CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Herat - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0c08ccea-0305-4874-ad47-0b39cab0e1c8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Herat","wgTitle":"Herat","wgCurRevisionId":1259285313,"wgRevisionId":1259285313,"wgArticleId":14128,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1: long volume value","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing cleanup from August 2022","All pages needing cleanup","Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2022", "Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2022","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Herat","Cities in Afghanistan","Cities in Central Asia","Populated places along the Silk Road","Populated places in Herat Province","Provincial capitals in Afghanistan","Cities founded by Alexander the Great"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Herat","wgRelevantArticleId":14128,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{ "tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":34.341944444444444,"lon":62.20305555555556},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q45313","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/1200px-Herat_7452a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="802"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/800px-Herat_7452a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="535"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/640px-Herat_7452a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Herat - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Herat rootpage-Herat skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Herat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Herat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Herat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Herat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conversion to Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearl_of_Khorasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearl_of_Khorasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pearl of Khorasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearl_of_Khorasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(1500-2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(1500-2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern history (1500-2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(1500-2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_from_Herat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_from_Herat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people from Herat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people_from_Herat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people from Herat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_from_Herat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rulers_and_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_and_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rulers and emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_and_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Scientists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Religious figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herat_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herat_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Herat in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herat_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="هراة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هراة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Հերաթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հերաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_(ciud%C3%A1)" title="Herat (ciudá) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herat (ciudá)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="হেরাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_(kuta)" title="Herat (kuta) – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Herat (kuta)" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Герат (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герат (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Герат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Херат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Херат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Херат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C4%81t_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Herāt (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Herāt (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1t" title="Herát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C4%81t" title="Herāt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herāt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Χεράτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χεράτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C4%81t" title="Herāt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herāt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herato" title="Herato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هرات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rat" title="Hérat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hérat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="헤라트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤라트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Հերաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हेरात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_(kota)" title="Herat (kota) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herat (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Герат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA" title="הראת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הראת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჰერათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat,_Efxanistan" title="Herat, Efxanistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Herat, Efxanistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Герат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C4%81ta" title="Herāta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Herāta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heratas" title="Heratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1t" title="Herát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Herát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെറാത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെറാത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हेरात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेरात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="هراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هرات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Херат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Херат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_(stad)" title="Herat (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herat (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="हेरात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेरात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ヘラート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘラート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirot" title="Hirot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hirot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਹੇਰਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਰਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ہرات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هرات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هرات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herate" title="Herate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Герат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھرات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھرات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraat" title="Haraat – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Haraat" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھەرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Херат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹெறாத் நகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹெறாத் நகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Һәрат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һәрат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" title="เฮราต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮราต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ҳирот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳирот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Герат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ہرات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ھېرات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھېرات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Herat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫拉特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="赫拉特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫拉特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Herat" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herat"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Herat" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Herat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&oldid=1259285313" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Herat&id=1259285313&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHerat"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHerat"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Herat&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Herat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45313" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Herat&params=34_20_31_N_62_12_11_E_region:AF_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°12′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.34194°N 62.20306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.34194; 62.20306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Herat Province, Afghanistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Harev" redirects here. For the ancient province, see <a href="/wiki/Harev_(province)" title="Harev (province)">Harev (province)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the city in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Herat,_Iran" title="Herat, Iran">Herat, Iran</a>. For the principality by the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat (1793–1863)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Overload of images in non-relevant sections.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Herat" title="Special:EditPage/Herat">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Afghanistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Herat</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">هرات</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:266px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_7452a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/266px-Herat_7452a.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/399px-Herat_7452a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Herat_7452a.jpg/532px-Herat_7452a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="2292" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg/132px-Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg/198px-Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg/264px-Citadel_of_Alexander_in_Herat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="1949" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg/132px-2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg/198px-2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg/264px-2009_Herat_Afghanistan_view_4072199737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_University-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/132px-Herat_University-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/198px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/264px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_6946a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Herat_6946a.jpg/132px-Herat_6946a.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Herat_6946a.jpg/198px-Herat_6946a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Herat_6946a.jpg/264px-Herat_6946a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="2267" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/266px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/399px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/532px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1803" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> <b>Left-to-right from top:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a>, panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Musalla_complex" title="Musalla complex">Musalla complex</a>, Jama Mosque exterior, skyline of Herat city</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Pearl of Khorasan"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herat is located in Afghanistan"><img alt="Herat is located in Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/300px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/450px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/600px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.49%;left:14.399%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Herat"><img alt="Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Herat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Afghanistan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Afghanistan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herat is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Herat is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/300px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/450px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/600px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.568%;left:69.776%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Herat"><img alt="Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Herat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Herat (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herat is located in Asia"><img alt="Herat is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.979%;left:25.589%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Herat"><img alt="Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Herat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Herat (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Herat&params=34_20_31_N_62_12_11_E_region:AF_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°20′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°12′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.34194°N 62.20306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.34194; 62.20306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">182 km<sup>2</sup> (70 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">920 m (3,020 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">592,902<sup id="cite_ref-nsia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4:30">UTC+4:30</a> (Afghanistan Standard Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30XX</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Cold_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herāt</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Dari]) is an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> city and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">third-largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a>, situated south of the <a href="/wiki/Paropamisus_Mountains" title="Paropamisus Mountains">Paropamisus Mountains</a> (<i>Selseleh-ye Safēd Kōh</i>) in the fertile valley of the <a href="/wiki/Hari_(Afghanistan)" title="Hari (Afghanistan)">Hari River</a> in the western part of the country. An ancient civilization on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it serves as a <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regional</a> hub in the country's west. </p><p>Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. The city has a number of historic sites, including the <a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Herat became one of the important cities of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, as it was known as the <i>Pearl of Khorasan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its conquest by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>, the city became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-TheMet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shah Rukh</a>, the city served as the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>, whose glory is thought to have matched <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> as the center of a cultural rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, Herat has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1716, the Abdali Afghans inhabiting the city revolted and formed their own Sultanate, the <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate of Herat</a>. They were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Persia</a> in 1732. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>'s death and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>'s rise to power in 1747, Herat separated from <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a> became part of <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">an independent city-state</a> in the first half of the 19th century, facing several Qajar <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iranian</a> invasions until being incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roads from Herat to Iran (through the border town of <a href="/wiki/Islam_Qala" title="Islam Qala">Islam Qala</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (through the border town of <a href="/wiki/Torghundi" title="Torghundi">Torghundi</a>) are still strategically important. As the gateway to Iran, it collects high amount of customs revenue for Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has an <a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">international airport</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001 war</a>, the city had been relatively safe from Taliban insurgent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was announced that Herat would be listed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 August 2021, the city was seized by <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> fighters as part of the Taliban's <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">summer offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-offensive_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offensive-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat,</a> along with areas like <a href="/wiki/Piranshahr" title="Piranshahr">Piranshahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damghan" title="Damghan">Damghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, are noted to be sites for archaeological interests and exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Herat" title="Timeline of Herat">Timeline of Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ariana" title="Alexandria Ariana">Alexandria Ariana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg/200px-PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg/300px-PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg/400px-PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s map (2nd century AD) of <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a> (Herat) and neighbouring states by the 15th century German <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Germanus" title="Nicolaus Germanus">Nicolaus Germanus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ancient</b> </p><p>Herat is first recorded in ancient times, but its precise date of foundation is unknown. Under the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550–330 BC), the surrounding district was known by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> name of <i>Haraiva</i> (𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺), and in classical sources, the region was correspondingly known as Areia (<a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> collection of <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the district is referred as <i>Haroiva</i>. The name of the district and its principal town is a derivative from that of the local river, the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Herey River</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>Harayu</i>, meaning "with velocity"), which goes through the district and ends 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Herat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang2003205–206_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang2003205–206-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herey is mentioned in Sanskrit as a yellow or golden color equivalent to Persian "Zard" meaning Gold (yellow). The naming of a region and its principal town after the main river is a common feature in this part of the world— compare the adjoining districts/rivers/towns of <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/200px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/300px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/400px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The district <i>Aria</i> of the Achaemenid Empire is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (ca. 520 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives from the district are depicted in reliefs, e.g., at the royal Achaemenid tombs of <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. They are wearing <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a>-style dress (with a <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> tucked into high <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>) and a twisted <a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a> that covers their head, chin and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a>, composer of the 14th-century geographical work <i><a href="/wiki/Nuzhat_al-Qulub" title="Nuzhat al-Qulub">Nuzhat al-Qulub</a></i> writes that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Herāt was the name of one of the chiefs among the followers of the hero <a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Narīmān</a>, and it was he who first founded the city. After it had fallen to ruin <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> rebuilt it, and the circuit of its walls was 9000 paces.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> described Herat as <i>the bread-basket of Central Asia</i>. At the time of Alexander the Great in 330 BC, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> called <a href="/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a>, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap <a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barsaentes" title="Barsaentes">Barsaentes</a> of Arachosia. In late 330 BC, Alexander captured the Arian capital that was called <a href="/wiki/Artacoana" title="Artacoana">Artacoana</a>. The town was rebuilt and the citadel was constructed. Afghanistan became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Bahram_II,_Herat_mint_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Bahram_II%2C_Herat_mint_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a>; Herat mint</figcaption></figure> <p>However, most sources suggest that Herat was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>. It became part of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in 167 BC. In the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> period (226–652), 𐭧𐭥𐭩𐭥 <i>Harēv</i> is listed in an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-i_Zartosht" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ba-i Zartosht">Ka'ba-i Zartosht</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>; and <i>Hariy</i> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a> catalogue of the provincial capitals of the empire. In around 430, the town is also listed as having a Christian community, with a <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian</a> bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria (Herat) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the <a href="/wiki/Chionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionites">Chionites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a> who had been settled in the northern section of Afghanistan since the late 4th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Islam">Conversion to Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conversion to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Herat_Congregational_Mosque_-Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4907" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>Inside the famous <a href="/wiki/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Mosque of Herat">Friday Mosque of Herat</a> or <i>Masjid Jami</i>, which is one of the oldest mosques in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Afghanistan">Arab invasion</a> in the middle of the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> central power seemed already largely nominal in the province in contrast with the role of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a> tribal lords, who were settled in the Herat region and in the neighboring districts, mainly in pastoral <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Bādghis</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Qohestān</a>. It must be underlined, however, that Herat remained one of the three Sasanian mint centers in the east, the other two beings <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marv</a>. The Hephthalites from Herat and some unidentified <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> opposed the Arab forces in a battle of Qohestān in 651-52 AD, trying to block their advance on <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishāpur</a>, but they were defeated. </p><p>When the Arab armies appeared in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorāsān</a> in the 650s AD, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire. The Arab army under the general command of <a href="/wiki/Ahnaf_ibn_Qais" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahnaf ibn Qais">Ahnaf ibn Qais</a> in its conquest of Khorāsān in 652 seems to have avoided Herāt, but it can be assumed that the city eventually submitted to the Arabs, since shortly afterward an Arab governor is mentioned there. A treaty was drawn in which the regions of Bādghis and Bushanj were included. As did many other places in Khorāsān, Herāt rebelled and had to be re-conquered several times.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another power that was active in the area in the 650s was <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China which had embarked on a campaign that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest of the Western Turks</a>. By 659–661, the Tang claimed a tenuous suzerainty over Herat, the westernmost point of Chinese power in its long history. This hold however would be ephemeral with local Turkish tribes rising in rebellion in 665 and driving out the Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-tang_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tang-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 702 AD <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Yazid ibn al-Muhallab</a> defeated certain Arab rebels, followers of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Ash%27ath" title="Ibn al-Ash'ath">Ibn al-Ash'ath</a>, and forced them out of Herat. The city was the scene of conflicts between different groups of Muslims and Arab tribes in the disorders leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. Herat was also a center of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Ustadh_Sis" title="Ustadh Sis">Ustadh Sis</a>. </p><p> In 870 AD, <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub-i_Laith_Saffari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari">Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari</a>, a local ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Saffarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarids">Saffarid dynasty</a> conquered Herat and the rest of the nearby regions in the name of Islam.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Arab armies carrying the banner of Islam came out of the west to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanians">Sasanians</a> in 642 AD and then they marched with confidence to the east. On the western periphery of the Afghan area, the princes of Herat and <a href="/wiki/Seistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Seistan">Seistan</a> gave way to rule by Arab governors but in the east, in the mountains, cities submitted only to rise in revolt, and the hastily converted returned to their old beliefs once the armies passed. The harshness and avariciousness of Arab rule produced such unrest, however, that once the waning power of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> became apparent, native rulers once again established themselves independent. Among these, the Saffarids of Seistan shone briefly in the Afghan area. The fanatic founder of this dynasty, the coppersmith's apprentice Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari, came forth from his capital at <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> in 870 AD and marched through <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Bost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a> and Herat, conquering in the name of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Dupree3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dupree3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dupree" title="Nancy Dupree">N. Dupree</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearl_of_Khorasan">Pearl of Khorasan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pearl of Khorasan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a></div> <p>The region of Herāt was under the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Nuh_II" title="Nuh II">Nuh III</a>, the seventh of the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanid</a> line—at the time of <a href="/wiki/Seb%C3%BCk_Tigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebük Tigin">Sebük Tigin</a> and his older son, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skrine_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor of Herāt was a noble by the name of <i>Faik</i>, who was appointed by Nuh III. It is said that Faik was a powerful, but insubordinate governor of Nuh III, and had been punished by Nuh III. Faik made overtures to <a href="/wiki/Bogra_Khan" title="Bogra Khan">Bogra Khan</a> and Ughar Khan of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. Bogra Khan answered Faik's call, came to Herāt, and became its ruler. The Samanids fled, betrayed at the hands of Faik to whom the defense of Herāt had been entrusted by Nuh III.<sup id="cite_ref-Skrine_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 994, Nuh III invited Alptegin to come to his aid. Alptegin, along with Mahmud of Ghazni, defeated Faik and annexed Herāt, <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tous,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tous, Iran">Tous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skrine_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skrine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_from_Herat,_Khorasan,_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg/100px-Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg/150px-Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg/200px-Ewer_from_Herat%2C_Khorasan%2C_dated_1180-1210_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>High-spouted brass ewer, from Herat, <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> period (AD 1180–1200).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_Ewer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Herat_Ewer.jpg/100px-Herat_Ewer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Herat_Ewer.jpg/150px-Herat_Ewer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Herat_Ewer.jpg/200px-Herat_Ewer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="4395" /></a><figcaption>Another identical ewer in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg/150px-Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg/225px-Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg/300px-Behzad_timur_egyptian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="8360" /></a><figcaption>Battleground of Timur and Egyptian King, by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād Herawī</a>, a famous painter from Herat, c. 1494–1495, <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurid era</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg/150px-Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg/225px-Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg/300px-Persian_calligraphy_-_Mir_Ali_Tabrizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Page of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">nasta'liq</a> script by the 16th century master calligrapher <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Heravi" title="Mir Ali Heravi">Mir Ali Heravi</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimuridTankard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TimuridTankard.jpg/150px-TimuridTankard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TimuridTankard.jpg/225px-TimuridTankard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/TimuridTankard.jpg/300px-TimuridTankard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> cup or <a href="/wiki/Tankard" title="Tankard">tankard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurid period</a>, 15th century A.D., from Herāt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Herat was a great trading center strategically located on trade routes from Mediterranean to India or to China. The city was noted for its textiles during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, according to many references by geographers. Herāt also had many learned sons such as <a href="/wiki/Khwajah_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwajah Abdullah Ansari">Ansārī</a>. The city is described by <a href="/wiki/Estakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Estakhri">Estakhri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a> in the 10th century as a prosperous town surrounded by strong walls with plenty of water sources, extensive suburbs, an inner citadel, a congregational mosque, and four gates, each gate opening to a thriving market place. The government building was outside the city at a distance of about a mile in a place called Khorāsānābād. A church was still visible in the countryside northeast of the town on the road to <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and farther away on a hilltop stood a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>, called Sereshk, or Arshak according to <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Mustawfi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herat was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Taherid</a> dominion in Khorāsān until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistān</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub-i_Laith_Saffari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari">Ya'qub-i Laith</a> in 861, who, in 862, started launching raids on Herat before besieging and capturing it on 16 August 867, and again in 872. The Saffarids succeeded in expelling the Taherids from Khorasan in 873. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Sāmānid dynasty</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> by three brothers, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_I" title="Nuh I">Nuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Asad" title="Yahya ibn Asad">Yahyā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Samani" title="Ahmad Samani">Ahmad</a>. Ahmad Sāmāni opened the way for the Samanid dynasty to the conquest of Khorāsān, including Herāt, which they were to rule for one century. The centralized Samanid administration served as a model for later dynasties. The Samanid power was destroyed in 999 by the <a href="/wiki/Qarakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarakhanids">Qarakhanids</a>, who were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> from the northeast, and by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, former Samanid retainers, attacking from the southeast. </p><p><b>Ghaznavid Era</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Sultan Maḥmud of Ghazni</a> officially took control of Khorāsān in 998. Herat was one of the six Ghaznavid mints in the region. In 1040, Herat was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>. During this change of power in Herat, there was supposedly a power vacuum which was filled by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shah" title="Qutb Shah">Abdullah Awn</a>, who established a city-state and made an alliance with Mahmud of Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, in 1175, it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a> and then came under the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khawarazm Empire</a> in 1214. According to the account of Mustawfi, Herat flourished especially under the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> in the 12th century. Mustawfi reported that there were "359 colleges in Herat, 12,000 shops all fully occupied, 6,000 bath-houses; besides caravanserais and mills, also a <a href="/wiki/Darwish" title="Darwish">darwish</a> <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> and a fire temple". There were about 444,000 houses occupied by a settled population. The men were described as "warlike and carry arms", and they were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Mosque of Herat">great mosque of Herāt</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Ghori" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Ghori">Ghiyasuddin Ghori</a> in 1201. In this period Herāt became an important center for the production of metal goods, especially in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, often decorated with elaborate inlays in precious metals. </p><p><b>Mongols</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> laid siege to Herat twice. The first siege resulted in the surrender of the city, the slaughter of the local sultan's army of 12,000, and the appointment of two governors, one Mongol and one Muslim. The second, prompted by a rebellion against Mongol rule, lasted seven months and ended in June 1222 with, according to one account, the beheading of the entire population of 1,600,000 people by the victorious Mongols, such that "no head was left on a body, nor body with a head."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The city remained in ruins from 1222 to about 1236. In 1244, a local prince <a href="/wiki/Shams-uddin_Muhammad_Kurt_I" title="Shams-uddin Muhammad Kurt I">Shams al-Din Kart</a> was named ruler of Herāt by the Mongol governor of Khorāsān and in 1255 he was confirmed in his rule by the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Il-Khan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu</a>. Shamsuddin Kart founded a new dynasty and his successors, especially Fakhruddin Kart and Ghiyasuddin Kart, built many mosques and other buildings. The members of this dynasty were great patrons of literature and the arts. By this time Herāt became known as the <i>pearl of Khorasan</i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If anyone asks thee which is the pleasantest of cities, Thou mayest answer him aright that it is Herāt. For the world is like the sea, and the province of Khurāsān like a pearl-oyster therein, The city of Herāt being as the pearl in the middle of the oyster.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, 1207–1273 A.D.</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> took Herat in 1380 and he brought the <a href="/wiki/Kartids" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartids">Kartid dynasty</a> to an end a few years later. The city reached its greatest glory under the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid princes</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Husayn_Bayqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn Bayqarah">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a> who ruled Herat from 1469 until 4 May 1506. His chief minister, the poet and author in Persian and Turkish, <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Mir Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> was a great builder and patron of the arts. Under the Timurids, Herat assumed the role of the main capital of an empire that extended in the West as far as central <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. As the capital of the Timurid empire, it boasted many fine religious buildings and was famous for its sumptuous court life and musical performance and its tradition of miniature paintings. On the whole, the period was one of relative stability, prosperity, and development of economy and cultural activities. It began with the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_(Timurid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)">Shahrokh</a>, the youngest son of Timur, as governor of Herat in 1397. The reign of Shahrokh in Herat was marked by intense royal patronage, building activities, and the promotion of manufacturing and trade, especially through the restoration and enlargement of the Herat's bāzār. The present Musallah Complex, and many buildings such as the madrasa of <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad" title="Gawhar Shad">Gawhar Shad</a>, Ali Shir mahāl, many gardens, and others, date from this time. The village of <a href="/wiki/Gazar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazar Gah">Gazar Gah</a>, over two km northeast of Herat, contained a shrine that was enlarged and embellished under the Timurids. The tomb of the poet and mystic <a href="/wiki/Khwajah_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwajah Abdullah Ansari">Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī</a> (d. 1088), was first rebuilt by Shahrokh about 1425, and other famous men were buried in the shrine area. </p><p>In the summer of 1458, the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a> advanced as far as Herat, but had to turn back soon because of a revolt by his son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Ali_(Qara_Qoyunlu)" title="Hasan Ali (Qara Qoyunlu)">Hasan Ali</a> and also because <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza" title="Abu Sa'id Mirza">Abu Said</a>'s march on Tabriz.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1507, Herat was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Shaybanid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaybanid Dynasty">Uzbeks</a> but after much fighting the city was taken by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Isma'il</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, in 1510 and the Shamlu <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> assumed the governorship of the area. Under the Safavids, Herat was again relegated to the position of a provincial capital, albeit one of particular importance. At the death of Shah Isma'il the Uzbeks again took Herat and held it until <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Shah Tahmasp</a> retook it in 1528. The Persian king, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Shah Abbas the Great</a> was born in Herat, and in Safavid texts, Herat is referred to as <i>a'zam-i bilād-i īrān</i>, meaning "the greatest of the cities of Iran".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, all future Safavid Persian rulers, from Tahmasp I to Abbas I, were governors of Herat in their youth.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history_(1500-2023)"><span id="Modern_history_.281500-2023.29"></span>Modern history (1500-2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history (1500-2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate of Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></div> <p>By the early 18th century Herat was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Abdali Afghans</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>'s death in 1747, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> took possession of the city and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg/220px-Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg/330px-Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg/440px-Herati_Soldiers_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Herati Soldiers 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg/248px-Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg/372px-Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg/496px-Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>1 Qiran Coin of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Qajar</a>; Herat mint, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793-1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat (1793-1863)">Herat became independent</a> for several years when <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghanistan</a> underwent a civil war between different sons of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iranians</a> had multiple wars with Herat between 1801 and 1837 (1804, 1807, 1811, 1814, 1817, 1818, 1821, 1822, 1825, 1833).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranians <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herat (1838)">besieged the city in 1837</a>, but the British helped the Heratis in repelling them. In 1856, they invaded again, and briefly managed to take the city on 25 October;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a>. In 1857 hostilities between the Iranians and the British ended after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)" title="Treaty of Paris (1857)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat in September 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan conquered Herat on 26 May 1863, under <a href="/wiki/Dost_Muhammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Muhammad Khan">Dost Muhammad Khan</a>, two weeks before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traffic passing on the road near the Herat minarets, 2005."><img alt="Traffic passing on the road near the Herat minarets, 2005." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg/80px-Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg/120px-Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg/159px-Herat_Remains_of_Musallah_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traffic passing on the road near the Herat minarets, 2005.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The two mausoleums with the minarets, July 2001."><img alt="The two mausoleums with the minarets, July 2001." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg/120px-Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg/180px-Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg/240px-Gawhar_shad-1417-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The two mausoleums with the minarets, July 2001. </div> </li> </ul> <p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla of Gawhar Shah</a> of Herat, a large Islamic religious complex consisting of five minarets, several mausoleums along with <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> was dynamited during the <a href="/wiki/Panjdeh_incident" title="Panjdeh incident">Panjdeh incident</a> to prevent their usage by the advancing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian forces</a>. Some emergency preservation work was carried out at the site in 2001 which included building protective walls around the <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a> and Sultan Husain Madrasa, repairing the remaining minaret of Gawhar Shad's Madrasa, and replanting the mausoleum garden.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a>, Herat was the last stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Saqqawist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqawist">Saqqawist</a> resistance, holding out until 1931 when it was retaken by forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1973-12-05_Herat_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg/220px-1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg/330px-1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg/440px-1973-12-05_Herat_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>Bazaar of Herat, 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_(1977)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Afghan_rugs_getting_treated_for_age_%281977%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afghan_rug" title="Afghan rug">Afghan rugs</a> in Herat, 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, engineers from the United States built <a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat Airport</a>, which was used by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> in the 1980s. Even before the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion</a> at the end of 1979, there was a substantial presence of Soviet advisors in the city with their families. </p><p>Between 10 and 20 March 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan Army</a> in Herāt under the control of commander <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khan" title="Ismail Khan">Ismail Khan</a> mutinied. Thousands of protesters took to the streets against the <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> communist regime's oppression led by <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Taraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Mohammad Taraki">Nur Mohammad Taraki</a>. The new rebels led by Khan managed to oust the communists and take control of the city for 3 days, with some protesters murdering any Soviet advisers. This shocked the government, who blamed the new administration of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> for influencing the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reprisals by the government followed, and between 3,000 and 24,000 people (according to different sources) were killed, in what is called the <a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a>, or in Persian as the <i>Qiam-e Herat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city itself was recaptured with tanks and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a>, but at the cost of thousands of civilians killed. This massacre was the first of its kind since the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> in 1919, and was the bloodiest event preceding the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg/220px-Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg/330px-Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg/440px-Herat_in_June_2011-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4067" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>View of Herat, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg/220px-NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg/330px-NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg/440px-NATO_and_Afghan_officials_at_Herat_International_Airport_in_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5373" data-file-height="3489" /></a><figcaption>Afghan and U.S. government officials along with members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) at <a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat International Airport</a> in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Herat received damage during the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, especially its western side. The province as a whole was one of the worst-hit. In April 1983, a series of Soviet bombings damaged half of the city and killed around 3,000 civilians, described as "extremely heavy, brutal and prolonged".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ismail Khan was the leading <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> commander in Herāt fighting against the Soviet-backed government. </p><p>After the communist government's collapse in 1992, Khan joined the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">new government</a> and he became governor of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a>. The city was relatively safe and it was recovering and rebuilding from the damage caused in the Soviet–Afghan War.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 5 September 1995, the city was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> without much resistance, forcing Khan to flee. Herat became the first Persian-speaking city to be captured by the Taliban. The Taliban's strict enforcement of laws confining women at home and closing girls' schools alienated Heratis who are traditionally more liberal and educated, like the Kabulis, than other urban populations in the country. Two days of anti-Taliban protests occurred in December 1996 which was violently dispersed and led to the imposition of a curfew.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1999, a rebellion in Herat was crushed by the Taliban, who blamed Iran for causing it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a>, on 12 November 2001, it was captured from the Taliban by forces loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> and Ismail Khan returned to power (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Herat">Battle of Herat</a>). The state of the city was reportedly much better than that of Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Sadiq" title="Mirwais Sadiq">Mirwais Sadiq</a>, Aviation Minister of Afghanistan and the son of Ismail Khan, was ambushed and killed in Herāt by a local rival group. More than 200 people were arrested under suspicion of involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) began establishing bases in and around the city. Its main mission was to train the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> (ANSF) and help with the rebuilding process of the country. <a href="/wiki/Train_Advise_Assist_Command_%E2%80%93_West" title="Train Advise Assist Command – West">Regional Command West</a>, led by Italy, assisted the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a> (ANA) <a href="/wiki/207th_Corps_(Afghanistan)" title="207th Corps (Afghanistan)">207th Corps</a>. Herat was one of the first seven areas that transitioned security responsibility from NATO to Afghanistan. In July 2011, the Afghan security forces assumed security responsibility from NATO. </p><p>Due to their close relations, Iran began investing in the development of Herat's power, economy and education sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the United States built a <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulate</a> in Herat to help further strengthen its <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan – United States relations">relations with Afghanistan</a>. In addition to the usual services, the consulate works with the local officials on development projects and with security issues in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 August 2021, the city was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Herat" title="Fall of Herat">captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herat has a <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BSk</i>). Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter. Although Herāt is approximately 240 m (790 ft) lower than <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, the summer climate is more temperate, and the climate throughout the year is far from disagreeable, although winter temperatures are comparably lower. From May to September, the wind blows from the northwest with great force. The winter is tolerably mild; snow melts rather quickly, and even on the mountains does not lie long. The eastern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Hari_(Afghanistan)" title="Hari (Afghanistan)">Hari River</a>, including the rapids, are frozen hard in the winter, and people travel on it as on a road. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Herāt (1958-1983) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background: #800000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.7<br />(123.3) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(108.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #800000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.7<br />(123.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7<br />(−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.5<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.7<br />(−8.9) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26.7<br />(−16.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1<br />(2.17) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(1.15) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(0.43) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(1.41) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">238.9<br />(9.41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C3C30F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.3 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">329.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">362.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">378.6 </td> <td style="background: #F8F824; color:#000000;" class="notheme">344.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">323.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.0 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,131.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (1959–1983)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Ogimet<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Foreign consulates</b></li></ul> <p>India, Iran and Pakistan operate their consulate here for trade, military and political links. </p> <ul><li><b>Neighborhoods</b> <ul><li>Shahr-e Naw (Downtown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Welayat">Welayat</a> (Office of the governor)</li> <li>Qol-Ordue (Army's HQ)</li> <li>Farqa (Army's HQ)</li> <li>Darwaze Khosh</li> <li>Chaharsu</li> <li>Pul-e Rangine</li> <li>Sufi-abad</li> <li>New-abad</li> <li>Pul-e malaan</li> <li>Thakhte Safar</li> <li>Howz-e-Karbas</li> <li>Baramaan</li> <li>Darwaze-ye Qandahar</li> <li>Darwaze-ye Iraq</li> <li>Darwaze Az Kordestan</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/220px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/330px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg/440px-Gawhar_Shad_bigum_by_ali_mosavi_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Museum_of_Herat_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Museum inside the <a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a>, locally referred to as <i>Qala Ikhtyaruddin</i> or <i>Arg</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_University-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/220px-Herat_University-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/330px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herat_University-2012.jpg/440px-Herat_University-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The Information Technology and Engineering Facility at <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/220px-Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/330px-Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/440px-Section_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Section of Herat</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Parks</b> <ul><li>Park-e Taraki</li> <li>Park-e Millat</li> <li>Khane-ye Jihad Park</li></ul></li> <li><b>Monuments</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a> (Qala Ikhtyaruddin or Arg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musallah Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Minarets_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Minarets of Herat">Musalla Minarets of Herat</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Of the more than dozen minarets that once stood in Herāt, many have been toppled from war and neglect over the past century. Recently, however, everyday traffic threatens many of the remaining unique towers by shaking the very foundations they stand on. Cars and trucks that drive on a road encircling the ancient city rumble the ground every time they pass these historic structures. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> personnel and Afghan authorities have been working to stabilize the Fifth Minaret.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendeich_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendeich-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Podelco_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podelco-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Museums</b> <ul><li>Herat Museum, located inside the Herat Citadel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Museum" title="Jihad Museum">Jihad Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Mausoleums and tombs</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_%27Abd_Allah_Ansari_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine">Mausoleum of Khwajah Abdullah Ansari</a></li> <li>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li>Tomb of Khaje Qaltan</li> <li>Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Sadiq" title="Mirwais Sadiq">Mirwais Sadiq</a></li> <li>Jewish cemetery – there once existed an ancient Jewish community in the city. Its remnants are a cemetery and a ruined shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Mosques</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumu'ah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_Mosque_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Mosque of Herat">Friday Mosque of Herat</a>)</li> <li>Gazargah Sharif</li> <li>Khalghe Sharif</li> <li>Shah Zahdahe</li></ul></li> <li><b>Stadiums</b> <ul><li>Herat Stadium</li></ul></li> <li><b>Universities</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Afghanistan">Demography of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg/170px-Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg/255px-Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg/340px-Afghan_school_girls_in_Herat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>School girls in Herat</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of Herat numbered approximately 592,902 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-nsia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city houses a multi-ethnic society and speakers of the Persian language are in the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no current data on the precise ethnic composition of the city's population, but according to a 2003 map found in the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a> peoples form the majority of the city, comprising around 85% of the population. The remaining population comprises <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazaras</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek people">Uzbeks</a> (2%) and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a> (1%).<sup id="cite_ref-ngm_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngm-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> is the native language of Herat and the local dialect – known by natives as <i>Herātī</i> – belongs to the <i>Khorāsānī</i> cluster within Persian. It is akin to the Persian dialects of eastern Iran, notably those of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province</a>, which borders Herat. This Persian dialect serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the city. The second language that is understood by many is <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, which is the native language of the Pashtuns. The local Pashto dialect spoken in Herat is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">western Pashto</a>, which is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> and southern and western Afghanistan. Religiously, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Sunni Islam</a> is practiced by the majority, while <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Shias</a> make up the minority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city has high residential density clustered around the core of the city. However, vacant plots account for a higher percentage of the city (21%) than residential land use (18%) and agricultural is the largest percentage of total land use (36%).<sup id="cite_ref-SoAC-2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoAC-2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city once had a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish</a> community. About 280 families lived in Herat as of 1948, but most of them moved to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> that year, and the community disappeared by 1992. There are four former <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> in the city's old quarter, which were neglected for decades and fell into disrepair. In the late 2000s, the buildings of the synagogues were renovated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aga_Khan_Trust_for_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aga Khan Trust for culture (page does not exist)">Aga Khan Trust for culture</a>, and at this time, three of them were turned into schools and nurseries, the Jewish community having vanished. In 2022, the Taliban government approved conservation work on the <a href="/wiki/Yu_Aw_Synagogue" title="Yu Aw Synagogue">Yu Aw Synagogue</a>, located in Herat's old city.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish cemetery is being taken care of by Jalil Ahmed Abdelaziz.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Professional sports teams from Herat</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Club </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Established </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindukush_Stars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindukush Stars (page does not exist)">Hindukush Stars</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shpageeza_Cricket_League" title="Shpageeza Cricket League">Shpageeza Cricket League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat_Cricket_Ground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herat Cricket Ground (page does not exist)">Herat Cricket Ground</a> </td> <td>2021 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toofan_Harirod_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Toofan Harirod F.C.">Toofan Harirod F.C.</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Premier_League" title="Afghan Premier League">Afghan Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herat Stadium (page does not exist)">Herat Stadium</a> </td> <td>2012 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Stadiums</b> <ul><li>Herat Cricket Ground</li> <li>Herat Stadium</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Herat">Notable people from Herat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable people from Herat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_and_emperors">Rulers and emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rulers and emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_ibn_Husayn" title="Tahir ibn Husayn">Tahir ibn Husayn</a> 9th century <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> army general, and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyasuddin Muhammad</a>, was the emperor of the Ghurid dynasty from 1163 to 1202.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_(Timurid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)">Mīrzā Shāhrūkh bin Tīmur Barlas</a>, Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> of Herāt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza" title="Abu Sa'id Mirza">Abu Sa'id Mirza</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> during the mid-fifteenth century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Bayqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn Bayqarah">Mīrzā Husseyn Bāyqarāh</a>, Emperor of the Timurid dynasty of Herāt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Shāh Abbās <i>The Great</i></a>, Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavid Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Emir Dost Mohammad Khan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a>, buried in the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Jan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Jan">Sultan Jan</a>, ruler of Herat in the 19th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Maymandi" title="Ahmad Maymandi">Ahmad Maymandi</a> 11th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khan" title="Ismail Khan">Ismail Khan</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Herat" title="List of governors of Herat">governor of Herat Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_and_Energy_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Water and Energy (Afghanistan)">Minister of Water and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Afzali" title="Amina Afzali">Amena Afzali</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Tamanna" title="Faramarz Tamanna">Faramarz Tamanna</a>, politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poets">Poets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a>, 10th-11th century royal <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> poet at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwājah Abdullāh al-Herawi al-Ansārī</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> poet of the 11th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a>, 13th century <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> poet, <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">Pun</a> master, satirist, and often scathing <a href="/wiki/Social_commentator" class="mw-redirect" title="Social commentator">social commentator</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Jam</a>, spent his youth in Herat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> poet of the 15th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Shir_Nava%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Ali Shir Nava'i">Nizām ud-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawi</a>, famous poet and scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi" title="Hatefi">Hatefi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> poet of the 16th century and nephew of <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nazemi" title="Latif Nazemi">Latif Nazemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a> (1981–2005) poet writing in <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientists">Scientists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muvaffak" class="mw-redirect" title="Muvaffak">Abu Mansur Muvaffak Harawi</a>, 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfadl_Harawi" title="Abolfadl Harawi">Abolfadl Harawi</a>, 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> under the patroange of the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rey</a>, originally from Herat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a>, 12th-century Persian <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taftazani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taftazani">Taftazani</a>, a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> of the 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a> 15th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimat_Allah_al-Harawi" title="Nimat Allah al-Harawi">Nimat Allah al-Harawi</a> 17th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> chronicler at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_figures">Religious figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Harawi" title="Abu Dharr al-Harawi">Abu Dharr al-Harawi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a> from the 10th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Uthman_al-Sabuni" title="Abu Uthman al-Sabuni">Abu Uthman al-Sabuni</a>, from the 11th-century, leading <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> scholar and hadith expert, jurist in the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> school, respected Qur'anic exegete and theologian, regarded as <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a>, a title that was uniquely his among the Sunnis of his time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_ad-Din_ar-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi">Fakhr ad-Din al-Razi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a> of the 12th-century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Kashefi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussain Kashefi">Hussain Kashefi</a>, a 15th-century Persian prose-stylist and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a> and scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Zahid_Harawi" title="Mir Zahid Harawi">Mir Zahid Harawi</a>, from the 17th century, religious scholar and historian, whose father was from Herat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Hirawi al-Qari</a>, from 17th century, considered to be one of the masters of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> and Imams of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, from 20th-century, Indian independence activist, whose forefathers came from Herat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Rahman_Ansari" title="Mujib Rahman Ansari">Mujib Rahman Ansari</a> (1982–2022), <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> cleric</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Harawi" title="Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi">Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi</a> 12th and 13th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> traveller and first known <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> artist in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> world, originally from Herat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Ustād Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a>, the greatest of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Heravi" title="Mir Ali Heravi">Mir Ali Heravi</a>, prominent <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> calligrapher and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> teacher of <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script in the 16th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alka_Sadat" title="Alka Sadat">Alka Sadat</a>, Film producer was born here<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonita_Alizadeh" title="Sonita Alizadeh">Sonita Alizadeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper">rapper</a> and activist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_2">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Nadim" title="Nadia Nadim">Nadia Nadim</a>, Afghan-Danish <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football player</a>, most influential and greatest <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> female football player of all time, won the French league title in the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine" title="2020–21 Division 1 Féminine">2020-21</a> season with <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain Féminine">Paris Saint-Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidullah_Karimi" title="Hamidullah Karimi">Hamidullah Karimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> footballer, plays as a forward for Indian club <a href="/wiki/Delhi_United_FC" title="Delhi United FC">Delhi United FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rafi_Barekzay" title="Mohammad Rafi Barekzay">Mohammad Rafi Barekzay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> footballer, plays as a <a href="/wiki/Midfielder" title="Midfielder">midfielder</a> for <a href="/wiki/Toofaan_Harirod_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Toofaan Harirod F.C.">Toofaan Harirod F.C</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gowhar_Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowhar Shad">Gowhar Shad</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shāh Rūkh Mīrzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zablon_Simintov" title="Zablon Simintov">Zablon Simintov</a>, last remaining <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a> who is believed to lived in Afghanistan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg/220px-Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg/330px-Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg/440px-Herat_International_Airport_in_February_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat International Airport</a> was built by engineers from the United States in the 1960s and was used by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> in the 1980s. It was bombed in late 2001 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> but had been rebuilt within the next decade. The runway of the airport has been extended and upgraded and as of August 2014 there were regularly scheduled direct flights to <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashhad International Airport">Mashad</a>, and various airports in Afghanistan. At least five airlines operated regularly scheduled direct flights to <a href="/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport" title="Kabul International Airport">Kabul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Rail transport in Afghanistan">Rail transport in Afghanistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> connections to and from Herat were proposed many times, during <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a></i> of the 19th century and again in the 1970s and 1980s, but nothing came to life. In February 2002, Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced funding for a railway connecting <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh" title="Torbat-e Heydarieh">Torbat-e Heydarieh</a> in Iran to Herat. This was later changed to begin in <a href="/wiki/Khaf,_Iran" title="Khaf, Iran">Khaf</a> in Iran, a 191 km (119 mi) railway for both cargo and passengers, with work on the Iranian side of the border starting in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction is underway in the Afghan side and it was estimated to be completed by March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the prospect of an extension across Afghanistan to <a href="/wiki/Sher_Khan_Bandar" title="Sher Khan Bandar">Sher Khan Bandar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/AH76" title="AH76">AH76</a> highway connects Herat to <a href="/wiki/Maymana" title="Maymana">Maymana</a> and the north. The <a href="/wiki/AH77" title="AH77">AH77</a> connects it east towards <a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Chaghcharan</a> and north towards <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a> in Turkmenistan. <a href="/wiki/Highway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 1">Highway 1</a> (part of Asian highway <a href="/wiki/AH1" title="AH1">AH1</a>) links it to <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> in Iran to the northwest, and south via the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar%E2%80%93Herat_Highway" title="Kandahar–Herat Highway">Kandahar–Herat Highway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Delaram" title="Delaram">Delaram</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable places in Herāt</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Afghanistan,_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outside the Shrine of Gazar Gah, c. 1939"><img alt="Outside the Shrine of Gazar Gah, c. 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg/120px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg/180px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg/240px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Herat-_Schrein_von_Gazar_Gah_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-19-193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5720" data-file-height="3579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Outside the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Khwaja_Abd_Allah" title="Shrine of Khwaja Abd Allah">Shrine of Gazar Gah</a>, c. 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Consulate in Herat"><img alt="U.S. Consulate in Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg/83px-US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg/125px-US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg/167px-US_consulate_in_Herat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="5544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">U.S. Consulate in Herat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq Khan, son of Ismail Khan, who was killed in 2004 in clashes with the Afghan National Army"><img alt="Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq Khan, son of Ismail Khan, who was killed in 2004 in clashes with the Afghan National Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg/80px-Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg/120px-Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg/160px-Mausoleum_of_Mirwais_Sadiq_Khan_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Sadiq" title="Mirwais Sadiq">Mirwais Sadiq Khan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khan" title="Ismail Khan">Ismail Khan</a>, who was killed in 2004 in clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shopping center"><img alt="Shopping center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG/120px-Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG/180px-Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG/240px-Development_Bank_of_Afghanistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shopping center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PoleMalanHerat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pol-e Mālān, a historical bridge"><img alt="Pol-e Mālān, a historical bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoleMalanHerat.jpg/90px-PoleMalanHerat.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoleMalanHerat.jpg/135px-PoleMalanHerat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoleMalanHerat.jpg/180px-PoleMalanHerat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pol-e_M%C4%81l%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Pol-e Mālān">Pol-e Mālān</a>, a historical bridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_6918a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar of Musallah Complex"><img alt="Pillar of Musallah Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Herat_6918a.jpg/80px-Herat_6918a.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Herat_6918a.jpg/120px-Herat_6918a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Herat_6918a.jpg/160px-Herat_6918a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillar of <a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musallah Complex</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī shrine, a Sufi of the 11th century"><img alt="Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī shrine, a Sufi of the 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg/106px-Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg/158px-Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg/211px-Herat_Ansari_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_%27Abd_Allah_Ansari_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine">Khwājah Abdullāh Ansārī shrine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> of the 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gazar Gah cemetery"><img alt="Gazar Gah cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg/102px-Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg/153px-Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg/204px-Gazar_Gah_cemetery_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gazar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazar Gah">Gazar Gah</a> cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jami_Tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Jāmi, a poet of the 15th century"><img alt="Tomb of Jāmi, a poet of the 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jami_Tomb.JPG/120px-Jami_Tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jami_Tomb.JPG/180px-Jami_Tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jami_Tomb.JPG/240px-Jami_Tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jāmi">Jāmi</a>, a poet of the 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jewish cemetery"><img alt="The Jewish cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg/120px-Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg/180px-Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg/240px-Herat_Jews_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish</a> cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Herat from a hill"><img alt="View of Herat from a hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/120px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/180px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/240px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Herat from a hill</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herat_in_fiction">Herat in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Herat in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Hosseini" title="Khaled Hosseini">Khaled Hosseini</a>'s 2007 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Splendid_Suns" title="A Thousand Splendid Suns">A Thousand Splendid Suns</a></i> is set in and around Herāt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Enchantress_of_Florence" title="The Enchantress of Florence">The Enchantress of Florence</a></i> makes frequent reference to events in Herāt in the Middle Ages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a>, United States (since 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria (satrapy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her%C4%81t_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Herāt Province">Herāt Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/147">"Hadith - Book of Tribulations - Sunan Ibn Majah - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011312/https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/36/147">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+-+Book+of+Tribulations+-+Sunan+Ibn+Majah+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fibnmajah%2F36%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samuelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/State-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf">"OCHA - February Humanitarian Bulletin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312082849/http://samuelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/State-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCHA+-+February+Humanitarian+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamuelhall.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F09%2FState-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf">"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Population+of+Afghanistan+2021-22&rft.pub=National+Statistic+and+Information+Authority+%28NSIA%29&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsia.gov.af%3A8080%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2FEstimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/herat">Herat - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006145828/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/herat">Archived</a> 2013-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Merriam-webster.com (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rferl.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rferl.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rferl.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodelco2008" class="citation news cs1">Podelco, Grant (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1101533.html">"Afghanistan: Herat's Treasures Can't Compensate For Atmosphere Of Fear"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Herat%27s+Treasures+Can%27t+Compensate+For+Atmosphere+Of+Fear&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Podelco&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1101533.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430181051/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/82/735/82_1367/_pdf">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aija/82/735/82_1367/_pdf">the original</a> on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Faija%2F82%2F735%2F82_1367%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustawfi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustawfi_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤamd-Allāh_Mustawfī_of_Qazwīn1340" class="citation web cs1">Ḥamd-Allāh Mustawfī of Qazwīn (1340). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16">"The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULŪB"</a>. <i>Translated by Guy Le Strange</i>. <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16">the original</a> on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translated+by+Guy+Le+Strange&rft.atitle=The+Geographical+Part+of+the+NUZHAT-AL-QUL%C5%AAB&rft.date=1340&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4amd-All%C4%81h+Mustawf%C4%AB+of+Qazw%C4%ABn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D16301012%26ct%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheMet-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheMet_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125142429/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm">"The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Timurid+Period+%28ca.+1370%E2%80%931507%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ftimu%2Fhd_timu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective - Page 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia - Page 465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Ganda (1959). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvp9QgAACAAJ">Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515233619/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvp9QgAACAAJ&dq=&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 2016-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. (PDF version <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf%7Carchiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf">66 MB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf">Archived</a> 7 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoelle-Karimi2014" class="citation book cs1">Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ"><i>The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)</i></a>. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7202-4"><bdi>978-3-7001-7202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearl+in+Its+Midst%3A+Herat+and+the+Mapping+of+Khurasan+%2815th-19th+Centuries%29&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4&rft.aulast=Noelle-Karimi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdl9oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180832.stm">"Bomb blast hits west Afghan city"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930134913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8180832.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bomb+blast+hits+west+Afghan+city&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8180832.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Roland (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36974513">"Do tourists really go to Afghanistan?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501043520/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36974513">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Do+tourists+really+go+to+Afghanistan%3F&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36974513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-173228">"Herat City to Be Listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site"</a>. <i>TOLOnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Herat+City+to+Be+Listed+as+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Farts-culture-173228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-offensive-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-offensive_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/taliban-take-herat-afghanistans-third-largest-city-as-they-push-towards-kabul-12379899">"Taliban take Herat, Afghanistan's third-largest city, as they push towards Kabul"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taliban+take+Herat%2C+Afghanistan%27s+third-largest+city%2C+as+they+push+towards+Kabul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ftaliban-take-herat-afghanistans-third-largest-city-as-they-push-towards-kabul-12379899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/476475/Piranshahr-in-need-of-archaeological-museum-official">"Piranshahr in need of archaeological museum: Official"</a>. 6 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piranshahr+in+need+of+archaeological+museum%3A+Official&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F476475%2FPiranshahr-in-need-of-archaeological-museum-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspakistan.tv/8000-years-old-artifacts-unearthed-in-iran/">"8,000 years old artifacts unearthed in Iran"</a>. 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8%2C000+years+old+artifacts+unearthed+in+Iran&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspakistan.tv%2F8000-years-old-artifacts-unearthed-in-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/491536/Iranian-archeologists-hail-find-of-relics-built-more-than-5500">"Iranian archeologists hail find of relics built more than 5500 years ago"</a>. 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+archeologists+hail+find+of+relics+built+more+than+5500+years+ago&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F491536%2FIranian-archeologists-hail-find-of-relics-built-more-than-5500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadpourKamkar_RouhaniAhmadi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmadpour, Afsaneh; Kamkar Rouhani, Abolghasem; Ahmadi, Reza (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-48-en.html">"Archaeological exploration of Tappeh Hissar, Damghan using forward and inverse modeling of Ground-Penetrating Radar data"</a>. <i>Journal of Research on Archaeometry</i>. <b>2</b>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29252%2Fjra.2.1.1">10.29252/jra.2.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+on+Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Archaeological+exploration+of+Tappeh+Hissar%2C+Damghan+using+forward+and+inverse+modeling+of+Ground-Penetrating+Radar+data&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29252%2Fjra.2.1.1&rft.aulast=Ahmadpour&rft.aufirst=Afsaneh&rft.au=Kamkar+Rouhani%2C+Abolghasem&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjra-tabriziau.ir%2Farticle-1-48-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/museum-fuer-islamische-kunst/collection-research/research-cooperation/areia-antiqua-ancient-herat/">"Areia Antiqua. Ancient Herat"</a>. <i>Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin&rft.atitle=Areia+Antiqua.+Ancient+Herat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smb.museum%2Fen%2Fmuseums-institutions%2Fmuseum-fuer-islamische-kunst%2Fcollection-research%2Fresearch-cooperation%2Fareia-antiqua-ancient-herat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitar.org/sustainable-development-goals/satellite-analysis-and-applied-research/whs-aleppo">"The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Ancient+City+of+Aleppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitar.org%2Fsustainable-development-goals%2Fsatellite-analysis-and-applied-research%2Fwhs-aleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unosat.org/products/3505">"UNOSAT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNOSAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funosat.org%2Fproducts%2F3505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang2003205–206-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang2003205–206_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogelsang2003">Vogelsang 2003</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranslated_by_Herbert_Cushing_Tolman" class="citation web cs1">Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413214509/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Persia/Behistun_txt.html">"The Behistan Inscription of King Darius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, Nashville, Tennessee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Persia/Behistun_txt.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Behistan+Inscription+of+King+Darius&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University%2C+Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.au=Translated+by+Herbert+Cushing+Tolman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Ftxt%2Fah%2FPersia%2FBehistun_txt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFelectricpulp.com" class="citation web cs1">electricpulp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-ii">"HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD – Encyclopædia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901210956/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-ii">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=HERAT+ii.+HISTORY%2C+PRE-ISLAMIC+PERIOD+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.au=electricpulp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fherat-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest recorded date of a bishop in Herat is 424. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515040342/http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html">"ASP Test Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASP+Test+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nestorian.org%2Flocation_of_nestorian_bishops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Abu Ja’far Muḥammad ibn Jarir Ṭabari</a>, Taʾrikh al-rosul wa’l-moluk, pp. 2904-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tang-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tang_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Warfare in Chinese History</i>. Brill. 2000. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupree3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dupree3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ"><i>An Historical Guide to Afghanistan</i></a>. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501125959/https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ&q=inauthor%3A%22Nancy+Hatch+Dupree%22">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Guide+to+Afghanistan&rft.place=Kabul&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Afghan+Air+Authority%2C+Afghan+Tourist+Organization&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Hatch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT__DHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skrine-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skrine_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skrine_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skrine_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrineRoss2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Henry_Skrine" title="Francis Henry Skrine">Skrine, Francis Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Denison_Ross" title="Edward Denison Ross">Ross, Edward Denison</a> (2004). <i>The heart of Asia: a history of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the earliest times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1017-5"><bdi>0-7007-1017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heart+of+Asia%3A+a+history+of+Russian+Turkestan+and+the+Central+Asian+Khanates+from+the+earliest+times&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7007-1017-5&rft.aulast=Skrine&rft.aufirst=Francis+Henry&rft.au=Ross%2C+Edward+Denison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUZpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/llv/activite/detail_parcours.jsp?CURRENT_LLV_PARCOURS%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673464057&CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&CURRENT_LLV_CHEMINEMENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500830&bmLocale=en">Musée du Louvre, Calligraphy in Islamic Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110041444/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/activite/detail_parcours.jsp?CURRENT_LLV_PARCOURS%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673464057&CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&CURRENT_LLV_CHEMINEMENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673465686&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500830&bmLocale=en">Archived</a> 2011-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, Brill Publishers, Vol.3: H-Iram, 1986, Leiden, pp. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eṣṭaḵri, pp. 263-65, tr. pp. 277-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Ḥawqal, pp. 437-39, tr. pp. 424;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moqaddasi (Maqdesi), Aḥsan al-taqāsim fi maʿrifat al-aqālim, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden, 1906, p. 307;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahri1963" class="citation book cs1">Bahri, Hardev (1963). <i>Lahndi Phonetics, with Special Reference to Awáṇkárí</i>. Bharati Press Prakashan. pp. 10 and 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lahndi+Phonetics%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Aw%C3%A1%E1%B9%87k%C3%A1r%C3%AD&rft.pages=10+and+11&rft.pub=Bharati+Press+Prakashan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bahri&rft.aufirst=Hardev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Boyle1968IlKhansCHIran05/page/n12/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, Vol.V, Ch.4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), pp.315-6 (1968).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Baum2018" class="citation book cs1">Christoph Baum (2018). <i>History of Central Asia</i>. Vol. 4. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=297&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Christoph+Baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory2007" class="citation journal cs1">Savory, Roger (2 January 2007). "The Safavid state and polity". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1–2): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210867408701463">10.1080/00210867408701463</a>. <q>Herat is referred to as a'zam-i bilād-i īrān (the greatest of the cities of Iran) and Isfahan as khulāsa-yi mulk-i īrān (the choicest part of the realm of Iran).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Safavid+state+and+polity&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2007-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210867408701463&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzuppe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Szuppe, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062827/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-iii">"HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-iii">the original</a> on 14 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HERAT+iii.+HISTORY%2C+MEDIEVAL+PERIOD&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Szuppe&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fherat-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAveryHamblyMelville1991" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles, eds. (1991). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183, 394–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521200950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521200950"><bdi>978-0521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+%28Vol.+7%29%3A+From+Nadir+Shah+to+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=183%2C+394-395&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521200950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2002" class="citation book cs1">Ewans (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77"><i>Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics</i></a></span>. Perennial. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/006-050508-7" title="Special:BookSources/006-050508-7"><bdi>006-050508-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+short+History+of+its+People+and+Politics&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=006-050508-7&rft.au=Ewans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistanshort00ewan%2Fpage%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touristspots.org/mousallah-complex-in-herat-afghanistan/">"Mousallah Complex in Herat – Afghanistan – Tourist Spots Around the World"</a>. <i>Touristspots.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232855/https://www.touristspots.org/mousallah-complex-in-herat-afghanistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Touristspots.org&rft.atitle=Mousallah+Complex+in+Herat+%E2%80%93+Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Tourist+Spots+Around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touristspots.org%2Fmousallah-complex-in-herat-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodelco" class="citation news cs1">Podelco, Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1059997.html">"Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets Of Herat, Jam"</a>. <i>Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021724/https://www.rferl.org/a/1059997.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiofreeeurope%2FRadioliberty&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Race+To+Preserve+Historic+Minarets+Of+Herat%2C+Jam&rft.aulast=Podelco&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1059997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125042848/http://www.adventuretravelphotos.com/">"Tư vấn sản phẩm"</a>. <i>Adventuretravelphotos.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventuretravelphotos.com/">the original</a> on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventuretravelphotos.com&rft.atitle=T%C6%B0+v%E1%BA%A5n+s%E1%BA%A3n+ph%E1%BA%A9m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventuretravelphotos.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mohammad-nader-shah-king-of-afghanistan">"MOḤAMMAD NĀDER SHAH – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>The following year, his enthronement was legitimated by a Lōya jerga (9-20 September 1930), whilst the final strongholds of Saqawi resistance were repressed in Kohdāman in 1930 (Eṣlāḥ I/67-70, 1930), and in Herat in 1931.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=MO%E1%B8%A4AMMAD+N%C4%80DER+SHAH+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmohammad-nader-shah-king-of-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present</i> by Gilles Dorronsoro, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes2006" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony James (18 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&q=herat+soviet+revolt+1979+thousand&pg=PA68"><i>Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813191706" title="Special:BookSources/9780813191706"><bdi>9780813191706</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528204449/https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC&q=herat+soviet+revolt+1979+thousand&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft.isbn=9780813191706&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuHXFDFdeoQC%26q%3Dherat%2Bsoviet%2Brevolt%2B1979%2Bthousand%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802080317/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/failings-of-inclusivity-the-herat-uprising-of-march-1979/">"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979 - Afghanistan Analysts Network"</a>. <i>www.afghanistan-analysts.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/failings-of-inclusivity-the-herat-uprising-of-march-1979/">the original</a> on 2 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.afghanistan-analysts.org&rft.atitle=Failings+of+Inclusivity%3A+The+Herat+uprising+of+March+1979+-+Afghanistan+Analysts+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Ffailings-of-inclusivity-the-herat-uprising-of-march-1979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation</i>, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 133 & 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>War, Exile and the Music of Afghanistan: The Ethnographer's Tale</i> by John Baily</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061437/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Feoir%2Flegacy%2F2014%2F01%2F16%2FAf_chronology_1995-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2013" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Roger (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awljDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81"><i>Iran in Crisis?: Nuclear Ambitions and the American Response</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848137110" title="Special:BookSources/9781848137110"><bdi>9781848137110</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528204449/https://books.google.com/books?id=awljDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+Crisis%3F%3A+Nuclear+Ambitions+and+the+American+Response&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=9781848137110&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawljDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3567277.stm">"More arrests after Herat killing"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. London. 25 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218165552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3567277.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=More+arrests+after+Herat+killing&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3567277.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Motlagh, Jason.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1900013,00.html?xid=rss-topstories-cnnpartner">Iran's Spending Spree in Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527075726/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1900013,00.html?xid=rss-topstories-cnnpartner">Archived</a> 2009-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Wednesday 20 May 2009. Retrieved on 24 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kabul.usembassy.gov/amb_speech121609.html">"U.S. Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry Remarks at the Lease-Signing Ceremony for U.S. Consulate Herat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204654/http://kabul.usembassy.gov/amb_speech121609.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Herat,_Afghanistan’s_third-largest_city,_has_fallen_to_the_Taliban,_residents_and_local_journalists_said,_becoming_the_eleventh_provincial_capital_to_be_captured_by_the_armed_group_in_recent_days." class="citation web cs1">Varshalomidze, Tamila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/12/afghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates">"Taliban captures Herat city after taking Ghazni"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Taliban+captures+Herat+city+after+taking+Ghazni&rft.aulast=Varshalomidze&rft.aufirst=Tamila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F12%2Fafghanistan-taliban-kandahar-prison-police-ghazni-live-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504234939/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/AH/40938.TXT">"Herat Climate Normals 1959-1983"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/AH/40938.TXT">the original</a> on 4 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herat+Climate+Normals+1959-1983&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-II%2FAH%2F40938.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=40938&ano=2020&mes=7&day=20&hora=16&min=0&ndays=30">"40938: Herat (Afghanistan) Synop Summary"</a>. G. Ballester Vallor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721211427/https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=40938&ano=2020&mes=7&day=20&hora=16&min=0&ndays=30">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40938%3A+Herat+%28Afghanistan%29+Synop+Summary&rft.pub=G.+Ballester+Vallor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogimet.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgsynres%3Flang%3Den%26ind%3D40938%26ano%3D2020%26mes%3D7%26day%3D20%26hora%3D16%26min%3D0%26ndays%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendeich-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bendeich_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendeich,_Mark2007" class="citation news cs1">Bendeich, Mark (25 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww1.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1182697507391&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout">"Cars, Not War, Threaten Afghan Minarets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Islam_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Online">Islam Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+Online&rft.atitle=Cars%2C+Not+War%2C+Threaten+Afghan+Minarets&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.au=Bendeich%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.islamonline.net%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fc%3DArticle_C%26cid%3D1182697507391%26pagename%3DZone-English-ArtCulture%252FACELayout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Podelco-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Podelco_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodelco,_Grant2005" class="citation news cs1">Podelco, Grant (18 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059997.html">"Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets of Herat, Jam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061059/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059997.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Race+To+Preserve+Historic+Minarets+of+Herat%2C+Jam&rft.date=2005-07-18&rft.au=Podelco%2C+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1059997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A good description of the sites, including former afgahani jews who lived there, and of some locals, could be seen at "Quest for the lost tribes", a film by <a href="/wiki/Simcha_Jacobovici" title="Simcha Jacobovici">Simcha Jacobovici</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Herat/Herat_Provincial_Overview_2.pdf">"Welcome – Naval Postgraduate School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nps.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Herat/Herat_Provincial_Overview_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.edu&rft.atitle=Welcome+%E2%80%93+Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2Fprograms%2Fccs%2FHerat%2FHerat_Provincial_Overview_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngm-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngm_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912083622/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf">"2003 National Geographic Population Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Gouttierre%2C+Center+For+Afghanistan+Studies%2C+University+of+Nebraska+at+Omaha%3B+Matthew+S.+Baker%2C+Stratfor&rft.atitle=2003+National+Geographic+Population+Map&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0311%2Ffeature2%2Fimages%2Fmp_download.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoAC-2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoAC-2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031111658/http://unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2/">"The State of Afghan Cities 2015, Volume 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhabitat.org/books/soac2015_volume2">the original</a> on 31 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Afghan+Cities+2015%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhabitat.org%2Fbooks%2Fsoac2015_volume2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/10/26/taliban-government-approve-conservation-work-on-historic-synagogue-in-afghanistan">"Taliban government approves conservation work on historic synagogue in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper</i>. 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Taliban+government+approves+conservation+work+on+historic+synagogue+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2022%2F10%2F26%2Ftaliban-government-approve-conservation-work-on-historic-synagogue-in-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-synagogue/relics-of-old-afghanistan-reveal-jewish-past-idUSTRE55N01P20090624">"Relics of old Afghanistan reveal Jewish past"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 24 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013216/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-synagogue/relics-of-old-afghanistan-reveal-jewish-past-idUSTRE55N01P20090624">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Relics+of+old+Afghanistan+reveal+Jewish+past&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-afghanistan-synagogue%2Frelics-of-old-afghanistan-reveal-jewish-past-idUSTRE55N01P20090624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/interview-with-alka-sadat">Alka Sadat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625122536/http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/interview-with-alka-sadat">Archived</a> 2016-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, womensvoicesnow.org, Retrieved 7 June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khaf-Herat railway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/">http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/">Archived</a> 2017-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">afghanistan railways, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/">http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029024246/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/">Archived</a> 2014-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029024246/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/">"Iran to Herat railway – Railways of Afghanistan"</a>. <i>www.andrewgrantham.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/">the original</a> on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.andrewgrantham.co.uk&rft.atitle=Iran+to+Herat+railway+%E2%80%93+Railways+of+Afghanistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewgrantham.co.uk%2Fafghanistan%2Frailways%2Firan-to-herat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//opening-up-afghan-trade-route-to-iran.html">Opening up Afghan trade route to Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032057/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/opening-up-afghan-trade-route-to-iran.html">Archived</a> 2016-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a> 2008-01-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018">"Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018"</a>. 25 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rail+Linkup+With+Afghanistan+by+March+2018&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Feconomy-domestic-economy%2F60378%2Frail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcolumnist2016" class="citation web cs1">columnist, Erin Grace / World-Herald (21 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omaha.com/columnists/grace/grace-afghans-arrive-to-embrace-sister-city-bluffs-and-to/article_87cf8038-b7b2-5fea-93c4-007080f31f16.html">"Grace: Afghans arrive to embrace sister city Bluffs and to share their passion and hope"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721191916/https://www.omaha.com/columnists/grace/grace-afghans-arrive-to-embrace-sister-city-bluffs-and-to/article_87cf8038-b7b2-5fea-93c4-007080f31f16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grace%3A+Afghans+arrive+to+embrace+sister+city+Bluffs+and+to+share+their+passion+and+hope&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.aulast=columnist&rft.aufirst=Erin+Grace+%2F+World-Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omaha.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fgrace%2Fgrace-afghans-arrive-to-embrace-sister-city-bluffs-and-to%2Farticle_87cf8038-b7b2-5fea-93c4-007080f31f16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, R.N. (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/harat-SIM_2716">"Harāt"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Har%C4%81t&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fharat-SIM_2716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vogelsang, W. J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/herat-ii">"Herat ii. History, pre-Islamic period"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/2: Hedāyat al-mota'allemin–Herat VII</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 205–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-75-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-75-7"><bdi>978-0-933273-75-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herat+ii.+History%2C+pre-Islamic+period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+XII%2F2%3A+Hed%C4%81yat+al-mota%27allemin%E2%80%93Herat+VII&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-75-7&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fherat-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attribution">Attribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herat" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herat">Herat</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 330–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=330-332&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herat&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Herat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Herat">Herat</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Herat#Q45313" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Herat">Herat</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aa_J_7bms6M"><span class="plainlinks">Special report from the new complex in Herat - پالادیوم سنتر -گزارش ویژه از مجتمع جدید در هرات</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfGbcav4W1Q"><span class="plainlinks">Different and interesting Bazaars Herat Province Afghanistan 4 May 2022</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJUXuO9ygoY"><span class="plainlinks">Walking in Herat City</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvxEUU3QLyM"><span class="plainlinks">بام هرات افغانستان 2019 Full HD BAAME HERAT</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYPPIMqha3s"><span class="plainlinks">برویم باهم پارک ترقي هرات قدم زدن Sep/2018 Walking through Park Taraghi of Herat Afghanistan</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TO1dsY148sM"><span class="plainlinks">شهر هرات افغانستان 09.06.2018</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405004223/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/urban/hirat.pdf">Detailed map of Herāt city</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508193538/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/herat_afghanistan1942.jpg">Map of Herāt and surroundings in 1942</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry%E2%80%93Casta%C3%B1eda_Library_Map_Collection" title="Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection">Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Capital of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> </b><br />1505–1507 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">-</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eighteen_largest_cities_in_Afghanistan_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AfghanistanLargestCities" title="Template:AfghanistanLargestCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AfghanistanLargestCities" title="Template talk:AfghanistanLargestCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AfghanistanLargestCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AfghanistanLargestCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eighteen_largest_cities_in_Afghanistan_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Eighteen largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">cities in Afghanistan</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Khumri" title="Puli Khumri">Puli Khumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charikar" title="Charikar">Charikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Lashkargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheberghan" title="Sheberghan">Sheberghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar-e_Pol,_Afghanistan" title="Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan">Sar-e Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Chaghcharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihtarlam" title="Mihtarlam">Mihtarlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Alam" title="Puli Alam">Puli Alam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Herat_Province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herat_Province" title="Template:Herat Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herat_Province" title="Template talk:Herat Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herat_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herat Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Herat_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adraskan_District" title="Adraskan District">Adraskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Sharif_District" title="Chishti Sharif District">Chishti Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsi_District" title="Farsi District">Farsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoryan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoryan District">Ghoryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulran_District" title="Gulran District">Gulran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzara_District" title="Guzara District">Guzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirat_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirat District">Hirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injil_District" title="Injil District">Injil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukh_District" title="Karukh District">Karukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohsan_District" title="Kohsan District">Kohsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushk_District" title="Kushk District">Kushk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushki_Kuhna_District" title="Kushki Kuhna District">Kushki Kuhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obe_District" title="Obe District">Obe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Zarghun_District" title="Pashtun Zarghun District">Pashtun Zarghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindand_District" title="Shindand District">Shindand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinda_Jan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinda Jan District">Zinda Jan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg/100px-Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg/150px-Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg/200px-Herat_in_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adraskan" title="Adraskan">Adraskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizabad,_Herat" title="Azizabad, Herat">Azizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%ABch%C4%AB,_Herat" title="Balūchī, Herat">Baluchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazargan,_Afghanistan" title="Bazargan, Afghanistan">Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Sharif" title="Chishti Sharif">Chishti Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsi,_Afghanistan" title="Farsi, Afghanistan">Farsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurian" title="Ghurian">Ghurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulran" title="Gulran">Gulran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzara" title="Guzara">Guzara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injil,_Afghanistan" title="Injil, Afghanistan">Injil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Qala" title="Islam Qala">Islam Qala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukh" title="Karukh">Karukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohsan" title="Kohsan">Kohsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushk,_Afghanistan" title="Kushk, Afghanistan">Kushk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushki_Kuhna" title="Kushki Kuhna">Kushki Kuhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obe,_Afghanistan" title="Obe, Afghanistan">Obe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Zarghun" title="Pashtun Zarghun">Pashtun Zarghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabzawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabzawar">Sabzawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindand,_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shindand, Herat">Shindand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghundi" title="Torghundi">Torghundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zendeh_Jan" title="Zendeh Jan">Zendeh Jan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herat_Citadel" title="Herat Citadel">Herat Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_%27Abd_Allah_Ansari_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine">Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malan_Bridge" title="Malan Bridge">Malan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_complex" title="Musalla complex">Musalla complex</a></li> <li>Herat City Old Fort</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130198044">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWFyxhhRrwCTJV63XDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024442-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81108322">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Herát (Afghánistán)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge329251&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555178905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/91bb6872-7b31-401e-a2f5-7d44f9419377">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027718603">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044381">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herat&oldid=1259285313">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herat&oldid=1259285313</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herat" title="Category:Herat">Herat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Cities in Afghanistan">Cities in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Cities in Central Asia">Cities in Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Category:Populated places along the Silk Road">Populated places along the Silk Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Herat_Province" title="Category:Populated places in Herat Province">Populated places in Herat Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_capitals_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Provincial capitals in Afghanistan">Provincial capitals in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_founded_by_Alexander_the_Great" title="Category:Cities founded by Alexander the Great">Cities founded by Alexander the Great</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017">Articles with dead external links from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from August 2022">Articles needing cleanup from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_August_2022" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2022">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2022">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 09:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herat&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-j86m5","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.449","walltime":"1.925","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13041,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":334284,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24835,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291629,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1591.428 1 -total"," 22.35% 355.673 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.69% 265.553 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.49% 214.751 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.37% 180.991 31 Template:Cite_web"," 8.28% 131.693 1 Template:History_of_Afghanistan"," 8.11% 129.127 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.35% 116.893 33 Template:Main_other"," 6.00% 95.465 1 Template:AfghanistanLargestCities"," 4.66% 74.211 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.767","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15549087,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmadpourKamkar_RouhaniAhmadi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAveryHamblyMelville1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahri1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendeich,_Mark2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoph_Baum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupree1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoelle-Karimi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodelco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodelco,_Grant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodelco2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavory2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkrineRoss2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzuppe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranslated_by_Herbert_Cushing_Tolman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcolumnist2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFelectricpulp.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḤamd-Allāh_Mustawfī_of_Qazwīn1340\"] = 1,\n [\"Herat,_Afghanistan’s_third-largest_city,_has_fallen_to_the_Taliban,_residents_and_local_journalists_said,_becoming_the_eleventh_provincial_capital_to_be_captured_by_the_armed_group_in_recent_days.\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AfghanistanLargestCities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 1,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Herat Province\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Afghanistan\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Iranian Architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-2qqf8","timestamp":"20241125134356","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Herat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q45313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T19:09:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T09:47:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Herat_7452a.jpg","headline":"capital of Herat Province, Afghanistan"}</script> </body> </html>