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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Paleolithic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jōmon_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jōmon_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Jōmon period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jōmon_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yayoi_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yayoi_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Yayoi period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yayoi_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kofun_period_(c._250–538)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kofun_period_(c._250–538)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Kofun period (c. 250–538) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kofun_period_(c._250–538)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Classical Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classical Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asuka_period_(538–710)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asuka_period_(538–710)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Asuka period (538–710) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asuka_period_(538–710)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_period_(710–794)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_period_(710–794)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nara period (710–794) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_period_(710–794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_period_(794–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_period_(794–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Heian period (794–1185) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_period_(794–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Heian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Feudal Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feudal_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feudal Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feudal_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamakura_period_(1185–1333)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_period_(1185–1333)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kamakura period (1185–1333) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_period_(1185–1333)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muromachi_period_(1333–1568)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muromachi_period_(1333–1568)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Muromachi period (1333–1568) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muromachi_period_(1333–1568)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nanban_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanban_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Nanban trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanban_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muromachi_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muromachi_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Muromachi culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muromachi_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early modern Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early modern Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edo_period_(1600–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period_(1600–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Edo period (1600–1868) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period_(1600–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Culture and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall_of_the_shogunate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall_of_the_shogunate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Decline and fall of the shogunate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall_of_the_shogunate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_period_(1868–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Meiji period (1868–1912) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Political and social changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_imperialism_and_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_imperialism_and_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Rise of imperialism and the military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_imperialism_and_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_modernization_and_labor_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_modernization_and_labor_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Economic modernization and labor unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_modernization_and_labor_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taishō_period_(1912–1926)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taishō_period_(1912–1926)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Taishō period (1912–1926) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taishō_period_(1912–1926)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shōwa_period_(1926–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shōwa_period_(1926–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Shōwa period (1926–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shōwa_period_(1926–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manchurian_Incident_and_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchurian_Incident_and_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchurian_Incident_and_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Occupation of Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_growth_and_prosperity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_growth_and_prosperity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Postwar growth and prosperity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_growth_and_prosperity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heisei_period_(1989–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heisei_period_(1989–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Heisei period (1989–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heisei_period_(1989–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reiwa_period_(2019–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reiwa_period_(2019–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Reiwa period (2019–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reiwa_period_(2019–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Social conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of Japan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_Japan" title="Geskiedenis van Japan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van Japan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاريخ اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Historia de Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_tarixi" title="Yaponiya tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জাপানের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Япония тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япония тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Японіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Япония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Япония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Japan" title="Istor Japan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Japan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Història del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Япони историйӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япони историйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Japonska" title="Dějiny Japonska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Japonska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_historie" title="Japans historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japans historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Japans" title="Geschichte Japans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Japans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_ajalugu" title="Jaapani ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Ιαπωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Ιαπωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Historia de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Japanio" title="Historio de Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniako_historia" title="Japoniako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="تاریخ ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Japon" title="Histoire du Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiednis_fan_Japan" title="Skiednis fan Japan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiednis fan Japan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_do_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Historia do Xapón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia do Xapón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%97%B0%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="日本嗰歷史 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="日本嗰歷史" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="જાપાનનો ઇતિહાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાપાનનો ઇતિહાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="일본의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin_%C6%98asar_Japan" title="Tarihin Ƙasar Japan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarihin Ƙasar Japan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճապոնիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="जापान का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापान का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Japana" title="Povijest Japana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Japana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Japonia" title="Historio di Japonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Japonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Jepang" title="Sejarah Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_Japans" title="Saga Japans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saga Japans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Giappone" title="Storia del Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="היסטוריה של יפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של יפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah_Jepang" title="Sajarah Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sajarah Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იაპონიის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Japani" title="Historia ya Japani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Japani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istw%C3%A8_di_Japon" title="Istwè di Japon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istwè di Japon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C3%AExa_Japon%C3%AA" title="Tarîxa Japonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tarîxa Japonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Iaponiae" title="Historia Iaponiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Iaponiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81nas_v%C4%93sture" title="Japānas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japānas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonijos_istorija" title="Japonijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Japán történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Јапонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Јапонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജപ്പാന്റെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജപ്പാന്റെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="जपानचा इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानचा इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Jepun" title="Sejarah Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_l_Japon" title="Stória de l Japon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de l Japon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Японы түүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Японы түүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျပန်သမိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန်သမိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Japan" title="Geschiedenis van Japan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Japan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="日本の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_historie" title="Japans historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japans historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਜਾਪਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਪਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د جاپان تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جاپان تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri_a_Japan" title="Ischri a Japan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ischri a Japan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Japonii" title="Historia Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="História do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Japoniei" title="Istoria Japoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Japoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Japonis%C3%AB" title="Historia e Japonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Japonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="جاپان جي تاريخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاپان جي تاريخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Japonska" title="Dejiny Japonska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Japonska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Japonske" title="Zgodovina Japonske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Japonske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="مێژووی ژاپۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی ژاپۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Историја Јапана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Јапана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Japana" title="Historija Japana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Japana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah_Jepang" title="Sajarah Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sajarah Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238254956">.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-list-title{border:none;background:gainsboro}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-below{padding-top:0.2em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/250px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/375px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/500px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="844" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Periods</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo (Tokugawa)</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukuyuans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The first human inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> have been traced to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, around 38–39,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a>, named after its <a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">cord-marked pottery</a>, was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> in the first millennium BC when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> was recorded in the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> in the first century AD. Around the 3rd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a> from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Shinya-2">[2]</a> Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon people</a>, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers.<a href="#cite_note-JW-3">[3]</a> Between the fourth and ninth centuries, Japan's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government, nominally controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial dynasty</a> established at this time continues to this day, albeit in an almost entirely ceremonial role. In 794, a new imperial capital was established at <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>), marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, which lasted until 1185. The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japanese religious life</a> from this time and onwards was a mix of native <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> practices and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a>. Over the following centuries, the power of the imperial house decreased, passing first to great clans of civilian aristocrats — most notably the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara</a> — and then to the military clans and their armies of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clan</a> under <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> emerged victorious from the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a> of 1180–85, defeating their rival military clan, the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira</a>. After seizing power, Yoritomo set up his capital in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a> and took the title of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a>. In 1274 and 1281, the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> withstood two <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a>, but in 1333 it was toppled by a rival claimant to the shogunate, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>. During this period, regional warlords called <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> grew in power at the expense of the shōgun. Eventually, Japan descended into <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">a period of civil war</a>. Over the course of the late 16th century, Japan was reunified under the leadership of the prominent daimyō <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>. After Toyotomi's death in 1598, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> came to power and was appointed shōgun by the emperor. The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, which governed from <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>), presided over a prosperous and peaceful era known as the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1600–1868). The Tokugawa shogunate imposed <a href="/wiki/Edo_society#Four_classes" title="Edo society">a strict class system</a> on Japanese society and <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">cut off almost all contact with the outside world</a>. Portugal and Japan came into contact in 1543, when the Portuguese became the first Europeans to reach Japan by landing in the southern archipelago. They had a significant impact on Japan, even in this initial limited interaction, <a href="/wiki/Firearms_of_Japan" title="Firearms of Japan">introducing firearms to Japanese warfare</a>. The American <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> in 1853–54 more completely ended Japan's seclusion; this contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">fall of the shogunate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">return of power to the emperor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> in 1868. The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">new national leadership</a> of the following <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912) transformed the isolated feudal island country into <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">an empire</a> that closely followed Western models and became a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>. Although democracy developed and modern civilian culture prospered during the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a> (1912–1926), Japan's powerful military had great autonomy and overruled Japan's civilian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. The Japanese military <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a> in 1931, and from 1937 the conflict escalated into a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">prolonged war with China</a>. Japan's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941 led to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war with the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">its allies</a>. Japan's forces soon became overextended, but the military held out in spite of <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Allied air attacks</a> that inflicted severe damage on population centers. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">announced</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> on 15 August 1945, following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allies occupied Japan</a> until 1952, during which a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">new constitution</a> was enacted in 1947 that transformed Japan into the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> it is today. After 1955, Japan enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">very high economic growth</a> under the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>, and became a world <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">economic powerhouse</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decade</a> of the 1990s, Japanese economic growth has slowed. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_and_ancient_Japan">Prehistoric and ancient Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric and ancient Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_period">Paleolithic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_glaciation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/180px-Japan_glaciation.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/270px-Japan_glaciation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Japan_glaciation.gif/360px-Japan_glaciation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Japan at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> about 20,000 years ago <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  regions above sea level</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unvegetated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  sea</div> black outline indicates present-day Japan</figcaption></figure> Hunter-gatherers arrived in Japan in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times, with the oldest evidence dating to around 38–40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Little evidence of their presence remains, as Japan's acidic soils tend to degrade bone remains. However, the discovery of unique edge-ground axes in Japan dated to over 30,000 years ago may be evidence of the first Homo sapiens in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-ono-4">[4]</a> Early humans likely arrived in Japan by sea on watercraft.<a href="#cite_note-Takashi-5">[5]</a> Evidence of human habitation has been dated to 32,000 years ago in Okinawa's <a href="/wiki/Yamashita_Cave_Man" title="Yamashita Cave Man">Yamashita Cave</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-6">[6]</a> and up to 20,000 years ago on Ishigaki Island's <a href="/wiki/Shiraho_Saonetabaru_Cave_Ruins" title="Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins">Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa-7">[7]</a> Evidence has been found suggesting that Japan's Paleolithic inhabitants interacted with and butchered now extinct <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>, including the elephant <a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_naumanni" title="Palaeoloxodon naumanni">Palaeoloxodon naumanni</a>, and the giant deer <a href="/wiki/Sinomegaceros" title="Sinomegaceros">Sinomegaceros yabei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jōmon_period">Jōmon period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jōmon period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg/220px-Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg/330px-Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg/440px-Sannai_IMG_20161009_143947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Jōmon family from the <a href="/wiki/Sannai-Maruyama_Site" title="Sannai-Maruyama Site">Sannai-Maruyama Site</a></figcaption></figure> The Jōmon period of prehistoric Japan spans from roughly 13,000 BC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200564-9">[9]</a> to about 1,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-habu-10">[10]</a> Japan was inhabited by a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> culture that reached a considerable degree of <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a> and cultural complexity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201512–15-11">[11]</a> The name Jōmon, meaning "cord-marked", was first applied by American scholar <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Morse" title="Edward S. Morse">Edward S. Morse</a>, who discovered <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">shards</a> of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">pottery</a> in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-kidder-12">[12]</a> The pottery style characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201788-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon pottery</a> is generally accepted to be among the oldest in East Asia and the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kuzmin-14">[14]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JomonPottery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A vase from the early Jōmon period (11000–7000 BC)"><img alt="A vase from the early Jōmon period (11000–7000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JomonPottery.JPG/156px-JomonPottery.JPG" decoding="async" width="156" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JomonPottery.JPG/234px-JomonPottery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JomonPottery.JPG/311px-JomonPottery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1037" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A vase from the early <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (11000–7000 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Jōmon vase (2000 BC)"><img alt="Middle Jōmon vase (2000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg/119px-MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg/179px-MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg/238px-MiddleJomonJar2000BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1625" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Middle Jōmon vase (2000 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dogū figurine of the late Jōmon period (1000–400 BC)"><img alt="Dogū figurine of the late Jōmon period (1000–400 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/105px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/157px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/209px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2718" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a> figurine of the late <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (1000–400 BC)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yayoi_period">Yayoi period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yayoi period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></div> The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a> from the Asian mainland brought fundamental transformations to the Japanese archipelago. The millennial achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> took hold of the islands in a relatively short span of centuries, particularly with the development of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice cultivation</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and metallurgy. Until recently, the onset of this wave of cultural and technological changes was thought to have begun around 400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Radio-carbon evidence now suggests that the new phase started some 500 years earlier, between 1,000 and 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Endowed with bronze and iron weapons and tools initially imported from China and the Korean peninsula, the Yayoi radiated out from northern <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyūshū</a>, gradually supplanting the Jōmon.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> They also introduced weaving and silk production,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> new woodworking methods,<a href="#cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">[17]</a> glassmaking technology,<a href="#cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">[17]</a> and new architectural styles.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The expansion of the Yayoi appears to have brought about a fusion with the indigenous Jōmon, resulting in a small genetic admixture.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/170px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/255px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/340px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> bronze bell (<a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">dōtaku</a>) of the 3rd century AD</figcaption></figure>These Yayoi technologies originated on the Asian mainland. There is debate among scholars as to what degree their spread can be attributed to migration or to cultural diffusion. The migration theory is supported by genetic and linguistic studies.<a href="#cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">[17]</a> Historian Hanihara Kazurō has suggested that the annual immigrant influx from the continent range from 350 to 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-Maher-23">[23]</a> The population of Japan began to increase rapidly, perhaps with a 10-fold rise over the Jōmon. Calculations of the increasing population size by the end of the Yayoi period have varied from 1 to 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199525-24">[24]</a> Skeletal remains from the late Jōmon period reveal a deterioration in already poor standards of health and nutrition, whereas contemporaneous Yayoi archaeological sites possess large structures suggestive of grain storehouses. This shift was accompanied by an increase in both the <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a> of society and tribal warfare, indicated by segregated gravesites and military fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">[17]</a> During the Yayoi period, the Yayoi tribes gradually coalesced into a number of kingdoms. The earliest written work to unambiguously mention Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, published in 111 AD, states that one hundred kingdoms comprised Japan, which is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa (Japan)">Wa</a>. A later Chinese work of history, the <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms#Book_of_Wei_(魏書)" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Book of Wei</a>, states that by 240 AD, the powerful kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Yamatai" title="Yamatai">Yamatai</a>, ruled by the female monarch <a href="/wiki/Himiko" title="Himiko">Himiko</a>, had gained ascendancy over the others, though modern historians continue to debate its location and other aspects of its depiction in the Book of Wei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201214–15-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kofun_period_(c._250–538)">Kofun period (c. 250–538)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kofun period (c. 250–538)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/220px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/330px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/440px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Daisenryō Kofun, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka</a></figcaption></figure> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>, Japan gradually unified under a single territory. The symbol of the growing power of Japan's new leaders was the <a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">kofun</a> burial mounds they constructed from around 250 AD onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16-26">[26]</a> Many were of massive scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mozu_Tombs" title="Mozu Tombs">Daisenryō Kofun</a>, a 486 m-long <a href="/wiki/Zenpokoenfun" title="Zenpokoenfun">keyhole-shaped burial mound</a> that took huge teams of laborers fifteen years to complete. It is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nintoku" title="Emperor Nintoku">Emperor Nintoku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200551-27">[27]</a> The kofun were often surrounded by and filled with numerous <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a> clay sculptures, often in the shape of warriors and horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16-26">[26]</a> The center of the unified state was <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Province" title="Yamato Province">Yamato</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kinai" title="Kinai">Kinai</a> region of central Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16-26">[26]</a> The rulers of the Yamato state were a hereditary line of emperors who still reign as the world's longest dynasty. The rulers of the Yamato extended their power across Japan through military conquest, but their preferred method of expansion was to convince local leaders to accept their authority in exchange for positions of influence in the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201216,_22-28">[28]</a> Many of the powerful local clans who joined the Yamato state became known as the <a href="/wiki/Uji_(clan)" title="Uji (clan)">uji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200552–53-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamato_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yamato_en.png/220px-Yamato_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yamato_en.png/330px-Yamato_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Yamato_en.png/440px-Yamato_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Territorial extent of Yamato court during the Kofun period</figcaption></figure> These leaders sought and received formal diplomatic recognition from China, and Chinese accounts record five successive such leaders as the <a href="/wiki/Five_kings_of_Wa" title="Five kings of Wa">Five kings of Wa</a>. Craftsmen and scholars from China and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> played an important role in transmitting continental technologies and administrative skills to Japan during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200552–53-29">[29]</a> Historians agree that there was a big struggle between the Yamato federation and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izumo_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izumo Federation (page does not exist)">Izumo Federation</a> centuries before written records.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Japan">Classical Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asuka_period_(538–710)">Asuka period (538–710)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asuka period (538–710)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg/220px-Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg/330px-Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg/440px-Horyu-ji08s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a> is the oldest wooden structure in the world. It was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Shotoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Shotoku">Prince Shotoku</a> and represents the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in Japan.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> began as early as 538 AD with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-31">[31]</a> Since then, Buddhism has coexisted with Japan's native Shinto religion, in what is today known as <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199816,_18-32">[32]</a> The period draws its name from the de facto imperial capital, <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Yamato" title="Asuka, Yamato">Asuka</a>, in the Kinai region.<a href="#cite_note-Frederic-33">[33]</a> The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Soga_clan" title="Soga clan">Soga clan</a> took over the government in the 580s and controlled Japan from behind the scenes for nearly sixty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200554–55-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>, an advocate of Buddhism and of the Soga cause, who was of partial Soga descent, served as regent and de facto leader of Japan from 594 to 622. Shōtoku authored the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen-article_constitution" title="Seventeen-article constitution">Seventeen-article constitution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a>-inspired code of conduct for officials and citizens, and attempted to introduce a merit-based civil service called the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Level_Cap_and_Rank_System" title="Twelve Level Cap and Rank System">Cap and Rank System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201218–19-35">[35]</a> In 607, Shōtoku offered a subtle insult to China by opening his letter with the phrase, "The ruler of the land of the rising sun addresses the ruler of the land of the setting sun" as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> characters for Japan (Nippon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002127-36">[36]</a> By 670, a variant of this expression, Nihon, established itself as the official name of the nation, which has persisted to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Rhee-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nihon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nihon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nihon.png/170px-Nihon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nihon.png/255px-Nihon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nihon.png/340px-Nihon.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>The word Nihon written in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> (horizontal placement of characters). The text means "Japan" in Japanese.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim,_14th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg/170px-Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg/255px-Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg/340px-Prince_Shotoku_at_Age_14_as_Buddhist_Pilgrim%2C_14th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="3447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> was a semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>, and considered to be the first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan.</figcaption></figure> In 645, the Soga clan were <a href="/wiki/Isshi_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Isshi Incident">overthrown in a coup</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenji" title="Emperor Tenji">Prince Naka no Ōe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kamatari" title="Fujiwara no Kamatari">Fujiwara no Kamatari</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara clan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57-38">[38]</a> Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reforms</a>. The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophies</a> from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be <a href="/wiki/Equal-field_system" title="Equal-field system">distributed equally</a> among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195857-39">[39]</a> The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn about Chinese writing, politics, art, and religion. After the reforms, the <a href="/wiki/Jinshin_War" title="Jinshin War">Jinshin War</a> of 672, a bloody conflict between <a href="/wiki/Prince_%C5%8Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ōama">Prince Ōama</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Prince_%C5%8Ctomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ōtomo">Prince Ōtomo</a>, two rivals to the throne, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57-38">[38]</a> These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a>, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195868-40">[40]</a> These legal reforms created the <a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">ritsuryō</a> state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57-38">[38]</a> The art of the Asuka period embodies the themes of Buddhist art.<a href="#cite_note-Akiyama-41">[41]</a> One of the most famous works is the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>, commissioned by Prince Shōtoku and completed in 607 AD. It is now the oldest wooden structure in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kshetry-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_period_(710–794)">Nara period (710–794)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nara period (710–794)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg/220px-Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg/330px-Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg/440px-Daibutsu-den_in_Todaiji_Nara01bs3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>The Daibutsu-den, within the complex of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>. This Buddhist temple was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial Court</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 710, the government constructed a grandiose new capital at <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>) modeled on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, the capital of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. During this period, the first two books produced in Japan appeared: the <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201224-43">[43]</a> which contain chronicles of legendary accounts of early Japan and its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_creation_myth" title="Japanese creation myth">creation myth</a>, which describes the imperial line as descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">the gods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201256-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a> was compiled in the latter half of the eighth century, which is widely considered the finest collection of Japanese poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene199985,_89-45">[45]</a> During this period, Japan suffered a series of natural disasters, including wildfires, droughts, famines, and outbreaks of disease, such as a <a href="/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic" title="735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic">smallpox epidemic in 735–737</a> that killed over a quarter of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200574–75-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a> (r. 724–749) feared his lack of piousness had caused the trouble and so increased the government's promotion of Buddhism, including the construction of the temple <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> in 752.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201226-47">[47]</a> The funds to build this temple were raised in part by the influential Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dki" title="Gyōki">Gyōki</a>, and once completed it was used by the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Ganjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganjin">Ganjin</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Ordination#Buddhism" title="Ordination">ordination</a> site.<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-48">[48]</a> Japan nevertheless entered a phase of population decline that continued well into the following <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris200959-49">[49]</a> There was also a serious attempt to overthrow the Imperial house during the middle Nara period. During the 760s, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Dōkyō">monk Dōkyō</a> tried to establish his own dynasty with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress Shōtoku</a>, but after her death in 770 he lost all his power and was exiled. The Fujiwara clan furthermore consolidated its power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_period_(794–1185)">Heian period (794–1185)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heian period (794–1185)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></div> The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Kammu">Emperor Kammu</a>, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). Heian (平安) means "peace" in Japanese. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg/330px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg/440px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AF%BA%E5%BE%A9%E5%85%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Miniature model of the ancient capital <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosannen_kassen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gosannen_kassen.jpg/550px-Gosannen_kassen.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gosannen_kassen.jpg/825px-Gosannen_kassen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gosannen_kassen.jpg/1100px-Gosannen_kassen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a> in the 11th century </figcaption></figure> In 784, the capital moved briefly to <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka-ky%C5%8D" title="Nagaoka-kyō">Nagaoka-kyō</a>, then again in 794 to <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>), which remained the capital until 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195899-50">[50]</a> Political power within the court soon passed to the Fujiwara clan, a family of court nobles who grew increasingly close to the imperial family through intermarriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30-51">[51]</a> Between 812 and 814 CE, a smallpox epidemic killed almost half of the Japanese population.<a href="#cite_note-Alchon-52">[52]</a> In 858, <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoshifusa" title="Fujiwara no Yoshifusa">Fujiwara no Yoshifusa</a> had himself declared <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesshō">sesshō</a> ("regent") to the underage emperor. His son <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune" title="Fujiwara no Mototsune">Fujiwara no Mototsune</a> created the office of <a href="/wiki/Kampaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampaku">kampaku</a>, which could rule in the place of an adult reigning emperor. <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga" title="Fujiwara no Michinaga">Fujiwara no Michinaga</a>, an exceptional statesman who became kampaku in 996, governed during the height of the Fujiwara clan's power<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93-53">[53]</a> and married four of his daughters to emperors, current and future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30-51">[51]</a> The Fujiwara clan held on to power until 1086, when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa" title="Emperor Shirakawa">Emperor Shirakawa</a> ceded the throne to his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Horikawa" title="Emperor Horikawa">Emperor Horikawa</a> but continued to exercise political power, establishing the practice of <a href="/wiki/Cloistered_rule" title="Cloistered rule">cloistered rule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1999306-54">[54]</a> by which the reigning emperor would function as a figurehead while the real authority was held by a retired predecessor behind the scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93-53">[53]</a> Throughout the Heian period, the power of the imperial court declined. The court became so self-absorbed with power struggles and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30-51">[51]</a> The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the ritsuryō state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Den" title="Shōen">shōen</a> manors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93-53">[53]</a> By the eleventh century, more land in Japan was controlled by shōen owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the shōen set up their own armies of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199825,_26-55">[55]</a> Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201231-56">[56]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clans</a>, acquired large armies and many shōen outside the capital. The central government began to use these two warrior clans to suppress rebellions and piracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200594-57">[57]</a> Japan's population stabilized during the late Heian period after hundreds of years of decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris200987-58">[58]</a> During the early Heian period, the imperial court successfully consolidated its control over the <a href="/wiki/Emishi" title="Emishi">Emishi</a> people of northern Honshu.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_no_Otomaro" title="Ōtomo no Otomaro">Ōtomo no Otomaro</a> was the first man the court granted the title of seii tai-shōgun ("Great Barbarian Subduing General").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer200962-60">[60]</a> In 802, seii tai-shōgun <a href="/wiki/Sakanoue_no_Tamuramaro" title="Sakanoue no Tamuramaro">Sakanoue no Tamuramaro</a> subjugated the Emishi people, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Aterui" title="Aterui">Aterui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough-59">[59]</a> By 1051, members of the <a href="/wiki/Abe_clan" title="Abe clan">Abe clan</a>, who occupied key posts in the regional government, were openly defying the central authority. The court requested the Minamoto clan to engage the Abe clan, whom they defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom1958249–250-61">[61]</a> The court thus temporarily reasserted its authority in northern Japan. Following another civil war – the <a href="/wiki/Gosannen_War" title="Gosannen War">Later Three-Year War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kiyohira" title="Fujiwara no Kiyohira">Fujiwara no Kiyohira</a> took full power; his family, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fujiwara" title="Northern Fujiwara">Northern Fujiwara</a>, controlled northern Honshu for the next century from their capital <a href="/wiki/Hiraizumi,_Iwate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiraizumi, Iwate">Hiraizumi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Takeuchi-62">[62]</a> In 1156, <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_rebellion" title="Hōgen rebellion">a dispute over succession to the throne</a> erupted and the two rival claimants (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sutoku" title="Emperor Sutoku">Emperor Sutoku</a>) hired the Taira and Minamoto clans in the hopes of securing the throne by military force. During this war, the Taira clan led by <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori" title="Taira no Kiyomori">Taira no Kiyomori</a> defeated the Minamoto clan. Kiyomori used his victory to accumulate power for himself in Kyoto and even installed his own grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Antoku</a> as emperor. The outcome of this war led to the rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans. As a result, the dispute and power struggle between both clans led to the <a href="/wiki/Heiji_rebellion" title="Heiji rebellion">Heiji rebellion</a> in 1160. In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori was challenged by an uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a>, a member of the Minamoto clan whom Kiyomori had exiled to Kamakura.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201231–32-63">[63]</a> Though Taira no Kiyomori died in 1181, the ensuing bloody <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a> between the Taira and Minamoto families continued for another four years. The victory of the Minamoto clan was sealed in 1185, when a force commanded by Yoritomo's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a>, scored a decisive victory at the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura" title="Battle of Dan-no-ura">Battle of Dan-no-ura</a>. Yoritomo and his retainers thus became the de facto rulers of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201233–34-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heian_culture">Heian culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heian culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg/220px-Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg/330px-Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg/440px-Genji_emaki_TAKEKAWA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A handscroll painting dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1130, illustrating a scene from the "Bamboo River" chapter of <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></figcaption></figure> During the Heian period, the imperial court was a vibrant center of high art and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201228-65">[65]</a> Its literary accomplishments include the poetry collection <a href="/wiki/Kokinsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokinshū">Kokinshū</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Diary" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosa Diary">Tosa Diary</a>, both associated with the poet <a href="/wiki/Ki_no_Tsurayuki" title="Ki no Tsurayuki">Ki no Tsurayuki</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sei_Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Sei Shōnagon">Sei Shōnagon</a>'s collection of miscellany <a href="/wiki/The_Pillow_Book" title="The Pillow Book">The Pillow Book</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005123-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murasaki_Shikibu" title="Murasaki Shikibu">Murasaki Shikibu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">Tale of Genji</a>, often considered the masterpiece of Japanese literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1999477–478-67">[67]</a> The development of the <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> written syllabaries was part of a general trend of declining Chinese influence during the Heian period. The official Japanese missions to Tang dynasty of China, which began in the year 630,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer200944-68">[68]</a> ended during the ninth century, though informal missions of monks and scholars continued, and thereafter the development of native Japanese forms of art and poetry accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201230-69">[69]</a> A major architectural achievement, apart from Heian-kyō itself, was the temple of <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a> built in 1053 in <a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005120-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feudal_Japan">Feudal Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feudal Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_period_(1185–1333)">Kamakura period (1185–1333)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kamakura period (1185–1333)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/220px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/330px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/440px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192. This was the first <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military government</a> in which the shogun with the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> were the de facto rulers of Japan.</figcaption></figure> Upon the consolidation of power, <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> chose to rule in concert with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial Court in Kyoto</a>. Though Yoritomo set up his own government in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a> located in eastern Japan, its power was legally authorized by the Imperial court in Kyoto on several occasions. In 1192, the emperor declared Yoritomo seii tai-shōgun (征夷大将軍; Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General), abbreviated as <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201234–35-71">[71]</a> Yoritomo's government was called the <a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a> (幕府 ("tent government")), referring to the tents where his soldiers encamped. The English term shogunate refers to the bakufu.<a href="#cite_note-perkins-72">[72]</a> Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002139-73">[73]</a> Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court, but the shogunate was the de facto rulers of the country. The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions, and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic class. The older institutions remained intact in a weakened form, and Kyoto remained the official capital. This system has been contrasted with the "simple warrior rule" of the later Muromachi period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201234–35-71">[71]</a> Yoritomo soon turned on Yoshitsune, who was initially harbored by <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hidehira" title="Fujiwara no Hidehira">Fujiwara no Hidehira</a>, the grandson of Kiyohira and the de facto ruler of northern Honshu. In 1189, after Hidehira's death, his successor <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yasuhira" title="Fujiwara no Yasuhira">Yasuhira</a> attempted to curry favor with Yoritomo by attacking Yoshitsune's home. Although Yoshitsune was killed, Yoritomo still invaded and conquered the Northern Fujiwara clan's territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002135–136-74">[74]</a> In subsequent centuries, Yoshitsune would become a legendary figure, portrayed in countless works of literature as an idealized tragic hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1999892–893,_897-75">[75]</a> After Yoritomo's death in 1199, the office of shogun weakened. Behind the scenes, Yoritomo's wife <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Masako" title="Hōjō Masako">Hōjō Masako</a> became the true power behind the government. In 1203, her father, <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimasa" title="Hōjō Tokimasa">Hōjō Tokimasa</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">regent to the shogun</a>, Yoritomo's son <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Sanetomo" title="Minamoto no Sanetomo">Minamoto no Sanetomo</a>. Henceforth, the Minamoto shoguns became puppets of the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō regents</a>, who wielded actual power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002137–138-76">[76]</a> The regime that Yoritomo had established, and which was kept in place by his successors, was decentralized and <a href="/wiki/Feudalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalistic">feudalistic</a> in structure, in contrast with the earlier ritsuryō state. Yoritomo selected the provincial governors, known under the titles of <a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">shugo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D" title="Jitō">jitō</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201235–36-77">[77]</a> from among his close vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Gokenin" title="Gokenin">gokenin</a>. The Kamakura shogunate allowed its vassals to maintain their own armies and to administer law and order in their provinces on their own terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199828,_29-78">[78]</a> In 1221, the retired <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> instigated what became known as the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a>, a rebellion against the shogunate, in an attempt to restore political power to the court. The rebellion was a failure and led to Go-Toba being exiled to <a href="/wiki/Oki_Islands" title="Oki Islands">Oki Island</a>, along with two other emperors, the retired <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Emperor Tsuchimikado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Emperor Juntoku</a>, who were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Province" title="Tosa Province">Tosa Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1999672,_831-79">[79]</a> The shogunate further consolidated its political power relative to the Kyoto aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200596-80">[80]</a> The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">two full-scale invasions</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom1958441–442-81">[81]</a> Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry, the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a>, meaning "divine wind". In spite of the Kamakura shogunate's victory, the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory. This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate's relations with the samurai class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201239–40-82">[82]</a> Discontent among the samurai proved decisive in ending the Kamakura shogunate. In 1333, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a> <a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">launched a rebellion</a> in the hope of restoring full power to the imperial court. The shogunate sent General <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji">Ashikaga Takauji</a> to quell the revolt, but Takauji and his men instead joined forces with Emperor Go-Daigo and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201240–41-83">[83]</a> Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009141–142,_149-84">[84]</a> In rural areas, the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer, improved irrigation techniques, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_cropping" title="Multiple cropping">double-cropping</a> increased productivity and rural villages grew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009144–145-85">[85]</a> Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009141–142,_149-84">[84]</a> Buddhism, which had been largely a religion of the elites, was brought to the masses by prominent monks, such as <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> (1133–1212), who established <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> in Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1222–1282), who founded <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhism spread widely among the samurai class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199832,_33-86">[86]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">The Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion (<a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba" title="Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba">Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba</a>)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 455.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 453.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling forces of the Mongol Empire"><img alt="Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling forces of the Mongol Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/680px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="454" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/1021px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/1359px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9586" data-file-height="3176" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling forces of the Mongol Empire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 447.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 445.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)"><img alt="Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/668px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="446" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/1003px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg/1335px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Mitsui_Sukenaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9419" data-file-height="3176" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagezaki_Suenaga,Ekotoba5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shiraishi clan"><img alt="Shiraishi clan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg/349px-Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg/524px-Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg/698px-Tagezaki_Suenaga%2CEkotoba5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="2455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shiraishi clan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muromachi_period_(1333–1568)">Muromachi period (1333–1568)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Muromachi period (1333–1568)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Higashiyama period">Higashiyama period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg/220px-Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg/330px-Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg/440px-Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji">Ashikaga Takauji</a> who was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate</figcaption></figure> Takauji and many other samurai soon became dissatisfied with Emperor Go-Daigo's <a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a>, an ambitious attempt to monopolize power in the imperial court. Takauji rebelled after Go-Daigo refused to appoint him shōgun. In 1338, Takauji captured Kyoto and installed a rival member of the imperial family to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōmyō">Emperor Kōmyō</a>, who did appoint him shogun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201241-87">[87]</a> Go-Daigo responded by fleeing to the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Yoshino,_Nara" title="Yoshino, Nara">Yoshino</a>, where he set up a rival government. This ushered in a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">period of conflict between the Northern Court and the Southern Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201243–44-88">[88]</a> Takauji set up his shogunate in the Muromachi district of Kyoto. However, the shogunate was faced with the twin challenges of fighting the Southern Court and of maintaining its authority over its own subordinate governors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201243–44-88">[88]</a> Like the Kamakura shogunate, the Muromachi shogunate appointed its allies to rule in the provinces, but these men increasingly styled themselves as feudal lords—called <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a>—of their domains and often refused to obey the shogun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199837-89">[89]</a> The Ashikaga shogun who was most successful at bringing the country together was Takauji's grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshimitsu">Ashikaga Yoshimitsu</a>, who came to power in 1368 and remained influential until his death in 1408. Yoshimitsu expanded the power of the shogunate and in 1392, brokered a deal to bring the Northern and Southern Courts together and end the civil war. Henceforth, the shogunate kept the emperor and his court under tight control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201243–44-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg/220px-Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg/330px-Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg/440px-Kinkaku3402CBcropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Kinkaku-ji was built in 1397 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/220px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/330px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg/440px-Map_Japan_Genki1-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the territories of major daimyō families around 1570 CE</figcaption></figure> During the final century of the Ashikaga shogunate the country descended into another, more violent period of civil war. This started in 1467 when the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a> broke out over who would succeed the ruling shogun. The daimyōs each took sides and burned Kyoto to the ground while battling for their preferred candidate. By the time the succession was settled in 1477, the shogun had lost all power over the daimyō, who now ruled hundreds of independent states throughout Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005170–171-90">[90]</a> During this <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Warring States period</a>, daimyōs fought among themselves for control of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199846-91">[91]</a> Some of the most powerful daimyōs of the era were <a href="/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin" title="Uesugi Kenshin">Uesugi Kenshin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Shingen" title="Takeda Shingen">Takeda Shingen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-92">[92]</a> One enduring symbol of this era was the <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a>, skilled spies and assassins hired by daimyōs. Few definite historical facts are known about the secretive lifestyles of the ninja, who became the subject of many legends.<a href="#cite_note-Hane-93">[93]</a> In addition to the daimyōs, rebellious peasants and "warrior monks" affiliated with Buddhist temples also raised their own armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199839,_41-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanban_trade">Nanban trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nanban trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></div> Amid this on-going anarchy, a trading ship was blown off course and landed in 1543 on the Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima" title="Tanegashima">Tanegashima</a>, just south of Kyushu. The three <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> traders on board were the first Europeans to set foot in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201245-95">[95]</a> Soon European traders would introduce many new items to Japan, most importantly the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199846–47-96">[96]</a> By 1556, the daimyōs were using about 300,000 muskets in their armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009166-97">[97]</a> The Europeans also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Japan">brought Christianity</a>, which soon came to have a substantial following in Japan reaching 350,000 believers. In 1549 the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> disembarked in Kyushu. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg/220px-Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg/330px-Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg/440px-Iapam_by_Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption>Japan (Iapam) and Korea, in the 1568 Portuguese map of the cartographer João Vaz Dourado</figcaption></figure> Initiating direct <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">commercial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanban_art" title="Nanban art">cultural</a> exchange between Japan and the West, the first map made of Japan in the west was represented in 1568 by the Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Portuguese were allowed to trade and create colonies where they could convert new believers into the Christian religion. The civil war status in Japan greatly benefited the Portuguese, as well as several competing gentlemen who sought to attract Portuguese black boats and their trade to their domains. Initially, the Portuguese stayed on the lands belonging to <a href="/wiki/Matsura_Takanobu" title="Matsura Takanobu">Matsura Takanobu</a>, Firando (Hirado),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and in the province of Bungo, lands of Ōtomo Sōrin, but in 1562 they moved to Yokoseura when the Daimyô there, Omura Sumitada, offered to be the first lord to convert to Christianity, adopting the name of Dom Bartolomeu. In 1564, he faced a rebellion instigated by the Buddhist clergy and Yokoseura was destroyed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1561 forces under <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin" title="Ōtomo Sōrin">Ōtomo Sōrin</a> attacked the castle in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moji" title="Siege of Moji">Moji</a> with an alliance with the Portuguese, who provided three ships, with a crew of about 900 men and more than 50 cannons. This is thought to be the first bombardment by foreign ships on Japan.<a href="#cite_note-t2-100">[100]</a> The first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese occurred in 1565. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay" title="Battle of Fukuda Bay">Battle of Fukuda Bay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> Matsura Takanobu attacked two Portuguese trade vessels at <a href="/wiki/Hirado" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirado">Hirado</a> port.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The engagement led the Portuguese traders to find a safe harbor for their <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">ships</a> that took them to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg/220px-Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg/330px-Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg/440px-Nanbansen_Carrack_by_Kano_Naizen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The Black Ship Portuguese traders that came from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and Macau once a year</figcaption></figure> In 1571, Dom Bartolomeu, also known as <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura_Sumitada" title="Ōmura Sumitada">Ōmura Sumitada</a>, guaranteed a little land in the small fishing village of "Nagasáqui" to the Jesuits, who divided it into six areas. They could use the land to receive Christians exiled from other territories, as well as for Portuguese merchants. The Jesuits built a chapel and a school under the name of São Paulo, like those in Goa and Malacca. By 1579, Nagasáqui had four hundred houses, and some Portuguese had gotten married. Fearful that Nagasaki could fall into the hands of its rival Takanobu, Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu) decided to guarantee the city directly to the Jesuits in 1580.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> After a few years, the Jesuits came to realize that if they understood the language they would achieve more conversions to the Catholic religion. Jesuits such as João Rodrigues wrote a <a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Japanese dictionary</a>. Thus Portuguese became the first Western language to have such a dictionary when it was published in Nagasaki in 1603.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muromachi_culture">Muromachi culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Muromachi culture">edit</a>]</div> In spite of the war, Japan's relative economic prosperity, which had begun in the Kamakura period, continued well into the Muromachi period. By 1450 Japan's population stood at ten million, compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009141–142,_149-84">[84]</a> Commerce flourished, including considerable trade with China and Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009152-104">[104]</a> Because the daimyōs and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins, Japan began to transition from a barter-based to a currency-based economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199840-105">[105]</a> During the period, some of Japan's most representative art forms developed, including <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">ink wash painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a> flower arrangement, the <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese gardening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> theater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199843–45-106">[106]</a> Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun, <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimasa" title="Ashikaga Yoshimasa">Yoshimasa</a>, was an ineffectual political and military leader, he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments.<a href="#cite_note-Bolitho-107">[107]</a> He had the famous <a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji</a> or "Temple of the Golden Pavilion" built in Kyoto in 1397.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe2017162-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1568–1600)">Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_(Gifu_History_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg/600px-Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg/900px-Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg/1200px-Sekigahara_Kassen_By%C5%8Dbu-zu_%28Gifu_History_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7700" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> screen depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a>. It began on 21 October 1600, with a total of 160,000 men facing each other.</div></figcaption></figure> During the second half of the 16th century, Japan gradually reunified under two powerful warlords: <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>. The period takes its name from Nobunaga's headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Azuchi_Castle" title="Azuchi Castle">Azuchi Castle</a>, and Hideyoshi's headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Momoyama_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Momoyama Castle">Momoyama Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perkins-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azuchimomoyama-japan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azuchimomoyama-japan.png/220px-Azuchimomoyama-japan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azuchimomoyama-japan.png/330px-Azuchimomoyama-japan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Azuchimomoyama-japan.png/440px-Azuchimomoyama-japan.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Japan in 1582, showing territory conquered by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in gray</figcaption></figure> Nobunaga was the daimyō of the small province of <a href="/wiki/Owari_Province" title="Owari Province">Owari</a>. He burst onto the scene suddenly, in 1560, when, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okehazama" title="Battle of Okehazama">Battle of Okehazama</a>, his army defeated a force several times its size led by the powerful daimyō <a href="/wiki/Imagawa_Yoshimoto" title="Imagawa Yoshimoto">Imagawa Yoshimoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201246-109">[109]</a> Nobunaga was renowned for his strategic leadership and his ruthlessness. He encouraged Christianity to incite hatred toward his Buddhist enemies and to forge strong relationships with European arms merchants. He equipped his armies with muskets and trained them with innovative tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199848–49-110">[110]</a> He promoted talented men regardless of their social status, including his peasant servant Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became one of his best generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002141–143-111">[111]</a> The Azuchi–Momoyama period began in 1568, when Nobunaga seized Kyoto and thus effectively brought an end to the Ashikaga shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201246-109">[109]</a> He was well on his way towards his goal of reuniting all Japan when, in 1582, one of his own officers, <a href="/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide" title="Akechi Mitsuhide">Akechi Mitsuhide</a>, killed him during an abrupt attack on his encampment. Hideyoshi avenged Nobunaga by crushing Akechi's uprising and emerged as Nobunaga's successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201247–48-112">[112]</a> Hideyoshi completed the reunification of Japan by conquering <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, Kyushu, and the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Late_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Hōjō clan">Hōjō family</a> in eastern Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009192-113">[113]</a> He launched sweeping changes to Japanese society, including the confiscation of swords from the peasantry, new restrictions on daimyōs, persecutions of Christians, a thorough land survey, and a new law effectively forbidding the peasants and samurai from changing their social class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199851–52-114">[114]</a> Hideyoshi's land survey designated all those who were cultivating the land as being "commoners", an act which effectively granted freedom to most of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris2009193-115">[115]</a> As Hideyoshi's power expanded, he dreamed of conquering China and launched two massive <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">invasions of Korea</a> starting in 1592. Hideyoshi failed to defeat the Chinese and Korean armies on the Korean Peninsula and the war ended after his death in 1598.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2015116–117-116">[116]</a> In the hope of founding a new dynasty, Hideyoshi had asked his most trusted subordinates to pledge loyalty to his infant son <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyori" title="Toyotomi Hideyori">Toyotomi Hideyori</a>. Despite this, almost immediately after Hideyoshi's death, war broke out between Hideyori's allies and those loyal to <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, a daimyō and a former ally of Hideyoshi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201250-117">[117]</a> Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a> in 1600, ushering in 268 years of uninterrupted rule by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991133-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_Japan">Early modern Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early modern Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period_(1600–1868)">Edo period (1600–1868)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Edo period (1600–1868)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG/170px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG/255px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG/340px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2_full.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="3527" /></a><figcaption>Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> was characterized by relative peace and stability<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199872-119">[119]</a> under the tight control of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, which ruled from the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (modern Tokyo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201253–54-120">[120]</a> In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Go-Yōzei">Emperor Go-Yōzei</a> declared Tokugawa Ieyasu shōgun, and Ieyasu abdicated two years later to groom his son as the second shōgun of what became a long dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201254–55-121">[121]</a> Nevertheless, it took time for the Tokugawas to consolidate their rule. In 1609, the shōgun gave the daimyō of the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> permission to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">invade the Ryukyu Kingdom</a> for perceived insults towards the shogunate; the Satsuma victory began 266 years of Ryukyu's dual subordination to Satsuma and China.<a href="#cite_note-t2-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr1958162–167-122">[122]</a> Ieyasu led the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a> that ended with the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_clan" title="Toyotomi clan">Toyotomi clan</a> in 1615.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005220-123">[123]</a> Soon after the shogunate promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Buke_shohatto" title="Buke shohatto">Laws for the Military Houses</a>, which imposed tighter controls on the daimyōs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClain200226–27-124">[124]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sankin-k%C5%8Dtai" title="Sankin-kōtai">alternate attendance system</a>, which required each daimyō to spend every other year in Edo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201257–58-125">[125]</a> Even so, the daimyōs continued to maintain a significant degree of autonomy in their domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199862–63-126">[126]</a> The central government of the shogunate in Edo, which quickly became the most populous city in the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201253–54-120">[120]</a> took counsel from a group of senior advisors known as <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dj%C5%AB" title="Rōjū">rōjū</a> and employed samurai as bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005229-127">[127]</a> The emperor in Kyoto was funded lavishly by the government but was allowed no political power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199860-128">[128]</a> The Tokugawa shogunate went to great lengths to suppress social unrest. Harsh penalties, including crucifixion, beheading, and death by boiling, were decreed for even the most minor offenses, though criminals of high social class were often given the option of <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> ("self-disembowelment"), an ancient form of suicide that became ritualized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201257–58-125">[125]</a> Christianity, which was seen as a potential threat, was gradually clamped down on until finally, after the Christian-led <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> of 1638, the religion was completely outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201260-129">[129]</a> To prevent further foreign ideas from sowing dissent, the third Tokugawa shogun, <a href="/wiki/Iemitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iemitsu">Iemitsu</a>, implemented the <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a> ("closed country") isolationist policy under which Japanese people were not allowed to travel abroad, return from overseas, or build ocean-going vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Chaiklin-130">[130]</a> The only Europeans allowed on Japanese soil were the Dutch, who were granted a single trading post on the island of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> from 1634 to 1854.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> China and Korea were the only other countries permitted to trade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201261-132">[132]</a> and many foreign books were banned from import.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199862–63-126">[126]</a> During the first century of Tokugawa rule, Japan's population doubled to thirty million, mostly because of agricultural growth; the population remained stable for the rest of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005237,_252–253-133">[133]</a> The shogunate's construction of roads, elimination of road and bridge tolls, and standardization of coinage promoted commercial expansion that also benefited the merchants and artisans of the cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005238–240-134">[134]</a> City populations grew,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2000116–117-135">[135]</a> but almost ninety percent of the population continued to live in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199867-136">[136]</a> Both the inhabitants of cities and of rural communities would benefit from one of the most notable social changes of the Edo period: increased literacy and numeracy. The number of private schools greatly expanded, particularly those attached to temples and shrines, and raised literacy to thirty percent. This may have been the world's highest rate at the time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201264-137">[137]</a> and drove a flourishing commercial publishing industry, which grew to produce hundreds of titles per year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2000163–164-138">[138]</a> In the area of <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> – approximated by an index measuring people's ability to report an exact rather than a rounded age (age-heaping method), and which level shows a strong correlation to later economic development of a country – Japan's level was comparable to that of north-west European countries, and moreover, Japan's index came close to the 100 percent mark throughout the nineteenth century. These high levels of both literacy and numeracy were part of the socio-economical foundation for Japan's strong growth rates during the following century.<a href="#cite_note-baten-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture_and_philosophy">Culture and philosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture and philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png/220px-Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png/330px-Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png/440px-Samurai-Edo-Customs-1798-Shiji-no-Yukikai.png 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Samurai could <a href="/wiki/Kiri-sute_gomen" title="Kiri-sute gomen">kill a commoner</a> for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798</figcaption></figure> The Edo period was a time of cultural flourishing, as the merchant classes grew in wealth and began spending their income on cultural and social pursuits.<a href="#cite_note-Karan-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hirschmeier-141">[141]</a> Members of the merchant class who patronized culture and entertainment were said to live hedonistic lives, which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo" title="Ukiyo">ukiyo</a> ("floating world").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991200-142">[142]</a> This lifestyle inspired <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-z%C5%8Dshi" title="Ukiyo-zōshi">ukiyo-zōshi</a> popular novels and <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> art, the latter of which were often woodblock prints<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991201–202-143">[143]</a> that progressed to greater sophistication and use of <a href="/wiki/Nishiki-e" title="Nishiki-e">multiple printed colors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-144">[144]</a> Forms of theater such as <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a> puppet theater became widely popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991171–172-145">[145]</a> These new forms of entertainment were (at the time) accompanied by short songs (kouta) and music played on the <a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">shamisen</a>, a new import to Japan in 1600.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a>, whose greatest master is generally agreed to be <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> (1644–1694), also rose as a major form of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991213–214-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a>, a new profession of entertainers, also became popular. They would provide conversation, sing, and dance for customers, though they would not sleep with them.<a href="#cite_note-Crihfield-148">[148]</a> The Tokugawas sponsored and were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, which led the government to divide society into four classes based on the <a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">four occupations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199857–59-149">[149]</a> The samurai class claimed to follow the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a>, literally "the way of the warrior".<a href="#cite_note-Collcutt-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_and_fall_of_the_shogunate">Decline and fall of the shogunate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Decline and fall of the shogunate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></div> By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the shogunate showed signs of weakening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201268–69-151">[151]</a> The dramatic growth of agriculture that had characterized the early Edo period had ended,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005237,_252–253-133">[133]</a> and the government handled the devastating <a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D_famine" title="Tenpō famine">Tenpō famines</a> poorly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201268–69-151">[151]</a> Peasant unrest grew and government revenues fell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005280–281-152">[152]</a> The shogunate cut the pay of the already financially distressed samurai, many of whom worked side jobs to make a living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClain2002123–124,_128-153">[153]</a> Discontented samurai were soon to play a major role in engineering the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims20018–9-154">[154]</a> At the same time, the people drew inspiration from new ideas and fields of study. Dutch books brought into Japan stimulated interest in Western learning, called <a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a> or "Dutch learning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199879–80-155">[155]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/Sugita_Genpaku" title="Sugita Genpaku">Sugita Genpaku</a>, for instance, used concepts from Western medicine to help spark a revolution in Japanese ideas of human anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2015149–151-156">[156]</a> The scholarly field of <a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">kokugaku</a> or "national learning", developed by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga" title="Motoori Norinaga">Motoori Norinaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata Atsutane</a>, promoted what it asserted were native Japanese values. For instance, it criticized the Chinese-style Neo-Confucianism advocated by the shogunate and emphasized the Emperor's divine authority, which the Shinto faith taught had its roots in Japan's mythic past, which was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Gods" title="Age of the Gods">Age of the Gods</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991168–169-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg/220px-Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg/330px-Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg/440px-Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Samurai of the Satsuma Domain during the Boshin War</figcaption></figure> The arrival in 1853 of a fleet of American ships commanded by Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> threw Japan into turmoil. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> aimed to end Japan's isolationist policies. The shogunate had no defense against Perry's gunboats and had to agree to his demands that American ships be permitted to acquire provisions and trade at Japanese ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201268–69-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a> imposed what became known as "<a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a>" on Japan which stipulated that Japan must allow citizens of these countries to visit or reside on Japanese territory and must not levy tariffs on their imports or try them in Japanese courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199884–85-158">[158]</a> The shogunate's failure to oppose the Western powers angered many Japanese, particularly those of the southern domains of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201270-159">[159]</a> Many samurai there, inspired by the nationalist doctrines of the kokugaku school, adopted the slogan of <a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">sonnō jōi</a> ("revere the emperor, expel the barbarians").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane1991214–215-160">[160]</a> The two domains went on to form an alliance. In August 1866, soon after becoming shogun, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a>, struggled to maintain power as civil unrest continued.<a href="#cite_note-gordon-161">[161]</a> The Chōshū and Satsuma domains in 1868 convinced the young <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> and his advisors to issue a <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a> calling for an end to the Tokugawa shogunate. The armies of Chōshū and Satsuma soon marched on Edo and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> led to the fall of the shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201271,_236-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Japan">Modern Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_period_(1868–1912)">Meiji period (1868–1912)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Meiji period (1868–1912)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations of Meiji Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meiji_tenno1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Meiji_tenno1.jpg/170px-Meiji_tenno1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Meiji_tenno1.jpg/255px-Meiji_tenno1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Meiji_tenno1.jpg/340px-Meiji_tenno1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, the 122nd Emperor of Japan</figcaption></figure> The emperor was restored to nominal supreme power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201275-163">[163]</a> and in 1869, the imperial family moved to Edo, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> ("eastern capital").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201278-164">[164]</a> However, the most powerful men in the government were former samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma rather than the emperor, who was fifteen in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201275-163">[163]</a> These men, known as the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchs</a>, oversaw the dramatic changes Japan would experience during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonOlenike2004171-165">[165]</a> The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Meiji government</a> desired Japan to become a modern nation-state that could stand equal to the Western imperialist powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201275–76,_217-166">[166]</a> Among them were <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Toshimichi" title="Ōkubo Toshimichi">Ōkubo Toshimichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> from Satsuma, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kido_Takayoshi" title="Kido Takayoshi">Kido Takayoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ito_Hirobumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> from Chōshū.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201275-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_and_social_changes">Political and social changes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political and social changes">edit</a>]</div> The Meiji government abolished the Edo class structure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201279,_89-167">[167]</a> and replaced the feudal domains of the daimyōs with <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201278-164">[164]</a> It instituted comprehensive tax reform and lifted the ban on Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201279,_89-167">[167]</a> Major government priorities also included the introduction of railways, telegraph lines, and a universal education system.<a href="#cite_note-beasley-168">[168]</a> The Meiji government promoted widespread <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005310-169">[169]</a> and hired hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_government_advisors_in_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan">advisers from Western nations</a> with expertise in such fields as education, mining, banking, law, military affairs, and transportation to remodel Japan's institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201284–85-170">[170]</a> The Japanese adopted the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, Western clothing, and Western hairstyles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201281-171">[171]</a> One leading advocate of Westernization was the popular writer <a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201283-172">[172]</a> As part of its Westernization drive, the Meiji government enthusiastically sponsored the importation of Western science, above all medical science. In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> established the Institute for Infectious Diseases, which would soon become world-famous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005359–360-173">[173]</a> and in 1913, <a href="/wiki/Hideyo_Noguchi" title="Hideyo Noguchi">Hideyo Noguchi</a> proved the link between <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paresis" title="Paresis">paresis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauerman-174">[174]</a> Furthermore, the introduction of Western European literary styles to Japan sparked a boom in new works of prose fiction. Characteristic authors of the period included <a href="/wiki/Futabatei_Shimei" title="Futabatei Shimei">Futabatei Shimei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai" title="Mori Ōgai">Mori Ōgai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005363-175">[175]</a> although the most famous of the Meiji era writers was <a href="/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki" title="Natsume Sōseki">Natsume Sōseki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012103-176">[176]</a> who wrote satirical, autobiographical, and psychological novels<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002254–255-177">[177]</a> combining both the older and newer styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005365-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi" title="Ichiyō Higuchi">Ichiyō Higuchi</a>, a leading female author, took inspiration from earlier literary models of the Edo period.<a href="#cite_note-mason-179">[179]</a> Government institutions developed rapidly in response to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement" title="Freedom and People's Rights Movement">Freedom and People's Rights Movement</a>, a grassroots campaign demanding greater popular participation in politics. The leaders of this movement included <a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki Taisuke</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma Shigenobu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201289-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Japan">prime minister of Japan</a>, responded by writing the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>, which was promulgated in 1889. The new constitution established an elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a>, but its powers were restricted. Only two percent of the population were eligible to vote, and legislation proposed in the House required the support of the unelected upper house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>. Both the cabinet of Japan and the Japanese military were directly responsible not to the elected legislature but to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201291,_92-181">[181]</a> Concurrently, the Japanese government also developed a form of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> under which <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">Shinto became the state religion</a> and the emperor was declared a living god.<a href="#cite_note-Bix-182">[182]</a> Schools nationwide instilled patriotic values and loyalty to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-beasley-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_imperialism_and_the_military">Rise of imperialism and the military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rise of imperialism and the military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">History of Japanese foreign relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/600px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/900px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg/1200px-Great_Victory_of_Pyongyang_and_Capture_of_Chinese_Qing_Generals_by_Migita_Toshihide_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895)</div></figcaption></figure> In December 1871, a Ryukyuan ship was shipwrecked on Taiwan and the crew <a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">were massacred</a>. In 1874, using the incident as a pretext, Japan launched <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">a military expedition</a> to Taiwan to assert their claims to the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. The expedition featured the first instance of the Japanese military ignoring the orders of the civilian government, as the expedition set sail after being ordered to postpone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr1958356–360-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a>, who was born a samurai in the Chōshū Domain, was a key force behind the modernization and enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, especially the introduction of national conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199898-184">[184]</a> The new army was put to use in 1877 to crush the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> of discontented samurai in southern Japan led by the former Meiji leader Saigo Takamori.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201280-185">[185]</a> The Japanese military played a key role in Japan's expansion abroad. The government believed that Japan had to acquire its own colonies to compete with the Western colonial powers. After consolidating its control over <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> (through the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Development_Commission" title="Hokkaidō Development Commission">Hokkaidō Development Commission</a>) and annexing the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a>"), it next turned its attention to China and Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005328–331-186">[186]</a> In 1894, Japanese and Chinese troops clashed in Korea, where they were both stationed to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Donghak Rebellion">Donghak Rebellion</a>. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, Japan's highly motivated and well-led forces defeated the more numerous and better-equipped military of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998118–119-187">[187]</a> The island of Taiwan was thus ceded to Japan in 1895,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998120-188">[188]</a> and Japan's government gained enough international prestige to allow Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu" title="Mutsu Munemitsu">Mutsu Munemitsu</a> to renegotiate the "unequal treaties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998115,_121-189">[189]</a> In 1902 Japan signed <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">an important military alliance</a> with the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998122-190">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/220px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/330px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/440px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> Japan next clashed with Russia, which was expanding its power in Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1904)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1904)">Battle of Yalu River</a> was the first time in decades that an Asian power defeated a western power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnaughton198886-191">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–05 ended with the dramatic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>, which was another victory for Japan's new navy. Japan thus laid claim to Korea <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">as a protectorate</a> in 1905, followed by <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">full annexation in 1910</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201296–97-192">[192]</a> The defeat of Russia in the war had set in motion a change in the global world order with the emergence of Japan as not only a regional power, but rather, the main Asian power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye200583-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_modernization_and_labor_unrest">Economic modernization and labor unrest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic modernization and labor unrest">edit</a>]</div> During the Meiji period, Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012101–102-194">[194]</a> Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201299–100-195">[195]</a> By the end of the period, the majority of Japan's exports were manufactured goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012101–102-194">[194]</a> Some of Japan's most successful new businesses and industries constituted huge family-owned conglomerates called <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998102–103-196">[196]</a> The phenomenal industrial growth sparked rapid urbanization. The proportion of the population working in agriculture shrank from 75 percent in 1872 to 50 percent by 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-197">[197]</a> In 1927 the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Ginza_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Ginza Line">Tokyo Metro Ginza Line</a> opened and it is the oldest subway line in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Japan enjoyed solid economic growth at this time and most people lived longer and healthier lives. The population rose from 34 million in 1872 to 52 million in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005312,_335-199">[199]</a> Poor working conditions in factories led to growing labor unrest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005342–344-200">[200]</a> and many workers and intellectuals came to embrace socialist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005353–354-201">[201]</a> The Meiji government responded with harsh suppression of dissent. Radical socialists plotted to assassinate the emperor in the <a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a> of 1910, after which the <a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a> secret police force was established to root out left-wing agitators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998134-202">[202]</a> The government also introduced social legislation in 1911 setting maximum work hours and a minimum age for employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005345-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taishō_period_(1912–1926)">Taishō period (1912–1926)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Taishō period (1912–1926)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></div> During the short reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>, Japan developed stronger democratic institutions and grew in international power. The <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_political_crisis" title="Taishō political crisis">Taishō political crisis</a> opened the period with mass protests and riots organized by Japanese political parties, which succeeded in forcing <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a> to resign as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012108–109-204">[204]</a> This and the <a href="/wiki/Rice_riots_of_1918" title="Rice riots of 1918">rice riots of 1918</a> increased the power of Japan's political parties over the ruling oligarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998135–136-205">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seiy%C5%ABkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiyūkai">Seiyūkai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseit%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseitō">Minseitō</a> parties came to dominate politics by the end of the so-called "Taishō democracy" era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009179,_193-206">[206]</a> The franchise for the House of Representatives had been gradually expanded since 1890,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2007160-207">[207]</a> and in 1925 <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> was introduced when the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Manhood_Suffrage_Law" title="Universal Manhood Suffrage Law">Universal Manhood Suffrage Law</a> was passed. However, in the same year the far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> also passed, prescribing harsh penalties for political dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998138-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan's participation in World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> sparked unprecedented economic growth and earned Japan <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">new colonies in the South Pacific</a> seized from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005384,_428-209">[209]</a> After the war, Japan signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and enjoyed good international relations through its membership in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and participation in international disarmament conferences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012111-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> in September 1923 left over 100,000 dead, and combined with the resultant fires destroyed the homes of more than three million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012110-211">[211]</a> In the aftermath of the earthquake, the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> occurred, in which the Japanese military, police, and gangs of vigilantes murdered thousands of Korean people after rumors emerged that Koreans had been poisoning wells. The rumors were later described as false by numerous Japanese sources.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The growth of popular prose fiction, which began during the Meiji period, continued into the Taishō period as literacy rates rose and book prices dropped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005411–412-213">[213]</a> Notable literary figures of the era included short story writer <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa" title="Ryūnosuke Akutagawa">Ryūnosuke Akutagawa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005416-214">[214]</a> and the novelist <a href="/wiki/Haruo_Sat%C5%8D_(novelist)" title="Haruo Satō (novelist)">Haruo Satō</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Jun'ichirō Tanizaki</a>, described as "perhaps the most versatile literary figure of his day" by the historian Conrad Totman, produced many works during the Taishō period influenced by European literature, though his 1929 novel <a href="/wiki/Some_Prefer_Nettles" title="Some Prefer Nettles">Some Prefer Nettles</a> reflects deep appreciation for the virtues of traditional Japanese culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005413–414-215">[215]</a> At the end of the Taishō period, Tarō Hirai, known by his penname <a href="/wiki/Edogawa_Ranpo" title="Edogawa Ranpo">Edogawa Ranpo</a>, began writing popular mystery and crime stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005416-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shōwa_period_(1926–1989)">Shōwa period (1926–1989)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shōwa period (1926–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">History of Japanese foreign relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/220px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/330px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg/440px-Hirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Shōwa was in power during World War II</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a>'s sixty-three-year reign from 1926 to 1989 is the longest in recorded Japanese history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005465-216">[216]</a> The first twenty years were characterized by the rise of extreme nationalism and a series of expansionist wars. After suffering defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by foreign powers for the first time in its history, and then re-emerged as a major world economic power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge20071-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manchurian_Incident_and_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/220px--1937_Japan_VP8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="149" data-durationhint="162" data-mwtitle="1937_Japan_VP8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1937_Japan_VP8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/1937_Japan_VP8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="712" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="486" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/1937_Japan_VP8.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="214" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/1937_Japan_VP8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="356" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/1937_Japan_VP8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="534" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/1937_Japan_VP8.webm/1937_Japan_VP8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="534" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The Empire of Japan in 1937</figcaption></figure> Left-wing groups had been subject to violent suppression by the end of the Taishō period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2001139-218">[218]</a> and radical right-wing groups, inspired by fascism and Japanese nationalism, rapidly grew in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims2001179–180-219">[219]</a> The extreme right became influential throughout the Japanese government and society, notably within the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>, a Japanese army stationed in China along the Japanese-owned <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchuria Railroad">South Manchuria Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998139–140-220">[220]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Incident">Manchurian Incident</a> of 1931, radical army officers bombed a small portion of the South Manchuria Railroad and, falsely attributing the attack to the Chinese, invaded Manchuria. The Kwantung Army conquered Manchuria and set up the puppet government of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> there without permission from the Japanese government. International criticism of Japan following the invasion led to Japan withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012114–115-221">[221]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Inukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuyoshi Inukai">Tsuyoshi Inukai</a> of the Seiyūkai Party attempted to restrain the Kwantung Army and was assassinated in 1932 by right-wing extremists. Because of growing opposition within the Japanese military and the extreme right to party politicians, who they saw as corrupt and self-serving, Inukai was the last party politician to govern Japan in the pre-World War II era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012114–115-221">[221]</a> In February 1936 young radical officers of the Imperial Japanese Army <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">attempted a coup d'état</a>. They assassinated many moderate politicians before the coup was suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012115–116-222">[222]</a> In its wake the Japanese military consolidated its control over the political system and most political parties were abolished when the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a> was founded in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClain2002454-223">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg/220px-193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg/330px-193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg/440px-193109_mukden_incident_railway_sabotage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Japanese experts inspect the scene of the alleged railway sabotage on South Manchurian Railway that led to the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria.</figcaption></figure> Japan's expansionist vision grew increasingly bold. Many of Japan's political elite aspired to have Japan acquire new territory for resource extraction and settlement of surplus population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012119–120-224">[224]</a> These ambitions led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">their victory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, the Japanese military committed the infamous <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>. The Japanese military failed to defeat the Chinese government led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the war descended into a bloody stalemate that lasted until 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012122–123-225">[225]</a> Japan's stated war aim was to establish the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, a vast <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Asian">pan-Asian</a> union under Japanese domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012123–124-226">[226]</a> Hirohito's role in Japan's foreign wars remains a subject of controversy, with various historians portraying him as either a powerless figurehead or an enabler and supporter of Japanese militarism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002201–203-227">[227]</a> The United States opposed Japan's invasion of China and responded with increasingly stringent economic sanctions intended to deprive Japan of the resources to continue its war in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2015248-228">[228]</a> Japan reacted by forging an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, which worsened its relations with the US. In July 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands froze all Japanese assets when Japan completed its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of French Indochina">invasion of French Indochina</a> by occupying the southern half of the country, further increasing tension in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005442–443-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrier_shokaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/220px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/330px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/440px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5594" data-file-height="4232" /></a><figcaption>Planes from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku</a> preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> at its peak in 1942:<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Territory (1870–1895) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Acquisitions (1895–1930) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Acquisitions (1930–1942)</div></figcaption></figure> In late 1941, Japanese government, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, decided to break the U.S.-led embargo through force of arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012124–126-230">[230]</a> On 7 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">a surprise attack</a> on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the U.S. into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012129–130-231">[231]</a> In the early stages of the war, Japan scored victory after victory. The tide began to turn against Japan following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> in June 1942 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guadalcanal">Battle of Guadalcanal</a>, in which Allied troops wrested the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> from Japanese control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012132–133-232">[232]</a> During this period the Japanese military was responsible for such war crimes as mistreatment of prisoners of war, massacres of civilians, and the use of chemical and biological weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012131–132,_135-233">[233]</a> The Japanese military earned a reputation for fanaticism, often employing <a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">banzai charges</a> and fighting almost to the last man against overwhelming odds.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-234">[234]</a> In 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy began deploying squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> pilots who crashed their planes into enemy ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012134-235">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/220px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/330px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/440px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Atomic cloud over Hiroshima, 1945</figcaption></figure> Life in Japan became increasingly difficult for civilians due to stringent rationing of food, electrical outages, and a brutal crackdown on dissent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998147–148-236">[236]</a> In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Saipan</a>, which allowed the United States to begin widespread <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">bombing raids on the Japanese mainland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortonOlenike2004188-237">[237]</a> These destroyed over half of the total area of Japan's major cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005448-238">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>, fought between April and June 1945, was the largest naval operation of the war and left 115,000 soldiers and 150,000 Okinawan civilians dead, suggesting that the planned <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of mainland Japan</a> would be even bloodier.<a href="#cite_note-Feifer-239">[239]</a> The Japanese superbattleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> was sunk en route to aid in the Battle of Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-Coox-240">[240]</a> However, on 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Hiroshima">over Hiroshima</a>, killing over 70,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history. On 9 August the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> declared war on Japan and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchukuo</a> and other territories, and Nagasaki was struck by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Nagasaki">a second atomic bomb</a>, killing around 40,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012136–137-241">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> was communicated to the Allies on 14 August and <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">broadcast</a> by Emperor Hirohito on national radio the following day.<a href="#cite_note-Nester-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_Japan">Occupation of Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Occupation of Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/330px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/440px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption>American general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>, at their first meeting, September 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_peace_with_japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of Peace with Japan</a>, 8 September 1951</figcaption></figure> Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945–1952. U.S. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of Allied Powers</a>, served as Japan's de facto leader and played a central role in implementing reforms, many inspired by the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012142–143-243">[243]</a> The occupation sought to decentralize power in Japan by breaking up the <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>, transferring ownership of agricultural land from landlords to tenant farmers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998151–152-244">[244]</a> and promoting labor unionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012144-245">[245]</a> Other major goals were the demilitarization and democratization of Japan's government and society. Japan's military was disarmed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998150–151-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">its colonies</a> were granted independence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005454-247">[247]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Special Higher Police</a> were abolished,<a href="#cite_note-Mackie-248">[248]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_of_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal of the Far East">International Military Tribunal of the Far East</a> tried war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012145–146-249">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">cabinet</a> became responsible not to the Emperor but to the elected <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005455-250">[250]</a> The Emperor was permitted to remain on the throne, but was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Humanity_Declaration" title="Humanity Declaration">renounce his claims to divinity</a>, which had been a pillar of the <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012147–148-251">[251]</a> Japan's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">new constitution</a> came into effect in 1947 and guaranteed civil liberties, labor rights, and women's suffrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012150-252">[252]</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a>, Japan renounced its right to go to war with another nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012145-253">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">San Francisco Peace Treaty</a> of 1951 officially normalized relations between Japan and the United States, although the <a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Security Treaty between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a> imposed on Japan at the same time locked Japan into a military alliance with the United States and continues to allow the presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-254">[254]</a> The occupation officially ended in 1952, although the U.S. continued to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> were restored to Japanese sovereignty and Japanese citizens were allowed to return. Okinawa was the last to <a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">be returned</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-255">[255]</a> The U.S. continues to operate military bases throughout the Japanese archipelago, mostly on Okinawa, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">revised U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_growth_and_prosperity">Postwar growth and prosperity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Postwar growth and prosperity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg/180px-Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg/270px-Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg/360px-Shigeru_Yoshida_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Japan#Rank_by_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Japan">longest serving prime ministers in Japanese history</a> (1946–1947 and 1948–1954).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a> served as prime minister in 1946–1947 and 1948–1954, and played a key role in guiding Japan through the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998156–157,_162-256">[256]</a> His policies, known as the <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Doctrine" title="Yoshida Doctrine">Yoshida Doctrine</a>, proposed that Japan should forge a tight relationship with the United States and focus on developing the economy rather than pursuing a proactive foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998159-257">[257]</a> Yoshida was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Japan#Rank_by_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Japan">longest serving prime ministers in Japanese history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edstrom-258">[258]</a> Yoshida's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1945)" title="Liberal Party (Japan, 1945)">Liberal Party</a> merged in 1955 into the new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998163-259">[259]</a> which went on to dominate Japanese politics for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012163-260">[260]</a> Although the Japanese economy was in bad shape in the immediate postwar years, an austerity program implemented in 1949 by finance expert <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> ended inflation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012154–155-261">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953) was a major boon to Japanese business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012156–157-262">[262]</a> In 1949 the Yoshida cabinet created the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a> (MITI) with a mission to promote economic growth through close cooperation between the government and big business. MITI sought successfully to promote manufacturing and heavy industry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012159–160-263">[263]</a> and encourage exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998169-264">[264]</a> The factors behind Japan's postwar economic growth included technology and quality control techniques imported from the West, close economic and defense cooperation with the United States, non-tariff barriers to imports, restrictions on labor unionization, long work hours, and a generally favorable global economic environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012161–162-265">[265]</a> Japanese corporations successfully retained a loyal and experienced workforce through the system of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABshin_koy%C5%8D" title="Shūshin koyō">lifetime employment</a>, which assured their employees a safe job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012162,_166,_182-266">[266]</a> By 1955, the Japanese economy had grown beyond prewar levels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005459-267">[267]</a> and by 1968 it had become the second largest capitalist economy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Wan-268">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP</a> expanded at an annual rate of nearly 10% from 1956 until the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> slowed growth to a still-rapid average annual rate of just over 4% until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009303-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> rose and Japan's population increased to 123 million by 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005466–467-270">[270]</a> Ordinary Japanese people became wealthy enough to purchase a wide array of consumer goods. During this period, Japan became the world's largest manufacturer of automobiles and a leading producer of electronics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012160–161-271">[271]</a> Japan signed the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Accord" title="Plaza Accord">Plaza Accord</a> in 1985 to depreciate the U.S. dollar against the yen and other currencies. By the end of 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei</a> stock market index had doubled and the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> became the largest in the world. During <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">the ensuing economic bubble</a>, stock and real-estate loans grew rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009305-272">[272]</a> Japan became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1956, successfully normalized relations <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Joint_Declaration_of_1956" title="Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956">with the Soviet Union</a> in 1956, despite <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">an ongoing dispute</a> over the ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETogo2005234–235-273">[273]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">with South Korea</a> in 1965, despite <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">an ongoing dispute</a> over the ownership of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETogo2005162–163-274">[274]</a> In accordance with U.S. policy, Japan recognized the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> on Taiwan as the legitimate government of China after World War II, though Japan switched its recognition to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETogo2005126–128-275">[275]</a> Japan remained a close ally of the United States throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Alliance" title="U.S.–Japan Alliance">U.S.–Japan Alliance</a> did not have unanimous support from the Japanese people. As requested by the United States, Japan reconstituted its military in 1954 under the name <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> (JSDF), though some Japanese insisted that the very existence of the JSDF was a violation of <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9 of Japan's constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ito-276">[276]</a> A wave of protests in Japan against US military bases and nuclear testing culminated in the massive 1960 <a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a> that saw millions of citizens take to the streets in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur20181-254">[254]</a> Although the protests ultimately failed to stop revision of the treaty, they did succeed in forcing unpopular prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Nobusuke Kishi</a> to step down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201833-277">[277]</a> Kishi's successor, <a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Hayato Ikeda</a>, successfully diverted popular attention away from political struggles with his "<a href="/wiki/Income_Doubling_Plan" title="Income Doubling Plan">Income Doubling Plan</a>," which promised to double Japan's GDP in 10 years, and succeeded in doing so in just seven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapur201898–105-278">[278]</a> Ikeda also oversaw the completion of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">bullet train</a> line,<a href="#cite_note-tokaidoshin-279">[279]</a> and the widely praised <a href="/wiki/1964_Tokyo_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Tokyo Olympics">1964 Tokyo Olympics</a>, which heralded Japan's return to international prominence.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Among cultural developments, the immediate post-occupation period became a golden age for <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japanese cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998177–178-281">[281]</a> The reasons for this include the abolition of government censorship, low film production costs, expanded access to new film techniques and technologies, and huge domestic audiences at a time when other forms of recreation were relatively scarce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005539-282">[282]</a> During this period, Japan also began to emerge as an exporter of popular culture. Young people across the world began consuming <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> (monster) movies, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> (animation), <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> (comic books), video games, and other forms Japanese pop culture. Japanese authors such as <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a> became popular literary figures in America and Europe. American soldiers returning from the occupation brought with them stories and artifacts, and the following generations of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">U.S. troops in Japan</a> contributed to a steady flow of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> and other culture from the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heisei_period_(1989–2019)">Heisei period (1989–2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Heisei period (1989–2019)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Tokyo3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_Tokyo3.png/220px-Japan_Tokyo3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_Tokyo3.png/330px-Japan_Tokyo3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_Tokyo3.png/440px-Japan_Tokyo3.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Tokyo in 2010</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Akihito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Akihito">Emperor Akihito</a>'s reign began upon the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hirohito" title="Death and state funeral of Hirohito">death of his father</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>. The economic bubble popped in 1989, and stock and land prices plunged as Japan entered a <a href="/wiki/Deflation#Japan" title="Deflation">deflationary spiral</a>. Banks found themselves saddled with insurmountable debts that hindered economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012181–182-283">[283]</a> Stagnation worsened as the birthrate declined far below replacement level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012185–187-284">[284]</a> The 1990s are often referred to as Japan's <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Decades (Japan)">Lost Decade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2009250-285">[285]</a> Economic performance was often poor in the following decades, and the stock market never returned to its pre-1989 highs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005547-286">[286]</a> Japan's system of lifetime employment largely collapsed and unemployment rates rose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012182–183-287">[287]</a> The faltering economy and several corruption scandals weakened the LDP's dominant political position. Japan was nevertheless governed by non-LDP prime ministers only in 1993–1996<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012189–190-288">[288]</a> and 2009–2012.<a href="#cite_note-Pekkanen-289">[289]</a> Issues relating to war memory led to strained relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on several occasions. Although <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_apology_statements_issued_by_Japan" title="List of war apology statements issued by Japan">Japanese officials and emperors</a> had made over 50 formal war apologies since the 1950s, some politicians and activists in China and South Korea found the official apologies, such as those of the Emperor in 1990 and the <a href="/wiki/Murayama_Statement" title="Murayama Statement">Murayama Statement</a> of 1995, inadequate or insincere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012199-290">[290]</a> Nationalist politics in Japan sometimes exacerbated these tensions, such as <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">denial of the Nanjing Massacre</a> and other war crimes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012199–201-291">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">revisionist history textbooks</a>, and visits by some Japanese politicians to <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>, which commemorates Japanese soldiers who died in wars from 1868 to 1954, but also has included convicted war criminals since the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012191-292">[292]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg/220px-Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg/330px-Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg/440px-Shinchi_Sta_20110404.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage at a railway station destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 earthquake and tsunami</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">population of Japan</a> peaked at 128,083,960 in 2008, and as of December 2020 it had fallen below 126 million.<a href="#cite_note-jsa-293">[293]</a> In 2011, China surpassed Japan as the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-UN-294">[294]</a> Despite Japan's economic difficulties, this period also saw <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Japan">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, expanding worldwide, especially among young people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012204-295">[295]</a> In March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree" title="Tokyo Skytree">Tokyo Skytree</a> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest towers in the world">tallest tower</a> in the world at 634 metres (2,080 ft), displacing the <a href="/wiki/Canton_Tower" title="Canton Tower">Canton Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> It is currently the third <a href="/wiki/Tallest_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallest structure">tallest structure</a> in the world. On 11 March 2011, the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake</a> struck Japan's northeastern <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōhoku">Tōhoku</a> region. The resulting tsunami <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">damaged the nuclear facilities in Fukushima</a>, which suffered a nuclear meltdown and severe radiation leakage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall2012187–188-298">[298]</a> Altogether nearly 26,000 people were killed or went missing due to these disasters.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reiwa_period_(2019–present)">Reiwa period (2019–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reiwa period (2019–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Naruhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a>'s reign began upon the <a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">abdication of his father</a>, Emperor Akihito, on 1 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-McCurry-300">[300]</a> In 2020, Tokyo was due to host the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> for the second time since 1964. Japan was the second Asian country (after South Korea) to host the Olympics twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the Summer Olympics were postponed to 2021; they took place from 23 July to 8 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Japan ranked third place, with 27 gold medals.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> began, Japan condemned and levied sanctions on Russia for its actions.<a href="#cite_note-dw1-303">[303]</a> Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> praised Japan as the "first Asian nation that has begun exerting pressure on Russia."<a href="#cite_note-dw1-303">[303]</a> Japan froze the assets of Russia's central bank and other major Russian banks and assets owned by 500 Russian citizens and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-dw1-303">[303]</a> Japan banned new investments and the export of high tech to the country. Russia's trade status as <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">favored nation</a> was revoked.<a href="#cite_note-dw1-303">[303]</a> On 8 July 2022, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">assassinated</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> by former <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> serviceman <a href="/wiki/Tetsuya_Yamagami" title="Tetsuya Yamagami">Tetsuya Yamagami</a> while campaigning two days before the <a href="/wiki/2022_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2022 Japanese House of Councillors election">2022 House of Councillors election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> This shocked the public, because firearm fatalities were very rare in Japan. There were only 10 shooting deaths from 2017 to 2020 and 1 gun death incident in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ni1-305">[305]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan" title="2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan">2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan</a>, China conducted "precision missile strikes" in the ocean around Taiwan's coastline on 4 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-asahimi-306">[306]</a> These military exercises raised tensions in the region.<a href="#cite_note-asahimi-306">[306]</a> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Japan)">Ministry of Defense</a> reported that this was the first time ballistic missiles launched by China landed in Japan's exclusive economic zone and lodged a diplomatic protest with Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Five Chinese missiles landed in Japan's EEZ off <a href="/wiki/Hateruma" title="Hateruma">Hateruma</a> which is near Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-asahimi-306">[306]</a> Japanese Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Kishi" title="Nobuo Kishi">Nobuo Kishi</a> said these missiles were "serious threats to Japan's national security and the safety of the Japanese people."<a href="#cite_note-asahimi-306">[306]</a> On 16 December 2022, Japan announced a major shift in its military policy by stating that it would acquire counterstrike capabilities and increase its defense budget to 2% of GDP (¥43 trillion ($315 billion) by 2027.<a href="#cite_note-defenseshift-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-pacif-309">[309]</a> The impetuses for this increase were regional security concerns over China, North Korea, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-defenseshift-308">[308]</a> The defense budget expansion was projected to leapfrog Japan from the world's ninth-largest defense spender to third, behind only the United States and China.<a href="#cite_note-fa-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_conditions">Social conditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Social conditions">edit</a>]</div> Social stratification in Japan became pronounced during the Yayoi period. Expanding trade and agriculture increased the wealth of society, which was increasingly monopolized by social elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201213-311">[311]</a> By 600 AD, a class structure had developed which included court aristocrats, the families of local magnates, commoners, and slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199526-312">[312]</a> Over 90% were commoners, who included farmers, merchants, and artisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199596-313">[313]</a> During the late Heian period, the governing elite consisted of three classes. The traditional aristocracy shared power with Buddhist monks and samurai,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199596-313">[313]</a> though the latter became increasingly dominant in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris1995152,_181-314">[314]</a> These periods witnessed the rise of the merchant class, which diversified into a greater variety of specialized occupations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris1995152,_157-315">[315]</a> Women initially held social and political equality with men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199526-312">[312]</a> and archaeological evidence suggests a prehistorical preference for female rulers in western Japan. Female Emperors appear in recorded history until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> declared strict male-only ascension in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonomura2009352-316">[316]</a> Chinese Confucian-style patriarchy was first codified in the 7th–8th centuries with the <a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">ritsuryō</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonomura2009351-317">[317]</a> which introduced a patrilineal <a href="/wiki/Koseki" title="Koseki">family register</a> with a male head of household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonomura2009353–354-318">[318]</a> Women until then had held important roles in government which thereafter gradually diminished, though even in the late Heian period women wielded considerable court influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonomura2009352-316">[316]</a> Marital customs and many laws governing private property remained gender neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonomura2009354–355-319">[319]</a> For reasons that are unclear to historians the status of women rapidly deteriorated from the fourteenth century and onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris1995162–163-320">[320]</a> Women of all social classes lost the right to own and inherit property and were increasingly viewed as inferior to men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris1995159,_160-321">[321]</a> Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s further entrenched the status of men as dominant landholders.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> During the US occupation following World War II , women gained legal equality with men,<a href="#cite_note-Hastings-323">[323]</a> but faced widespread workplace discrimination. A movement for women's rights led to the passage of an equal employment law in 1986, but by the 1990s women held only 10% of management positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman2005614–615-324">[324]</a> Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s designated all who cultivated the land as commoners, an act which granted effective freedom to most of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris1995193-325">[325]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edo_social_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edo_social_structure.svg/330px-Edo_social_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edo_social_structure.svg/495px-Edo_social_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Edo_social_structure.svg/660px-Edo_social_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories.<a href="#cite_note-tokyoshoseki-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-uki300823-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-shimonoseki-328">[328]</a> Successive shoguns held the highest or near-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_court_ranks,_positions_and_hereditary_titles" title="List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles">court ranks</a>, higher than most court nobles.<a href="#cite_note-kakaku-329">[329]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucian theory</a>, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were Shi-nō-kō-shō (士農工商, <a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">four occupations</a>) of "samurai, peasants (hyakushō), craftsmen, and merchants" (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">chōnin</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a>, with 80% of peasants under the 5% <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class, followed by craftsmen and merchants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009390-391-330">[330]</a> However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification.<a href="#cite_note-tokyoshoseki-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-uki300823-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-shimonoseki-328">[328]</a> Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a> and court nobles was forbidden by the Tokugawa shogunate because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Hatamoto" title="Hatamoto">hatamoto</a> of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married. Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her.<a href="#cite_note-asahi-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-livedoor-332">[332]</a> The social stratification had little bearing on economic conditions: many samurai lived in poverty<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009391-333">[333]</a> and the wealth of the merchant class grew throughout the period as the commercial economy developed and urbanization grew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009392-334">[334]</a> The Edo-era social power structure proved untenable and gave way following the Meiji Restoration to one in which commercial power played an increasingly significant political role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009393-335">[335]</a> Although all social classes were legally abolished at the start of the Meiji period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201279,_89-167">[167]</a> income inequality greatly increased.<a href="#cite_note-income-336">[336]</a> New economic class divisions were formed between capitalist business owners who formed the new middle class, small shopkeepers of the old middle class, the working class in factories, rural landlords, and tenant farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009397-337">[337]</a> The great disparities of income between the classes dissipated during and after World War II, eventually declining to levels that were among the lowest in the industrialized world.<a href="#cite_note-income-336">[336]</a> Some postwar surveys indicated that up to 90% of Japanese self-identified as being middle class.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Populations of workers in professions <a href="/wiki/Kegare" title="Kegare">considered unclean</a>, such as leatherworkers and those who handled the dead, developed in the 15th and 16th centuries into hereditary <a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">outcast</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-Neary-339">[339]</a> These people, later called <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">burakumin</a>, fell outside the Edo-period class structure and suffered discrimination that lasted after the class system was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Neary-339">[339]</a> Though activism has improved the social conditions of those from burakumin backgrounds, discrimination in employment and education has lingered into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Neary-339">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Journal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History of East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art#History_of_Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">History of Japanese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">History of Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">History of Japanese foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations of Meiji Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, 1930–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan%E2%80%93Korea_relations" title="History of Japan–Korea relations">History of Japan–Korea relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino-Japanese relations">History of Sino-Japanese relations</a>, China-Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_foreign_policy_on_Southeast_Asia" title="Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia">Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Japan–Soviet Union relations">Japan–Soviet Union relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tokyo" title="History of Tokyo">History of Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">List of Emperors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">List of prime ministers of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline of Japanese history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNakazawa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nakazawa, Yuichi (1 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/694447">"On the Pleistocene Population History in the Japanese Archipelago"</a>. 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NHK World. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426044803/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/555/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHK+World&rft.atitle=%27Jomon+woman%27+helps+solve+Japan%27s+genetic+mystery&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnhkworld%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fbackstories%2F555%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ono-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ono_4-0">^</a> Ono, Akira (2014). "Modern hominids in the Japanese Islands and the early use of obsidian", pp. 157–159 in Sanz, Nuria (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/series/39/">Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517191330/https://whc.unesco.org/en/series/39/">Archived</a> 17 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Paris: UNESCO. </li> <li id="cite_note-Takashi-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Takashi_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakashi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Takashi, Tsutsumi (2012). "MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago". Quaternary International. 248: 70–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.248...70T">2012QuInt.248...70T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.01.030">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=MIS3+edge-ground+axes+and+the+arrival+of+the+first+Homo+sapiens+in+the+Japanese+archipelago&rft.volume=248&rft.pages=70-78&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.01.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.248...70T&rft.aulast=Takashi&rft.aufirst=Tsutsumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_6-0">^</a> Hudson, Mark (2009). "Japanese Beginnings", p. 15 In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). A Companion to Japanese History. Malden MA: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405193399" title="Special:BookSources/9781405193399">9781405193399</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakagawa-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakagawa_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakagawaDoiNishiokaNunami2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, Mai; Yoneda, Minoru (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.091214">"Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating"</a>. Anthropological Science. 118 (3): 173–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1537%2Fase.091214">10.1537/ase.091214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+human+remains+from+Shiraho-Saonetabaru+Cave+on+Ishigaki+Island%2C+Okinawa%2C+Japan%2C+and+their+radiocarbon+dating&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=173-183&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1537%2Fase.091214&rft.aulast=Nakagawa&rft.aufirst=Ryohei&rft.au=Doi%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Nishioka%2C+Yuichiro&rft.au=Nunami%2C+Shin&rft.au=Yamauchi%2C+Heizaburo&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Masaaki&rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chiaki&rft.au=Mukai%2C+Hitoshi&rft.au=Matsuzaki%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Gakuhari%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Takigami%2C+Mai&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Minoru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1537%252Fase.091214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondoTakeshitaWatanabeSeki2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618217300307">"Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan"</a>. Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QuInt.471..385K">2018QuInt.471..385K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2017.12.012">10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Geology+and+Quaternary+Environments+of+the+Tategahana+Paleolithic+Site+in+Nojiri-ko+%28Lake+Nojiri%29%2C+Nagano%2C+Central+Japan&rft.volume=471&rft.pages=385-395&rft.date=2018-04&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2017.12.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018QuInt.471..385K&rft.aulast=Kondo&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Takeshita%2C+Y.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+T.&rft.au=Seki%2C+M.&rft.au=Nojiri-ko+Excavation+Research+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1040618217300307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200564-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200564_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-habu-10"><a href="#cite_ref-habu_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabu2004" class="citation book cs1">Habu, Junko (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGnAbTyTynsC">Ancient Jomon of Japan</a>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press. pp. 3, 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jomon+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=3%2C+258&rft.pub=Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77670-7&rft.aulast=Habu&rft.aufirst=Junko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGnAbTyTynsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker201512–15-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker201512–15_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2015">Walker 2015</a>, pp. 12–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-kidder-12"><a href="#cite_ref-kidder_12-0">^</a> Kidder, J. Edward (1993). "The Earliest Societies in Japan", in The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201788-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201788_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolcombe2017">Holcombe 2017</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzmin-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuzmin_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. (2015). "Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls". Antiquity. 80 (308): 362–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00093686">10.1017/S0003598X00093686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17316841">17316841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+earliest+pottery+in+East+Asia%3A+progress+and+pitfalls&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=308&rft.pages=362-371&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00093686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17316841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuzmin&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Kumar, Ann (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_aQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160857/https://books.google.com/books?id=f_aQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-31313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-710-31313-3">978-0-710-31313-3</a> p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bruce Loyd Batten,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRs3Qdya40QC&pg=PA60">To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160857/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRs3Qdya40QC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82447-1">978-0-824-82447-1</a> p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-SchirokauerBrown2012-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchirokauerBrown2012_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchirokauerBrown2012_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchirokauerBrown2012_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchirokauerBrown2012_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchirokauerBrown2012_17-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauer,_ConradMiranda_BrownDavid_LurieSuzanne_Gay2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schirokauer" title="Conrad Schirokauer">Schirokauer, Conrad</a>; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isIxgPn_zfMC&pg=PR15">A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91322-1"><bdi>978-0-495-91322-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+Civilizations&rft.pages=138-143&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91322-1&rft.au=Schirokauer%2C+Conrad&rft.au=Miranda+Brown&rft.au=David+Lurie&rft.au=Suzanne+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisIxgPn_zfMC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Crawford, Gary W. "Japan and Korea:Japan", in <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Neil Asher Silberman</a>, Alexander A. Bauer (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA155">The Oxford Companion to Archaeology,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160857/https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA155">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press USA">Oxford University Press USA</a>, Vol.1 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-73578-5">978-0-199-73578-5</a> pp. 153–157 p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImamura1996" class="citation book cs1">Imamura, Keiji (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpgcaKpnuU0C&pg=PA168">Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 165–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-81852-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-81852-4"><bdi>978-0-824-81852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Japan%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Insular+East+Asia&rft.pages=165-178&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-824-81852-4&rft.aulast=Imamura&rft.aufirst=Keiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpgcaKpnuU0C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Kaner, Simon (2011) 'The Archeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago,' in Timothy Insoll (ed.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgLxGuvnezUC&pg=PA462">The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160858/https://books.google.com/books?id=SgLxGuvnezUC&pg=PA462">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-23244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-23244-4">978-0-199-23244-4</a> pp. 457–468, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Mizoguchi, Koji (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZM2AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160905/https://books.google.com/books?id=CZM2AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88490-7">978-0-521-88490-7</a> pp. 81–82, referring to the two sub-styles of houses introduced from the Korean peninsular: <a href="/wiki/Songguk-ri" title="Songguk-ri">Songguk’ni</a> (松菊里) and Teppyong’ni (大坪里). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_J._Hudson" title="Mark J. Hudson">Hudson, Mark</a> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA79">Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160858/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> 5 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82156-2">978-0-824-82156-2</a> pp. 79–81. The Jōmon component is estimated at somewhere under 25%. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maher-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Maher_23-0">^</a> Maher, Kohn C. (1996). "North Kyushu Creole: A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese", in Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris199525-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarris199525_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarris1995">Farris 1995</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201214–15-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201214–15_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201215–16_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200551-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200551_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201216,_22-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201216,_22_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, pp. 16, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200552–53-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200552–53_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200552–53_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownHallPressMcCullough1988" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Press, Cambridge University; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Yamamura, Kozo; Duus, Peter (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=Izumo+federation&pg=PA529">The Cambridge History of Japan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22352-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Delmer+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+Whitney&rft.au=Press%2C+Cambridge+University&rft.au=McCullough%2C+William+H.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Marius+B.&rft.au=Shively%2C+Donald+H.&rft.au=Yamamura%2C+Kozo&rft.au=Duus%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3_6lp8IOK8C%26q%3DIzumo%2Bfederation%26pg%3DPA529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_31-0">^</a> Carter, William R. (1983). "Asuka period". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.). Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870116216" title="Special:BookSources/9780870116216">9780870116216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199816,_18-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez199816,_18_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerez1998">Perez 1998</a>, pp. 16, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederic-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Frederic_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Louis Frédéric">Louis, Frederic</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Japan_Encyclopedia" title="Japan Encyclopedia">Japan Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017535" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017535"><bdi>9780674017535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674017535&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200554–55-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200554–55_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201218–19-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201218–19_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston2002127-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeston2002127_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeston2002">Weston 2002</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhee-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhee_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheeAikensChʻoeNo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rhee, Song Nai; Aikens, C. Melvin.; Chʻoe, Sŏng-nak.; No, Hyŏk-chin. (2007). "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600". Asian Perspectives. 46 (2): 404–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2007.0016">10.1353/asi.2007.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17273">10125/17273</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928724">42928724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56131755">56131755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Korean+Contributions+to+Agriculture%2C+Technology%2C+and+State+Formation+in+Japan%3A+Archaeology+and+History+of+an+Epochal+Thousand+Years%2C+400+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+600&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=404-459&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56131755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2007.0016&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Song+Nai&rft.au=Aikens%2C+C.+Melvin.&rft.au=Ch%CA%BBoe%2C+S%C5%8Fng-nak.&rft.au=No%2C+Hy%C5%8Fk-chin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200555–57_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, pp. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195857-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESansom195857_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansom1958">Sansom 1958</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195868-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESansom195868_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansom1958">Sansom 1958</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Akiyama-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Akiyama_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiyama1977" class="citation book cs1">Akiyama, Terukazu (1977). Japanese Painting. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847801329" title="Special:BookSources/9780847801329"><bdi>9780847801329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Painting&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Rizzoli+International+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780847801329&rft.aulast=Akiyama&rft.aufirst=Terukazu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kshetry-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Kshetry_42-0">^</a> Kshetry, Gopal (2008). Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective. Kathmandu: Rabin Gurung. p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201224-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201224_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201256-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201256_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene199985,_89-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene199985,_89_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeene1999">Keene 1999</a>, pp. 85, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200574–75-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200574–75_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201226-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201226_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruppert-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_48-0">^</a> Deal, William E and Ruppert, Brian Douglas (2015). A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell. pp. 63-64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118608319" title="Special:BookSources/9781118608319">9781118608319</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris200959-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarris200959_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarris2009">Farris 2009</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESansom195899-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESansom195899_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansom1958">Sansom 1958</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201229–30_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alchon-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Alchon_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlchon2003" class="citation book cs1">Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 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Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826328717" title="Special:BookSources/9780826328717"><bdi>9780826328717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pest+in+the+Land%3A+New+World+Epidemics+in+a+Global+Perspective&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780826328717&rft.aulast=Alchon&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200591–93_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, pp. 91–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene1999306-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene1999306_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeene1999">Keene 1999</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez199825,_26-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez199825,_26_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerez1998">Perez 1998</a>, pp. 25, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenshall201231-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenshall201231_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenshall2012">Henshall 2012</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETotman200594-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETotman200594_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTotman2005">Totman 2005</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarris200987-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarris200987_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarris2009">Farris 2009</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_59-1">b</a> McCullough, William H. 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Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+Shoseki&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E3%80%8D%E3%82%84%E3%80%8C%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%8C%E4%BD%BF%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokyo-shoseki.co.jp%2Fquestion%2Fe%2Fsyakai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uki300823-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uki300823_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uki300823_327-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830135959/https://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/2028316"><bdi lang="ja">第35回教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Uki,_Kumamoto" title="Uki, Kumamoto">Uki, Kumamoto</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/2028316">the original</a> on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uki%2C+Kumamoto&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC35%E5%9B%9E+%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%80%8E%E5%A3%AB%E8%BE%B2%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E3%80%8F%E3%81%8C%E6%B6%88%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F+%E3%83%BC%E5%BE%8C%E7%B7%A8%E3%83%BC+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E3%81%86%E3%81%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%80%8D8%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.uki.kumamoto.jp%2F2028316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimonoseki-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shimonoseki_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shimonoseki_328-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001503/https://www.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/58936.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">人権意識のアップデート</bdi></a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/58936.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shimonoseki&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.shimonoseki.lg.jp%2Fuploaded%2Fattachment%2F58936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kakaku-329"><a href="#cite_ref-kakaku_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307120204/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%BC-43286"><bdi lang="ja">家格</bdi></a>. Kotobank (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%BC-43286#">the original</a> on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotobank&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E6%25A0%25BC-43286%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009390-391-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeary2009390-391_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary2009">Neary 2009</a>, p. 390-391. </li> <li id="cite_note-asahi-331"><a href="#cite_ref-asahi_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307171356/https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/42642?page=2"><bdi lang="ja">結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. 31 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/42642?page=2">the original</a> on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%E3%81%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%90%9B%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%B1%E5%8F%AF%E3%81%8C%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8C%E3%80%81%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%9A%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%EF%BC%9F%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%80%8C%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B&rft.pub=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdot.asahi.com%2Farticles%2F-%2F42642%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livedoor-332"><a href="#cite_ref-livedoor_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307171300/https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/24377409/"><bdi lang="ja">江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった</bdi></a>. Livedoor News (in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/24377409/">the original</a> on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livedoor+News&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%E3%81%AF%E7%B0%A1%E5%8D%98%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%B1%E5%8F%AF%E3%82%82%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.livedoor.com%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F24377409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009391-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeary2009391_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary2009">Neary 2009</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009392-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeary2009392_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary2009">Neary 2009</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009393-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeary2009393_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary2009">Neary 2009</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-income-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-income_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-income_336-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriguchi,_ChiakiSaez,_Emmanuel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moriguchi, Chiaki; Saez, Emmanuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/moriguchi-saezREStat08japan.pdf">"The Evolution of Income Concentration in Japan, 1886–2005: Evidence from Income Tax Statistics"</a> (PDF). Review of Economics and Statistics. 90 (4): 713–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Frest.90.4.713">10.1162/rest.90.4.713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8976082">8976082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Income+Concentration+in+Japan%2C+1886%E2%80%932005%3A+Evidence+from+Income+Tax+Statistics&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-734&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Frest.90.4.713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8976082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Moriguchi%2C+Chiaki&rft.au=Saez%2C+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feml.berkeley.edu%2F~saez%2Fmoriguchi-saezREStat08japan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeary2009397-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeary2009397_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeary2009">Neary 2009</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuus1995" class="citation book cs1">Duus, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abacusswordjapan00duus">The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520213616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520213616"><bdi>978-0520213616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abacus+and+the+Sword%3A+The+Japanese+Penetration+of+Korea%2C+1895%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0520213616&rft.aulast=Duus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabacusswordjapan00duus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neary-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neary_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neary_339-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neary_339-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeary,_Ian2003" class="citation journal cs1">Neary, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/558566">"Burakumin at the End of History"</a>. Social Research: An International Quarterly. 70 (1): 269–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2003.0019">10.1353/sor.2003.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971613">40971613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142516741">142516741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research%3A+An+International+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Burakumin+at+the+End+of+History&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=269-294&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142516741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2003.0019&rft.au=Neary%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F558566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris1995" class="citation book cs1">Farris, William Wayne (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dmxY_HIWp8C">Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69005-9"><bdi>978-0-674-69005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population%2C+Disease%2C+and+Land+in+Early+Japan%2C+645%E2%80%93900&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-69005-9&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=William+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dmxY_HIWp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2009" class="citation book cs1">Farris, William Wayne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEkewem1LBYC">Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History</a>. 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London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00906-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00906-5"><bdi>0-415-00906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rising+Sun+and+the+Tumbling+Bear%E2%80%94A+Military+History+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%935&rft.place=London&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-415-00906-5&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmelpenninck_van_der_Oye2005" class="citation book cs1">Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2005). 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New York: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312239152" title="Special:BookSources/9780312239152"><bdi>9780312239152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Political+History+since+the+Meiji+Restoration%2C+1868%E2%80%932000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780312239152&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTogo2005" class="citation book cs1">Togo, Kazuhiko (2005). Japan's Foreign Policy 1945–2003: The Quest for a Proactive Policy. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004147966" title="Special:BookSources/9789004147966"><bdi>9789004147966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Foreign+Policy+1945%E2%80%932003%3A+The+Quest+for+a+Proactive+Policy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004147966&rft.aulast=Togo&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonomura2009" class="citation book cs1">Tonomura, Hitomi (2009). "Women and Sexuality in Premodern Japan". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.). A Companion to Japanese History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 351–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9339-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Sexuality+in+Premodern+Japan&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Japanese+History&rft.pages=351-371&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9339-9&rft.aulast=Tonomura&rft.aufirst=Hitomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Totman" title="Conrad Totman">Totman, Conrad</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBGGBAAAQBAJ">A History of Japan</a>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02235-0"><bdi>978-1-119-02235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-119-02235-0&rft.aulast=Totman&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBGGBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2015" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Brett (2015). A Concise History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107004184" title="Special:BookSources/9781107004184"><bdi>9781107004184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Japan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107004184&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Weston_(journalist)" title="Mark Weston (journalist)">Weston, Mark</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr2soAEACAAJ">Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Greatest Men and Women</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9882259-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9882259-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9882259-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giants+of+Japan%3A+The+Lives+of+Japan%27s+Greatest+Men+and+Women&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9882259-4-7&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr2soAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Chang, Richard T. (1970). From Prejudice to Tolerance. A Study of the Japanese Image of the West, 1826–1864. Tokyo, Sophia University.</li> <li>Garon, Sheldon (May 1994). "Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations". Journal of Asian Studies 53#2, pp. 346–366. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059838">2059838</a>.</li> <li>Hara, Katsuro (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000hara/page/n9/mode/2up">Introduction to the History of Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn, Lafcadio</a> (1894). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (first series). Leipzig, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Tauchnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Tauchnitz">Bernhard Tauchnitz</a>.</li> <li>Hook, Glenn D. et al. (2011). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0415587433/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001014944/https://www.amazon.com/Japans-International-Relations-Economics-University/dp/0415587433">Archived</a> 1 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImamura1996" class="citation book cs1">Imamura, Keiji (1996). Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Japan%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Insular+East+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Imamura&rft.aufirst=Keiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a> (1998) [1984]. A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 3: Dawn to the West – Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (Fiction) (paperback ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11435-6"><bdi>978-0-231-11435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japanese+Literature%2C+Vol.+3%3A+Dawn+to+the+West+%E2%80%93+Japanese+Literature+of+the+Modern+Era+%28Fiction%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11435-6&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kingston, Jeffrey (2001). Japan in Transformation, 1952–2000. Pearson Education. 215pp; brief history textbook.</li> <li>Kitaoka, Shin’ichi (2019). The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics. Routledge.</li> <li>McOmie, William, ed. Foreign Images and Experiences of Japan: 1: First Century AD-1841. (Brill, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/19346?alreadyAuthRedirecting">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad (2013). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+Civilizations&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tames, Richard, et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00tame">A Traveller's History of Japan</a>. Popular history.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Japan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Japan">History of Japan</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pre-modern_Japan#Q130436" class="extiw" title="voy:Pre-modern Japan">Pre-modern Japan</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66913">"Japan as It Was and Is": A Handbook of Old Japan, Volume 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66914">Volume 2</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hildreth" title="Richard Hildreth">Richard Hildreth</a> (1807–1865).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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