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طراطرة - ويكيبيديا

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.entete.rugby{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Picto_Infobox_Rugby.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.rugbyblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rugby_union_pictogram.svg/35px-Rugby_union_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.satellite{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Picto_infobox_satellite.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sautski{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg/40px-Ski_jumping_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.science-fiction{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Picto_infobox_fliyingsaucer.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.serie-video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Logo_television_blanc.png")no-repeat top right;background-size:45px 45px}.mw-parser-output .entete.ski-alpin{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg/40px-Alpine_skiing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.snooker{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cue_sports_pictogram.svg/40px-Cue_sports_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.software{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Picto_infobox_software.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Picto_infobox_Olympic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.sport-automobile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Picto_infobox_sport_auto.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.squash{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Squash_pictogram.svg/35px-Squash_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.stadium{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stadium.svg/40px-Stadium.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.starwars{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Star_Wars_Infobox_Pictogram.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.surf{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Surfing_pictogram.svg/35px-Surfing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.taekwondo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg/40px-Taekwondo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.television{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Picto_infobox_TV-T%26PC.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.templiers{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Picto_infobox_Templiers.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tennis_pictogram_white.svg/35px-Tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-table{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg/40px-Table_tennis_pictogram_white.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.tennis-de-tableblack{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Table_tennis_pictogram.svg/35px-Table_tennis_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.timbre{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Picto_infobox_Stamps.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.train{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Infobox_train.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.triathlon{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Triathlon_pictogram.svg/40px-Triathlon_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.ultimate{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ultimate_pictogram.svg/70px-Ultimate_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.union-europeenne{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Picto_Infobox_Europe.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.video{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tango-video-x-generic.png/35px-Tango-video-x-generic.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.voile{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sailing_pictogram.svg/40px-Sailing_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.volleyball{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg/35px-Volleyball_%28indoor%29_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .entete.water-polo{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg/40px-Water_polo_pictogram.svg.png")no-repeat top right}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67892660">@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sm_th{background-color:#27292d!important;color:#fff}}</style> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #D3D3A4"><span class="flipimg" style="position:relative;top:-5px"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A3_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف"><img alt="اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Emoji_u2753.svg/12px-Emoji_u2753.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Emoji_u2753.svg/18px-Emoji_u2753.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Emoji_u2753.svg/24px-Emoji_u2753.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a> <figcaption> اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف </figcaption> </figure></span> طراطرة أو توتارا<br><small>العصر: 0.126–0&nbsp;مليون سنة <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:20px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div id="PreЄ_marker" style="z-index:1000; position:absolute; right:10px; overflow:visible; width:10; position:absolute; height:100%;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ما قبل الكمبري"><b>قك</b></a> </div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.1; width:1px; right:1px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.15; width:1px; right:2px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.2; width:1px; right:3px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.25; width:1px; right:4px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.3; width:1px; right:5px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.35; width:1px; right:6px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.4; width:1px; right:7px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.45; width:1px; right:8px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.5; width:1px; right:9px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.55; width:1px; right:10px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.6; width:1px; right:11px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.65; width:1px; right:12px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.7; width:1px; right:13px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.75; width:1px; right:14px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.8; width:1px; right:15px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.85; width:1px; right:16px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.9; width:1px; right:17px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); opacity:0.95; width:1px; right:18px"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); right:19px; width:14.230769230769px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); right:34.215384615385px; width:16.430769230769px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الكمبري"><b>ك</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); right:50.646153846154px; width:12.8px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الأوردوفيشي"><small><b>أ</b></small></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); right:63.446153846154px; width:7.5692307692308px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر السيلوري"><small><b>س</b></small></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); right:71.015384615385px; width:18.553846153846px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الديفوني"><b>د</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); right:89.569230769231px; width:18.461538461538px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الفحمي"><b>ف</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); right:108.03076923077px; width:14.460923076923px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر البرمي"><b>بر</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); right:122.49169230769px; width:15.569846153846px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الثلاثي"><b>ث</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); right:138.06153846154px; width:17.323076923077px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الجوراسي"><b>ج</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); right:155.38461538462px; width:24.307692307692px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الطباشيري"><b>ط</b></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); right:179.69230769231px; width:13.221538461538px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الباليوجيني"><small><b>ب</b></small></a> </div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); right:192.91384615385px; width:6.2923076923077px;"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر النيوجيني"><small><b>ن</b></small></a> </div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; right:199px"></div> <div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; right:199.96123076923px; font-size:100%"> <div style="position:relative; right:-0.42em"> <span style="color:red;">↓</span> </div> </div> </div> </div></small><p><small><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الحديث الأقرب">البليستوسين</a> – الحاضر<sup id="cite_ref-paleodb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-paleodb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></p></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tuatara.jpg/280px-Tuatara.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tuatara.jpg/420px-Tuatara.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tuatara.jpg/560px-Tuatara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3A4;color:#000000"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حالة حفظ">حالة الحفظ</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC_-_ar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64"></span></span><br><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="غير مهدد">أنواع غير مهددة أو خطر انقراض ضعيف جدا</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">&nbsp;(<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="sm_th" style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مرتبة تصنيفية">المرتبة التصنيفية</a></th> <td class="sm_td" style=""><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جنس (تصنيف)">جنس</a>&nbsp;<span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163283%23P105" title="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P105) في ويكي بيانات"><img alt="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P105) في ويكي بيانات" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/13px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/20px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/26px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;background-color:#D3D3A4;"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="التصنيف العلمي">التصنيف العلمي</a>&nbsp;<span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163283%23P171" title="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P171) في ويكي بيانات"><img alt="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P171) في ويكي بيانات" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/13px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/20px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/26px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>فوق النطاق&nbsp;</td> <td>حيويات</td> </tr> <tr> <td>مملكة عليا&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أبواكيات">أبواكيات</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مملكة (تصنيف)">مملكة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بعديات حقيقية">بعديات حقيقية</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>عويلم&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كلوانيات">كلوانيات</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>مملكة فرعية&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثانويات الفم">ثانويات الفم</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شعبة (تصنيف)">شعبة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حبليات">حبليات</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شعيبة (تصنيف)">شعيبة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فقاريات">فقاريات</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>شعبة فرعية&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مسقوفات الرأس">مسقوفات الرأس</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>عمارة&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="رباعيات الأطراف">رباعيات الأطراف</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طائفة (تصنيف)">طائفة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زواحف">زواحف</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رتبة (تصنيف)">رتبة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="منقاريات الرأس">منقاريات الرأس</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فصيلة (تصنيف)">فصيلة</a>&nbsp;</td> <td><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرات">طراطرات</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3A4;color:#000000"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تسمية ثنائية">الاسم العلمي</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F9F9F9;color:#000000;"><i>Sphenodon&nbsp;<span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163283%23P225" title="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P225) في ويكي بيانات"><img alt="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P225) في ويكي بيانات" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/13px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/20px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/26px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></i><br clear="all"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جون إدوارد غراي">جون إدوارد غراي</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;، 1831&nbsp;<span class="noprint"> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163283%23P225" title="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P225) في ويكي بيانات"><img alt="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P225) في ويكي بيانات" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/13px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/20px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/26px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span>&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/280px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/420px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png/560px-World.distribution.rhynchocephalia.colour_contrast.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <small>الموطن الأصلي (نيوزيلاندا)</small> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="التوزيع الحالي للطراطرة (باللون الأسود):[3][4][5]الدوائر تمثل الجزيرة الشمالية للطراطرة ، والمربعات لطراطرة جزيرة برذر. قد تمثل الرموز ما يصل إلى سبع جزر."><img alt="التوزيع الحالي للطراطرة (باللون الأسود):[3][4][5]الدوائر تمثل الجزيرة الشمالية للطراطرة ، والمربعات لطراطرة جزيرة برذر. قد تمثل الرموز ما يصل إلى سبع جزر." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/238px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG" decoding="async" width="238" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/358px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG/477px-North_Island_Map_tuatara.PNG 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="844"></a> <figcaption> التوزيع الحالي للطراطرة (باللون الأسود):<sup id="cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daugherty_1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>الدوائر تمثل الجزيرة الشمالية للطراطرة ، والمربعات لطراطرة جزيرة برذر. قد تمثل الرموز ما يصل إلى سبع جزر. </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div> <small>التوزيع الحالي للطراطرة (باللون الأسود):<sup id="cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daugherty_1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>الدوائر تمثل الجزيرة الشمالية للطراطرة ، والمربعات لطراطرة جزيرة برذر. قد تمثل الرموز ما يصل إلى سبع جزر.</small> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px # #D3D3A4 dotted; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:right;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">تعديل مصدري</span></a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%26veaction%3Dedit"><span style="color:var(--color-base--hover, #555);">تعديل</span></a> </span>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><a 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<p><br><b>الطـُراطرة</b> أو <b>التوَتارا</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة اللاتينية">باللاتينية</a>: <span lang="Latn" dir="ltr">Tuatara</span>) (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تسمية ثنائية">الاسم العلمي</a>: <span dir="ltr" style="none">Sphenodon</span>)، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جنس (تصنيف)">جنس</a> من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زواحف">الزواحف</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="توطن">المستوطنة</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيوزيلندا">نيوزيلندا</a>. على الرغم من تشابهها الكبير مع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سحلية">السحالي</a>، إلا أنها جزء من سلالة مميزة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رتبة (تصنيف)">رتبة</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="منقاريات الرأس">منقاريات الرأس</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TerraNature_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TerraNature-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> واسم "تواتارا" مشتقة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اللغة الماورية">اللغة الماورية</a> التي تعني "القمم على الظهر".<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نوع (تصنيف)">الأنواع</a> الوحيدة الباقية من الطراطرة هي الوحيد الباقي من رتبتها.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> نشأ "منقاريات الرأس" خلال <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الثلاثي">العصر الثلاثي</a> (قبل حوالي 250 مليون سنة)، ووصلوت إلى التوزيع العالمي وتنوع الذروة خلال <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="العصر الجوراسي">العصر الجوراسي</a>، انقرضت قبل 60 مليون سنة باستثناء الطراطرة الحالية.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_et_al_2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones_et_al_2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DoC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DoC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أقرب أقاربها الموجودة هي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حرشفيات">الحرشفيات</a> (السحالي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثعبان">والثعابين</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> لهذا السبب تصبح الطراطرة محل أهتمام العلماء لدراسة تطور السحالي والثعابين، ولإعادة بناء مظهر وعادات أقدم حيوانات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثنائيات الأقواس">ثنائيات الأقواس</a> (Diapsid)، وهي مجموعة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ذوات الأربع">رباعيات الأرجل</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سلويات">السلوية</a> التي تشمل أيضًا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ديناصور">الديناصورات</a> (بما في ذلك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طائر">الطيور</a>) <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تمساحيات">والتماسيح</a>.</p> <p>لون الطـُراطرة بني مخضر ورمادي، ويصل طولها إلى 80 سم من الرأس إلى طرف الذيل ويصل وزنها إلى 1.3 كجم<sup id="cite_ref-san_diego_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-san_diego-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> مع قمة شوكية على طول الظهر، خاصة عند الذكور. لديها صفان من الأسنان في الفك العلوي متداخلة مع صف واحد في الفك السفلي، وهو أمر فريد بين الكائنات الحية. وهي قادرة على السماع، بالرغم من عدم وجود أذن خارجية، ولديها ميزات فريدة في هيكلها العظمي.</p> <p>يشار إلى الطـُراطرة أحيانًا باسم "<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حفرية حية">الأحافير الحية</a>"،<sup id="cite_ref-TerraNature_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TerraNature-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> مما أثار جدلاً علميًا كبيرًا. وقد تم إهمال هذ المصطلح حاليًا بين علماء الحفريات وعلماء الأحياء التطورية. وبالرغم من أن الطـُراطرة حافظت على الخصائص المورفولوجية لأسلافها من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حقبة الحياة الوسطى">حقبة الحياة الوسطى</a> (240-230 مليون سنة مضت)، فإنه لا يوجد دليل على وجود سجل أحفوري مستمر يدعم ذلك.<sup id="cite_ref-MeloroJones2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MeloroJones2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تمتلك الأنواع ما بين 5 و 6 مليارات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زوج قاعدي">زوج قاعدي</a> من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تسلسل الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين">تسلسل الحمض النووي</a>، أي ما يقرب من ضعف ما لدى البشر.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>تمت حماية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرة شائعة">الطراطرة الشائعة</a> (Sphenodon punctatus) بموجب القانون منذ عام 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تم التعرف على النوع الثاني <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="طراطرة جزيرة برذرز (الصفحة غير موجودة)">طراطرة جزيرة برذرز</a> (Sphenodon guntheri)، (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="والتر بولر">والتر بولر</a> ، 1877) في عام 1989، ولكن منذ عام 2009 تم إعادة تصنيفها كنوع فرعي (Sphenodon punctatus guntheri).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hay_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hay-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تعتبر الطراطرة كالعديد من الحيوانات الأصلية في نيوزيلندا، مهددة بفقدان الموائل وإدخال الحيوانات المفترسة لها، مثل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B0_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جرذ باسيفيكي">الجرذ البولينيزي</a> (Rattus exulans). وقد انقرضت الطراطرة في البر الرئيسي، مع بقاء أعداد متبقية محصورة في 32 جزيرة بحرية<sup id="cite_ref-DoC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DoC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> حتى تم إطلاقها الأول في جزيرة شمالية في محمية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="كاروري للحياة البرية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">كاروري للحياة البرية</a> المحاطة بسياج ومراقبة بشدة (تسمى الآن "زيلانديا") في عام 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_22-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-karori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>في أواخر عام 2008 وأثناء أعمال الصيانة الروتينية في زيلانديا، تم اكتشاف عش الطراطرة، وتم العثور على صغاره في الخريف التالي.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يُعتقد أن هذه هي الحالة الأولى للطراطرة التي تتكاثر بنجاح في البرية في الجزيرة الشمالية لنيوزيلندا منذ أكثر من 200 عام.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">الوصف</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">الجمجمة</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">الأعضاء الحسية</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">العيون</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">العين الجدارية (العين الثالثة)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">السمع</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">مستقبلات الروائح</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">العمود الفقري والضلوع</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">الذيل والظهر</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">تحديد العمر</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">التصنيف والتطور</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">الأنواع</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">الخصائص الجينومية</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_(LINEs)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">العناصر النووية الطويلة الانتشار (LINEs)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1(MHCs)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">عناصر معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير(MHCs)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A9_(SINEs)"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">العناصر النووية القصيرة المتداخلة (SINEs)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">الحمض النووي القافز</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_(LTR)"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">النقال العكسي مكرر المطراف الطويل (LTR)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">الحمض النووي الريبوزي الغير مشفر</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">حمض نووي ميتوكوندريا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">مثيلة الحمض النووي</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">السلوك</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">التكاثر</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">الحماية</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">التوزيع والتهديدات</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">تغير المناخ</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">استئصال الفئران</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">طراطرة جزييرة برذر</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">الطراطرة الشمالية</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">التربية في الاسر</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">الأهمية الثقافية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">في الثقافة الشعبية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">المراجع</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الوصف"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.88.D8.B5.D9.81"></span>الوصف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الوصف" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara_scale.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/170px-Tuatara_scale.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="965"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/170px-Tuatara_scale.png" data-width="170" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/255px-Tuatara_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tuatara_scale.png/340px-Tuatara_scale.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> مقارنة حجم ذكور <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرة شائعة">الطراطرة الشائعة</a> مع الإنسان </figcaption> </figure> <p>تعتبر الطراطرة أكبر زواحف في نيوزيلندا.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويبلغ طول الذكور البالغة من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرة شائعة">الطراطرة الشائعة</a> (Sphenodon punctatus) حوالي 61 سم والإناث 45 سم.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> والطراطرة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مثنوية الشكل الجنسية">مثنوية الشكل الجنسية</a>، لكن الذكور أكبر.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> حتى أن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو">حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو</a> تؤكد بأن الطول يصل إلى 80 سم.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويصل وزن الذكور إلى 1 كجم والإناث حتى 0.5 كجم.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتعتبر "طراطرة جزيرة برذرز" أصغر قليلاً، ويصل وزنها إلى 660 جم.<sup id="cite_ref-NZRG_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NZRG-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تحتوي رئتيها على حجرة واحدة بدون قصبات.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>بندمج اللون البني المخضر للطراطرة مع بيئته، ويمكن أن يتغير على مدار حياته. وتتخلص الطراطرة من جلدها مرة واحدة على الأقل كل عام للبالغ منها،<sup id="cite_ref-lutz16_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutz16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وثلاث أو أربع مرات سنويًا للحدث منها. يختلف في جنس الطراطرة بالأضافة إلى أختلاف الحجم. فالقمة الشوكية على ظهرها المكونة من طيات مثلثة ناعمة من الجلد أكبر عند الذكور، ويمكن أن تقوى للاستعراض. وبطن الذكر أنحف من بطن الأنثى.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara_skull_side.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_skull_side.PNG/260px-Tuatara_skull_side.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="476"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_skull_side.PNG/260px-Tuatara_skull_side.PNG" data-width="260" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_skull_side.PNG/390px-Tuatara_skull_side.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_skull_side.PNG/520px-Tuatara_skull_side.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> جمجمة طراطرة، تظهر الأقواس الصدغية الكاملة والعظام الفردية: <div> <ol> <li>قادمة الفك العلوي</li> <li>أنف</li> <li>فص جبهي</li> <li>جبهة</li> <li>فك علوي</li> <li>جبهي خلفي</li> <li>عظم سنى</li> <li>خلف حجاجي</li> <li>عظم وجنى</li> <li>عظم جدارى</li> <li>عظم قشري</li> <li>عظم مربع</li> </ol> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الجمجمة"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AC.D9.85.D8.AC.D9.85.D8.A9"></span>الجمجمة</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الجمجمة" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>لسلف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثنائيات الأقواس">ثنائيات الأقواس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جمجمة">جمجمة</a> ذات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كوة (تشريح)">فتحتين</a> في منطقة الصدغي - <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظم صدغي">العظم الصدغي</a> العلوي والسفلي على كل جانب من الجمجمة محاطة بأقواس كاملة. ويرتبط الفك العلوي بشدة بالجزء الخلفي من الجمجمة. وهذا يجعل الهيكل صلب جدا وغير مرن.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ولجمجمة الطراطرة هيكل مماثل، مع فتحات صدغية علوية وسفلية.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kardong2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kardong2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ومع ذلك، فإن الشريط الصدغي السفلي (يسمى أحيانًا عظم الخد) وهو غير مكتمل في بعض أحافير منقاريات الرأس، مما يشير إلى أن وجوده في الطراطرة سمة مميزة (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تواسم مشتق ذاتي">تواسم مشتق ذاتي</a>) وليست خاصية موروثة من سلف مشترك.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteside_33-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Whiteside-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>طرف الفك العلوي يشبه المنقار ويفصل بينه وبين باقي الفك سن صغير.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويوجد صف واحد من الأسنان في الفك السفلي وصف مزدوج في الجزء العلوي، والصف السفلي مناسب تمامًا بين الصفين العلويين عند إغلاق الفم.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وهذا الترتيب المحدد للأسنان لا يظهر في أي زواحف أخرى؛<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> بالرغم من أن معظم الثعابين لديها صف مزدوج من الأسنان في فكها العلوي، إلا أن ترتيبها ووظيفتها يختلفان عن الطراطرة.</p> <p>يسمح هيكل مفصل الفك بأن ينزلق الفك السفلي للأمام بعد أن يغلق بين الصفين العلويين من الأسنان.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_et_al._2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones_et_al._2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تسمح هذه الآلية للفكين بقطع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كايتين">الكايتين</a> والعظام.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تشير الأحفافير إلى أن آلية الفك قد بدأت في التطور منذ 200 مليون سنة على الأقل.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> لا تتبدل الأسنان لديها، ومع تآكل أسنانها، يتعين على الطراطرة الأكبر سنًا التحول إلى الفرائس الأكثر ليونة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="دودة الأرض">كديدان الأرض</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="يرقة">واليرقات</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بزاق">والبزاق</a>، وفي النهاية يتعين عليها مضغ طعامها من بين عظام الفك الملساء.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> من المفاهيم الخاطئة الشائعة أن الطراطرة تفتقر إلى الأسنان وبدلاً من ذلك لها نتوءات حادة على عظم الفك،<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_37-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutzp27-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> على الرغم من أن علم الأنسجة يظهر أن لديها مينا وعاجًا مع تجاويف اللب.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kieser2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>دماغ الطراطرة يملأ فقط نصف حجم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="بطانة الجمجمة (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بطانة الجمجمة</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-larsson2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وقد تم استخدام هذه النسبة بالفعل من قبل علماء الأحافير في محاولة لتقدير حجم أدمغة الديناصورات بناءً على الحفريات.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_39-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-larsson2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ومع ذلك، قد لا تكون نسبة بطانة قحف الطراطرة التي يشغلها دماغها دليلًا جيدًا جدًا لنفس النسبة في الديناصورات من حقبة الحياة الوسطى لأن الطيور الحديثة هي ديناصورات على قيد الحياة ولكن لديها أدمغة تشغل حجمًا نسبيًا أكبر بكثير في داخل القحف.<sup id="cite_ref-larsson2001_39-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-larsson2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الأعضاء_الحسية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D8.B9.D8.B6.D8.A7.D8.A1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الأعضاء الحسية</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأعضاء الحسية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara_(7714490358).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/220px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/220px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/330px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg/440px-Tuatara_%287714490358%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> صورة مقربة لرأس الطراطرة </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="العيون"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.8A.D9.88.D9.86"></span>العيون</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العيون" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يمكن للعينين <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تكيف (عين)">التركيز</a> بشكل مستقل، وهما متخصصتان في ثلاثة أنواع من الخلايا المستقبِلة للضوء، وكلها ذات خصائص هيكلية دقيقة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خلية مخروطية">لخلايا الشبكية المخروطية</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> المستخدمة في الرؤية الليلية والنهارية على حد سواء، و <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بساط شفاف">البِساطُ الشَّفَّاف</a> الذي ينعكس على الشبكية لتحسين الرؤية في الظلام. ويوجد أيضًا جفن ثالث على كل عين، وهو <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غشاء راف">الغشاء الرماش</a>. توجد خمسة جينات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أوبسين">أوبسين</a> بصرية، مما يشير إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="رؤية اللون">رؤية جيدة للألوان</a>، وربما حتى في مستويات الإضاءة المنخفضة.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="العين_الجدارية_(العين_الثالثة)"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.8A.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AC.D8.AF.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.A9_.28.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.8A.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D8.A9.29"></span>العين الجدارية (العين الثالثة)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العين الجدارية (العين الثالثة)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>للطراطرة عين ثالثة أعلى رأسها تسمى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="العين الجدارية">العين الجدارية</a>. لها عدستها الخاصة، وسدادة جدارية تشابه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="القرنية">القرنية</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شبكية">وشبكية</a> العين مع هيكل يشبه القصب، واتصال عصبي غير كامل بالدماغ. ولا تظهر العين الجدارية إلا في صغار الطراطرة، التي لها رقعة شفافة في أعلى مركز الجمجمة. وبعد أربعة إلى ستة أشهر تصبح مغطاة بقشور وصبغة معتمة.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> استخدام العين الثالثة غير معروف، ولكن قد يكون مفيدًا في امتصاص <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الأشعة فوق البنفسجية">الأشعة فوق البنفسجية</a> لإنتاج <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="فيتامين د">فيتامين د</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وكذلك لتحديد دورات الضوء/الظلام، والمساعدة في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="التنظيم الحراري">التنظيم الحراري</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ومن بين جميع رباعيات الأرجل الموجودة، فإن العين الجدارية هي الأكثر وضوحًا في اللطراطرة. فهي جزء من المركب الصنوبري، والجزء الآخر منه هي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="الغدة الصنوبرية">الغدة الصنوبرية</a>، التي تفرز الميلاتونين في الليل.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ثبت أن بعض <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="السلمندر">السلمندر</a> تستخدم الأجسام الصنوبرية لديها لإدراك الضوء المستقطب، وبالتالي تحديد موضع الشمس، حتى تحت الأجواء السحابية، مما يساعد في التنقل.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="السمع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.85.D8.B9"></span>السمع</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: السمع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <pre>تمتلك الطراطرة جنبا إلى جنب مع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سلحفاة">السلاحف</a> أكثر أجهزة السمع بدائية من بين السلويات. ولا توجد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غشاء طبلي">طبلة أذن</a> ولا فتحة للأذن،<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_37-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutzp27-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويمتلئ تجويف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B0%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أذن وسطى">الأذن الوسطى</a> بأنسجة رخوة، معظمها من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="نسيج دهني">الأنسجة الدهنية</a>. تتلامس <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ركاب (تشريح)">الركاب</a> مع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظم مربعي">العظم المربعي</a> (الغير متحرك)، وكذلك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظم لامي">العظم اللامي</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظم قشري">والعظم القشري</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خلية شعرية">الخلايا الشعرية</a> غير متخصصة ومعصبة بألياف عصبية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عصب حسي">حسية</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عصبون صادر">وصادرة</a> ولا تستجيب الا للترددات المنخفضة. على الرغم من أن أعضاء السمع ضعيفة التطور وبدائية مع عدم وجود آذان خارجية مرئية، إلا أنها لا تزال تظهر استجابة ترددية من 100 إلى 800 <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="هرتز">هرتز</a>، مع حساسية قصوى تبلغ 40 <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ديسيبل">ديسيبل</a> عند 200 هرتز.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="مستقبلات_الروائح"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.A6.D8.AD"></span>مستقبلات الروائح</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: مستقبلات الروائح" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>عادة ما يكون للحيوانات التي تعتمد على حاسة الشم لالتقاط الفريسة أو الهروب من الحيوانات المفترسة أو التفاعل مع البيئة التي تعيش فيها العديد من مستقبلات الرائحة. وهذه المستقبلات تكون في الأغشية التغصنية للخلايا العصبية للكشف عن الروائح. يحتوي الطراطرة على حوالي 472، وهو يقارب ما لدى الطيور أكثر من العدد الكبير من المستقبلات التي قد تمتلكها السلاحف والتماسيح.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العمود_الفقري_والضلوع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.85.D9.88.D8.AF_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.81.D9.82.D8.B1.D9.8A_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B6.D9.84.D9.88.D8.B9"></span>العمود الفقري والضلوع</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العمود الفقري والضلوع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يتكون العمود الفقري للطراطرة من فقرات مقعرة الوجهين ومخصرة.<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_37-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutzp27-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وهذه هي الحالة الطبيعية لفقرات الأسماك وبعض <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="البرمائيات">البرمائيات</a>، ولكنها فريدة من نوعها للطراطرة من بين السلويات. تحتوي الأجسام الفقرية على ثقب صغير يمر من خلاله بقايا ضيقة من الحبل الظهري؛ وكان هذا نموذجيًا في الزواحف الأحفورية البدائية، لكنه فقد في معظم السلويات الأخرى.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>للطراطرة أضلاع بطن،<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وهي أحد سمات أسلافها المفترضة لثنائيات الأقواس. وتوجد لدى بعض السحالي، وهي تتكون في الغالب من الغضاريف، ولا ترتبط بالعمود الفقري أو الضلوع الصدرية. والأضلاع الحقيقية هي نتوءات صغيرة، مع عظام صغيرة معقوفة، تسمى النتوءات الخطافية، وتوجد في مؤخرة كل ضلع.<sup id="cite_ref-lutzp27_37-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutzp27-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> هذه الميزة موجودة أيضًا في الطيور. وتعتبر الطراطرة رباعي الأرجل الحي الوحيد الذي يحتوي على أضلاع بطن ونتوءات خطافية متطورة.</p> <p>كانت أضلاع البطن والنتوءات الخطافية في رباعيات الأرجل البدائية بجانب العناصر العظمية مثل الصفائح العظمية في الجلد (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="الجلد العظمي">الجلد العظمي</a>) <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ترقوة">وعظمة الترقوة</a>، قد شكلت نوعًا من الهيكل الخارجي حول الجسم، مما يحمي البطن ويساعد لحمل الأحشاء والأعضاء الداخلية. من المحتمل أن تكون هذه التفاصيل التشريحية قد تطورت من الهياكل المشاركة في التنقل حتى قبل أن تغامر الفقاريات على الأرض. قد تكون لأضلاع البطن دورا في عملية التنفس لدى البرمائيات والزواحف المبكرة. ويعتبر ترتيب أحزمة الحوض والكتف مختلف عن الموجودة في السحالي، وكذلك الأجزاء الأخرى من التشريح الداخلي وحَراشِفها.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الذيل_والظهر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B0.D9.8A.D9.84_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B8.D9.87.D8.B1"></span>الذيل والظهر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الذيل والظهر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>الصفائح الشوكية الموجودة على ظهر الطراطرة وذيله تشابه إلى حد كبير إلى تلك الموجودة في التمساح أكثر من كونها سحلية، لكن الطراطرة تشترك مع السحالي في القدرة على قطع ذيلها عند اصطيادها من قبل حيوان مفترس، ومن ثم تجديدها. ويستغرق إعادة النمو وقتًا طويلاً ويختلف عن نمو السحالي. تم نشر تقارير مصورة عن تجديد الذيل في الطراطرة بواسطة كل من "لورينزو اليباردي" و"ماير روشو".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="تحديد_العمر"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.AD.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.AF_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.B1"></span>تحديد العمر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: تحديد العمر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يوجد حاليًا وسيلتان لتحديد عمر الطراطرة. باستخدام الفحص المجهري، ويمكن التعرف على حلقات "أَليفُ الهيماتُوكْسيلين" وإحصائها في كل من سُلاَمَياتُ أَصَابِعِ اليَدِ وعظم الفخذ. ويمكن استخدام حلقات سُّلامَيات "أَليفُ الهيماتُوكْسيلين" للطراطرة حتى سن 12-14 عامًا، حيث تتوقف عن التكون في هذا العمر تقريبًا. وتتبع حلقات عظم الفخذ اتجاهًا مشابهًا، ولكنها مفيدة للطراطرة حتى سن 25-35 عامًا، وحول هذا العمر، تتوقف حلقات الفخذ عن التكون.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> لا يزال البحث مستمر حول طرق تحديد العمر للطراطرة، حيث أن الطراطرة لها عمر أطول بكثير من 35 عامًا (الشائع حتى 60 عامًا،<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وقد عاش الطراطرة المأسور لأكثر من 100 عام<sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NZHer-2009-01-26-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_52-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBCNews-2009-01-26-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). يمكن أن يكون أحد الاحتمالات من خلال فحص تآكل الأسنان ، حيث أن الطراطرة تضم مجموعة من الأسنان.</p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="التصنيف_والتطور"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D8.B5.D9.86.D9.8A.D9.81_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D8.B7.D9.88.D8.B1"></span>التصنيف والتطور</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التصنيف والتطور" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara_cladogram.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tuatara_cladogram.svg/220px-Tuatara_cladogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tuatara_cladogram.svg/220px-Tuatara_cladogram.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tuatara_cladogram.svg/330px-Tuatara_cladogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tuatara_cladogram.svg/440px-Tuatara_cladogram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف تفرعي">تصنيف تفرعي</a> يُظهر علاقات الأعضاء الباقية في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظائيات">العظائيات</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> العناصر المرقمة هي: <div> <ol> <li>الطراطرة</li> <li>السحالي</li> <li>الثعابين</li> <li>التماسيح</li> <li>الطيور</li> </ol> </div>"السحالي" <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="شبه عرق">شبه عرقية</a>. أطوال الفروع لا تشير إلى أوقات الاختلاف. </figcaption> </figure> <p>تنتمي الطراطرة مع عدد من الأعضاء الأخرى المنقرضة من رتبة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="منقاريات الرأس">منقاريات الرأس</a> إلى الرتبة العلياء <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظايا حرشفية">العظايا الحرشفية</a>، وهي الفصيلة الوحيدة الباقية على قيد الحياة داخل تصنيف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أشباه العظايا الحرشفية">أشباه العظايا الحرشفية</a>. تظهر كل من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حرشفيات">الحرشفيات</a> والطراطرة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="انشطار ذاتي">انشطار ذاتي</a> للذيل (فقدان طرف الذيل عند التهديد)، ولها شقوق مّذْرَقِيّة.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ومن المحتمل أن يكون أصل الطراطرة قريبًا من الانقسام بين أشباه العظايا الحرشفية وأشباه الأركوصورات. وبالرغم من أن الطراطرة تشبه السحالي، إلا أن التشابه سطحي، لأن الفصيلة لها العديد من الخصائص الفريدة بين <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="زواحف">الزواحف</a>. شكل السحلية النموذجي شائع جدًا في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="السلويات">السلويات</a> المبكرة؛ وأقدم أحفورة معروفة للزواحف، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مستوطن الغابة">مستوطن الغابة</a> التي تشبه السحلية الحديثة.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>في عام 1831 تم تصنيف الطراطرة في الأصل على أنها سحالي عندما تلقى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="المتحف البريطاني">المتحف البريطاني</a> جمجمة.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وظل الجنس مصنفًا بشكل خاطئ حتى عام1867، عندما لاحظ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ألبرت غونتر">ألبرت غونتر</a> من المتحف البريطاني السمات المشابهة للطيور والسلاحف والتماسيح. واقترح رتبة "منقاريات الرأس" للطراطرة وأقاربها الأحفورية المنقرضة.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>في مرحلة ما، تمت إحالة عدد من الأنواع ذات الصلة المتباينة بشكل غير صحيح إلى منقاريات الرأس، مما أدى إلى ما يسميه علماء التصنيف بـ"<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أصنوفة سلة مهملات">تصنيف سلة المهملات</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_56-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fraser-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> اقترح العالم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="صامويل ويستون">صامويل ويستون</a> بأن "وتديات الأسنان" (Sphenodontia) تيشمل فقط الطراطرة وأقرب أقربائها من حفريات عام 1925. ومع ذلك ، فإن منقاريات الرأس هو الاسم الأقدم والمستخدم على نطاق واسع في هذا اليوم.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> كلمة (Sphenodon) مشتقة من اليونانية لـ"وتد" (σφήν ، σφηνός / sphenos) و "أسنان"(ὀδούς ، ὀδόντος / odontos).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/350px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="699"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/350px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg" data-width="350" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/525px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/700px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> يظهر مخطط النسل تنوع رباعيات الأرجل. يشمل خمسة فروع داخل النوع الحيوي "عظائيات الوجه"، والتي تشمل الرتبة العليا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظايا حرشفية">العظايا الحرشفية</a> التي تنوعت منذ 250 مليون عام، مما أدى إلى ظهور رتبتي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حرشفيات">الحرشفيات</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="منقاريات الرأس">ومنقاريات الرأس</a>. ولهذه الرتبة الأخيرة تنتمي الطراطرة. ولا يتناسب طول الفروع مع وقت التنويع. </figcaption> </figure> <p>تمت الإشارة إلى الطراطرة على أنها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حفرية حية">أحافير حية</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-TerraNature_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TerraNature-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> لأنها تتميز بحفظها للعديد من الخصائص <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قاعدي (تصنيف)">القاعدية</a> من وقت انقسام "منقاريات الرأس المُحَرشَفة" (240 مليون سنة مضت).<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_et_al_2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones_et_al_2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dallas_58-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dallas-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> التحليلات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="المورفومترية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">المورفومترية</a> للتباين في مورفولوجيا الفك بين الطراطرة وأقاربها المنقرضة من منقاريات الرأس كانت موضع جدال لإثبات المحافظة المورفولوجية ودعم تصنيف الطراطرة كـ "أحفورة حية"، ولكن تم انتقاد موثوقية هذه النتائج ونقاشها.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vaux_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2019_60-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تشير الأبحاث <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إحاثة (علم)">الإحاثية</a> على منقاريات الرأس إلى أن المجموعة خضعت لمجموعة متنوعة من التغييرات في جميع أوقات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حقبة الحياة الوسطى">حقبة الحياة الوسطى</a>،<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2009teeth_63-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones2009teeth-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeloroJones2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MeloroJones2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وقد قُدِّر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="معدل التطفر (الصفحة غير موجودة)">معدل التطور الجزيئي</a> للطراطرة ليكون من بين أسرع حيوان تم فحصه حتى الآن.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ومع ذلك، فقد توصل تحليل عام 2020 لجينوم الطراطرة إلى نتيجة معاكسة: فمعدل بدائل الحمض النووي لكل موقع هو في الواقع أقل من أي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حرشفيات">حرشفيات</a> تم تحليلها.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> العديد من الأعشاش التي تحتلها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سحلية">السحالي</a> اليوم كانت في السابق مملوكة من قبل منقاريات الرأس. حتى أنه كان هناك مجموعة ناجحة من منقاريات الرأس المائية المعروفة باسم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="بليوروصور (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بليوروصور</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pleurosaurs" class="extiw" title="en:pleurosaurs"><sup class="reference" title="pleurosaurs">[الإنجليزية]</sup></a>، والتي تختلف بشكل ملحوظ عن الطراطرة الحية. تُظهر الطراطرة تكيف للطقس البارد التي تسمح لها بالازدهار في جزر نيوزيلندا؛ قد يكون هذا التكيف فريدا من نوعه للطراطرة منذ أن عاشت أسلافها من "وتديات الأسنان" في المناخات الأكثر دفئًا خلال حقبة الحياة الوسطى. على سبيل المثال ، يبدو أن عمر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="بليوبلوروصور (الصفحة غير موجودة)">البليوبلوروصور</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeopleurosaurus" class="extiw" title="en:Palaeopleurosaurus"><sup class="reference" title="Palaeopleurosaurus">[الإنجليزية]</sup></a> أقصر بكثير مقارنةً بالطراطرة الحديثة.<sup id="cite_ref-density_66-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-density-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في نهاية المطاف، فإن معظم العلماء يعتبرون مصطلح "الأحافير الحية" غير مفيد ومضلل.<sup id="cite_ref-Schopf_1984_67-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schopf_1984-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesandCree2012_68-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JonesandCree2012-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الأنواع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.86.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B9"></span>الأنواع</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأنواع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>حاليًا يعتبر النوع الحي الوحيد فقط هو الطراطرة، إلا أنه بالسابق قد تم تحديد نوعين&nbsp;: <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرة شائعة">الطراطرة الشائعة</a> أو الطراطرة الشمالية (Sphenodon punctatus) <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="طراطرة جزيرة برذرز (الصفحة غير موجودة)">وطراطرة جزيرة برذرز</a> (Sphenodon guntheri) الأكثر ندرة، والمحصور في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="جزيرة برذر (الصفحة غير موجودة)">جزيرة برذر الشمالية</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83_(%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كوك (مضيق)">مضيق كوك</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_69-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> إن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اسم محدد (علم الحيوان)">الاسم المحدد</a> اللاتيني (punctatus) تعني "مرقط"،<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وكلمة (Guntheri) تشير إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="علم الزواحف والبرمائيات">عالم الزواحف</a> البريطاني المولود في ألمانيا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ألبرت غونتر">ألبرت غونتر</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> خلصت ورقة أعادت فحص عام 2009 للقواعد الجينية المستخدمة للتمييز بين النوعين المفترضين من الطراطرة إلى أنهما لا يمثلان سوى التغيرات الجغرافية، ويجب التعريف على نوع واحد فقط.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay_21-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hay-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وبالتالي ، تم إعادة تصنيف الطراطرة الشمالية على أنها (Sphenodon punctatus punctatus) وطراطرة جزيرة برذرز (Sphenodon punctatus guntheri). لا يمكن تمييز أفراد جزيرة برذرز عن العينات الحديثة والأحفورية الأخرى بناءً على مورفولوجيا الفك.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vaux_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>تتميز طراطرة جزيرة برذرز بجلد بني زيتي مع بقع صفراء، في حين أن لون الطراطرة الشمالية يتراوح من أخضر زيتي إلى رمادي داكن أو أحمر قرميدي، وغالبًا ما يكون مرقشًا، ودائمًا مع بقع بيضاء.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_22-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-karori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lutz16_30-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutz16-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن طراطرة جزيرة برذرز تعتبر أصغر بكثير.<sup id="cite_ref-NZRG_28-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NZRG-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تم التعرف على نوع منقرض من الطراطرة في نوفمبر 1885 بواسطة "ويليام كولينسو"، الذي إرسال عينة غير مكتملة من الأحافير من منجم فحم محلي. وأطلق كولينسو على هذه الأنواع الجديدة (S.iversum).<sup id="cite_ref-colenso1885_72-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colenso1885-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الخصائص_الجينومية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.B5.D8.A7.D8.A6.D8.B5_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AC.D9.8A.D9.86.D9.88.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الخصائص الجينومية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الخصائص الجينومية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العناصر_النووية_الطويلة_الانتشار_(LINEs)"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B7.D9.88.D9.8A.D9.84.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AA.D8.B4.D8.A7.D8.B1_.28LINEs.29"></span>العناصر النووية الطويلة الانتشار (LINEs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العناصر النووية الطويلة الانتشار (LINEs)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>أكثر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عنصر نووي طويل الانتشار">العناصر النووية الطويلة الانتشار</a> (LINE) وفرة في الطراطرة هوL2 (%10). معظمهها مبعثر وبأمكانها أن تظل نشيطة. أطول عنصر L2 تم العثور عليه هو 4 كيلو قاعدة و 83% من التسلسلات بها ORF2p سليمة تمامًا. يعتبر عنصر CR1 ثاني أكثر العناصر تكرارًا (4%). ويُظهر التحليل الوراثي أن هذه التسلسلات مختلفة تمامًا عن تلك الموجودة في الأنواع الأخرى المجاورة مثل السحالي.وأخيرًا، أقل من 1% هي عناصر تنتمي إلى L1، وهي نسبة منخفضة نظرًا لأن هذه العناصر هي السائدة في الثدييات المشيمية.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>عادةً ما تكون العناصر النووية الطويلة الانتشار السائدة هي CR1، على عكس ما شوهد في الطراطرة. وهذا يشير إلى أنه ربما كانت تكرارات الجينوم لعظائيات الوجه مختلفة جدًا مقارنة بالثدييات والطيور والسحالي.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="عناصر_معقد_التوافق_النسيجي_الكبير(MHCs)"><span id=".D8.B9.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D9.85.D8.B9.D9.82.D8.AF_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.81.D9.82_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.83.D8.A8.D9.8A.D8.B1.28MHCs.29"></span>عناصر معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير(MHCs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: عناصر معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير(MHCs)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>من المعروف أن جينات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير">معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير</a> (MHC) تلعب أدوارًا في مقاومة الأمراض، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خيار الشريك">واختيار الشريك</a>، والتعرف على الأقارب في أنواع الفقاريات المختلفة. ومن بين جينومات الفقاريات المعروفة، تعتبر معقدات التوافق النسيجي الكبير واحدة من أكثر الجينومات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تعدد الأشكال (علم الأحياء)">تعدد الأشكال</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وفي الطراطرة، تم التعرف على 56 جينًا من معقد التوافق النسيجي الكبير. بعضها يشبه التي لدى البرمائيات والثدييات. يتم حفظ معظم معقدات التوافق النسيجي الكبير التي تم تهميشها في جينوم الطراطرة بشكل كبير، ولكن هناك إعادة ترتيب جيني كبير لوحظ في سلالات العظايا الحرشفية البعيدة.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="العناصر_النووية_القصيرة_المتداخلة_(SINEs)"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.82.D8.B5.D9.8A.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.AA.D8.AF.D8.A7.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A9_.28SINEs.29"></span>العناصر النووية القصيرة المتداخلة (SINEs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: العناصر النووية القصيرة المتداخلة (SINEs)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>العديد من العناصر التي تم تحليلها وموجودة في جميع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سلويات">السلويات</a>، ومعظمها من الثدييات المتكررة المتداخلة أو "الحمض الريبوزي النووي الميكروي" (MIR)، وتحديداً تنوع الفصائل الفرعية من الحمض الريبوزي النووي الميكروي هو أعلى ما تمت دراسته حتى الآن في السلويات. تم تحديد 16 عائلة من العناصر النووية القصيرة المتداخلة التي كانت نشطة مؤخرًا.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الحمض_النووي_القافز"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.85.D8.B6_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D8.B2"></span>الحمض النووي القافز</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الحمض النووي القافز" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يحتوي الطراطرة على 24 فصيلة فريدة من الحمض النووي القافز، و 30 فصيلة فرعية منها على الأقل كانت نشطة مؤخرًا. هذا التنوع أكبر مما تم العثور عليه في السلويات الأخرى، وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تحليل آلاف النسخ المتطابقة من هذه الينقولات، مما يشير إلى وجود نشاط حديث للباحثين.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="النقال_العكسي_مكرر_المطراف_الطويل_(LTR)"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D9.83.D8.B3.D9.8A_.D9.85.D9.83.D8.B1.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B7.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B7.D9.88.D9.8A.D9.84_.28LTR.29"></span>النقال العكسي مكرر المطراف الطويل (LTR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: النقال العكسي مكرر المطراف الطويل (LTR)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>تم تحديد حوالي 7500 نقال عكسي مكرر المطراف طويل (LTR)، بما في ذلك 450 من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فيروس راجع داخلي">الفيروسات الراجعة الداخلية</a> (ERVs). وقد تعرفت الدراسات التي أجريت على <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عظائيات الوجه">عظائيات الوجه</a> الأخرى على عدد مماثل، ولكن مع ذلك، في جينوم الطراطرة تم العثور على صنف قديم جدًا من الفيروسات الراجعة الداخلية تعرف باسم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="سبومافيروس (الصفحة غير موجودة)">سبومافيروس</a> (Spumavirus).<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="الحمض_النووي_الريبوزي_الغير_مشفر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.85.D8.B6_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.A8.D9.88.D8.B2.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.BA.D9.8A.D8.B1_.D9.85.D8.B4.D9.81.D8.B1"></span>الحمض النووي الريبوزي الغير مشفر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الحمض النووي الريبوزي الغير مشفر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>تم التعرف على أكثر من 8000 عنصر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي غير مشفر">حمض نووي ريبوزي غير مشفر</a> في جينوم الطراطرة، والتي تُشتق الغالبية العظمى منها حوالي 6900 ، من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جين قافز">العناصر النشطة القابلة للنقل</a> مؤخرًا. الباقي مرتبط بجسيمات الريبوسوم، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جسيم التضفير">الجسيمية</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي">والحمض النووي الريبوزي</a> التعرفي على الإشارة.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-10" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="حمض_نووي_ميتوكوندريا"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.85.D8.B6_.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A_.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.83.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>حمض نووي ميتوكوندريا</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: حمض نووي ميتوكوندريا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يبلغ حجم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="حمض نووي متقدر (الصفحة غير موجودة)">الحمض النووي المتقدر</a> من جنس الطراطرة حوالي 18000 زوج قاعدي ويتكون من 13 جينًا لترميز البروتين و 2 حمض نووي ريبوزي ريبوسومي و 22 جين حمض نووي ريبوزي ناقل.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="مثيلة_الحمض_النووي"><span id=".D9.85.D8.AB.D9.8A.D9.84.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.85.D8.B6_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.88.D9.88.D9.8A"></span>مثيلة الحمض النووي</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: مثيلة الحمض النووي" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مثيلة الحمض النووي الريبوزي المنقوص الأكسجين">مثيلة الحمض النووي</a> هي تعديل شائع جدًا في الحيوانات ويؤثر توزيع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF_CpG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثنائي النوكليوتيد CpG">ثنائي النوكليوتيد CpG</a> داخل الجينوم على هذه المثيلة. على وجه التحديد، تم العثور على 81% من ثنائي النوكليوتي CpG ميثلة في جينوم الطراطرة . تقترح المنشورات الحديثة أن هذا المستوى العالي من المثيلة قد يكون بسبب كمية العناصر المتكررة الموجودة في جينوم هذا الحيوان. هذا النمط أقرب لما يحدث في الكائنات الحية مثل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="دانيو مخطط">الدانيو المخطط</a>، حوالي 78%، بينما في البشر 70% فقط.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-12" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="السلوك"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D9.83"></span>السلوك</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: السلوك" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/220px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6929" data-file-height="4622"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/220px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/330px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/440px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> طراطرة تستمتع في مركز ويست كوست للحياة البرية، في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="فرانز جوزيف (الصفحة غير موجودة)">فرانز جوزيف</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إقليم الساحل الغربي">إقليم الساحل الغربي</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>تعتبر الطراطرة البالغة من الزواحف الأرضية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نشاط ليلي">والليلية</a>، رغم أنها غالبًا ما تستلقي تحت الشمس لتدفئة أجسامها. صغارها بعد الفقس تختبئ تحت جذوع الأشجار والحجارة، وهي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نهاري">نهارية</a>، لأن البالغة منها تعتبر آكلة لحوم. تنشط الأحداث منها بالعادة في الليل، ولكن يمكن العثور عليها وهي نشطية أثناء النهار. يُعزى نمط حركة الأحداث إلى الروابط الجينية من النوع نفسه لتجنب المفترس والقيود الحرارية.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تزدهر الطراطرة في درجات حرارة أقل بكثير من تلك التي تتحملها معظم الزواحف، وتعيش في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سبات شتوي">سبات</a> خلال فصل الشتاء.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تظل نشطة في درجات حرارة منخفضة تصل إلى 5 درجات مئوية،<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في حين أن درجات الحرارة التي تزيد عن 28 درجة مئوية تكون قاتلة. تتراوح درجة حرارة الجسم المثلى للطراطرة من 16 إلى 21 درجة مئوية، وهي أدنى درجة حرارة مقارنة بالزواحف الأخرى.<sup id="cite_ref-UofM_78-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UofM-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ودرجة حرارة جسم الطراطرة أقل من درجة حرارة الزواحف الأخرى، حيث تتراوح بين 5.2 - 11.2 درجة مئوية على مدار اليوم، في حين أن معظم الزواحف لديها درجة حرارة جسم حوالي 20 درجة مئوية.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويؤدي انخفاض درجة حرارة الجسم إلى بطء عملية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="التمثيل الغذائي">التمثيل الغذائي</a>.</p> <p>تتقاسم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طائر بحري">الطيور البحرية</a> المختبئة بالجحور مثل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طير النوء">النوء</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طيور الحيتان">وطيور الحيتان</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جلم الماء">وجلم الماء</a> موطن جزيرة الطراطرة خلال مواسم التعشيش. وتستخدم الطراطرة جحور الطيور كمأوى عند توفرها، أو تحفر جحورها. يساعد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ذرق الطائر">ذرق الطيور</a> البحرية في الحفاظ على تجمع اللافقاريات التي يفترسها الطراطرة في الغالب؛ بما في ذلك <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="الخنافس">الخنافس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="صرصار الليل">وصراصير الليل</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عنكبوت">والعناكب</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="الواتاس (الصفحة غير موجودة)">والواتاس</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="دودة الأرض">وديدان الأرض</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="حلزون (حيوان)">والحلزونات</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_80-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتتكون وجباتها الغذائية أيضًا من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="الضفادع">الضفادع</a> والسحالي وبيض الطيور والكتاكيت.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vaux_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> كما يتم أكل الطراطرة الصغيرة في بعض الأحيان.<sup id="cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_80-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يختلف نظام الطراطرة الغذائي بشكل موسمي ولا يستهلك إلا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="بريون خيالي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">البريونات الخيالية</a> وبيضها في الصيف.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في الظلام الدامس، لم تُلاحظ أي محاولة للتغذية على الإطلاق،<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وكانت أدنى شدة للضوء التي لوحظت فيها محاولة انتزاع خنفساء أقل من 0.0125 <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="لكس">لكس</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> قد يوفر بيض وصغار الطيور البحرية المتوفرة موسمياً كغذاء للطراطرة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أحماض دهنية أساسية">أحماض دهنية أساسية</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-10" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يدافع كلا الجنسين من الطراطرة عن أراضيه، ويهدد المتسللين ويعضهم في النهاية. ويمكن أن تسبب العضة إصابة خطيرة.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتكون العضة عند الأقتراب ولن يفلتها بسهولة.<sup id="cite_ref-lutz24_85-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lutz24-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="التكاثر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.83.D8.A7.D8.AB.D8.B1"></span>التكاثر</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التكاثر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63001739/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:right;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;margin-right:0;float:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/200px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1946"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/200px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/300px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg/400px-Henry_at_Invercargill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> ذكر طراطرة اسمه هنري، يعيش في متحف ساوثلاند ومعرض الفنون، لا يزال نشطًا في التكاثر في سن 111 عامًا.<sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Brueckenechse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brueckenechse.jpg/200px-Brueckenechse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="192"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Brueckenechse.jpg/200px-Brueckenechse.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Brueckenechse.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> صغير الطراطرة (Sphenodon punctatus) </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>تتكاثر الطراطرة ببطء شديد، وتستغرق مرحلة النضج الجنسي من 10 إلى 20 عامًا.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ورغم أن معدل تكاثرها بطيء، إلا أن الطراطرة لديها أسرع حيوانات منوية سباحة بمقدار مرتين إلى أربع مرات مقارنة بجميع الزواحف التي تمت دراستها سابقًا.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويحدث التزاوج في منتصف الصيف؛ وتضع الإناث <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيضة (أحياء)">البيض</a> مرة كل أربع سنوات.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> أثناء المغازلة، تصبح بشرة الذكر أغمق، ويرفع ذروته، ويسير حول الأنثى ببطء في دوائر بأرجل متيبسة. وعندها تخضع الأنثى، وتسمح للذكر بجماعها، أو تتراجع إلى جحرها.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ليس للذكور قضيب. بل لديها شبه قضيب يستخدم لتوصيل الحيوانات المنوية إلى الأنثى أثناء الجماع. وتتكاثر عن طريق رفع الذكر لذيل الأنثى ووضع فتحة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مذرق">مذرقه</a> على مذرقها. وتسمى هذه العملية أحيانًا باسم "قبلة المذرق". تنتقل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حيوان منوي">الحيوانات المنوية</a> إلى الأنثى، تمام مثل عملية التزاوج عند الطيور.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتعد الطراطرة جنبا إلى جنب مع الطيور أحد الأعضاء القلائل في السلويات التي فقدت قضيبها الموروث من أسلافها.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>يحتوي بيض الطراطرة على قشرة ناعمة تشبه الجلد الرقيق بسمك 0.2 مم وتتكون من بلورات الكالسيت المدمجة بمصفوفة من الطبقات الليفية.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تستغرق الإناث ما بين سنة وثلاث سنوات لتزويد البيض بالصفار ، وسبعة أشهر لتكوين القشرة. ثم يستغرق ما بين 12 و 15 شهرًا من التزاوج إلى التفقيس. وهذا يعني أن التكاثر يحدث على فترات تتراوح بين سنتين إلى خمس سنوات، وهي الأبطأ في الزواحف.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> من المعروف أن الطراطرة البرية لا تزال تتكاثر حتى عمر 60 عامًا تقريبًا؛ وأصبح "هنري"، ذكر الطراطرة في متحف ساوثلاند في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إنفركارجل">إنفركارجل</a> بنيوزيلندا، وقد أصبح أبًا (ربما لأول مرة) في 23 يناير 2009، عن عمر يناهز 111 عامًا، مع أنثى تبلغ من العمر 80 عامًا.<sup id="cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_51-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NZHer-2009-01-26-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_52-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBCNews-2009-01-26-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>يعتمد جنس التفريخ على درجة حرارة البويضة، حيث يميل البيض الأكثر دفئًا إلى إنتاج ذكور الطراطرة، بينما ينتج البيض الأكثر برودة إناثًا. ولدى البيض المحتضن عند 21 درجة مئوية فرصة متساوية في أن يكون ذكرا أو أنثى. ومع ذلك، عند 22 درجة مئوية، من المرجح أن يكون 80% من الذكور، وعند 20 درجة مئوية، من المرجح أن يكون 80% من الإناث؛ وعند درجة حرارة 18 درجة مئوية، ستكون جميع الصغار من الإناث.<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وتشير بعض الأدلة إلى أن تحديد الجنس في الطراطرة يتم تحديده من خلال عوامل وراثية وبيئية.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>من المحتمل أن تكون الطراطرة أبطأ معدل نمو مقارنة بالزواحف الأخرى،<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-12" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> حيث تستمر في النمو بشكل أكبر خلال الـ 35 سنة الأولى من حياتها.<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يبلغ متوسط العمر الافتراضي حوالي 60 عامًا، لكن يمكن أن تعيش أكثر من 100 عام؛<sup id="cite_ref-KCC_8-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويمكن أن تكون الطراطرة هي الزواحف الثانية كأطول عمر بعد السلاحف.<sup class="reference"><span title="هذا الادعاء بحاجة للتوثيق بمصدر موثوق.&nbsp;منذ ديسمبر 2020" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:بحاجة لمصدر">بحاجة لمصدر</a>]</span></sup> يعتقد بعض الخبراء أن الطراطرة الأسيرة يمكن أن تعيش ما يصل إلى 200 عام.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDad_94-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CNNDad-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> قد يكون هذا مرتبطًا بالجينات التي توفر الحماية ضد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مركبات الأكسجين التفاعلية">مركبات الأكسجين التفاعلية</a>. يحتوي جينوم الطراطرة على 26 جينًا تقوم بتشفير السلينوبروتينات و 4 جينات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي ناقل">الحمض الريبي النووي النقال</a> الخاصة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيلينوسيستئين">بالسيلينوسيستئين</a>. في البشر، تحتوي السلينوبروتينات على وظيفة مضادات الأكسدة وتنظيم الأكسدة والاختزال وتوليف هرمونات الغدة الدرقية. لم يتم إثبات ذلك بشكل كامل، ولكن قد تكون هذه الجينات مرتبطة بطول عمر هذا الحيوان أو قد تكون ظهرت نتيجة لانخفاض مستويات السيلينيوم والعناصر الشحيحة الأخرى في الأنظمة الأرضية النيوزيلندية.<sup id="cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-13" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الحماية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الحماية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الحماية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>الطراطرة محمية تمامًا بموجب قانون الحياة البرية النيوزيلندي لعام 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> هذه الأنواع مدرج أيضًا في الملحق الأول من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معاهدة التجارة العالمية لأصناف الحيوان والنبات البري المهدد بالانقراض">معاهدة التجارة العالمية لأصناف الحيوان والنبات البري المهدد بالانقراض</a> (CITES) مما يعني أن التجارة الدولية في عينات المصادر البرية محظورة وجميع التجارة الدولية الأخرى (بما في ذلك الأجزاء والمشتقات) ينظمها نظام تصاريح (CITES).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="التوزيع_والتهديدات"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.B2.D9.8A.D8.B9_.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.87.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.AF.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>التوزيع والتهديدات</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التوزيع والتهديدات" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>كانت الطراطرة منتشرة على نطاق واسع في الجزر الرئيسية الشمالية والجنوبية من نيوزيلندا، حيث أنه تم العثور على بقايا أحفورية في الكثبان الرملية والكهوف ونفايات الماوري.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وقد تم القضاء عليها في الجزر الرئيسية قبل الاستيطان الأوروبي، وكانت محصورة لفترة طويلة في 32 جزيرة بحرية خالية من الثدييات.<sup id="cite_ref-DoC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DoC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ويعتبر الوصول إلى هذه الجزر صعب،<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> وهي مستعمرة من قبل عدد قليل من أنواع الحيوانات، مما يشير إلى أن بعض الحيوانات الغائبة عن هذه الجزر ربما هي التي تسببت في اختفاء الطراطرة من البر الرئيسي. ومع ذلك، فإن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B0_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جرذ باسيفيكي">الجرذان البولينيزية</a> قد نشأ مؤخرًا في العديد من الجزر، ولازالت الطراطرة مستمرة بالعيش، لكنها لا تتكاثر في هذه الجزر.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cree_etal1995_100-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cree_etal1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> بالإضافة إلى أن الطراطرة أصبحت أكثر ندرة في الجزر المأهولة بالجرذان.<sup id="cite_ref-cree_etal1995_100-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cree_etal1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في القرن الماضي انقرض 25% من مجموعات الطراطرة المتميزة قبل أعمال الحفظ.<sup id="cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daugherty_1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>ويشير الاكتشاف الأخير لصغار الطراطرة في البر الرئيسي إلى أن محاولات إعادة إنشاء عشيرة تكاثر في البر الرئيسي من نيوزيلندا قد حققت بعض النجاح.<sup id="cite_ref-bergner_101-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bergner-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يقدر إجمالي عدد الطراطرة ما بين <sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-13" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>60,000 و 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="تغير_المناخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.BA.D9.8A.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.AE"></span>تغير المناخ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: تغير المناخ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>كما هو معروف أن تحديد جنس الطراطرة يعتمد على درجة الحرارة ، فهذا يعني أن درجة حرارة البويضة تحدد جنس الحيوان. بالنسبة للطراطرة، فإن درجات حرارة حضانة البيض المنخفضة تؤدي إلى أنتاج الإناث بينما درجات الحرارة المرتفعة تؤدي إلى أنتاج الذكور. ونظرًا لأن درجات الحرارة العالمية تزداد بوتيرة أسرع من أي وقت مضى، فإن الباحثين قلقون من أن تغير المناخ يحرف نسبة الذكور إلى الإناث في الطراطرة وأنه في غضون بضعة عقود سيكون جميع ذرية الطراطرة من الذكور.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="استئصال_الفئران"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.A6.D8.B5.D8.A7.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.81.D8.A6.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.86"></span>استئصال الفئران</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: استئصال الفئران" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>تمت إزالة الطراطرة من جزر ستانلي وريد ميركوري وكوفيير في عامي 1990 و 1991، وتم الاحتفاظ بها مأسورة لتساعد على القضاء على الفئران البولينيزية في تلك الجزر. وقد اسرت جميع الأنواع الموجودة في الجزر الثلاثة جميع، وبعد القضاء على الفئران بنجاح، تم إعادتها جميعا، بما في ذلك صغارها الجديدة إلى جزرها الأصلية. في موسم 1991-1992، وُجد أن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الحاجز الصغير">جزيرة ليتل باريير</a> تحتوي على ثمانية فقط من الطراطرة، والتي تم أخذها إلى الأسر في موقع الحفظ، حيث أنتجت الإناث 42 بيضة، وتم تحضينها في جامعة فيكتوريا. تم وضع النسل الناتج بعد ذلك في حظيرة بالجزيرة، ثم تم إطلاقها في البرية في عام 2006 بعد استئصال الفئران من هناك.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>تم القضاء على الفئران البولينيزية في كل من "جزيرة واتبوك" في عام 1993، وفي "جزيرة ليدي أليس" في عام 1994 ، وفي "جزيرة كوبرمين" في عام 1997. بعد هذا البرنامج ، شوهدت صغارها مرة أخرى في الجزر الثلاث الأخيرة. في المقابل، لا تزال الفئران موجودة في "جزيرة هين" من نفس المجموعة، ولم يُشاهد أي صغار للطراطرة هناك اعتبارًا من عام 2001. في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="جزر آلدرمن (الصفحة غير موجودة)">جزر آلدرمن</a> ، لا تحتوي "جزيرة ميدل شين" على طراطرة، ويُعتقد أنه من الممكن للفئران السباحة بين "ميدل شين" والجزر الأخرى التي تحتوي على طراطرة، وقد تم القضاء على الفئران في عام 1992 لمنع ذلك.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تم إجراء عملية استئصال أخرى للقوارض في "جزر رانجيتوتو" شرق "جزيرة دورفيل"، للتحضير للإفراج عن 432 من صغار الطراطرة في مضيق كوك في عام 2004، والتي كانت تربى في جامعة فيكتوريا اعتبارًا من عام 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tuatara_karori_head.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/170px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/170px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/255px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tuatara_karori_head.jpg/340px-Tuatara_karori_head.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> تم إعطاء التوتارا في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="محمية كاروري (الصفحة غير موجودة)">محمية كاروري</a> علامات ملونة على الرأس لتحديد الهوية. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="طراطرة_جزييرة_برذر"><span id=".D8.B7.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B7.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.AC.D8.B2.D9.8A.D9.8A.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A8.D8.B1.D8.B0.D8.B1"></span>طراطرة جزييرة برذر</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: طراطرة جزييرة برذر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يتواجد "طراطرة جزييرة برذر" (Sphenodon punctatus guntheri) بشكل طبيعي في جزيرة صغيرة واحدة ويبلغ عددها حوالي 400 حيوان. في عام 1995 ، تم نقل 50 حدثًا و 18 بالغًا من "طراطرة جزييرة برذر" إلى جزيرة تيتي في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83_(%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كوك (مضيق)">مضيق كوك</a>، وتم رصد نشؤها. بعد ذلك بعامين، شوهد أكثر من نصف الحيوانات مرة أخرى وجميعها اكتسبت وزنا باستثناء واحد. في عام 1998 ، تم نقل 34 حدثًا من عمليات تكاثر في الأسر و 20 بالغًا تم صيدها من البرية إلى "جزيرة ماتيو/سوميز"، وهو موقع يسهل الوصول إليه بشكل أكبر في ميناء ويلينجتون. وقد كانت الأحداث المأسورة من إناث برية.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>في أواخر أكتوبر 2007 ، تم جمع 50 طراطرا كبيض من جزيرة نورث براذر وتم تفقيسها في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة فيكتوريا (ويلينغتون)">جامعة فيكتوريا</a> وتم إطلاقها في لونغ آيلاند في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="مارلبورو ساوند (الصفحة غير موجودة)">مارلبورو ساوند</a> الخارجية. تم رعاية الحيوانات في حديقة حيوانات ويلينجتون على مدى السنوات الخمس الماضية وتم الاحتفاظ بها سراً في حاوية مبنية خصيصًا في حديقة الحيوان، خارج العرض.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>هناك عدد من "طراطرة جزييرة برذر" الأخرى خارج البلاد تم إعطاؤها لجمعية حديقة حيوان سان دييغو ويتم عرضها في منشأة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو">حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو</a> في بالبوا.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ولم يتم الإبلاغ عن أي جهود إنجابية ناجحة حتى الآن.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="الطراطرة_الشمالية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B7.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B7.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الطراطرة الشمالية</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الطراطرة الشمالية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>تتواجد "الطراطرة الشمالية" (Sphenodon punctatus punctatus) بشكل طبيعي في 29 جزيرة ، ويقدر عددها بأكثر من 60,000 فرد.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_26-14" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في عام 1996، تم نقل 32 من الطراطرة الشمالية البالغة من جزيرة موتوكي إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جزيرة مطورة">موتوهورا</a>. تقدر القدرة الاستيعابية لموتوهورا بـ 8500 فرد، ويمكن للجزيرة أن تسمح بمشاهدة الطراطرة البرية.<sup id="cite_ref-recovery_4-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في عام 2003، تم إدخال 60 طراطرا شماليًا إلى <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="جزيرة تيريتري ماتانجي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">جزيرة تيريتري ماتانجي</a> من الجزيرة الوسطى في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="جزر ميركوري (الصفحة غير موجودة)">مجموعة ميركوري</a>. حيث يستطيع أن يشاهدها زوار الجزيرة من حين لآخر وهم يأخذون حمامات الشمس.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تم إطلاق "الطراطرة الشمالية" في عام 2005 في البر الرئيسي في محمية كاروري المراقبة.<sup id="cite_ref-karori_22-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-karori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تم إطلاق الدفعة الثاني للبر الرئيسي في أكتوبر 2007، عندما تم نقل 130 أخرى من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جزيرة ستيفنز">جزيرة ستيفنز</a> إلى محمية كاروري.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> في أوائل عام 2009 ، لوحظ أول نسل لمواليد برية مسجل.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="التربية_في_الاسر"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D8.B1.D8.A8.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D9.81.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.B1"></span>التربية في الاسر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: التربية في الاسر" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>يُعتقد أن أول تكاثر ناجح للتوتارا في الأسر قد حققه السير <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ألجرنون توماس (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ألجرنون توماس</a> إما في مكاتب جامعته أو مقر إقامته في شارع سيموندس في أواخر ثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر أو في منزله الجديد في تروثل، في جبل إيدن في أوائل تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر.<sup class="reference"><span title="هذا الادعاء بحاجة للتوثيق بمصدر موثوق.&nbsp;منذ فبراير 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:بحاجة لمصدر">بحاجة لمصدر</a>]</span></sup></p> <p>يزدهر الكثير من برامج تربية التوتارا في نيوزيلندا. حيث أن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="متحف ساوثلاند ومعرض الفنون (الصفحة غير موجودة)">متحف ساوثلاند ومعرض الفنون</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إنفركارجل">إنفركارجل</a> كانت أول مؤسسة لديها برنامج تربية التوتارا. وابتداء من عام 1986 قاموا بتربية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طراطرة شائعة">الطراطرة الشائعة</a> (Sphenodon punctatus) ومؤخرًا ركزوا على طراطرة جزيرة برذرز (Sphenodon guntheri).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>يتم توليد التوتارا في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="حديقة حيوان هاميلتون (الصفحة غير موجودة)">حديقة حيوان هاميلتون</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="حديقة حيوان أوكلاند (الصفحة غير موجودة)">وحديقة حيوان أوكلاند</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="حديقة حيوان ويلنجتون (الصفحة غير موجودة)">وحديقة حيوان ويلنجتون</a> ويتم إطلاقها في البرية. في التسعينيات في حديقة حيوان أوكلاند، تم اكتشاف أن التوتارا لديها تحديد جنس يعتمد على درجة الحرارة. تحتفظ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة فيكتوريا (ويلينغتون)">جامعة فيكتوريا في ويلينغتون</a> ببرنامج بحث في التربية الأسيرة للتوتارا، ويحتفظ مركز بوكاها / ماونت بروس الوطني للحياة البرية بزوج وحدث.<sup class="reference"><span title="هذا الادعاء بحاجة للتوثيق بمصدر موثوق.&nbsp;منذ فبراير 2022" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:بحاجة لمصدر">بحاجة لمصدر</a>]</span></sup></p> <p>تحتوي ويلدنز ترست على حظيرة تربية توتارا في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="رواواي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">رواواي</a>. وقد حدثت إحدى قصص نجاح التكاثر الأسيرة البارزة في يناير 2009، عندما فقست 11 بيضة تنتمي إلى التوتارا "هنري" البالغ من العمر 110 عامًا والتوتارا "ميلدريد" البالغة من العمر 80 عامًا. هذه القصة مميزة بشكل خاص حيث تطلب "هنري" عملية جراحية لإزالة ورم سرطاني من أجل التكاثر بنجاح.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNDad_94-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CNNDad-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>في يناير 2016، أعلنت <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="حديقة حيوان تشيستر (الصفحة غير موجودة)">حديقة حيوان تشيستر</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إنجلترا">بإنجلترا</a> ، أنها نجحت في تربية التوتارا في الأسر لأول مرة خارج وطنها.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="الأهمية_الثقافية"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.87.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>الأهمية الثقافية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: الأهمية الثقافية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>تظهر التوتارا في عدد من الأساطير المحلية، وتُحمل على أنها أريكي "ariki" (أشكال إله). ويُنظر إلى التوتارا على أنهم رسل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويرو">ويرو</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="إله">إله</a> الموت والكارثة، ويُحظر على نساء الماوري أكلهن.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تشير التوتارا أيضًا إلى تابو "tapu" (حدود ما هو مقدس ومقيّد)،<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_114-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ramdstad-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> والتي يوجد بعدها مانا "mana"، مما يعني أنه قد تكون هناك عواقب وخيمة إذا تم تجاوز هذه الحدود.<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_114-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ramdstad-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> تقوم نساء الماوري في بعض الأحيان بالوشم بصور سحالي، وبعضها قد يمثل التوتارا، بالقرب من أعضائهن التناسلية.<sup id="cite_ref-ramdstad_114-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ramdstad-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> اليوم، يُنظر إلى التوتارا على أنه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تاونغا">تاونغا</a> "Taonga" (كنز خاص) إلى جانب اعتباره كايتياكي "kaitiaki" (وصي) المعرفة.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>يظهر التوتارا على وجه واحد من العملة النيوزيلندية ذات الخمسة سنتات، والتي تم التخلص منها تدريجياً في أكتوبر 2006. كان التوتارا أيضًا اسمًا لمجلة الجمعية البيولوجية لكلية جامعة فيكتوريا وبعد ذلك جامعة فيكتوريا في ويلينغتون، التي نُشرت خلال الفترة من عام 1947 حتى عام 1993. تم الآن رقمنتها من قبل مركز النص الإلكتروني النيوزيلندي، وكذلك في فيكتوريا.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="في_الثقافة_الشعبية"><span id=".D9.81.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D8.B9.D8.A8.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>في الثقافة الشعبية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: في الثقافة الشعبية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>ظهر التوتارا باسم "Tua" بشكل بارز في رواية 2017 (Turtles All the Way Down) للكاتب <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جون غرين">جون غرين</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>كان التوتارا مصدر إلهام لبطل "DC Comics" الخارق، وبعين ثالثة، يُدعى "Tuatara"، عضو في "Global Guardians".</li> <li>هناك علامة تجارية من البيرة النيوزيلندية تحمل اسم التوتارا والتي تشير بشكل خاص إلى العين الثالثة في إعلاناتها.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>تم تسمية <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أس أس سي تواتارا">السيارة الخارقة التوتارا</a>، التي صممتها وصنعتها <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أس أس سي نورث أمريكا">أس أس سي نورث أمريكا</a>، <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="مدن تري (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بمدن تري</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="واشنطن">بواشنطن</a>، على اسم هذه الزواحف، مشيرة إلى الحمض النووي السريع التطور و "القمم على ظهرها" كمصدر إلهام في ابتكار السيارة.</li> <li>اختار فريق "أوكلاند توتارا"، أحد فريقي موسم دوري البيسبول الأسترالي 2018-2019، اسم توتارا للاحتفال بمرونة الزواحف القديمة، ولزيادة الوعي بالتزام نيوزيلندا بحماية هذه الأنواع.</li> <li>التوتارا اسم لفرقة موسيقية من سياتل سميت على هذا النوع.</li> <li>يوم التوتارا هو 2 مايو<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> للاعتراف باليوم الذي تم فيه التعرف على التوتارا لأول مرة على أنه ليس سحلية.<sup id="cite_ref-Günther1867_9-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-G%C3%BCnther1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>في الموسم الأول من خاتمة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أبوت الابتدائية">أبوت الابتدائية</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> يتم استخدام التوتارا القديم المسمى Duster لتمثيل موضوعات الشيخوخة والانتقال.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="المراجع"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>المراجع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" 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typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sphenodon" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sphenodon">وسائط</a> من 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620110712/http://fossilworks.org/?page%3Dpaleodb">"<i>Sphenodon</i>"</a>. The Paleobiology Database. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://fossilworks.org/?page%3Dpaleodb">الأصل</a> في 2018-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2014-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sphenodon&amp;rft.pub=The+Paleobiology+Database&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffossilworks.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dpaleodb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IUCN_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHitchmough,_R.2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Hitchmough, R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/131735762/120191347">"<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض">القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض</a></i>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض">IUCN</a>. ج.&nbsp;2019: e.T131735762A120191347<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6&amp;rft.atitle=Sphenodon+punctatus&amp;rft.volume=2019&amp;rft.pages=e.T131735762A120191347&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.au=Hitchmough%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F131735762%2F120191347&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Daugherty_1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_3-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daugherty_1990_3-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Daugherty,_C.H.Hay,_J.M.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cree, A.؛ Daugherty, C.H.؛ Hay, J.M. (1 سبتمبر 1990). "Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (<i>Sphenodon</i>)". <i>Nature</i>. ج.&nbsp;347 ع.&nbsp;6289: 177–179. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.347..177D">1990Natur.347..177D</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252F347177a0">10.1038/347177a0</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4342765">4342765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Neglected+taxonomy+and+continuing+extinctions+of+tuatara+%28Sphenodon%29&amp;rft.volume=347&amp;rft.issue=6289&amp;rft.pages=177-179&amp;rft.date=1990-09-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4342765%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F347177a0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Natur.347..177D&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&amp;rft.au=Hay%2C+J.M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-recovery-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-recovery_4-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-recovery_4-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-recovery_4-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-recovery_4-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-recovery_4-4"><sup><i><b>ه</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFGaze,_P.2001" class="citation report cs1">Gaze, P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105132732/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP47.pdf">Tuatara recovery plan 2001–2011</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Biodiversity Recovery Unit, Department of Conservation (Report). Threatened Species Recovery Plan. Government of New Zealand. ج.&nbsp;47. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-478-22131-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-478-22131-2"><bdi>978-0-478-22131-2</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP47.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2011-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara+recovery+plan+2001%E2%80%932011&amp;rft.series=Threatened+Species+Recovery+Plan&amp;rft.pub=Government+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-478-22131-2&amp;rft.au=Gaze%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2FTSRP47.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFBeston,_A.2003" class="citation news cs1">Beston, A. (25 أكتوبر 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004201202/http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Articles/NZ%2520Herald%2520Articles%2520-%2520Tuatara%2520Release.pdf">"Tuatara release"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيوزيلاند هيرالد">نيوزيلاند هيرالد</a></i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tiritirimatangi.org.nz/Articles/NZ%2520Herald%2520Articles%2520-%2520Tuatara%2520Release.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2007-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF+%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+release&amp;rft.date=2003-10-25&amp;rft.au=Beston%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiritirimatangi.org.nz%2FArticles%2FNZ%2520Herald%2520Articles%2520-%2520Tuatara%2520Release.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">قاموس المورد لمنير ورمزي البعلبكيان لدار العلم للملايين بيروت لبنان طبعة 2014 ص 1263</span></li> <li id="cite_note-TerraNature-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TerraNature_7-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TerraNature_7-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TerraNature_7-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503163100/http://www.terranature.org/tuatara.htm">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>New Zealand Ecology</i>. Living Fossils. TerraNature Trust. 2004. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.terranature.org/tuatara.htm">الأصل</a> في 2017-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2006-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terranature.org%2Ftuatara.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-KCC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-4"><sup><i><b>ه</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KCC_8-5"><sup><i><b>و</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044037/http://www.kcc.org.nz/tuatara">"The Tuatara"</a>. <i>Kiwi Conservation Club</i>. Fact Sheets. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. 2009. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2017-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Kiwi+Conservation+Club&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tuatara&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcc.org.nz%2Ftuatara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد ويب">استشهاد ويب</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_BOT:_original_URL_status_unknown?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Günther1867-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-4"><sup><i><b>ه</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-5"><sup><i><b>و</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-6"><sup><i><b>ز</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-G%C3%BCnther1867_9-7"><sup><i><b>ح</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFGünther,_A.1867" class="citation journal cs1">Günther, A. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frstl.1867.0019">"Contribution to the anatomy of <i>Hatteria</i> (<i>Rhynchocephalus</i>, Owen)"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. ج.&nbsp;157: 595–629. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1867RSPT..157..595G">1867RSPT..157..595G</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frstl.1867.0019">10.1098/rstl.1867.0019</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جايستور">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/108983">108983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Contribution+to+the+anatomy+of+Hatteria+%28Rhynchocephalus%2C+Owen%29&amp;rft.volume=157&amp;rft.pages=595-629&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F108983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1867.0019&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1867RSPT..157..595G&amp;rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1867.0019&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_et_al_2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones_et_al_2013_10-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones_et_al_2013_10-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJonesAndersonHipsleyMüller2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jones ME، Anderson CL، Hipsley CA، Müller J، Evans SE، Schoch RR (سبتمبر 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016551">"Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;13 ع.&nbsp;208: 208. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252F1471-2148-13-208">10.1186/1471-2148-13-208</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016551">4016551</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24063680">24063680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Integration+of+molecules+and+new+fossils+supports+a+Triassic+origin+for+Lepidosauria+%28lizards%2C+snakes%2C+and+tuatara%29&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=208&amp;rft.pages=208&amp;rft.date=2013-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4016551%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24063680&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-13-208&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=ME&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+CL&amp;rft.au=Hipsley%2C+CA&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Evans%2C+SE&amp;rft.au=Schoch%2C+RR&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4016551&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد بدورية محكمة">استشهاد بدورية محكمة</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gemmell2020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-4"><sup><i><b>ه</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-5"><sup><i><b>و</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-6"><sup><i><b>ز</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-7"><sup><i><b>ح</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-8"><sup><i><b>ط</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-9"><sup><i><b>ي</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-10"><sup><i><b>يا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-11"><sup><i><b>يب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-12"><sup><i><b>يج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gemmell2020_11-13"><sup><i><b>يد</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFGemmellRutherfordProstTollis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gemmell NJ، Rutherford K، Prost S، Tollis M، Winter D، Macey JR، وآخرون (أغسطس 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7116210">"The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. ج.&nbsp;584 ع.&nbsp;7821: 403–409. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41586-020-2561-9">10.1038/s41586-020-2561-9</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7116210">7116210</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32760000">32760000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=The+tuatara+genome+reveals+ancient+features+of+amniote+evolution&amp;rft.volume=584&amp;rft.issue=7821&amp;rft.pages=403-409&amp;rft.date=2020-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7116210%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32760000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2561-9&amp;rft.aulast=Gemmell&amp;rft.aufirst=NJ&amp;rft.au=Rutherford%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Prost%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Tollis%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Winter%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Macey%2C+JR&amp;rft.au=Adelson%2C+DL&amp;rft.au=Suh%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Bertozzi%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Grau%2C+JH&amp;rft.au=Organ%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Gardner%2C+PP&amp;rft.au=Muffato%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Patricio%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Billis%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+FJ&amp;rft.au=Flicek%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Petersen%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Kang%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Michalak%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Buckley%2C+TR&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Cheng%2C+Y&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Schott%2C+RK&amp;rft.au=Jordan%2C+MD&amp;rft.au=Newcomb%2C+RD&amp;rft.au=Arroyo%2C+JI&amp;rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Hore%2C+TA&amp;rft.au=Renart%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Peona%2C+V&amp;rft.au=Peart%2C+CR&amp;rft.au=Warmuth%2C+VM&amp;rft.au=Zeng%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Kortschak%2C+RD&amp;rft.au=Raison%2C+JM&amp;rft.au=Zapata%2C+VV&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+Z&amp;rft.au=Santesmasses%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Mariotti%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Guig%C3%B3%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Rupp%2C+SM&amp;rft.au=Twort%2C+VG&amp;rft.au=Dussex%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Abe%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Bond%2C+DM&amp;rft.au=Paterson%2C+JM&amp;rft.au=Mulcahy%2C+DG&amp;rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+VL&amp;rft.au=Barbieri%2C+CG&amp;rft.au=DeMeo%2C+DP&amp;rft.au=Pabinger%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Van+Stijn%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Clarke%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Ryder%2C+O&amp;rft.au=Edwards%2C+SV&amp;rft.au=Salzberg%2C+SL&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Stone%2C+C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7116210&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DoC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DoC_12-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DoC_12-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DoC_12-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131210804/http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>Conservation</i>. Native Species. Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/">الأصل</a> في 2011-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fconservation%2Fnative-animals%2Freptiles-and-frogs%2Ftuatara%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFRestAstAustinWaddell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rest JS، Ast JC، Austin CC، Waddell PJ، Tibbetts EA، Hay JM، Mindell DP (نوفمبر 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115529/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790303001088">"Molecular systematics of primary reptilian lineages and the tuatara mitochondrial genome"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. ج.&nbsp;29 ع.&nbsp;2: 289–97. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fs1055-7903%252803%252900108-8">10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00108-8</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13678684">13678684</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790303001088">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+systematics+of+primary+reptilian+lineages+and+the+tuatara+mitochondrial+genome&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=289-97&amp;rft.date=2003-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1055-7903%2803%2900108-8&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13678684&amp;rft.aulast=Rest&amp;rft.aufirst=JS&amp;rft.au=Ast%2C+JC&amp;rft.au=Austin%2C+CC&amp;rft.au=Waddell%2C+PJ&amp;rft.au=Tibbetts%2C+EA&amp;rft.au=Hay%2C+JM&amp;rft.au=Mindell%2C+DP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1055790303001088&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-san_diego-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-san_diego_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130133444/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tuatara.html">"Reptiles:Tuatara"</a>. <i>Animal Bytes</i>. Zoological Society of San Diego. 2007. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tuatara.html">الأصل</a> في 2012-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Bytes&amp;rft.atitle=Reptiles%3ATuatara&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimalbytes%2Ft-tuatara.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MeloroJones2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MeloroJones2012_15-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MeloroJones2012_15-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMeloro,_C.Jones,_M.E.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Meloro, C.؛ Jones, M.E. (نوفمبر 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1420-9101.2012.02595.x">"Tooth and cranial disparity in the fossil relatives of Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia) dispute the persistent 'living fossil' label"</a>. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;25 ع.&nbsp;11: 2194–209. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1420-9101.2012.02595.x">10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02595.x</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22905810">22905810</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32291169">32291169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tooth+and+cranial+disparity+in+the+fossil+relatives+of+Sphenodon+%28Rhynchocephalia%29+dispute+the+persistent+%27living+fossil%27+label&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2194-209&amp;rft.date=2012-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32291169%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22905810&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2012.02595.x&amp;rft.au=Meloro%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+M.E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1420-9101.2012.02595.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2017_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-Flores,_J.A.Stubbs,_T.L.Benton,_M.J.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera-Flores, J.A.؛ Stubbs, T.L.؛ Benton, M.J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fpala.12284">"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?"</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. ج.&nbsp;60 ع.&nbsp;3: 319–328. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fpala.12284">10.1111/pala.12284</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&amp;rft.atitle=Macroevolutionary+patterns+in+Rhynchocephalia%3A+is+the+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+a+living+fossil%3F&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=319-328&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12284&amp;rft.au=Herrera-Flores%2C+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Stubbs%2C+T.L.&amp;rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fpala.12284&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFElder,_V.2012" class="citation web cs1">Elder, V. (26 نوفمبر 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115529/https://www.odt.co.nz/campus/university-otago/236527/tuatara-genome-mapping">"Tuatara genome mapping"</a>. <i>Otago Daily Times</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.odt.co.nz/campus/university-otago/236527/tuatara-genome-mapping">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2018-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Otago+Daily+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+genome+mapping&amp;rft.date=2012-11-26&amp;rft.au=Elder%2C+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odt.co.nz%2Fcampus%2Funiversity-otago%2F236527%2Ftuatara-genome-mapping&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNewman1987">Newman 1987</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Butler,_D.1993" class="citation book cs1">Cree, A.؛ Butler, D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212454/http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP09.pdf"><i>Tuatara Recovery Plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Threatened Species Recovery Plan Series. Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. ج.&nbsp;9. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-478-01462-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-478-01462-4"><bdi>978-0-478-01462-4</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP09.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2012-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara+Recovery+Plan&amp;rft.series=Threatened+Species+Recovery+Plan+Series&amp;rft.pub=Threatened+Species+Unit%2C+Department+of+Conservation%2C+Government+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-478-01462-4&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2FTSRP09.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.2014" class="citation book cs1">Cree, A. (2014). <i>Tuatara&nbsp;: Biology and conservation of a venerable survivor</i>. Canterbury University Press. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/9781927145449?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/9781927145449"><bdi>9781927145449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara+%3A+Biology+and+conservation+of+a+venerable+survivor&amp;rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9781927145449&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hay-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hay_21-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hay_21-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHaySarreLambertAllendorf2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hay JM، Sarre SD، Lambert DM، Allendorf FW، Daugherty CH (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217013004/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7">"Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of species designation in tuatara (<i>Sphenodon</i>: Reptilia)"</a>. <i>Conservation Genetics</i>. ج.&nbsp;11 ع.&nbsp;3: 1063–1081. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10592-009-9952-7">10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="نظام المقبض">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hdl.handle.net/10072%252F30480">10072/30480</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24965201">24965201</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+taxonomy%3A+a+reassessment+of+species+designation+in+tuatara+%28Sphenodon%3A+Reptilia%29&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1063-1081&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F30480&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24965201%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-009-9952-7&amp;rft.aulast=Hay&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rft.au=Sarre%2C+SD&amp;rft.au=Lambert%2C+DM&amp;rft.au=Allendorf%2C+FW&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+CH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-009-9952-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-karori-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-karori_22-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-karori_22-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-karori_22-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021215944/http://sanctuary.org.nz/restoration/forest/tuatara/tuatara-facts.html">"Tuatara factsheet (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>)"</a>. <i>Sanctuary Wildlife</i>. Karori Sanctuary Wildlife Trust. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://sanctuary.org.nz/restoration/forest/tuatara/tuatara-facts.html">الأصل</a> في 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sanctuary+Wildlife&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+factsheet+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanctuary.org.nz%2Frestoration%2Fforest%2Ftuatara%2Ftuatara-facts.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115529/http://www.visitzealandia.com/Site/Zealandia_Home/Inside/News/Media_Releases_2009/Tuatara_baby.aspx">"Our first baby tuatara!"</a> (Press release). Karori Sanctuary Trust. 18 مارس 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.visitzealandia.com/Site/Zealandia_Home/Inside/News/Media_Releases_2009/Tuatara_baby.aspx">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Our+first+baby+tuatara%21&amp;rft.pub=Karori+Sanctuary+Trust&amp;rft.date=2009-03-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitzealandia.com%2FSite%2FZealandia_Home%2FInside%2FNews%2FMedia_Releases_2009%2FTuatara_baby.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><small>اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> والإغلاق <code>&lt;/ref&gt;</code> للمرجع <code>:0</code></small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319163932/https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>www.doc.govt.nz</i> (بNew Zealand English). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/reptiles-and-frogs/tuatara/">the original</a> on 2023-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.doc.govt.nz&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fnature%2Fnative-animals%2Freptiles-and-frogs%2Ftuatara%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-4"><sup><i><b>ه</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-5"><sup><i><b>و</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-6"><sup><i><b>ز</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-7"><sup><i><b>ح</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-8"><sup><i><b>ط</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-9"><sup><i><b>ي</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-10"><sup><i><b>يا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-11"><sup><i><b>يب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-12"><sup><i><b>يج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-13"><sup><i><b>يد</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encyclo_26-14"><sup><i><b>يه</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Cree, A. (2002). "Tuatara". في Halliday, T.؛ Alder, K. (المحررون). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ص.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5/page/210">210</a>–211. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/0-19-852507-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/0-19-852507-9"><bdi>0-19-852507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&amp;rft.pages=210-211&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-852507-9&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130133444/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tuatara.html">"Tuatara"</a>. Animal Bytes. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو">حديقة حيوانات سان دييغو</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tuatara.html">الأصل</a> في 2012-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2008-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara&amp;rft.series=Animal+Bytes&amp;rft.pub=%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimalbytes%2Ft-tuatara.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NZRG-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NZRG_28-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NZRG_28-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFGill,_B.Whitaker,_T.1996" class="citation book cs1">Gill, B.؛ Whitaker, T. (1996). <i>New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles</i>. David Bateman Publishing. ص.&nbsp;22–24. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/1-86953-264-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/1-86953-264-3"><bdi>1-86953-264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Frogs+and+Reptiles&amp;rft.pages=22-24&amp;rft.pub=David+Bateman+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=1-86953-264-3&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Whitaker%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson,_E.R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, E.R. (11 أبريل 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122251/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhhO4WAZcVLEC%26pg%3DPA13"><i>Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles</i></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/9781420004038?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/9781420004038"><bdi>9781420004038</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhhO4WAZcVLEC%26pg%3DPA13">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Infectious+Diseases+and+Pathology+of+Reptiles&amp;rft.date=2007-04-11&amp;rft.isbn=9781420004038&amp;rft.au=Jacobson%2C+E.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhO4WAZcVLEC%26pg%3DPA13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-lutz16-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutz16_30-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutz16_30-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحة&nbsp;16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317073012/http://animalcorner.co.uk/reptiles/rep_tuatara.html">"Tuataras"</a>. <i>Animal Corner</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/reptiles/rep_tuatara.html">الأصل</a> في 2015-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Corner&amp;rft.atitle=Tuataras&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalcorner.co.uk%2Freptiles%2Frep_tuatara.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kardong2012-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kardong2012_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFKardong2012" class="citation book cs1">Kardong، K.V. (2012). "The Vertebrate Story". <i>Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution</i> (ط. 6th). McGraw-Hill. ص.&nbsp;82–127. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0073524238?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0073524238"><bdi>978-0073524238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Vertebrate+Story&amp;rft.btitle=Vertebrates%3A+Comparative+Anatomy%2C+Function%2C+Evolution&amp;rft.pages=82-127&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0073524238&amp;rft.aulast=Kardong&amp;rft.aufirst=K.V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Whiteside-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Whiteside_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteside,_D.I.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Whiteside, D.I. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frstb.1986.0014">"The head skeleton of the Rhaetian sphenodontid <i>Diphydontosaurus avonis</i> gen. et sp. nov. and the modernizing of a living fossil"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B</i>. ج.&nbsp;312 ع.&nbsp;1156: 379–430. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986RSPTB.312..379W">1986RSPTB.312..379W</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1098%252Frstb.1986.0014">10.1098/rstb.1986.0014</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&amp;rft.atitle=The+head+skeleton+of+the+Rhaetian+sphenodontid+Diphydontosaurus+avonis+gen.+et+sp.+nov.+and+the+modernizing+of+a+living+fossil&amp;rft.volume=312&amp;rft.issue=1156&amp;rft.pages=379-430&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0014&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986RSPTB.312..379W&amp;rft.au=Whiteside%2C+D.I.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstb.1986.0014&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_et_al._2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones_et_al._2012_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJonesO'higginsFaganEvans2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones ME، O'higgins P، Fagan MJ، Evans SE، Curtis N (يوليو 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217013007/https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.22487">"Shearing mechanics and the influence of a flexible symphysis during oral food processing in Sphenodon (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)"</a>. <i>The Anatomical Record</i>. ج.&nbsp;295 ع.&nbsp;7: 1075–91. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Far.22487">10.1002/ar.22487</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22644955">22644955</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45065504">45065504</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.22487">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Shearing+mechanics+and+the+influence+of+a+flexible+symphysis+during+oral+food+processing+in+Sphenodon+%28Lepidosauria%3A+Rhynchocephalia%29&amp;rft.volume=295&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1075-91&amp;rft.date=2012-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45065504%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22644955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.22487&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=ME&amp;rft.au=O%27higgins%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Fagan%2C+MJ&amp;rft.au=Evans%2C+SE&amp;rft.au=Curtis%2C+N&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Far.22487&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFBhanoo,_S.N.2012" class="citation news cs1">Bhanoo, S.N. (5 يونيو 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115534/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/05/science/the-tuataras-unique-slice-and-dice-strategy-for-chewing.html">"A unique slice-and-dice strategy for chewing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/05/science/the-tuataras-unique-slice-and-dice-strategy-for-chewing.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+unique+slice-and-dice+strategy+for+chewing&amp;rft.date=2012-06-05&amp;rft.au=Bhanoo%2C+S.N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F05%2Fscience%2Fthe-tuataras-unique-slice-and-dice-strategy-for-chewing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMlot,_C.1997" class="citation news cs1">Mlot, C. (8 نوفمبر 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115529/https://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1997/152-19/15219-21.pdf">"Return of the Tuatara: A relic from the age of dinosaurs gets a human assist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science News</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1997/152-19/15219-21.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2023-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+News&amp;rft.atitle=Return+of+the+Tuatara%3A+A+relic+from+the+age+of+dinosaurs+gets+a+human+assist&amp;rft.date=1997-11-08&amp;rft.au=Mlot%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fpages%2Fpdfs%2Fdata%2F1997%2F152-19%2F15219-21.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-lutzp27-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutzp27_37-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutzp27_37-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutzp27_37-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutzp27_37-3"><sup><i><b>د</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحة&nbsp;27</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kieser2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kieser2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFKieserTkatchenkoDeanJones2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kieser JA، Tkatchenko T، Dean MC، Jones ME، Duncan W، Nelson NJ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321154830/https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/242396">"Microstructure of dental hard tissues and bone in the Tuatara dentary, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i> (Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)"</a>. <i>Frontiers of Oral Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;13: 80–85. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1159%252F000242396">10.1159/000242396</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-3-8055-9229-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-3-8055-9229-1"><bdi>978-3-8055-9229-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19828975">19828975</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/242396">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Oral+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Microstructure+of+dental+hard+tissues+and+bone+in+the+Tuatara+dentary%2C+Sphenodon+punctatus+%28Diapsida%3A+Lepidosauria%3A+Rhynchocephalia%29&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=80-85&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19828975&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000242396&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8055-9229-1&amp;rft.aulast=Kieser&amp;rft.aufirst=JA&amp;rft.au=Tkatchenko%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Dean%2C+MC&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+ME&amp;rft.au=Duncan%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+NJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F242396&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-larsson2001-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-larsson2001_39-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-larsson2001_39-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-larsson2001_39-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Larsson HC (2001). "Endocranial anatomy of <i>Carcharodontosaurus saharicus</i> (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122150748/https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse"><i>Mesozoic Vertebrate Life</i></a>. Bloomington &amp; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ص.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/19">19</a>–33. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/0-253-33907-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/0-253-33907-3"><bdi>0-253-33907-3</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse">الأصل</a> في 2022-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Endocranial+anatomy+of+Carcharodontosaurus+saharicus+%28Theropoda%3A+Allosauroidea%29+and+its+implications+for+theropod+brain+evolution&amp;rft.btitle=Mesozoic+Vertebrate+Life&amp;rft.place=Bloomington+%26+Indianapolis&amp;rft.pages=19-33&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-253-33907-3&amp;rft.aulast=Larsson&amp;rft.aufirst=HC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmesozoicvertebra0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-RochowWohlfahrtAhnelt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow VB، Wohlfahrt S، Ahnelt PK (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115528/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968432805000521">"Photoreceptor cell types in the retina of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) have cone characteristics"</a>. <i>Micron</i>. ج.&nbsp;36 ع.&nbsp;5: 423–428. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.micron.2005.03.009">10.1016/j.micron.2005.03.009</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15896966">15896966</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968432805000521">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Micron&amp;rft.atitle=Photoreceptor+cell+types+in+the+retina+of+the+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+have+cone+characteristics&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=423-428&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.micron.2005.03.009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15896966&amp;rft.aulast=Meyer-Rochow&amp;rft.aufirst=VB&amp;rft.au=Wohlfahrt%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Ahnelt%2C+PK&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0968432805000521&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab,_I.R.O'Connor,_G.R.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab, I.R.؛ O'Connor, G.R. (مارس 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772576">"The lonely eye"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. ج.&nbsp;89 ع.&nbsp;3: 256. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Fbjo.2004.059105">10.1136/bjo.2004.059105</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772576">1772576</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15751188">15751188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&amp;rft.atitle=The+lonely+eye&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=256&amp;rft.date=2005-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772576%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15751188&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.2004.059105&amp;rft.au=Schwab%2C+I.R.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+G.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772576&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday,_T.R.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Halliday, T.R. (2002). "Salamanders and newts: Finding breeding ponds". في Halliday, T.؛ Adler, K. (المحررون). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ص.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5/page/52">52</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/0-19-852507-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/0-19-852507-9"><bdi>0-19-852507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Salamanders+and+newts%3A+Finding+breeding+ponds&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&amp;rft.pages=52&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-852507-9&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+T.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000unse_c4g5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan,_Melissa2003" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Melissa (6 سبتمبر 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224115535/https://www.anapsid.org/reptilehearing.html">"Reptile Hearing"</a>. <i>Melissa Kaplan's herp care collection</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.anapsid.org/reptilehearing.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2006-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Melissa+Kaplan%27s+herp+care+collection&amp;rft.atitle=Reptile+Hearing&amp;rft.date=2003-09-06&amp;rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Melissa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anapsid.org%2Freptilehearing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_A.S.Parsons,_T.S.1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Romer, A.S.؛ Parsons, T.S. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9"><i>The Vertebrate Body</i></a> (ط. Fifth). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. ص.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/n635">624</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-7216-7668-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-7216-7668-5"><bdi>978-0-7216-7668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pages=624&amp;rft.edition=Fifth&amp;rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7216-7668-5&amp;rft.au=Romer%2C+A.S.&amp;rft.au=Parsons%2C+T.S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratebody0000rome_a5a9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075005/http://www.aquarium-berlin.de/en/experience/animal-highlights/tuatara.html">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>Berlin Zoo Aquarium</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.aquarium-berlin.de/en/experience/animal-highlights/tuatara.html">الأصل</a> في 2007-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Berlin+Zoo+Aquarium&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquarium-berlin.de%2Fen%2Fexperience%2Fanimal-highlights%2Ftuatara.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFWattie,_T." class="citation web cs1">Wattie, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212222/http://nzphoto.tripod.com/animal/tuatara.htm">"Tuatara Reptile, New Zealand"</a>. <i>www.kiwizone.org</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://nzphoto.tripod.com/animal/tuatara.htm">الأصل</a> في 2007-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.kiwizone.org&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+Reptile%2C+New+Zealand&amp;rft.au=Wattie%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzphoto.tripod.com%2Fanimal%2Ftuatara.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFAlibardi,_L.Meyer-Rochow,_V.B.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Alibardi, L.؛ Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1990). "Ultrastructural survey of the spinal cord of young tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) with emphasis on the glia". <i>New Zealand Journal of Zoology</i>. ج.&nbsp;17: 73–85. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F03014223.1990.10422586">10.1080/03014223.1990.10422586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Ultrastructural+survey+of+the+spinal+cord+of+young+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+with+emphasis+on+the+glia&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.pages=73-85&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1990.10422586&amp;rft.au=Alibardi%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Meyer-Rochow%2C+V.B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFAlibardi,_L.Meyer-Rochow,_V.B.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Alibardi, L.؛ Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1990). "Fine structure of regenerating caudal spinal cord in adult tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>)". <i>Journal Fur Hirnforschung</i>. ج.&nbsp;31 ع.&nbsp;5: 613–21. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1707076">1707076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+Fur+Hirnforschung&amp;rft.atitle=Fine+structure+of+regenerating+caudal+spinal+cord+in+adult+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=613-21&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1707076&amp;rft.au=Alibardi%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Meyer-Rochow%2C+V.B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCastanet,_J.Newman,_D.G.Girons,_H.S.1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Castanet, J.؛ Newman, D.G.؛ Girons, H.S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/sim_herpetologica_1988-03_44_1/page/n26">"Skeletochronological data on the growth, age, and population structure of the tuatara, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>, on Stephens and Lady Alice Islands, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Herpetologica</i>. ج.&nbsp;44 ع.&nbsp;1: 25–37. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جايستور">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3892195">3892195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Herpetologica&amp;rft.atitle=Skeletochronological+data+on+the+growth%2C+age%2C+and+population+structure+of+the+tuatara%2C+Sphenodon+punctatus%2C+on+Stephens+and+Lady+Alice+Islands%2C+New+Zealand&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25-37&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3892195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Castanet%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Newman%2C+D.G.&amp;rft.au=Girons%2C+H.S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_herpetologica_1988-03_44_1%2Fpage%2Fn26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Disc-Mag-2009-01-26_50-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183849/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/01/26/111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery/">"111&nbsp;year-old reptile becomes a dad after tumor surgery"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ديسكفر (مجلة)">ديسكفر (مجلة)</a></i>. 26 يناير 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/01/26/111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery/">الأصل</a> في 2012-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2013-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%B1+%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9%29&amp;rft.atitle=111+year-old+reptile+becomes+a+dad+after+tumor+surgery&amp;rft.date=2009-01-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fdiscoblog%2F2009%2F01%2F26%2F111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NZHer-2009-01-26-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_51-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NZHer-2009-01-26_51-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182430/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10553616">"Tuatara becomes a father for the first time, aged&nbsp;111"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيوزيلاند هيرالد">نيوزيلاند هيرالد</a></i>. 26 يناير 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10553616">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF+%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+becomes+a+father+for+the+first+time%2C+aged+111&amp;rft.date=2009-01-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10553616&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNews-2009-01-26-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_52-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBCNews-2009-01-26_52-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7850975.stm">"Reptile becomes a father, at 111"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بي بي سي نيوز">بي بي سي نيوز</a></i>. 26 يناير 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7850975.stm">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Reptile+becomes+a+father%2C+at+111&amp;rft.date=2009-01-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F7850975.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFFryVidalNormanVonk2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fry BG، Vidal N، Norman JA، Vonk FJ، Scheib H، Ramjan SF، وآخرون (فبراير 2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". <i>Nature</i>. ج.&nbsp;439 ع.&nbsp;7076: 584–588. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.439..584F">2006Natur.439..584F</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fnature04328">10.1038/nature04328</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292255">16292255</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4386245">4386245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Early+evolution+of+the+venom+system+in+lizards+and+snakes&amp;rft.volume=439&amp;rft.issue=7076&amp;rft.pages=584-588&amp;rft.date=2006-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04328&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4386245%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16292255&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.439..584F&amp;rft.aulast=Fry&amp;rft.aufirst=BG&amp;rft.au=Vidal%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Norman%2C+JA&amp;rft.au=Vonk%2C+FJ&amp;rft.au=Scheib%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Ramjan%2C+SF&amp;rft.au=Kuruppu%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Fung%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Hedges%2C+SB&amp;rft.au=Richardson%2C+MK&amp;rft.au=Hodgson%2C+WC&amp;rft.au=Ignjatovic%2C+V&amp;rft.au=Summerhayes%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Kochva%2C+E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706074638/https://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/HOUSE_OF_ASSEMBLY/Symbols/fossil.htm"><i>Hylonomus lyelli</i></a> (Report). Symbols. House of Assembly, Province of Nova Scotia. مايو 2003. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/HOUSE_OF_ASSEMBLY/Symbols/fossil.htm">الأصل</a> في 2022-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Hylonomus+lyelli&amp;rft.series=Symbols&amp;rft.pub=House+of+Assembly%2C+Province+of+Nova+Scotia&amp;rft.date=2003-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Flegislature%2FHOUSE_OF_ASSEMBLY%2FSymbols%2Ffossil.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحة&nbsp;42</span></li> <li id="cite_note-fraser-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fraser_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFFraser,_N.Sues,_H.D.1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Fraser, N.؛ Sues, H.D.، المحررون (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofdinosa0000unse"><i>"Phylogeny" in the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-521-45242-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-521-45242-7"><bdi>978-0-521-45242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%22Phylogeny%22+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Dinosaurs%3A+Early+Mesozoic+Tetrapods&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-45242-7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowofdinosa0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sphenodon">"Sphenodon"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged</i> (ط. v&nbsp;1.1). Random House<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sphenodon&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft.edition=v+1.1&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsphenodon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-dallas-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dallas_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_M.1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Russell, M. (أغسطس 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419065506/http://webspinners.com/coloherp/cb-news/archive/nature/tuatara.php">"Tuatara, relics of a lost age"</a>. <i>Cold Blooded News</i>. Colorado Herpetological Society. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://webspinners.com/coloherp/cb-news/archive/nature/tuatara.php">الأصل</a> في 2012-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cold+Blooded+News&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara%2C+relics+of+a+lost+age&amp;rft.date=1998-08&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspinners.com%2Fcoloherp%2Fcb-news%2Farchive%2Fnature%2Ftuatara.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Vaux_2019-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vaux_2019_59-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFVaux,_F.Morgan-Richards,_M.Daly,_E.E.Trewick,_S.A.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vaux, F.؛ Morgan-Richards, M.؛ Daly, E.E.؛ Trewick, S.A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308162928/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12402">"Tuatara and a new morphometric dataset for Rhynchocephalia: Comments on Herrera-Flores <i>et al</i>."</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. ج.&nbsp;62 ع.&nbsp;2: 321–334. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fpala.12402">10.1111/pala.12402</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134902015">134902015</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12402">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+and+a+new+morphometric+dataset+for+Rhynchocephalia%3A+Comments+on+Herrera-Flores+et+al.&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=321-334&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12402&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134902015%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Vaux%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Morgan-Richards%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Daly%2C+E.E.&amp;rft.au=Trewick%2C+S.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Flores_2019-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Herrera-Flores_2019_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-Flores,_J.A.Stubbs,_T.L.Benton,_M.J.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera-Flores, J.A.؛ Stubbs, T.L.؛ Benton, M.J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143850/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/198134843/Full_text_PDF_accepted_author_manuscript_.pdf">"Reply to comments on: Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. ج.&nbsp;62 ع.&nbsp;2: 335–338. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fpala.12404">10.1111/pala.12404</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133726749">133726749</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/198134843/Full_text_PDF_accepted_author_manuscript_.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&amp;rft.atitle=Reply+to+comments+on%3A+Macroevolutionary+patterns+in+Rhynchocephalia%3A+is+the+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+a+living+fossil%3F&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=335-338&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12404&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133726749%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Herrera-Flores%2C+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Stubbs%2C+T.L.&amp;rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F198134843%2FFull_text_PDF_accepted_author_manuscript_.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFWu,_X.C.1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Wu, X.C. (1994). "Late Triassic-early Jurassic sphenodontians from China and the phylogeny of the Sphenodontia". في Fraser, Nicholas؛ Sues, Hans-Dieter (المحررون). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/inshadowofdinosa0000unse"><i>In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-521-45242-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-521-45242-7"><bdi>978-0-521-45242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Late+Triassic-early+Jurassic+sphenodontians+from+China+and+the+phylogeny+of+the+Sphenodontia&amp;rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Dinosaurs%3A+Early+Mesozoic+Tetrapods&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-45242-7&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+X.C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowofdinosa0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones2008_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_M.E.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, M.E. (أغسطس 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fjmor.10634">"Skull shape and feeding strategy in Sphenodon and other Rhynchocephalia (Diapsida: Lepidosauria)"</a>. <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. ج.&nbsp;269 ع.&nbsp;8: 945–66. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fjmor.10634">10.1002/jmor.10634</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18512698">18512698</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16357353">16357353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&amp;rft.atitle=Skull+shape+and+feeding+strategy+in+Sphenodon+and+other+Rhynchocephalia+%28Diapsida%3A+Lepidosauria%29&amp;rft.volume=269&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=945-66&amp;rft.date=2008-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16357353%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18512698&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.10634&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+M.E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjmor.10634&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2009teeth-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones2009teeth_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_M.E.2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, M.E. (2009). "Dentary Tooth Shape in <i>Sphenodon</i> and Its Fossil Relatives (Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328130055/https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/242382"><i>Dentary tooth shape in Sphenodon and its fossil relatives (Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)</i></a>. Frontiers of Oral Biology. ج.&nbsp;13. ص.&nbsp;9–15. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1159%252F000242382">10.1159/000242382</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-3-8055-9229-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-3-8055-9229-1"><bdi>978-3-8055-9229-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19828962">19828962</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/242382">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Dentary+Tooth+Shape+in+Sphenodon+and+Its+Fossil+Relatives+%28Diapsida%3A+Lepidosauria%3A+Rhynchocephalia%29&amp;rft.btitle=Dentary+tooth+shape+in+Sphenodon+and+its+fossil+relatives+%28Diapsida%3A+Lepidosauria%3A+Rhynchocephalia%29&amp;rft.series=Frontiers+of+Oral+Biology&amp;rft.pages=9-15&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19828962&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000242382&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8055-9229-1&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+M.E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F242382&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318184235/http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle%3Dtuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008">"Tuatara evolving faster than any other species"</a> (Press release). <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة ماسي">جامعة ماسي</a>. 4 يناير 2008. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/news/article.cfm?mnarticle%3Dtuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara+evolving+faster+than+any+other+species&amp;rft.pub=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A&amp;rft.date=2008-01-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massey.ac.nz%2Fmassey%2Fabout-massey%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fmnarticle%3Dtuatara-evolving-faster-than-any-other-species-01-03-2008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322065745/https://www.livescience.com/animals/080326-fastest-tuatara.html">"Fastest evolving creature is 'living dinosaur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i> (Press release). 26 مارس 2008. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.livescience.com/animals/080326-fastest-tuatara.html">الأصل</a> في 2022-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fastest+evolving+creature+is+%27living+dinosaur%27&amp;rft.date=2008-03-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fanimals%2F080326-fastest-tuatara.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-density-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-density_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_N.Scheyer,_T.M.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, N.؛ Scheyer, T.M. (فبراير 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217013012/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-016-1427-3">"Microanatomy and life history in Palaeopleurosaurus (Rhynchocephalia: Pleurosauridae) from the Early Jurassic of Germany"</a>. <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i>. ج.&nbsp;104 ع.&nbsp;1–2: 4. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciNa.104....4K">2017SciNa.104....4K</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs00114-016-1427-3">10.1007/s00114-016-1427-3</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28005148">28005148</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27133670">27133670</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-016-1427-3">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&amp;rft.atitle=Microanatomy+and+life+history+in+Palaeopleurosaurus+%28Rhynchocephalia%3A+Pleurosauridae%29+from+the+Early+Jurassic+of+Germany&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.date=2017-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-016-1427-3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27133670%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28005148&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SciNa.104....4K&amp;rft.au=Klein%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Scheyer%2C+T.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-016-1427-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Schopf_1984-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schopf_1984_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFSchopf,_T.J.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Schopf, T.J. (1984). "Rates of Evolution and the Notion of" Living Fossils"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. ج.&nbsp;12: 245–292. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AREPS..12..245S">1984AREPS..12..245S</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1146%252Fannurev.ea.12.050184.001333">10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Rates+of+Evolution+and+the+Notion+of%22+Living+Fossils%22&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=245-292&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.12.050184.001333&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984AREPS..12..245S&amp;rft.au=Schopf%2C+T.J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-JonesandCree2012-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JonesandCree2012_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_M.E.Cree,_A.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, M.E.؛ Cree, A. (ديسمبر 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.049">"Tuatara"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;22 ع.&nbsp;23: R986-7. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.049">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.049</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23218010">23218010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=R986-7&amp;rft.date=2012-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.049&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23218010&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+M.E.&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.049&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828031645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3052.shtml">"Tuatara – <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>"</a>. <i>Science and Nature: Animals</i>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بي بي سي">بي بي سي</a> (bbc.co.uk). مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3052.shtml">الأصل</a> في 2005-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2006-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+and+Nature%3A+Animals&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+%E2%80%93+Sphenodon+punctatus&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2Fwildfacts%2Ffactfiles%2F3052.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFStearn,_W.T.2004" class="citation book cs1">Stearn, W.T. (1 أبريل 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143849/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw0hZvTFJUioC%26q%3Dbotanical%2Bepithets%2Bpunctatus%26pg%3DPA476"><i>Botanical Latin</i></a>. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ص.&nbsp;476. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-0-88192-627-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-0-88192-627-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-627-9</bdi></a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw0hZvTFJUioC%26q%3Dbotanical%2Bepithets%2Bpunctatus%26pg%3DPA476">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-24 – عبر Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Botanical+Latin&amp;rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&amp;rft.pages=476&amp;rft.pub=Timber+Press&amp;rft.date=2004-04-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88192-627-9&amp;rft.au=Stearn%2C+W.T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0hZvTFJUioC%26q%3Dbotanical%2Bepithets%2Bpunctatus%26pg%3DPA476&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFBeolens,_B.Watkins,_M.Grayson,_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Beolens, B.؛ Watkins, M.؛ Grayson, M. (2011). "<i>Sphenodon guntheri</i>". <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ص.&nbsp;110–111. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب">ISBN</a>:<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/978-1-4214-0135-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خاص:مصادر كتاب/978-1-4214-0135-5"><bdi>978-1-4214-0135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sphenodon+guntheri&amp;rft.btitle=The+Eponym+Dictionary+of+Reptiles&amp;rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&amp;rft.pages=110-111&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5&amp;rft.au=Beolens%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Watkins%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Grayson%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-colenso1885-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colenso1885_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFColenso,_W.1885" class="citation journal cs1">Colenso, W. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143849/https://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_18/rsnz_18_00_000850.pdf">"Notes on the bones of a species of <i>Sphenodon</i>, (<i>S. diversum</i>, Col.,) apparently distinct from the species already known"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. ج.&nbsp;18: 118–128. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_18/rsnz_18_00_000850.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2023-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+bones+of+a+species+of+Sphenodon%2C+%28S.+diversum%2C+Col.%2C%29+apparently+distinct+from+the+species+already+known&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.pages=118-128&amp;rft.date=1885&amp;rft.au=Colenso%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsnz.natlib.govt.nz%2Fvolume%2Frsnz_18%2Frsnz_18_00_000850.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFSommer,_S.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sommer, S. (أكتوبر 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1282567">"The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Zoology</i>. ج.&nbsp;2 ع.&nbsp;1: 16. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252F1742-9994-2-16">10.1186/1742-9994-2-16</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1282567">1282567</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16242022">16242022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=The+importance+of+immune+gene+variability+%28MHC%29+in+evolutionary+ecology+and+conservation&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.date=2005-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1282567%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16242022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-9994-2-16&amp;rft.au=Sommer%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1282567&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد بدورية محكمة">استشهاد بدورية محكمة</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFRymešováKrálováPromerováBryja2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rymešová D، Králová T، Promerová M، Bryja J، Tomášek O، Svobodová J، وآخرون (16 فبراير 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312559">"Mate choice for major histocompatibility complex complementarity in a strictly monogamous bird, the grey partridge (<i>Perdix perdix</i>)"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Zoology</i>. ج.&nbsp;14: 9. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1186%252Fs12983-017-0194-0">10.1186/s12983-017-0194-0</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312559">5312559</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28239400">28239400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Mate+choice+for+major+histocompatibility+complex+complementarity+in+a+strictly+monogamous+bird%2C+the+grey+partridge+%28Perdix+perdix%29&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=2017-02-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312559%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28239400&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12983-017-0194-0&amp;rft.aulast=Ryme%C5%A1ov%C3%A1&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A1%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Promerov%C3%A1%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Bryja%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1ek%2C+O&amp;rft.au=Svobodov%C3%A1%2C+J&amp;rft.au=%C5%A0milauer%2C+P&amp;rft.au=%C5%A0%C3%A1lek%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Albrecht%2C+T&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312559&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد بدورية محكمة">استشهاد بدورية محكمة</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFTerezowNelsonMarkwell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Terezow، Marianna G.؛ Nelson، Nicola J.؛ Markwell، Timothy J. (يناير 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122247/https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220809510116">"Circadian emergence and movement of captive juvenile tuatara (<i>Sphenodon</i>spp.)"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Zoology</i>. ج.&nbsp;35 ع.&nbsp;3: 205–216. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F03014220809510116">10.1080/03014220809510116</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الرقم التسلسلي القياسي الدولي">ISSN</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4223">0301-4223</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83781111">83781111</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220809510116">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Circadian+emergence+and+movement+of+captive+juvenile+tuatara+%28Sphenodonspp.%29&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=205-216&amp;rft.date=2008-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83781111%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0301-4223&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014220809510116&amp;rft.aulast=Terezow&amp;rft.aufirst=Marianna+G.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Nicola+J.&amp;rft.au=Markwell%2C+Timothy+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F03014220809510116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609034405/http://www.southlandmuseum.com/tuatara_-_facts.htm">"Tuatara: Facts"</a>. Southland Museum. 18 يناير 2006. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.southlandmuseum.com/tuatara_-_facts.htm">الأصل</a> في 2007-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara%3A+Facts&amp;rft.pub=Southland+Museum&amp;rft.date=2006-01-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southlandmuseum.com%2Ftuatara_-_facts.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield,_E.2009" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, E. (24 مارس 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318184235/http://www.odt.co.nz/your-town/dunedin/48665/new-arrivals-thrill-staff-sanctuary">"New arrivals thrill staff at sanctuary"</a>. <i>Otago Daily Times</i>. Otago, NZ. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.odt.co.nz/your-town/dunedin/48665/new-arrivals-thrill-staff-sanctuary">الأصل</a> في 2023-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Otago+Daily+Times&amp;rft.atitle=New+arrivals+thrill+staff+at+sanctuary&amp;rft.date=2009-03-24&amp;rft.au=Schofield%2C+E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odt.co.nz%2Fyour-town%2Fdunedin%2F48665%2Fnew-arrivals-thrill-staff-sanctuary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-UofM-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UofM_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMusico,_B.1999" class="citation web cs1">Musico, B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122247/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sphenodon_punctatus.html">"<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>"</a>. <i>Animal Diversity Web</i>. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sphenodon_punctatus.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2006-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&amp;rft.atitle=Sphenodon+punctatus&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.au=Musico%2C+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FSphenodon_punctatus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_M.B.Daugherty,_C.H.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, M.B.؛ Daugherty, C.H. (1998). "Metabolism of tuatara, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>". <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A</i>. ج.&nbsp;119 ع.&nbsp;2: 519–522. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252FS1095-6433%252897%252900459-5">10.1016/S1095-6433(97)00459-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+A&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolism+of+tuatara%2C+Sphenodon+punctatus&amp;rft.volume=119&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=519-522&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1095-6433%2897%2900459-5&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+M.B.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_80-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sphenodon_punctatus_Tuatara_80-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128150733/http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/sphenodon_punctatus/">"Sphenodon punctatus (Tuatara)"</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sphenodon_punctatus/">الأصل</a> في 2022-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sphenodon+punctatus+%28Tuatara%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FSphenodon_punctatus%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1993" class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fraser, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006105831/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/2959"><i>Diets of wild tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island</i></a> (Thesis thesis) (بالإنجليزية). University of Otago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/2959">the original</a> on 2022-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Diets+of+wild+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+on+Stephens+Island&amp;rft.degree=Thesis&amp;rft.inst=University+of+Otago&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Fraser&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourarchive.otago.ac.nz%2Fhandle%2F10523%2F2959&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Rochow,_V.B.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1988). "Behaviour of young tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) in total darkness". <i>Tuatara</i>. ج.&nbsp;30: 36–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tuatara&amp;rft.atitle=Behaviour+of+young+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+in+total+darkness&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=36-38&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.au=Meyer-Rochow%2C+V.B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-RochowTeh1991" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow، Victor Benno؛ Teh، Katrina L. (يوليو 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217011001/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-102493.html">"Visual Predation by Tuatara (Sphenodon Punctatus) on the Beach Beetle (Chaerodes Trachyscelides) as a Selective force in the Production of Distinct Colour Morphs"</a>. <i>Tuatara: Journal of the Biological Society</i>. ج.&nbsp;31 ع.&nbsp;1: 1–8. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-102493.html">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-17 – عبر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جامعة فيكتوريا (ويلينغتون)">جامعة فيكتوريا (ويلينغتون)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tuatara%3A+Journal+of+the+Biological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Visual+Predation+by+Tuatara+%28Sphenodon+Punctatus%29+on+the+Beach+Beetle+%28Chaerodes+Trachyscelides%29+as+a+Selective+force+in+the+Production+of+Distinct+Colour+Morphs&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-8&amp;rft.date=1991-07&amp;rft.aulast=Meyer-Rochow&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+Benno&amp;rft.au=Teh%2C+Katrina+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Fname-102493.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty,_C.Keall,_S." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daugherty, C.؛ Keall, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412020832/https://teara.govt.nz/en/tuatara/page-1">"Tuatara: Life History"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://teara.govt.nz/en/tuatara/page-1">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara%3A+Life+History&amp;rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Keall%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Ftuatara%2Fpage-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-lutz24-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lutz24_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحة&nbsp;24</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFAngier,_N.2010" class="citation news cs1">Angier, N. (22 نوفمبر 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122247/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/science/23angier.html?pagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D2%26hpw">"Reptile's pet-store looks belie its Triassic appeal"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="نيويورك تايمز">نيويورك تايمز</a></i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/science/23angier.html?pagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D2%26hpw">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2010-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2&amp;rft.atitle=Reptile%27s+pet-store+looks+belie+its+Triassic+appeal&amp;rft.date=2010-11-22&amp;rft.au=Angier%2C+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F23%2Fscience%2F23angier.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D2%26hpw&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFOrmsbyMooreNelsonLamar" class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ormsby, Diane Karen; Moore, Jennifer; Nelson, Nicola Jane; Lamar, Sarah K.; Keall, Susan N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212112944/http://theconversation.com/tuatara-are-ancient-slow-and-endangered-but-their-super-speedy-sperm-could-boost-conservation-efforts-165173">"Tuatara are ancient, slow and endangered. But their super speedy sperm could boost conservation efforts"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i> (بالإنجليزية). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://theconversation.com/tuatara-are-ancient-slow-and-endangered-but-their-super-speedy-sperm-could-boost-conservation-efforts-165173">the original</a> on 2022-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+are+ancient%2C+slow+and+endangered.+But+their+super+speedy+sperm+could+boost+conservation+efforts&amp;rft.aulast=Ormsby&amp;rft.aufirst=Diane+Karen&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Nicola+Jane&amp;rft.au=Lamar%2C+Sarah+K.&amp;rft.au=Keall%2C+Susan+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftuatara-are-ancient-slow-and-endangered-but-their-super-speedy-sperm-could-boost-conservation-efforts-165173&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Cockrem,_J.F.Guillette,_L.J.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cree, A.؛ Cockrem, J.F.؛ Guillette, L.J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411184754/https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1992-02_226_2/page/199">"Reproductive cycles of male and female tuatara (<i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>) on Stephens Island, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. ج.&nbsp;226 ع.&nbsp;2: 199–217. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1469-7998.1992.tb03834.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb03834.x</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1992-02_226_2/page/199">الأصل</a> في 2022-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Reproductive+cycles+of+male+and+female+tuatara+%28Sphenodon+punctatus%29+on+Stephens+Island%2C+New+Zealand&amp;rft.volume=226&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=199-217&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1992.tb03834.x&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Cockrem%2C+J.F.&amp;rft.au=Guillette%2C+L.J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-zoology_1992-02_226_2%2Fpage%2F199&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFGans,_C.Gillingham,_J.C.Clark,_D.L.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gans, C.؛ Gillingham, J.C.؛ Clark, D.L. 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"Structure of the shell from eggs of the tuatara, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>". <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. ج.&nbsp;174 ع.&nbsp;2: 197–205. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fjmor.1051740208">10.1002/jmor.1051740208</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30096972">30096972</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51957289">51957289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+the+shell+from+eggs+of+the+tuatara%2C+Sphenodon+punctatus&amp;rft.volume=174&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=197-205&amp;rft.date=1982-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51957289%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30096972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1051740208&amp;rft.au=Packard%2C+M.J.&amp;rft.au=Hirsch%2C+K.F.&amp;rft.au=Meyer-Rochow%2C+V.B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Thompson,_M.B.Daugherty,_C.H.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cree, A.؛ Thompson, M.B.؛ Daugherty, C.H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252F375543a0">"Tuatara sex determination"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. ج.&nbsp;375 ع.&nbsp;6532: 543. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="بيب كود">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.375..543C">1995Natur.375..543C</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252F375543a0">10.1038/375543a0</a></span>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4339729">4339729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+sex+determination&amp;rft.volume=375&amp;rft.issue=6532&amp;rft.pages=543&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4339729%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F375543a0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.375..543C&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C+M.B.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F375543a0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CNNDad-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CNNDad_94-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CNNDad_94-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122247/http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/01/29/lizard.reproduces/index.html">"110&nbsp;year-old 'living fossil' becomes a dad"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 30 يناير 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/01/29/lizard.reproduces/index.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=110+year-old+%27living+fossil%27+becomes+a+dad&amp;rft.date=2009-01-30&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FTECH%2Fscience%2F01%2F29%2Flizard.reproduces%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412232351/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html">"Wildlife Act 1953"</a>. <i>New Zealand Legislation</i>. Parliamentary Counsel Office. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1953/0031/latest/whole.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Legislation&amp;rft.atitle=Wildlife+Act+1953&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1953%2F0031%2Flatest%2Fwhole.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117011104/https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">"Appendices"</a>. <i>CITES (cites.org)</i>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معاهدة التجارة العالمية لأصناف الحيوان والنبات البري المهدد بالانقراض">معاهدة التجارة العالمية لأصناف الحيوان والنبات البري المهدد بالانقراض</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">الأصل</a> في 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2022-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CITES+%28cites.org%29&amp;rft.atitle=Appendices&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcites.org%2Feng%2Fapp%2Fappendices.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFTowns,_D.R.Daugherty,_C.H.Cree,_A.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Towns, D.R.؛ Daugherty, C.H.؛ Cree, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424131734/http://www.claudius-r-us.com/forum/download/file.php?id%3D77">"Raising the prospects for a forgotten fauna: A review of 10&nbsp;years of conservation effort for New Zealand reptiles"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. ج.&nbsp;99: 3–16. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fs0006-3207%252800%252900184-1">10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00184-1</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.claudius-r-us.com/forum/download/file.php?id%3D77">الأصل</a> في 2014-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2012-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Raising+the+prospects+for+a+forgotten+fauna%3A+A+review+of+10+years+of+conservation+effort+for+New+Zealand+reptiles&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.pages=3-16&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0006-3207%2800%2900184-1&amp;rft.au=Towns%2C+D.R.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claudius-r-us.com%2Fforum%2Fdownload%2Ffile.php%3Fid%3D77&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحات&nbsp;59–60</span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCrook,_I.G.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Crook, I.G. (1973). "The tuatara, <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gray)</span>, on islands with and without populations of the Polynesian rat, <i>Rattus exulans</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Peale)</span>". <i>Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society</i>. ج.&nbsp;20: 115–120. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="جايستور">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24061518">24061518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+New+Zealand+Ecological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+tuatara%2C+Sphenodon+punctatus+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B%22%3E%28Gray%29%3C%2Fspan%3E%2C+on+islands+with+and+without+populations+of+the+Polynesian+rat%2C+Rattus+exulans+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B%22%3E%28Peale%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.pages=115-120&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24061518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Crook%2C+I.G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cree_etal1995-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cree_etal1995_100-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cree_etal1995_100-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFCree,_A.Daugherty,_C.H.Hay,_J.M.1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive">Cree, A.؛ Daugherty, C.H.؛ Hay, J.M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_1995-04_9_2/page/373">"Reproduction of a rare New Zealand reptile, the tuatara <i>Sphenodon punctatus</i>, on rat-free and rat-inhabited islands"</a>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;9 ع.&nbsp;2: 373–383. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1046%252Fj.1523-1739.1995.9020373.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020373.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Reproduction+of+a+rare+New+Zealand+reptile%2C+the+tuatara+Sphenodon+punctatus%2C+on+rat-free+and+rat-inhabited+islands&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=373-383&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1995.9020373.x&amp;rft.au=Cree%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.H.&amp;rft.au=Hay%2C+J.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_conservation-biology_1995-04_9_2%2Fpage%2F373&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bergner-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bergner_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417140537/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/mar/20/tuatara-reptile-new-zealand">"Rare reptile hatchling found in New Zealand"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الغارديان">الغارديان</a></i>. 20 مارس 2009. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/mar/20/tuatara-reptile-new-zealand">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86&amp;rft.atitle=Rare+reptile+hatchling+found+in+New+Zealand&amp;rft.date=2009-03-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2009%2Fmar%2F20%2Ftuatara-reptile-new-zealand&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty,_C.Keall,_S." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daugherty, C.؛ Keall, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410162516/https://teara.govt.nz/TheBush/FishFrogsAndReptiles/Tuatara/2/en">"Tuatara islands"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/FishFrogsAndReptiles/Tuatara/2/en">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+islands&amp;rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Keall%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FTheBush%2FFishFrogsAndReptiles%2FTuatara%2F2%2Fen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417140442/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-threat-to-new-zealands-tuatara-heats-up">"A Threat to New Zealand's Tuatara Heats Up"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i> (بالإنجليزية). 6 Feb 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-threat-to-new-zealands-tuatara-heats-up">the original</a> on 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=A+Threat+to+New+Zealand%27s+Tuatara+Heats+Up&amp;rft.date=2017-02-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fa-threat-to-new-zealands-tuatara-heats-up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329040539/http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/auckland/hauraki-gulf-islands/little-barrier-island-nature-reserve-hauturu-o-toi/features/%23fauna">Fauna on Little Barrier Island</a>. Department of Conservation (Report). Government of New Zealand. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/auckland/hauraki-gulf-islands/little-barrier-island-nature-reserve-hauturu-o-toi/features/%23fauna">الأصل</a> في 2014-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Fauna+on+Little+Barrier+Island&amp;rft.pub=Government+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fparks-and-recreation%2Fplaces-to-visit%2Fauckland%2Fhauraki-gulf-islands%2Flittle-barrier-island-nature-reserve-hauturu-o-toi%2Ffeatures%2F%23fauna&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411144246/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0710/S00061.htm">"Rare tuatara raised at Wellington Zoo"</a> (Press release). <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wellington_Zoo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wellington Zoo (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Wellington Zoo</a>. 29 أكتوبر 2007. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0710/S00061.htm">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2008-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rare+tuatara+raised+at+Wellington+Zoo&amp;rft.pub=Wellington+Zoo&amp;rft.date=2007-10-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FSC0710%2FS00061.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224180932/https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/tuatara">"Tuatara"</a>. At the Zoo. Reptiles. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/tuatara">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2014-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.sandiegozoo.org%2Fanimals%2Ftuatara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410082133/https://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/students-and-teachers/field-trips-by-region/tiri-education-kit/15-part-4-reptiles-167-174.pdf">"Translocated reptiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tiritiri Matangi: An education resource for schools</i>. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/students-and-teachers/field-trips-by-region/tiri-education-kit/15-part-4-reptiles-167-174.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Tiritiri+Matangi%3A+An+education+resource+for+schools&amp;rft.atitle=Translocated+reptiles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fupload%2Fdocuments%2Fgetting-involved%2Fstudents-and-teachers%2Ffield-trips-by-region%2Ftiri-education-kit%2F15-part-4-reptiles-167-174.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329033704/http://www.doc.govt.nz/getting-involved/for-teachers/field-trip-resources/field-trips-by-region/auckland/tiritiri-matangi-island/teaching-resource/">"Tiritiri Matangi Island field trip"</a>. <i>Tiritiri Matangi – An education resource for schools</i>. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. نوفمبر 2007. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.doc.govt.nz/getting-involved/for-teachers/field-trip-resources/field-trips-by-region/auckland/tiritiri-matangi-island/teaching-resource/">الأصل</a> في 2014-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Tiritiri+Matangi+%E2%80%93+An+education+resource+for+schools&amp;rft.atitle=Tiritiri+Matangi+Island+field+trip&amp;rft.date=2007-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fgetting-involved%2Ffor-teachers%2Ffield-trip-resources%2Ffield-trips-by-region%2Fauckland%2Ftiritiri-matangi-island%2Fteaching-resource%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210145408/https://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4243952a7693.html">"130&nbsp;tuatara find sanctuary"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Dominion_Post&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Dominion Post (الصفحة غير موجودة)">The Dominion Post</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917338%23sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q917338"><sup class="reference" title="&quot;Q917338&quot; في لغات أخرى">[لغات أخرى]</sup></a></span>‏</i>. Wellington, NZ. 20 أكتوبر 2007. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4243952a7693.html">الأصل</a> في 2008-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2008-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A+smaller%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+font-weight%3A+normal%3B%22+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E+%5B%5Bd%3AQ917338%23sitelinks-wikipedia%7C%3Csup+class%3Dreference+title%3D%22%26quot%3BQ917338%26quot%3B+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89%22%3E%5B%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89%5D%3C%2Fsup%3E%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%26rlm%3B&amp;rft.atitle=130+tuatara+find+sanctuary&amp;rft.date=2007-10-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fstuff%2F4243952a7693.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد بخبر">استشهاد بخبر</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFEaston,_P.2009" class="citation news cs1">Easton, P. (20 مارس 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614014223/http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/2278328/Life-will-be-wild-for-new-boy/">"Life will be wild for new boy"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Dominion_Post&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Dominion Post (الصفحة غير موجودة)">The Dominion Post</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: smaller; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917338%23sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q917338"><sup class="reference" title="&quot;Q917338&quot; في لغات أخرى">[لغات أخرى]</sup></a></span>‏</i>. Wellington, NZ. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/2278328/Life-will-be-wild-for-new-boy/">الأصل</a> في 2009-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A+smaller%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+font-weight%3A+normal%3B%22+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E+%5B%5Bd%3AQ917338%23sitelinks-wikipedia%7C%3Csup+class%3Dreference+title%3D%22%26quot%3BQ917338%26quot%3B+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89%22%3E%5B%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89%5D%3C%2Fsup%3E%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%26rlm%3B&amp;rft.atitle=Life+will+be+wild+for+new+boy&amp;rft.date=2009-03-20&amp;rft.au=Easton%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fenvironment%2F2278328%2FLife-will-be-wild-for-new-boy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="قالب:استشهاد بخبر">استشهاد بخبر</a>}}</code>: صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF:_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تصنيف:صيانة الاستشهاد: علامات ترقيم زائدة">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2006" class="citation book cs1">Lutz، Richard L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123011724/https://worldcat.org/en/title/57434219"><i>Tuatara&nbsp;: a living fossil</i></a>. Salem, OR: Dimi Press. ص.&nbsp;53. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://worldcat.org/en/title/57434219">الأصل</a> في 2022-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2022-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tuatara+%3A+a+living+fossil&amp;rft.place=Salem%2C+OR&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.pub=Dimi+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Lutz&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fen%2Ftitle%2F57434219&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFConnor,_S.2016" class="citation news cs1">Connor, S. (31 يناير 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408162658/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/tuatura-lizard-like-reptile-takes-38-years-to-lay-an-egg-in-chester-zoo-a6844041.html">"Tuatara: Lizard-like reptile takes 38&nbsp;years to lay an egg in Chester Zoo"</a>. <i><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ذي إندبندنت">ذي إندبندنت</a></i>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/tuatura-lizard-like-reptile-takes-38-years-to-lay-an-egg-in-chester-zoo-a6844041.html">الأصل</a> في 2023-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2016-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%D8%B0%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara%3A+Lizard-like+reptile+takes+38+years+to+lay+an+egg+in+Chester+Zoo&amp;rft.date=2016-01-31&amp;rft.au=Connor%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Ftuatura-lizard-like-reptile-takes-38-years-to-lay-an-egg-in-chester-zoo-a6844041.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_D.2001" class="citation web cs1">Williams, D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628044808/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/doclibrary/public/wai262/matauranga_maori/Chapt06.pdf">"Chapter 6: Traditional Kaitiakitanga Rights and Responsibilities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wai 262 Report: Matauranga Maori and Taonga</i>. Waitangi Tribunal. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/doclibrary/public/wai262/matauranga_maori/Chapt06.pdf">الأصل</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> في 2007-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2007-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Wai+262+Report%3A+Matauranga+Maori+and+Taonga&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Traditional+Kaitiakitanga+Rights+and+Responsibilities&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz%2Fdoclibrary%2Fpublic%2Fwai262%2Fmatauranga_maori%2FChapt06.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ramdstad-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ramdstad_114-0"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ramdstad_114-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ramdstad_114-2"><sup><i><b>ج</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFRamstadNelsonPaineBeech2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ramstad KM، Nelson NJ، Paine G، Beech D، Paul A، Paul P، وآخرون (أبريل 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217013015/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00620.x">"Species and cultural conservation in New Zealand: maori traditional ecological knowledge of tuatara"</a>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. ج.&nbsp;21 ع.&nbsp;2: 455–64. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1523-1739.2006.00620.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00620.x</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ببمد">PMID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17391195">17391195</a>. <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="سيمانتك سكولر">S2CID</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39213356">39213356</a>. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00620.x">الأصل</a> في 2022-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Species+and+cultural+conservation+in+New+Zealand%3A+maori+traditional+ecological+knowledge+of+tuatara&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=455-64&amp;rft.date=2007-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39213356%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17391195&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00620.x&amp;rft.aulast=Ramstad&amp;rft.aufirst=KM&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+NJ&amp;rft.au=Paine%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Beech%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Paul%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Paul%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Allendorf%2C+FW&amp;rft.au=Daugherty%2C+CH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00620.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLutz2005">Lutz 2005</a>، صفحة&nbsp;64</span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412020832/https://teara.govt.nz/en/tuatara/page-1">"Life history"</a>. <i>teara.govt.nz</i> (بالإنجليزية). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://teara.govt.nz/en/tuatara/page-1">the original</a> on 2023-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=EW.com&amp;rft.atitle=Everything+we+know+about+John+Green%27s+new+book&amp;rft.date=2017-06-23&amp;rft.au=Ganz%2C+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fbooks%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Fjohn-green-turtles-all-the-way-down-details%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122246/http://tuatarabrewing.co.nz/the-third-eye/about">"About – The Third Eye"</a>. <i>Tuatarabrewing.co.nz</i>. Tuatara Breweries. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tuatarabrewing.co.nz/the-third-eye/about">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2018-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Tuatarabrewing.co.nz&amp;rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+The+Third+Eye&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuatarabrewing.co.nz%2Fthe-third-eye%2Fabout&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225122257/https://www.worldwideweirdholidays.com/tuatara-day/">"Tuatara Day"</a>. <i>worldwideweirdholidays.com</i>. 2 مايو 2020. مؤرشف من <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldwideweirdholidays.com/tuatara-day/">الأصل</a> في 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. اطلع عليه بتاريخ <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=worldwideweirdholidays.com&amp;rft.atitle=Tuatara+Day&amp;rft.date=2020-05-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwideweirdholidays.com%2Ftuatara-day%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="mwgadget-numconv-skip citation news cs1 cs1-prop-no_archive cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org/viewtopic.php?f%3D1155%26t%3D52402">"s01e13 - Zoo Balloon - Abbott Elementary Transcripts - TvT"</a> (بالإنجليزية)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=s01e13+-+Zoo+Balloon+-+Abbott+Elementary+Transcripts+-+TvT&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D1155%26t%3D52402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference"><span title="هناك وصلة مكسورة في العبارة السابقة" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:وصلات خارجية مكسورة">وصلة مكسورة</a>]</span></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style 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MobileFormatter took 0.057 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> مجلوبة من «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9%26oldid%3D67203908">https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=طراطرة&amp;oldid=67203908</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="MaraBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1719291870"> <span>آخر تعديل بتاريخ 25 يونيو 2024، في 05:04</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>اللغات</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon_punctatus" title="Sphenodon punctatus – الأراغونية" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sphenodon punctatus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="الأراغونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brycg%25C4%2581%25C3%25B0exe" title="Brycgāðexe – الإنجليزية القديمة" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brycgāðexe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية القديمة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="طراطره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طراطره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A7%25B1%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="টুৱাটেৰা – الأسامية" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টুৱাটেৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="الأسامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الأسترية" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="الأسترية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteriya" title="Hatteriya – الأذربيجانية" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hatteriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="الأذربيجانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Хатерии – البلغارية" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хатерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="البلغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="স্ফেনডন পান্কটাম – البنغالية" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ফেনডন পান্কটাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="البنغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – البريتونية" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="البريتونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الكتالانية" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="الكتالانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – السيبيوانية" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="السيبيوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الدانمركية" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="الدانمركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C3%25BCckenechse" title="Brückenechse – الألمانية" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brückenechse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة جيدة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataro" title="Tuataro – الإسبرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuataro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="الإسبرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataara" title="Tuataara – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuataara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D9%25BE%25D9%2584%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25BA%25DB%258C" title="سوسمار پل‌دماغی – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسمار پل‌دماغی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatarat" title="Tuatarat – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuatarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة جيدة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braghaagedisje" title="Braghaagedisje – الفريزينية الشمالية" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Braghaagedisje" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="الفريزينية الشمالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الجاليكية" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="الجاليكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%25C3%25A1tara" title="Tuátara – الغوارانية" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuátara" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="الغوارانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="ספנודון – العبرية" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספנודון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="العبرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الهنغارية" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="الهنغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Հատերիա – الأرمنية" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="الأرمنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranakollar" title="Ranakollar – الأيسلندية" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ranakollar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="الأيسلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الإيطالية" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="الإيطالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة جيدة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25A0%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2582%25B2" title="ムカシトカゲ – اليابانية" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムカシトカゲ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="اليابانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الجاوية" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="الجاوية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ჰატერია – الجورجية" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰატერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="الجورجية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B3%2582%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0" title="ಟೂವಟಾರ – الكانادا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೂವಟಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="الكانادا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2595%2584%25ED%2583%2580%25EB%259D%25BC" title="투아타라 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투아타라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – اللاتينية" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="اللاتينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%25C3%25B6gkherdisse" title="Brögkherdisse – الليمبورغية" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brögkherdisse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="الليمبورغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuataros" title="Tuataros – الليتوانية" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tuataros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="الليتوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%25C4%2581tara" title="Tuātara – الماورية" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tuātara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="الماورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Туатара – المقدونية" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туатара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="المقدونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25B0" title="ടുവാടര – المالايالامية" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടുവാടര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="المالايالامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة مختارة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brughagedissen" title="Brughagedissen – الهولندية" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brughagedissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="الهولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%25C3%25B8gler" title="Broøgler – النرويجية بوكمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Broøgler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="النرويجية بوكمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%25CA%25BCash%25C7%25AB%25CC%2581%25CA%25BCii_n%25C3%25A1ghahwozh%25C3%25AD" title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii nághahwozhí – النافاجو" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii nághahwozhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="النافاجو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الأوكسيتانية" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="الأوكسيتانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="مقالة مختارة"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteria" title="Hatteria – البولندية" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hatteria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="البولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Гаттерии – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаттерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – الأسكتلندية" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="الأسكتلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premosnici" title="Premosnici – صربية-كرواتية" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Premosnici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="صربية-كرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – السلوفانية" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="السلوفانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5" title="Туатаре – الصربية" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туатаре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="الصربية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பிடரிக்கோடன் – التاميلية" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிடரிக்கோடன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="التاميلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="ทัวทารา – التايلاندية" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัวทารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="التايلاندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara – التاغالوغية" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tuatara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="التاغالوغية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon_punctatus" title="Sphenodon punctatus – التركية" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sphenodon punctatus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="التركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Гатерія – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гатерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الفيتنامية" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="الفيتنامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodon" title="Sphenodon – الواراي" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sphenodon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="الواراي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2596%2599%25E9%25A0%25AD%25E8%259C%25A5" title="喙頭蜥 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喙頭蜥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2588%25BA%25E8%2583%258C%25E9%25B1%25B7%25E8%259C%25A5" title="刺背鱷蜥 – الكَنْتُونية" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="刺背鱷蜥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="الكَنْتُونية" 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