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title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列（<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>）发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</div></div><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Image:James_Madison(cropped)(c).jpg|thumb|right|詹姆斯·麥迪遜 (1816)]] '''詹姆斯·麥迪遜'''（{{lang|en|James Madison Jr.}}，{{bd|1751年|3月16日|1836年|6月28日}}），是第四任[[美国]]總統。 == 語錄 == * 眾議員應該熟悉選民的利益和狀況，這是一條正確而重要的原則。但是，這項原則只應適用到眾議員的職責和職權有關的那些狀況和利益。 :原文：''{{lang|en|It is a sound and important principle, that the representative ought to be acquainted with the interests and circumstances of his constituents. But this principle can extend no farther than to those circumstances and interests to which the authority and care of the representative relate. }}'' * 眾議院和選民之間正是如此。義務、感謝、利益和進取心，其本身作爲紐帶使眾議員們須對民衆保持忠誠和同理之心。或許所有這些仍不足以控制人反復無常和本性之邪惡。但是，政府所承的豈非不就是這些？人的謹慎所能設計的豈不是這些？共和政府保護自由和幸福所運用的真正特有方式豈非這些？ * 那麽，我們怎樣理解本文所辯駁的反對意見？某些人自稱對共和政體非常熱情，卻隨意地譴責其基本原則。 * 也有一點值得我們考慮，那就是在小州和大州之間有一些州，雖然它們可能通常認爲自己屬於小州之列，但是在國土和人口方面與大州相去不遠。 * 但是，眾議院會不會和參議院一樣關心維持政府的正常運作，其會不會因此不願把政府的存在和榮譽寄托在參議院上呢？或者，如果兩院間需要談判，一方會不會和另一方一樣，首先作出讓步呢？若注意到以下事實，這些問題不難對答.....1. * 這些事實是：在任何情況下，如果掌握權力者的人數較少，在議會中在位時間較長，掌握的權力較重大，其個人對政府的事務定也較為在意。那些在其他國家看來代表了國家尊嚴的人，對於可能發生的所有公共危險或不體面的公務廢弛，是特別敏感的。2. * '''一个民主政府，如果没有公众的信息，或获取公众信息的渠道，只能是一场闹剧或悲剧，或二者皆有的序幕。知识将永远统治无知——有意自己当家作主的人民必须用知识赋予的力量武装自己。''' ** '''A popular Government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy, or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance: And a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.''' ** [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch18s35.html Letter to W.T. Barry]（1822年8月4日），收录于''The Writings of James Madison'' (1910) edited by Gaillard Hunt, Vol. 9, p. 103; these words, using the older spelling "Governours", are inscribed to the left of the main entrance, Library of Congress James Madison Memorial Building. ** 中文内的翻译见[http://www.guojifayanjiu.org/Admin/Upload/FileDownload/?ContentID=37391&fileName=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%BA%A6%E8%BD%AC%E5%90%91 此] === 論議院 === * 在不列顛下議院與政府其他部門的競爭中，下議院只要動用財政法案這一方式，通常其會獲勝。 * 如果參議院寸步不讓，這就會造成政府其他部門的普遍混亂，但是，我們并沒有這種擔憂。 * 雖然聯邦參議院和總統有時很固執，不願作出讓步，但他們的固執通常不會越過憲法原則和國家原則的範圍。 * 在古代的共和國裏，全體民衆參加會議，通常可以看到在議會中有一位雄辯家或一個巧語的政治家，他們左右了議會的一切，就像獨攬大權一樣。根據同一原理，如果議會的人數越多，那麽其越會有民眾集會裏特有的那類優柔寡斷的特徵。無知會成爲猾頭對象，情感會成爲詭辯和雄辯的奴僕。 == 可能是麥迪遜的言語 == * 國家和國家之間的關係，同人和人之間的關係是相似的，兩者的差別在於，由於國家比個人更缺乏仁慈之心，在乘人之危上更缺乏克制。 * 變化不定的政策在國内也會造成嚴重的後果，并且這個後果的災難可能更大，其危害到了自由本身所帶來的幸福。 * 以上僅就與民眾代表有關的理由論證了組織良好的參議院的必要性。 * 任何的諂媚都很難打動美國民眾，我可以毫不遲疑地再指出一點，那就是，如此組織良好的機構本身，對於預防民眾本身一時失誤和頭腦發熱的發生，有時也是很有必要的。在任何政體中，民眾的意見都是冷靜而審慎的。在自由政體中，民眾的意見總是能夠最終就勝過治理者的意見。 == 参考文献 == {{Reflist}} {{wikipedia}} {{lynx}} [[Category:美国总统]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>该页面使用的模板： </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:BD/isYear" title="Template:BD/isYear">Template:BD/isYear</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:BD/isYear&action=edit" title="Template:BD/isYear">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bd" title="Template:Bd">Template:Bd</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Bd&action=edit" title="Template:Bd">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Center" title="Template:Center">Template:Center</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Center&action=edit" title="Template:Center">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Date.isMD" title="Template:Date.isMD">Template:Date.isMD</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Date.isMD&action=edit" title="Template:Date.isMD">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">Template:Lang</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit" title="Template:Lang">查看源代码</a>）（受保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lynx" title="Template:Lynx">Template:Lynx</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lynx&action=edit" title="Template:Lynx">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Namespace" title="Template:Namespace">Template:Namespace</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Namespace&action=edit" title="Template:Namespace">查看源代码</a>）（受保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia">Template:Wikipedia</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia&action=edit" title="Template:Wikipedia">查看源代码</a>）（受半保护）</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">返回<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%9C" title="詹姆斯·麥迪遜">詹姆斯·麥迪遜</a>。</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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