çeşmesi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SonDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler" title="Vikide yapılmış son değişikliklerin listesi [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Son değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Y%C3%BCkle"><span>Dosya yükle</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Topluluk_portali" title="Proje hakkında, neler yapabilirsiniz, ne nerededir"><span>Topluluk portali</span></a></li><li id="n-shop-text" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org"><span>Wikimedia dükkânı</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:%C4%B0%C3%A7indekiler" title="Yardım almak için"><span>Yardım</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-tr.svg" style="width: 6.6875em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Özgür Ansiklopedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tr.svg" width="104" height="13" style="width: 6.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Ara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ara</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" aria-label="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Özel:Ara"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ara</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Kişisel araçlar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Sayfanın yazı tipi boyutunun, genişliğinin ve renginin görünümünü değiştirin" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Görünüm" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Görünüm</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr" class=""><span>Bağış yapın</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Abak%C3%BCs" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir" class=""><span>Hesap oluştur</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Abak%C3%BCs" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Oturum aç</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Kişisel araçlar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kişisel araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kullanıcı menüsü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr"><span>Bağış yapın</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Abak%C3%BCs" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hesap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Abak%C3%BCs" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Oturum aç</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Çıkış yapmış editörler için sayfalar <a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Giri%C5%9F" aria-label="Değişiklik yapma hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinin"><span>daha fazla bilgi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Katk%C4%B1lar%C4%B1m" title="Bu IP adresinden yapılmış değişiklikler listesi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Katkılar</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="İçindekiler" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">İçindekiler</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tarihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tarihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Düzen_değiştirici_etkenler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Düzen_değiştirici_etkenler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Düzen değiştirici etkenler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Düzen_değiştirici_etkenler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etimoloji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimoloji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etimoloji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimoloji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abaküs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 109 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Afrikaanca" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco" title="Abaco - Aragonca" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="معداد - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معداد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="এবাকাছ - Assamca" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এবাকাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bacu" title="Ábacu - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ábacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhu%C3%B1a" title="Jakhuña - Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakhuña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak" title="Abak - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%87" title="چؤرتکه - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چؤرتکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Абак (сметало) - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абак (сметало)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="অ্যাবাকাস - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাবাকাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(ra%C4%8Dunaljka)" title="Abakus (računaljka) - Boşnakça" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abakus (računaljka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boşnakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сампин - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сампин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80bac" title="Àbac - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àbac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ung-bu%C3%A0ng" title="Sáung-buàng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sáung-buàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADtadlo" title="Počítadlo - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Çuvaşça" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Çuvaşça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacws" title="Abacws - Galce" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abacws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Galce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus_(regnemaskine)" title="Abacus (regnemaskine) - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abacus (regnemaskine)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(Rechenhilfsmittel)" title="Abakus (Rechenhilfsmittel) - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abakus (Rechenhilfsmittel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άβακας - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Abacus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abako_(me%C4%A5anika_kalkulilo)" title="Abako (meĥanika kalkulilo) - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abako (meĥanika kalkulilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81baco" title="Ábaco - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ábaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abako" title="Abako - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%87" title="چرتکه - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرتکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmitaulu" title="Helmitaulu - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helmitaulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaque_(calcul)" title="Abaque (calcul) - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abaque (calcul)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacas" title="Abacas - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abacas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%A4" title="算盤 - Gan Çincesi" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="算盤" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouly%C3%A9" title="Boulyé - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boulyé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81baco" title="Ábaco - Galiçyaca" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ábaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiçyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="چۊرتيکا - Gilanice" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چۊرتيکا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilanice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%98%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="મણકાઘોડી - Güceratça" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મણકાઘોડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Güceratça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="חשבונייה - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשבונייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="गिनतारा - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिनतारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak" title="Abak - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakusz" title="Abakusz - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abakusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Աբակ (տախտակ) - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբակ (տախտակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco" title="Abaco - İnterlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abaco" data-language-autonym="İnterlingua" data-language-local-name="İnterlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İnterlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swipoa" title="Swipoa - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swipoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abako" title="Abako - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talnagrind" title="Talnagrind - İzlandaca" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Talnagrind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="İzlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco" title="Abaco - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abaco" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="アバカス - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アバカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakos" title="Abakos - Jamaika Patois Dili" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Abakos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaika Patois Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpoa" title="Simpoa - Cava dili" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Simpoa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Cava dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="აბაკი - Gürcüce" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gürcüce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Karakalpakça" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus - Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Abacus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%81" title="ក្បាច់គិតលេខ - Khmer dili" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្បាច់គិតលេខ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಬ್ಯಾಕಸ್‌ - Kannada dili" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬ್ಯಾಕಸ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%8C%90" title="주판 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%95" title="گِنتارٕ - Keşmir dili" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گِنتارٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Keşmir dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Абак (математика) - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абак (математика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus - Latince" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abacus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco" title="Abaco - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abaco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8lraam" title="Tèlraam - Limburgca" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tèlraam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ລູກຄິດ - Lao dili" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລູກຄິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakas" title="Abakas - Litvanca" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skait%C4%ABk%C4%BCi" title="Skaitīkļi - Letonca" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skaitīkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сметалка - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сметалка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="മണിച്ചട്ടം - Malayalam dili" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണിച്ചട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сампин - Moğolca" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сампин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Moğolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempoa" title="Sempoa - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sempoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81baco" title="Ábaco - Miranda dili" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ábaco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="अबाकस - Nepalce" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अबाकस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus_(rekentuig)" title="Abacus (rekentuig) - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abacus (rekentuig)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleramme" title="Kuleramme - Norveççe Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuleramme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(kuleramme)" title="Abakus (kuleramme) - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abakus (kuleramme)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਬੈਕਸ - Pencapça" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬੈਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pencapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(liczyd%C5%82o)" title="Abakus (liczydło) - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abakus (liczydło)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80baco" title="Àbaco - Piyemontece" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àbaco" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piyemontece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گنتارا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنتارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81baco" title="Ábaco - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ábaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac" title="Abac - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badduttuleri" title="Badduttuleri - Sicilyaca" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Badduttuleri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilyaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="آباڪس - Sindhi dili" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آباڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(ra%C4%8Dunanje)" title="Abakus (računanje) - Sırp-Hırvat Dili" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abakus (računanje)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Sırp-Hırvat Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abacus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus_(po%C4%8D%C3%ADtacia_tabu%C4%BEka)" title="Abakus (počítacia tabuľka) - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abakus (počítacia tabuľka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak" title="Abak - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakusi" title="Abakusi - Arnavutça" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abakusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Arnavutça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5)" title="Абакус (рачунање) - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абакус (рачунање)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipoah" title="Sipoah - Sunda dili" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sipoah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakasi" title="Abakasi - Svahili dili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abakasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எண்சட்டம் - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எண்சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="అబాకస్ - Telugu dili" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అబాకస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Абак - Tacikçe" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tacikçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ลูกคิด - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูกคิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakus" title="Abakus - Tagalogca" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abakus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalogca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="Абак (рахівниця) - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абак (рахівниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گنتارا - Urduca" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنتارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urduca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak" title="Abak - Özbekçe" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Özbekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0n_t%C3%ADnh" title="Bàn tính - Vietnamca" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bàn tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus - Varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abacus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%98" title="算盘 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="算盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-abacus" title="I-abacus - Zosa dili" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-abacus" data-language-autonym="İsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Zosa dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%98" title="算盘 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="算盘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%A4" title="算盤 - Edebi Çince" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="算盤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Edebi Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%B9g-p%C3%B4a%E2%81%BF" title="Sǹg-pôaⁿ - Min Nan Çincesi" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sǹg-pôaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%A4" title="算盤 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="算盤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abak%C3%BCs" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Abak%C3%BCs" rel="discussion" title="İçerik ile ilgili tartışma [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Tartışma</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dil varyantını değiştir" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Türkçe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abak%C3%BCs"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=history" title="Bu sayfanın geçmiş sürümleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Araçlar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Araçlar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eylemler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abak%C3%BCs"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Abak%C3%BCs" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya bağlantılar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C4%B0lgiliDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler/Abak%C3%BCs" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sayfadan bağlantı verilen sayfalardaki son değişiklikler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>İlgili değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C3%96zelSayfalar" title="Tüm özel sayfaların listesi [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Özel sayfalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&oldid=32705492" title="Bu sayfanın bu revizyonuna kalıcı bağlantı"><span>Kalıcı bağlantı</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=info" title="Bu sayfa hakkında daha fazla bilgi"><span>Sayfa bilgisi</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:KaynakG%C3%B6ster&page=Abak%C3%BCs&id=32705492&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Bu sayfadan nasıl kaynak göstereceği hakkında bilgi"><span>Bu sayfayı kaynak göster</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbak%25C3%25BCs"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAbak%25C3%25BCs"><span>Karekodu indir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yazdır/dışa aktar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kitap&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Abak%C3%BCs"><span>Bir kitap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Abak%C3%BCs&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF olarak indir</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Abacus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12806" title="Veri havuzundaki ilgili ögeye bağlantı [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiveri ögesi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Kugleramme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/200px-Kugleramme.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/300px-Kugleramme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kugleramme.jpg/400px-Kugleramme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>Tahtadan yapılmış standart bir günümüz abaküsü</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Abacus_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abacus_6.png/200px-Abacus_6.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Abacus_6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>Brittanica Ansiklopedisi'nde betimlenen haliyle abaküs</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Abaküs</b>, <b>sayı boncuğu</b>, <b>çörkü</b> veya eski adıyla <b>mihsap</b>, basit toplama ve çarpma işlemleri için kullanılan, <a href="/wiki/Aritmetik" title="Aritmetik">aritmetik</a> hesaplamaları yapmaya yardımcı bir alet.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boncukların sayılması şeklinde çalışır. İlköğretim sınıflarında <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a> dersine yardımcı olması amacıyla da kullanılır.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarihi">Tarihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Tarihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Tarihi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MÖ 2400 yıllarında <a href="/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin">Çin</a>'de geliştirilen abaküs, denizaşırı ticaret yapan tüccarlar sayesinde <a href="/wiki/Girit" title="Girit">Girit</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Miken" title="Miken">Miken</a> bölgelerinden <a href="/wiki/Avrupa" title="Avrupa">Avrupa</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>'ya yayılmıştır. Abaküs, hareketli parçalara sahip olduğu bilinen ilk <a href="/wiki/Hesap_Makinesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesap Makinesi">hesap makinesidir</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arap_say%C4%B1lar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arap sayıları (sayfa mevcut değil)">Arap sayılarının</a> ve <a href="/wiki/0_(say%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (sayı)">sıfır</a> kavramının abaküs yardımıyla geliştirilmesi tarih öncelerine gitmekle beraber, halen dünyanın değişik bölgelerinde günlük ticarette ve özellikle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okul_%C3%B6ncesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okul öncesi (sayfa mevcut değil)">okul öncesi</a> çağdaki çocukların matematiksel zekasını geliştirmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. </p><p>Çağdaş hesap makinelerinin ve <a href="/wiki/Bilgisayar" title="Bilgisayar">bilgisayarların</a> atası sayılan hesap aygıtı olan Abaküs'te amaç 4 ana matematiksel işlem olan <a href="/wiki/Toplama" title="Toplama">toplama</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1karma" title="Çıkarma">çıkarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87arpma" title="Çarpma">çarpma</a> ve <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6lme" title="Bölme">bölme</a> yapmaktır. <a href="/wiki/Babil" title="Babil">Babilliler</a>'in buluşu olan abaküs, yüzyıllar boyunca ticarette büyük önem taşımıştır. Abaküsün temeli Girit ve Miken'e dayanmakta ve ilk abaküs örneklerinin hemen hepsinde Girit ve Miken süsleme sanatından örnekler de bulunmaktadır. </p><p>Her boncuk ya da metal topçuğun değeri, büyüklüğüne değil konumuna bağlıdır; belirli bir çizgi üstündeki taşın ya da belirli bir tel üstündeki incinin (boncuğun, topçuğun, vb.) değeri 1, iki tanesi birlikte olunca 2 olur. Bundan bir sonraki tel 10, üçüncü sıradaki tel 100 olarak değerlendirilir. Böylece ikisi 1 değerinde ve biri 10 değerinde üç dizi taş 12'yi, 100 değerindeki bir dördüncü topçuk eklenince de 112'yi gösterir. Yani topçuk ya da boncuğun yeri, değerini belirler ve çok büyük sayılar bile birkaç topçu ya da boncukla gösterilebilir. Topçuklar bir yöne kaydırılarak işlem yapılır; elde edilen değeri silmek, yani topçuğu bir sonraki kullanıma hazırlanmak istenirse, tersi yönünde kaydırmak gerekir. Abak, görünüşte basitliğine karşın, toplama makineleri, elektronik hesap makineleri ve bilgisayarların hazırlanmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. </p><p>En iyi bilinen biçimi (Çinlilerin "hesap tepsisi" anlamına gelen Suan Pan'ı) dikdörtgen bir çerçevenin içine gerilmiş teller üstüne inciler dizilmesiyle oluşturulan abak, başlangıçta toprağın içine açılan sıra sıra oluklara dizilen taşlardan oluşmaktaydı. Eski yunan ve Roma abaküsü dikdörtgen oluklu bir tablet idi. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nesans" title="Rönesans">Rönesans</a> öncesi avrupasında ise üzerine oluk yerine çizgiler olan bir tablet idi. Daha sonraları, yuvarlak bilye büyüklüğünde metal top ya da boncukların paralel çubuklar ya da teller üstünde hareket ettikleri biçimi almıştır. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg/220px-Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg/330px-Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg/440px-Houghton_Typ_520.03.736_-_Margarita_philosophica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Reisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Reisch (sayfa mevcut değil)">Gregor Reisch</a>'in <i>Hesap Masası</i> : <i>Margarita Philosophica</i>, 1503. Bu tahta baskı resim birer cebirci ile hesapçı talebenin eğitimlerini gösteriyor. Bu ikisi 12. yüzyıldan 16. yüzyılda cebir galip gelene kadar mücadele ettiler.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Abaküsün italyan ve diğer avrupa tüccarları arasında kullanımdan düşüşü <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci">Fibonaccinin</a> büyük eseri <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Liber_abbaci_-_Prologus">Liber Abaci</a>5 Aralık 2017 tarihinde <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sitesinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194622/https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Liber_abbaci_-_Prologus">arşivlendi</a>. Kitabı ve onun daha kısa ve daha popüler versiyonunda, tüccar babasıyla arap şehirlerine yaptığı gezilerde görüp öğrendiği, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1t" title="Kâğıt">kâğıt</a> üzerinde hint-arap rakamlarıyla yazılı yapılan aritmetik işlemlerini anlatmasıyla başlamıştır. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Düzen_değiştirici_etkenler"><span id="D.C3.BCzen_de.C4.9Fi.C5.9Ftirici_etkenler"></span>Düzen değiştirici etkenler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Düzen değiştirici etkenler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Düzen değiştirici etkenler"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abaküsün, daha önce kullanılan yalın 2 el ve beşer parmağın yerini aldığı, onun da başparmak ucunun diğer 4 parmağın 12 eklemine dokunarak onikili sayı sistemindeki işlemlerin yerini aldığı düşünülebilir. Abaküsün bu devralmaya olanak veren üstünlükleri, işlemlerin daha büyük sayılarla da yapılabilmesi, el gerektiren bir işlem için ara verildiğinde son sayıyı unutmaması, daha hızlı ve daha kolay anlaşılır olması idi. </p><p>Hint-arap rakamlarıyla yazılı yapılan aritmetik işlemlerinin abaküsün yerini almalarına olanak veren üstünlükleri ise şöyle idi: abaküs işlemlerinin sadece sonucu romen rakamlarıyla kaydedildiğinden hesap aşamaları sonradan kontrol edilemiyordu. Bu yüzden bir tüccar hem kâtip hem hesaplayıcı çalıştırmak zorundaydı. Hint-arap rakamları ise sadece kâtip gerektiriyordu ve hesap aşamaları da kaydedilip sonradan incelenip kontrol edilebiliyordu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimoloji">Etimoloji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Etimoloji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit&section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Etimoloji"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latince <i>abacus</i> "1. her türlü masa, pano, tabla, 2. hesap tahtası" sözcüğünden alıntıdır. <a href="/wiki/Latince" title="Latince">Latince</a> sözcük Eski Yunanca <i>ábaks, abak-</i> άβαξ, αβακ-  "tabla, masa" sözcüğünden alıntıdır.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&action=edit&section=4" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyer-1"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerMerzbach1991" class="kaynak kitap">Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye"><i>A History of Mathematics</i></a> (2. bas.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-0-471-54397-8" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-0-471-54397-8">978-0-471-54397-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54397-8&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft.au=Merzbach%2C+Uta+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmathema00boye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAbak%C3%BCs" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502010608/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/abakus-nedir-ne-ise-yarar-ve-nasil-kullanilir-abakus-neyin-ilk-halidir-42094708">"Abaküs nedir? Ne işe yarar ve nasıl kullanılır? Abaküs neyin ilk halidir?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_(gazete)" title="Hürriyet (gazete)">Hürriyet</a></i>. 2 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/abakus-nedir-ne-ise-yarar-ve-nasil-kullanilir-abakus-neyin-ilk-halidir-42094708">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">7 Nisan</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=Abak%C3%BCs+nedir%3F+Ne+i%C5%9Fe+yarar+ve+nas%C4%B1l+kullan%C4%B1l%C4%B1r%3F+Abak%C3%BCs+neyin+ilk+halidir%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fegitim%2Fabakus-nedir-ne-ise-yarar-ve-nasil-kullanilir-abakus-neyin-ilk-halidir-42094708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAbak%C3%BCs" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218032937/https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/arama/abak%C3%BCs">"Kelime Kökeni, Kelimesinin Anlamı - Etimoloji"</a>. <i>www.etimolojiturkce.com</i>. 18 Şubat 2023 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/arama/abak%C3%BCs">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etimolojiturkce.com&rft.atitle=Kelime+K%C3%B6keni%2C+Kelimesinin+Anlam%C4%B1+-+Etimoloji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etimolojiturkce.com%2Farama%2Fabak%25C3%25BCs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAbak%C3%BCs" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806&#124;class=noprint&#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806&#124;class=noprint&#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otorite_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Otorite kontrolü">Otorite kontrolü</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806" title="Bunu Vikiveri'de düzenleyin"><img alt="Bunu Vikiveri'de düzenleyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eili_Mill%C3%AE_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Şili Millî Kütüphanesi">BNC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000000005">000000005</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fransa_Mill%C3%AE_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Fransa Millî Kütüphanesi">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958604v">cb11958604v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958604v">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmle%C5%9Fik_Otorite_Dosyas%C4%B1" title="Tümleşik Otorite Dosyası">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000030-8">4000030-8</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi_Kontrol_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi Kontrol Numarası">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85000041">sh85000041</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ek_Cumhuriyeti_Mill%C3%AE_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Çek Cumhuriyeti Millî Kütüphanesi">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1086474&CON_LNG=ENG">ph1086474</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0srail_Ulusal_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292975705171">987007292975705171</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abaküs&oldid=32705492">https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abaküs&oldid=32705492</a>" sayfasından alınmıştır</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Yunan_matemati%C4%9Fi" title="Kategori:Yunan matematiği">Yunan matematiği</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Antik_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r%27da_matematik" title="Kategori:Antik Mısır'da matematik">Antik Mısır'da matematik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Mekanik_hesap_makineleri" title="Kategori:Mekanik hesap makineleri">Mekanik hesap makineleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Matematik_ara%C3%A7_ve_gere%C3%A7leri" title="Kategori:Matematik araç ve gereçleri">Matematik araç ve gereçleri</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Gizli kategoriler: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Webar%C5%9Fiv_%C5%9Fablonu_wayback_ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Webarşiv şablonu wayback bağlantıları">Webarşiv şablonu wayback bağlantıları</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:BNC_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:BNC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">BNC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:BNF_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:BNF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">BNF tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:GND_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:LCCN_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">LCCN tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:NKC_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:NKC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">NKC tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:NLI_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">NLI tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sayfa en son 09.04, 8 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde değiştirildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Metin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr">Creative Commons Atıf-AynıLisanslaPaylaş Lisansı</a> altındadır ve ek koşullar uygulanabilir. Bu siteyi kullanarak <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/tr">Kullanım Şartlarını</a> ve <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/tr">Gizlilik Politikasını</a> kabul etmiş olursunuz.<br />Vikipedi® (ve Wikipedia®) kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluş olan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> tescilli markasıdır.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Gizlilik politikası</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Hakk%C4%B1nda">Vikipedi hakkında</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Genel_sorumluluk_reddi">Sorumluluk reddi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Davranış Kuralları</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Geliştiriciler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/tr.wikipedia.org">İstatistikler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Çerez politikası</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//tr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abak%C3%BCs&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobil görünüm</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-vf7z8","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.157","walltime":"0.449","ppvisitednodes":{"value":280,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":11509,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":105,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":5075,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 195.717 1 -total"," 46.65% 91.299 1 Şablon:Otorite_kontrolü"," 44.19% 86.482 1 Şablon:Kaynakça"," 22.54% 44.124 1 Şablon:Kitap_kaynağı"," 8.62% 16.864 1 Şablon:Webarşiv"," 7.03% 13.756 2 Şablon:Web_kaynağı"," 1.18% 2.310 1 Şablon:Ana_diğer"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.078","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2807934,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7f58d5dcf5-zfc6l","timestamp":"20241109122451","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Abak\u00fcs","url":"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abak%C3%BCs","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12806","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12806","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia projelerine katk\u0131da bulunanlar"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-27T00:52:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a0\/Kugleramme.jpg","headline":"Hesaplama arac\u0131"}</script> </body> </html>