CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of weapons - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c291894a-dc6b-4a01-bf1a-987a70f3151b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_weapons","wgTitle":"History of weapons","wgCurRevisionId":1259709990,"wgRevisionId":1259709990,"wgArticleId":23468036,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2023","All articles lacking in-text citations","Use dmy dates from June 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles to be expanded from November 2015","All articles to be expanded","Weapon history"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_weapons","wgRelevantArticleId":23468036,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3632460","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/1200px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1065"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/800px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="710"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/640px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="568"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of weapons - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_weapons"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_weapons"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_weapons rootpage-History_of_weapons skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+weapons" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+weapons" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+weapons" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+weapons" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_the_ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_the_ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehistory and the ancient world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory_and_the_ancient_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory and the ancient world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_the_ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stone_tips,_arrows_and_bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_tips,_arrows_and_bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stone tips, arrows and bows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_tips,_arrows_and_bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sumerians_and_Akkadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sumerians_and_Akkadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Sumerians and Akkadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sumerians_and_Akkadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_naval_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_naval_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ancient naval weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_naval_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_chariots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_chariots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>War chariots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_chariots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Khopesh_sword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Khopesh_sword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Khopesh sword</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Khopesh_sword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Trident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Assyrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Ancient Greek weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Macedonians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Macedonians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>The Macedonians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Macedonians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>The Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Swords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Spears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catapults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catapults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Catapults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catapults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Military organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_of_the_barbarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_of_the_barbarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Weapons of the barbarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_of_the_barbarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Byzantine_armoury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Byzantine_armoury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Byzantine armoury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Byzantine_armoury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_of_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_of_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Weapons of the Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_of_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_gunpowder_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_gunpowder_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chinese gunpowder weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_gunpowder_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Normans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Normans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Normans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Normans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Advanced warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hundred_Years_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundred_Years_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hundred Years War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hundred_Years_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Longbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cavalry weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Gunpowder weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Siege guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of weapons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الأسلحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الأسلحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_las_armas" title="Historia de las armas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de las armas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हथियारों का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हथियारों का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История оружия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История оружия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3632460#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_weapons" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_weapons" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_weapons" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&oldid=1259709990" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_weapons&id=1259709990&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_weapons"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_weapons"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_weapons&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3632460" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/220px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/330px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg/440px-Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Old Japanese weapons and other military paraphernalia, c. 1892–95</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_(FMNH_99071)_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png/220px-A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png/330px-A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png/440px-A_Gilbertese_shark_tooth_weapon_%28FMNH_99071%29_-_journal.pone.0059855.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbertese</a> shark-toothed weapon (late 19th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Major innovations in the <b>history of weapons</b> have included the adoption of different materials – from stone and wood to different metals, and modern synthetic materials such as plastics – and the developments of different weapon styles either to fit the terrain or to support or counteract different battlefield tactics and defensive equipment. </p><p>People have used weapons in warfare, hunting, self-defense, law enforcement, and criminal activity. Weapons also serve many other purposes in society including use in sports, collections for display, and historical displays and demonstrations. As technology has developed throughout history, weapons have changed with it. </p><p>The use of weapons is a major driver of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Evolution">cultural evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">human history</a> up to today, since weapons are a type of tool which is used to dominate and subdue autonomous agents such as animals and by that allow for an expansion of the cultural niche, while simultaneously other weapon users (i.e., agents such as humans, groups, cultures) are able to adapt to weapons of enemies by learning, triggering a continuous process of competitive technological, skill and cognitive improvement (<a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_and_the_ancient_world"><span class="anchor" id="Prehistoric_weapons"></span> Prehistory and the ancient world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory and the ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_tips,_arrows_and_bows"><span id="Stone_tips.2C_arrows_and_bows"></span>Stone tips, arrows and bows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stone tips, arrows and bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone tips are one of the earliest forms of weapons assumed by archaeologists, with the earliest surviving examples of stone tips with animal blood dating to around 64,000 years ago from the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, in what is now South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early arrows were just a stone tip, which is advantageous over organic materials because it enables weapons to cut through tougher hides and create larger wounds, killing more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as <a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a>, where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Backwell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_M_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard_M-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest extant bows, from the Holmegård region in Denmark, date to around 6,000 BCE. The bows were quite effective against the enemies that were far from the archer, and so archers were sought after in recruitment for armies. When people started horse riding at around 2500 BCE, composite bows were created. In 1200 BCE, the Hittites, originating from Anatolia, shot arrows using their bows on light chariots. In 1000 BCE some of these horse-riding archers from Central Asia invented the <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve bow</a>, which was in the shape of a "W" and had an improved elasticity. </p><p>People from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> used relatively long bows for better accuracy, they also used <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bows</a>. <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilizations</a> all over the world produced bows according to their respective vegetation. The Chinese made bows from bamboo sticks while others who did not have the right kind of wood needed for making bows, produced <a href="/wiki/Composite_bows" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite bows">composite bows</a>. According to Chinese beliefs and mythology, a story is narrated and written in old Chinese texts which says how bow and arrow were invented. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ONCE upon a time, Huangdi went out hunting armed with a stone knife. Suddenly, a tiger sprang out of the undergrowth, Huangdi shinned up a mulberry tree to escape. Being a patient creature, the tiger sat down at the bottom of the tree to see what would happen next. Huangdi saw that the mulberry wood was supple, so he cut off a branch with his stone knife to make a bow. Then he saw a vine growing on the tree, and he cut a length from it to make a string. Next he saw some bamboo nearby that was straight, so he cut a piece to make an arrow. With his bow and arrow, he shot the tiger in the eye. The tiger ran off and Huangdi made his escape.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg/220px-H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg/330px-H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg/440px-H%C3%A4llristningar_Tanum_1.1_yxb%C3%A4rare_med_cirkelkroppar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Men with weapons. <a href="/wiki/Rock_Carvings_in_Tanum" title="Rock Carvings in Tanum">Rock Carvings in Tanum</a>, western Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>As humans discovered new natural resources beneath the Earth's surface, traditional weapons were replaced as methods for metal-working developed. </p><p>After the discovery of pure copper in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, around 6000 BCE, copper metallurgy spread in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Around 3500 BCE the art of metallurgy spread into India, China and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a>, an alloy of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, had been used as far back as 4500 BCE, as it is much harder than pure copper. It was used extensively in Asia: the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> Civilization flourished as a result of improved metallurgy. Neolithic communities who lived primarily in the upper <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in China also used bronze items extensively as a number of artifacts were recovered at the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayao">Majiayao</a> site. Bronze was produced on a large scale in China for weapons, including spears, pole-axes, pole-based dagger-axes, composite bows, and bronze or leather helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-Shang-Dynasty-China_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shang-Dynasty-China-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the excavations at <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, it is evident that the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> had well built walls, large buildings, bronze foundries, and bone and pottery workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze significantly contributed to the ancient world and helped cultures of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Egypt, Greece, Rome, <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and China flourish. Bronze replaced stone in weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Bronze Age maces were in high demand. The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> were the first people on record to have used bronze weapons. Native Americans mostly used flint spears and knives but used bronze for ceremonies and intricate decorations. Ancient artisans soon discovered the drawbacks of bronze for producing armaments, as while weapons made of bronze could be sharpened easily, they were not able to hold their edge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with maces, <a href="/wiki/Bows_and_arrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Bows and arrows">bows and arrows</a> and slings were used in wars. Bows and arrows were preferred over spears because they were easy to handle, provided greater mobility, were more accurate and did not require as much raw material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bows and arrows were a boon for hunters as they could hunt more effectively with a bow and arrow than with a spear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sumerians_and_Akkadians">The Sumerians and Akkadians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Sumerians and Akkadians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></div> <p>The earliest civilizations in southern Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq, were the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>. The occupied land was open to enemy attacks from the many barbarian tribes. The Sumerian warrior was equipped with spears, maces, swords, clubs and slings. <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (2333–2279 BCE) was a great military leader and used both infantry and chariots. The chariot troops used both spears and bows and arrows which proved to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a long time the Egyptians' strategically advantageous locale allowed them to remain free from enemy attacks. Egypt was considered to be peaceful in the ancient world. They never considered training an army for the sake of invasion or defense of their own province.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_Mcnall34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Mcnall34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th Dynasty, a tribe known to be the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> surprised the Egyptians when they marched into Egypt in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> with chariots. At this time, weapons superior to those possessed by the Egyptians were being developed further away in Asia. Tribes using these new and sophisticated weapons started to conquer new lands and at the same time exchange their knowledge of weapons with other civilizations. The Hyksos were among these invaders. Many historians believe that the Hyksos came from Mesopotamia, although the exact location is still a mystery. The invaders used composite bows as well as improved <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve bows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrowheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrowheads">arrowheads</a>. Unlike the Sumerians, they had horse-drawn chariots and not donkeys, and wore mailed shirts and metal helmets. They were also armed with superior daggers and swords.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_Mcnall37-38_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Mcnall37-38-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Hyksos invasion, the Egyptians did not have a cavalry because, it is believed, their small horses were not strong enough to support a rider. It was from the Hyksos charioteers that the use of horses in warfare was introduced to Egyptian culture. When the Egyptians came to power once again, after a civil war with the Hyksos rulers, they continued to use horse-drawn chariots in their armies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_naval_weapons">Ancient naval weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient naval weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish were a major source of food in the ancient world, and the Egyptians lived on whatever the river Nile had to offer to them. <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> boats are reported to have been first constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">predynastic</a> period for the purpose of fishing. Most of the Egyptians used boats to transport warriors. In order to intercept a foreign boat, they used large stones, which they would hurl in the direction of enemy boats, by hand or using a catapult. The Egyptians traded with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> around 2200 BCE. For safety of their boats they would fix a bow. The Egyptian <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> re-organized the standing army and also focused on making new and improved boats. During this period, Egypt's navy was extensive, and bigger ships of seventy to eighty tons suited to long voyages became quite common. Many cargo ships were converted into battle ships. Seafaring was not safe, and in order to have smooth trading relations, they built a large fleet and took control of the sea. The temple of <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a> has reliefs depicting the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Ramses_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses III">Ramses III</a> fighting a naval battle against the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenicians are said to have developed the first war galley armed with a battering ram for attacking other ships in the ancient world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_chariots">War chariots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War chariots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg/330px-Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg/495px-Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg/660px-Modern_loose_interpretation_at_the_The_Pharaonic_Village_in_Cairo_of_a_Battle_scene_from_the_Great_Kadesh_reliefs_of_Ramses_II_on_the_Walls_of_the_Ramesseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh in his chariot defeats the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chariots, a mode of transportation, were used as a weapon by ancient peoples. The Hittites used chariots to crash into enemies, whereas the Egyptians used them to stay away from enemies and attack them by arrows and spears. These vehicles were first made in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, as four-wheeled wagons each pulled by four donkeys. Every wagon held two people; a driver, and a warrior armed with a spear or an ax. Some historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that chariots were first developed in the Eurasian steppes, somewhere near Russia and Uzbekistan. With the introduction of horses, chariots could combine speed, strength and mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hyksos introduced chariots in Egypt, these chariots were later modified into the Egyptian style, parts were changed and decorated with Egyptian symbols and paintings. However, by the 15th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Tutmoses_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutmoses III">Tutmoses III</a> made 1000 chariots for military expedition. Each chariot carried two men, one to drive and one to shoot arrows. Much later, the Egyptians changed their strategy and divided the charioteers into five <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadrons</a>, with twenty-five chariots in each and two men in each chariot: a driver and a soldier armed with bows and arrows, a shield, a sword, and a <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>. When the arrows were exhausted they had swords for close combat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Khopesh_sword">The Khopesh sword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Khopesh sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khopesh" title="Khopesh">Khopesh</a></div> <p>The Khopesh, also called the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> "sickle-sword", was used mostly by the tribes who lived near Mesopotamia. These tribes, who used to attack the Egyptians occasionally, used the Khopesh as their main weapon. These tribes later started trading with Egyptians and the Egyptians were so impressed by the shape and make of the sword that they decided to adopt it themselves. <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> to have used the khopesh in warfare during the battle of Kadesh. The Khopesh was designed such that it could be used as an axe, a sword or a sickle. The Khopesh eventually became the most popular sword in all of Egypt and a symbol of royal power and strength. The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> (r. 1307–1275 BCE) used to display this sword during ritual ceremonies, and such curved swords could be seen in Mesopotamian art and paintings. Some of these Khopesh swords were black in colour and came with a full tang. The average length of the Khopesh was around 40 to 60 cm,<sup id="cite_ref-David_and_Irene_Franck_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_and_Irene_Franck-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is likely why the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> based their sword, the <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">Scimitar</a>, off it. This weapon later spread all around the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Empire">Muslim Empires</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trident">Trident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civilization">Greek civilization</a> had mastered the art of making spears. The trident, a three pronged spear used for fishing, was a form of spear popular with the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This weapon was used in the east by the Indians who called it <i>trishul</i> (three spears) and by gladiators in Rome known as <a href="/wiki/Retarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Retarii">retarii</a>, or 'net-fighters', in keeping with the historical use of the trident in fishing. These net fighters would cast the net onto their enemies and once their enemies were trapped and helpless in the net, would then use the trident to kill them or inflict serious injuries. The trident is also associated with various gods: <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and his Roman counterpart <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> were both associated with and often depicted with a trident, and the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> also wields the trident.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_Empire">Assyrian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assyrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> was a Northern Mesopotamian kingdom known for its war-like culture. It was King <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> at the start of the 18th century BCE who conquered lands to the west as far as the Mediterranean, and established the first <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian empire">Assyrian empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had set up schools to teach military warfare involving demolition of walls and mining city walls. The Assyrians were surrounded by hostile, powerful and aggressive tribes, therefore it was important for them to train their people. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian army">Assyrian army</a> was the first to use iron in its weapons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike the rest of the civilizations, the Assyrian charioteers had a crew of three people, rather than the usual two: an extra crew member was added to protect the rear. They were the first to introduce cavalry and the first to develop siege craft with <a href="/wiki/Siege_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege towers">siege towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battering_rams" class="mw-redirect" title="Battering rams">battering rams</a>. Cavalry had completely replaced chariots in late 600 BCE. The King stood in the middle on a chariot flanked by bodyguards and the standing army. The archers stood in front of the king and were covered by powerful 'spearmen' and shielded carriers who fought in close combat with the enemies, then there were the heavy chariots and the horsemen who would charge into enemy lines with brutal force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_weapons">Ancient Greek weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek weapons">Ancient Greek weapons</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_(jar)_MET_DT229458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg/250px-Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg/375px-Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg/500px-Terracotta_Nolan_amphora_%28jar%29_MET_DT229458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> (left) and Persian <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> (right), fighting each other. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Nolan_amphora" title="Nolan amphora">Nolan amphora</a>, 5th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Greece was surrounded by hostile neighbours such as Persia, and later Rome. The Greeks had adopted a different pattern of warfare and even fashioned their weapons differently. They had adopted a very strategic style of fighting, researching the strengths and weaknesses of their enemies, and developed their weapons accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After incessant threats of a Persian invasion, the Greeks came together and formed the <a href="/wiki/Delian_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Delian league">Delian league</a>; the Spartans were ready for a ground assault while the Athenians relied on their strong navy. Sensing the military might of the Athenians, the city-states and settlers of Asia Minor requested them to lead the league. The Athenians had a formidable navy; they produced an overwhelming number of warships and soldiers and in return demanded tribute from the league members. The Athenians had built dozens of warships known as <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> to defend Greece. The crew consisted of 200 men which included the captain, ten dignitaries who may have been commanders, several archers, a few soldiers, and 170 oarsmen. </p><p>When the Persians met the Greek army they outnumbered it three to one, the Persian army consisting of infantry and excellent cavalry. Their tactics were primarily defensive since their main weapon was the bow; they were also supplied with the akinakes, a dagger-like sword. The Greeks used long spears, <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a>, helmets and <a href="/wiki/Breastplates" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastplates">breastplates</a>. The Greeks had no cavalry at this time. As soon as the Persian army came to the battleground, the Greeks already started to charge into the enemy lines to avoid the shower of arrows. The Greek shields were so strong that they broke the spears of the Persians, much to their surprise. The long Greek spears, with sharp iron spearhead on a wooden shaft and a bronze butt-spike, helped them break enemy ranks and rout the Persian army. If their spear was broken they used their swords for close combat. Ancient Greeks brought many changes in the technology of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The victories in the Greco-Persian war at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a> largely ended the Persian threat to the Greek mainland. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesian war">Peloponnesian war</a>, inter-Greek warfare became more significant. The year 424 saw Brasidas's expeditions across the whole of Greece, proving wrong the idea suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Oligarch">Old Oligarch</a> that land forces could not sustain lengthy campaigns against sea powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Macedonians">The Macedonians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Macedonians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> emerged as a power in Greece after the crippling of Sparta at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a>, the ascent to power of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">King Phillip II</a> who, through a combination of military power and diplomacy, unified the Greek <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian League">Corinthian League</a> to fight the Persians. The Macedonians followed the traditional military strategy adopted by the Greek city-states, the phalanx, though unlike Greeks the Macedonian infantry was equipped with the "<a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a>", a spear as long as 15 feet with a leaf-shaped spearhead. Unlike the cities of Greece proper, the Macedonian army also had a dedicated cavalry, as the flat plains of Macedon were better suited to cavalry combat than the mountainous country to the south. The Macedonians engineers had developed heavy weapons and artillery pieces, with enough power to breach the gates and walls of a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>. Torsion catapults were also developed a little later as well as heavy weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Ballistae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistae">ballistae</a>, and the smaller, and more portable weapons, <i><a href="/wiki/Cheiroballistra" title="Cheiroballistra">cheiroballistra</a></i> were improved by King Philip II and Alexander the Great.<sup id="cite_ref-DeVries2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVries2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Romans">The Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Rome was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">sacked</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a> in 390 BCE, they regrouped and formed an alliance of the city states. They deployed thoroughly trained soldiers in the north western frontiers to protect Rome from further attacks. These soldiers were divided into two groups, <i><a href="/wiki/Legionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionaries">Legionaries</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a></i>. Legionaries were Roman citizens whereas Auxiliaries were recruited from tribes and allies of Rome. They defeated the Gauls and eventually gained total control of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. The Romans never used complex weapons, instead they chose to use the more simple and unusual weapons of warfare. The armor and weapons were used under excellent supervision, great leadership and discipline that enabled the Romans to create superior military forces, both regular and irregular armies including mercenaries and allies, that were able to conquer their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swords">Swords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Swords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncrossed_gladius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uncrossed_gladius.jpg/153px-Uncrossed_gladius.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uncrossed_gladius.jpg/230px-Uncrossed_gladius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uncrossed_gladius.jpg/306px-Uncrossed_gladius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The gladius, one of the primary close-combat weapons utilized by the Roman military</figcaption></figure> <p>Originating in Spain, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">gladius</a></i> was adopted by the Romans as one of their most commonly used weapons for close combat. Typically 30 cm in length, characterizing a short sword, the term <i>gladius</i> was also applied to longer swords. Though many swords were double-edged for ease of cutting, this was not always the case. In addition, the geometry of the sword's point varied over time due to changing combat styles, but all were tapered to allow for thrusting.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gladius was also suitable for cutting and chopping. It was mainly used for thrusting, and thus had limited effect when wielded from horseback. These swords were made with an iron blade to which a bronze-covered wood, or <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> cross guard, <a href="/wiki/Hilt#Pommel" title="Hilt">pommel</a>, and grip would be attached. The gladius varied in length and size as Roman soldiers of different ranks used gladius measuring around 34.5 and 64 centimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were other short sword variations that were classified with names other than <i>gladius</i>. One such example is the <i><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sica</a></i>, which was about 40 cm long and had a curved tip.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To engage in close combat, Roman soldiers would lead with their shield protected from volleys of arrows or pila and thrust forward with their sword.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spears">Spears</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to short swords, Roman infantry typically carried a spear or other type of <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearm</a>. The most common was known as the <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>, a heavy spear that could be either thrown or thrusted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar in function to the javelin was the <i>fuscina.</i> Although not used by the Roman military, this fork-like <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> was one of the most popular gladiator weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of the javelin that had a much longer and thinner tip was the <i><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a></i>, which could pierce armor or shields when thrown. Several <i>pila</i> could be thrown to initiate combat, disrupting the structure and defense of enemy armies and providing an opportunity for close combat, where the gladius would take over. The design of the <i>pilum</i> allowed it to become lodged in an enemy shield. Removing a <i>pilum</i> from a shield was often difficult and time-consuming during combat. In fact, most were not reusable after removal.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catapults">Catapults</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catapults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg/254px-Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg/381px-Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg/508px-Greek_and_Roman_Ballista_Catapult.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A replica of a Greek/Roman catapult used for launching darts or large arrows</figcaption></figure> <p>Siege warfare gave the Roman army significant offensive advantages over their enemies. Though the <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> was developed in ancient Greece, the Romans were able to replace the traditional Greek catapult made of wood making the most stressed components out of iron or bronze. This allowed for a reduction in size and also the ability to increase the stress levels to provide more power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a detailed understanding of mathematics and mechanics was required to design the catapult, it stands as a prime example of cooperation between ancient science and technology. Additional knowledge in topics like metallurgy and machine design helped to improve the performance of catapults. One example is the addition of machine elements like springs and copper bearings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was known that the size of the catapult's components should be proportional to the weight of its intended projectile. As a result, tables relating standard part sizes and common projectile weights were assembled, which drastically increased the efficiency and production rate of catapults.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman catapult could be moved and operated by a single soldier, which allowed a more efficient use of soldiers and resources. These machines were torsion-powered and most were used to launch large spherical or dart-like projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more creative options were often used. These included poisonous snakes, jars of bees, and dead bodies that were infected with diseases like the plague. The catapult was versatile, and could effectively launch any projectile that fit in its launch bucket.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans also developed an automatic repeating catapult called the scorpion. This was smaller than other catapults but had more moving parts. The rope coils were often made of twisted bovine sinews, horsehair or women's hair. The kinetic power delivered by a catapult was dependent on the diameter of these coils, making the coil diameter the dimensional standard for power rating. This would be similar to how the caliber system is used in modern firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg/160px-Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg/240px-Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg/320px-Genseric_sacking_rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alaric_the_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaric the Goth">Alaric the Goth</a> charging into Rome with his barbarian troops</figcaption></figure> <p>The Barbarian tribes from Germania kept penetrating deeper into the Roman territory, some of these tribes were the Osthrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals and Franks. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, Rome became vulnerable to attacks from all directions. The <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, a tribe said to be from steppe regions of Central Asia started to push other barbarian tribes into Roman territories, the Huns not only attacked other barbarian tribes but eventually attacked Rome. By this time the Roman Empire was divided into East and West. The Huns always fought a battle on horseback as they were not used to infantry lines. Their favourite weapon was the composite bow.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a> forged an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and provided them with Roman arms and armour to fight against their common enemy, the Huns. His barbarian filled forces defeated the Huns in 410, and the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">visigoths</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sacked Rome</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_organization">Military organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> or Byzantine empire held on. The barbarian kingdoms had already set up their kingdoms in place, they started the process of recruiting and the advancement of soldiers. A <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> was highly respected according to the barbarian tradition, a brave warrior was often rewarded by allotting land, titles and other benefits, and these land owners later became medieval nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_of_the_barbarians">Weapons of the barbarians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weapons of the barbarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franziska.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Franziska.png/120px-Franziska.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Franziska.png/180px-Franziska.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Franziska.png/240px-Franziska.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Frankish throwing axe of the 5th and 6th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Many barbarians had served in the Roman army and so used similar weapons to those in that army. However, after a brief period, the barbarian tribes including the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> started to develop and make their own weapons. Archers began to fire iron-tipped arrows, the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> both initiated the use of longer two-edged swords. Meanwhile, the Franks used a variety of weapons, they chose not to wear their armor and instead carried more weapons. In 470 <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> recalls his first meeting with Frankish soldiers and according to him, the Franks hung their swords onto their shoulders, they also carried with them barbed lances and throwing axes. Many Frankish warriors also did not wear helmets. They carried their traditional double-edged <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> and never carried any missile weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst all the barbarian tribes, <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian kingdom">Merovingian kingdom</a> of the Franks became the most powerful realm in Western Europe. Most of the power was exercised by the military lords who eventually gained total control of the Merovingian kingdom in late 600 AD. Pippin II, who had gained total control of the Merovingian kingdom passed mayorships to his illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, in 714. Charles Martel was responsible for modernization of the Frankish army and the defeat of Muslims at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a>. During the battle, the Franks had carried with them swords and axes, the iron heads of their weapons were exceedingly sharp, and their axes were forged from a single piece of iron. However, by the end of the 7th century production of axes ceased as the number of skilled axe throwers started dwindling.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Byzantine_armoury">The Byzantine armoury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Byzantine armoury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, the emperor of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Byzantine empire became military active. He sent a huge army to re-capture the North African provinces from the Vandals, and by 534 AD, the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> had destroyed the Vandal power and proceeded to march through Italy to conquer Rome from the Ostrogoths. By 565, the Byzantines wiped the Ostrogoths from Italy. The Byzantines were witnessing great advances in military engineering, possessing a highly disciplined military force and military technicians who contributed to the development of siege weapons that the <a href="/wiki/Civilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilized">civilized</a> world had never seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In around 672, an incendiary substance known as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Fire">Greek Fire</a> was invented. Greek fire was sprayed from early flamethrowers on ships known as <a href="/wiki/Dromons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromons">dromons</a>. Researchers have been unable to duplicate this substance today, ships were set alight by the Greek fire and it had the capability to kill large number of warriors inside the ship with one shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the early devices used by the Byzantines were <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)" title="Torsion (mechanics)">torsion</a> powered engines used to shoot arrows with greater intensity. The Byzantine military engineers were learning and developing more sophisticated siege weapons, and by the 10th century they had adopted engineering techniques used by the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2003_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_of_the_Mediterranean">Weapons of the Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Weapons of the Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic world had already advanced way ahead of others in military engineering which, according to historians, was due to trade relations with China. The Islamic world had learned that the Chinese technology, was known to be superior to that of the Greeks or the Romans. Arab army generals were encouraging the use of new technology and inherited a highly sophisticated tradition of siege warfare. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Trebuchet</a>, capable of throwing huge stones and piles of rocks was said to have been invented in the Middle East by the Muslim engineers. The Trebuchet was probably copied from the Chinese huo-pa’o, which had been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and carried west by them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Trebuchets were used to throw dead horses into a besieged city to spread disease. The Muslims had adopted the technology and traditions of those whom they conquered. Like the Syrians, the Iranians and later the Byzantines, the Muslims had also attacked Byzantine using the most advanced siege weapons. In the mid-8th century, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a> of Syria had more than 80 stone-throwing machines stored with him. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> who had set their capital in Baghdad rather than Syria had specialized in <a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">mangonel</a> operations and stationed these devastation military geniuses in all their <a href="/wiki/Fortresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortresses">fortresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_gunpowder_weapons">Chinese gunpowder weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chinese gunpowder weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese people had witnessed conflicts and constant warfare all across China. Fifty years after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, China witnessed five successive dynasties in the north along with a dozen small nations in the south in a short timespan. The quick rise and fall of these countries and the fragmented nature is a result of the rise of warlords towards the later half of the Tang dynasty. </p><p>In 960, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kuangyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Kuangyin">Zhao Kuangyin</a> staged a coup of his own to take over the dominant northern dynasty of the later Zhou, and founded the Song dynasty. He was able to finally reunite all the fragmented states of the south and put an end to the problem of military coups that had plagued China for the last century. The Song established its capital at <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> on the Yellow river. It was during the reign of this dynasty that the Chinese started to produce gunpowder using saltpeter, sulfur and carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians<sup id="cite_ref-Invention_of_Gunpowder_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invention_of_Gunpowder-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that the Chinese did not consider gunpowder a particularly important weapon, though in fact they were the first people to systematically use gunpowder as weapons on a wide scale. Even the Arabs, who had probably been using gunpowder much earlier than the Europeans, referred to <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> as 'Snow from China' <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثلج الصين</span> <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">thalj al-ṣīn</i></span> and the Persians referred to it as "Chinese salt" or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" (<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Persian language) transliteration"><i lang="fa-Latn">namak shūra chīnī</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نمک شوره چيني</span>). From about 1000 AD it had been mostly used in the form of firecrackers, and was used to improve existing weapons (for example), attached on spears for a shock burst upon engagement, or on arrows so they can fly faster mid air or be shot off in large salvos without the need of bows. In the 12th century, the Chinese were using crude hand grenades<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were starting to use the earliest forms of rockets and cannons in addition to the aforementioned firecracker weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Middle_Ages">Later Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Normans">The Normans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Normans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> knights that invaded England, and defeated the Saxons at <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> in 1066, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a> and swinging swords from horseback, made history.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> had successfully landed with his army of Normans consisting of an infantry composed of spearmen, swordsmen, and archers in Britain to claim his authority over the throne of England, Norman cavalry was well equipped with maces, axes, swords and boiled leather armours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_warfare">Advanced warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Advanced warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western Europe by this time had already reached a level of military sophistication, the Arabs had even started to adopt <i>manjaniq ifranji</i> or <i>manjaniq firanji</i>, the Frankish or European <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>, a stone-throwing engine. The Europeans were by all means trying to outclass the Byzantines, the Indians and the Arabs in siege technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle6_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols on the other hand had brought about a revolution in siege warfare. They had learned the art of making siege weapons while conquering northern China, recovering some mangonels, trebuchets and rams from Chinese engineers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Crusades">The Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Normans and the Byzantines were successful in driving out the Muslim invaders from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Islands">Greek Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Though these were little military operations the Europeans, assuming that the Muslims were vulnerable, embarked on a mission to recapture the holy land lost by them centuries before. However, a powerful tribe from the mid-Asian steppes, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> emerged and started to massacre the Christian pilgrims in Syria. Responding to these attacks, the Byzantines fought a battle against the Seljuk Turks, the battle of <a href="/wiki/Manzikert" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzikert">Manzikert</a>, where they were defeated resulting in the Byzantines pulling back all their armies from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius I Comnenus">Alexius I Comnenus</a>, requested for aid from Christians, he petitioned Pope Urban II to aid the Byzantines in regaining their lost territories. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> summoned the Christian armies in 1095 and sent them to recapture the holy Land from the hands of the Muslims. </p><p>Not much is known about the weapons that were being produced in Western Europe at the time of Crusades, but it is evident that their cavalry used lances. The Europeans armies also used crossbows excessively, it was said to be the best known infantry weapon used by the Europeans. By the late 13th century, the power of crossbows increased, infantry weapons of the Crusaders varied in shape, sizes and quality. Apart from spears, swords and daggers, foot soldiers were equipped with an extraordinary array of pole-arms, often reflecting their place of origin. The double edged sword was extensively used by both foot knights and mounted knights. </p><p>The Islamic armies too had a sophisticated military organization, their armies consisted of the Central Asian Turkish <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_(slave_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam (slave soldier)">Ghulam</a> infantry. Further, local Turks, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, were also recruited from all over the Mediterranean. Their weapons were no different from the crusaders, using daggers, axes, spears, bows and arrows. The bows were differently crafted, using multiple strips of different kinds of wood glued together to maximize the range and penetration power of said bow. Their swords also had a slightly different design, Muslim cavalry used swords for close combat and their armour was often worn beneath their cloths, to protect themselves from the sun overheating the iron pieces. Muslim troops also carried with them round and kite shaped shields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hundred_Years_War">Hundred Years War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hundred Years War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg/220px-Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg/330px-Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg/440px-Battle-poitiers%281356%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> 1356 shown here in a <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Froissart's Chronicles</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hundred Years' War was a series of big and small wars fought between France and England from 1337 to 1453. In the year 1337, the French <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">King Philip VI</a> demanded that the provinces under the English rule, <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a> be given back to the French. However, English king, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> denied this demand which led to a war between the two. The English had their eyes on the wool industry in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, moreover they had a stable government and efficient soldiers ready to fight the French. </p><p>During this period, most of the Europeans armies relied mainly on infantry, the infantry dominated armies were taking a toll on cavalry dominated armies. Digging ditches, constructing wagon fortresses, or flooding already marshy ground, so that the enemy could attack from only one direction, were some of the methods employed by both the armies during the Hundred Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle169-170_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle169-170-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final phase of the war, gunpowder was also used for the first time in Western Europe. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bureau" title="Jean Bureau">Jean and Gaspard Bureau's</a> effective organization of artillery weapons enabled the French army in open battlefields as well as siege warfare. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Castillon</a>, the French army annihilated the English, effectively using <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handguns" class="mw-redirect" title="Handguns">handguns</a> and heavy cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longbow">Longbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Longbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbow</a></div> <p>The English longbow was greatly responsible for making England a major military power in the late medieval period, the English had introduced this deadly longbow during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a> was ravaging the countryside during the invasion of France, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> intercepted the English near the town of <a href="/wiki/Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crecy">Crecy</a>. The French had easily outnumbered the English. Apart from armoured knights the French army also had nearly 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Genoese_crossbowmen" title="Genoese crossbowmen">Genoese crossbowmen</a>. But the English archers outnumbered the Genoese and rained arrows, the English could shoot five times faster than the Genoese crossbowmen. When the French mounted knights tried to infiltrate into the English lines, the longbowmen turned their attention to them and started to shoot, resulting in chaos. The horses started to crash into each other, cavalry was destroyed and the French army annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longbow was made of a simple piece of wood, but its design was fairly sophisticated. The bow's back, the part facing away from the archer, was the more flexible <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">sapwood</a>, that allowed the bow to be bent more sharply without breaking or causing any further damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry_weapons">Cavalry weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cavalry weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic objective of a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> knight was to charge into enemy lines and create chaos. At this time, the old shields and armours were replaced by more sophisticated and advanced shields and armour. Lances were used by the mounted knights for initial charge, after the initial charge and annihilation of the enemy front lines, the lances were discarded and swords, axes or <a href="/wiki/War_hammer" title="War hammer">war hammer</a> were used for close combat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_weapons">Gunpowder weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gunpowder weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention of gunpowder weapons revolutionized siege warfare, Gunpowder is said to have been conceived in China. It was when the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, after invading China, went on to subdue Japan. Their ships sunk from being hit by a typhoon, resulting in half of their army drowning at sea. Marine archaeology has revealed that the Mongols were carrying gunpowder in ceramic pots, similar pots with ignited fuses had been shot from mechanical artillery against the Japanese defenders. Even the old Japanese paintings show the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> defending themselves against bombs and rockets hurled by the invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_William_1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_William_1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have observed that only 14 percent of men in Europe owned guns,<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_William_2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_William_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over half of those guns were unusable during the later Middle Ages. The invention of gunpowder weapons replaced only catapults and onagers; the change was slow. Buying guns in those days was a costly affair: the cost of one gun was the equivalent of two months' pay for a skilled artisan.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_William_2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_William_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1450, inventors improved the make of the gun and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchlock gun">matchlock gun</a>. Though inventors came with new technology, the process of reloading after every shot was very time-consuming; by the time they were reloading the gun, the cavalry would charge and annihilate the entire unit of shooters.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst2007_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">Gunpowder warfare</a></div> <p>Medieval weapons continued to be used during the Renaissance, such as in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. These weapons included the <a href="/wiki/Guisarme" title="Guisarme">guisarme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>, sword, mace, and <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(weapon)" title="Partisan (weapon)">partisan</a>. The halberd was a traditional weapon by the Swiss, consisting of an axe-blade topped with a spike, with a hook or pick on the back, on top of a long pole.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weapon was mostly used by foot soldiers against cavalry. Halberds became obsolete when improved pikes started to be produced in huge numbers. Meanwhile, the partisan was introduced in England in the 14th century and was used excessively and extensively in Europe and especially in France. The original partisan was spear with small wings added below it. </p><p>The sword remained the most popular weapon during Renaissance, however it underwent many changes. Various extensions were added designed to protect the hands of its owner. The <a href="/wiki/Two-handed_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-handed sword">two-handed sword</a> was widely used in Western Europe, being employed both by the rich and the poor. The armies during this period were usually equipped with double edged swords, halberd, <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>, crossbows and improvised axes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish tercio used pike, javelins, bucklers, arquebus and muskets. Swords were the secondary weapons for close range assaults. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, he resided there for a while and then went from there to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The danger from Turkish fleet was looming on the city, which inspired him to come up with another invention, something like a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkel</a> and diving suit for underwater <a href="/wiki/Saboteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saboteurs">saboteurs</a>. But the Venetians thought it was not required. So he went back to Florence, and in the year 1502, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Valentino</a> chose Leonardo da Vinci as his engineer general. Leonardo sketched new devices for war, something like pointed artillery projectile, bearing very close resemblance to an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">aerial bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_guns">Siege guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Siege guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/250px-Siege_orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/375px-Siege_orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/500px-Siege_orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Orleans">Siege of Orléans</a> in 1429. From <i>Les Vigiles de Charles VII</i></figcaption></figure> <p>China was the first place where cannons were used for battle. Metal cannons were manufactured and mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> to protect it from the Mongolian hordes, the Mongols learned this technology and made cannons to invade Korea. In 1593 cannons were used most effectively in the Siege of <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, Ming warriors made cannons to fight the Japanese, the battle was won by the Ming warriors because the Japanese lacked cannons or any sort of gunpowder weapons. </p><p>During the siege of Constantinople in 1453, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed the Conqueror</a>, sultan of Turkey, ordered his Hungarian engineer, Urban to develop the biggest guns ever seen. Once these huge guns, cannons or bombards were in position, the walls of Constantinople came tumbling down. The introduction of such bombards had a profound effect on the European society, engineers started to design their walls keeping in mind the danger the walls could have when facing the newly introduced bombards.<sup id="cite_ref-DeVries2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeVries2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_warfare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/250px-Rocket_warfare.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/375px-Rocket_warfare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/500px-Rocket_warfare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A painting showing the <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>'s army fighting the British forces with Mysorean rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the bayonet, beginning in the 17th century, allowed soldiers to use muskets as pikes in close combat. The <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a>, invented slightly earlier, made firearms more reliable. <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridge (firearm)">Cartridges</a> were also invented around this time, and made existing firearms easier to load.<sup id="cite_ref-History_World_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_World-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Submarine technology gradually advanced during the 17th and 18th centuries. Early submarines were mounted with spars and powered by hand cranks. By the mid-19th century, self-propelled torpedoes started to be used. They were largely ineffective until the end of the 19th century, when electricity and internal combustion engines could make them more powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>'s based in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> pioneered a number of advanced weapons, including the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a>, which were later used by <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleone Bonaparte">Napoleone Bonaparte</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803, the British began using <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rifling was invented in 1498, but it was not practical until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-rifling_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rifling-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as these advances in firearms and artillery technology, new repeating firearms began to emerge on the battlefield. As soon as matchlocks appeared, there were attempts to create non-muzzleloading firearms. Early attempts such as the <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_rifle" title="Ferguson rifle">Ferguson rifle</a> proved to be too complicated for regular soldiers. By 1836 a German gunsmith <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nicolaus_von_Dreyse" title="Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse">Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse</a> invented the Dreyse needle rifle, the first bolt-action rifle, which the Prussian Army adopted for service in 1848. In 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War after the decisive Prussian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a> it was obvious that muzzle-loading rifles were ineffective in battle. Soon after, nations all around Europe began adopting breech-loaders and converting their existing service rifles to breech-loaders. Such rifles include the British <a href="/wiki/Snider_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider Rifle">Snider Rifle</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Chassepot_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassepot Rifle">Chassepot Rifle</a>. These new rifles, along with the invention of the revolver (patented in 1836) and the advent of machine in the 1860s, displayed the need for the way battles were fought to change. However, it was only until the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> that military leaders around the world adapted new tactics to employ these weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This century saw a large increase in weapons innovation, but also their ability to adversely affect the entire planet. </p><p>Chemical weapons were first used on a large scale on the battlefield in World War I, starting from 1914, despite existing international conventions that prohibited the use of such weapons. </p><p>In 1915, the first propeller plane that could safely fire a machine gun through the propeller blades was invented. This led to later dogfights during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_of_fighter_plane_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_of_fighter_plane-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanks were also used for the first time during World War I, but they were often slow and unreliable at first. However, they did allow more mobility in the war. Early tanks were mounted with machine guns and light artillery. Armored vehicles with wheels had been used earlier, but they could not cross trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanks were used a lot more and in greater numbers in World War II. </p><p>The first weapon designed to be guided to target is the German <a href="/wiki/Fritz-X" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz-X">Fritz-X</a> anti-ship bomb. Ever since, more and more armed forces adopted weapons that are guided by <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, human assistance or <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance">inertial guidance</a> for wide range of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/UCAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UCAV">UCAVs</a>. </p><p>The first weapon confirmed to reach <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> were the German <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rockets in 1944, which were also among the first long-range <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. V-2 rockets also led to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a> were tested and used in warfare in 1945. No nuclear weapons have been used in warfare since, due to the added risk of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remain the most powerful man-made weapons ever built. </p><p>The first weapons designed to attack targets in space were developed by both the Soviet Union and the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, particularly with their respective <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite missiles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This century saw increased use of guided weapons, to reduce the risk of soldier fatalities and to increase effectiveness. </p><p>The first practical <a href="/wiki/Laser_weapon" title="Laser weapon">laser weapon</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Laser_Weapon_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser Weapon System">Laser Weapon System</a>, was built by the United States Navy and installed on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Ponce_(LPD-15)" title="USS Ponce (LPD-15)">USS Ponce</a>. It is designed to destroy fast and small targets such as simple incoming missiles, primitive fast attack craft and drones at very short distance. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/New_physical_principles_weapons" title="New physical principles weapons">new physical principles weapons</a> being created using emerging technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">super-high frequencies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_weaponry" title="Native American weaponry">Native American weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">History of military technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLöfflerMcGrawJohannsen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Löffler, D.; McGraw, J. J.; Johannsen, N. N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://identitiesjournal.edu.mk/index.php/IJPGC/article/view/373">"Weapons in and as history. On the ontogenerative function of materialized preemption and intelligence in weapons technology"</a>. <i>Identities</i>. <b>16</b> (1–2): 68–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identities&rft.atitle=Weapons+in+and+as+history.+On+the+ontogenerative+function+of+materialized+preemption+and+intelligence+in+weapons+technology&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=68-77&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ffler&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=McGraw%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Johannsen%2C+N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidentitiesjournal.edu.mk%2Findex.php%2FIJPGC%2Farticle%2Fview%2F373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laurel_Phillipson_pp.635-648_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lombard, Marlize and Laurel Phillipson, "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa", <i>Antiquity</i>, Vol.84, No.325, pp. 635–648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backwell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backwell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackwelld'ErricoWadley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Backwell, Lucinda; d'Errico, Francesco; Wadley, Lyn (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1566–1580. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35.1566B">2008JArSc..35.1566B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.006">10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Middle+Stone+Age+bone+tools+from+the+Howiesons+Poort+layers%2C+Sibudu+Cave%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1566-1580&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.11.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JArSc..35.1566B&rft.aulast=Backwell&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rft.au=d%27Errico%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Wadley%2C+Lyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wadley, Lyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261903034">"The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave"</a>. <i>South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series</i>. <b>10</b>: 122–132. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650023">40650023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Archaeological+Society+Goodwin+Series&rft.atitle=The+Howieson%27s+Poort+industry+of+Sibudu+Cave&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=122-132&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40650023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wadley&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261903034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardPhillips2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>84</b> (325): 635–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00100134">10.1017/S0003598X00100134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162438490">162438490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Indications+of+bow+and+stone-tipped+arrow+use+64%2C000+years+ago+in+KwaZulu-Natal%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=325&rft.pages=635-648&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00100134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162438490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Phillips%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombard_M-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard_M_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>38</b> (8): 1918–1930. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JArSc..38.1918L">2011JArSc..38.1918L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.04.001">10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Quartz-tipped+arrows+older+than+60+ka%3A+further+use-trace+evidence+from+Sibudu%2C+Kwa-Zulu-Natal%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1918-1930&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.04.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JArSc..38.1918L&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backwell2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backwell2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackwellBradfieldCarlsonJashashvili2018" class="citation journal cs1">Backwell, Lucinda; Bradfield, Justin; Carlson, Kristian J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Wadley, Lyn; d'Errico, Francesco (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.11">"The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: Evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>92</b> (362): 289–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2018.11">10.15184/aqy.2018.11</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F81248">11336/81248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166154740">166154740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+antiquity+of+bow-and-arrow+technology%3A+Evidence+from+Middle+Stone+Age+layers+at+Sibudu+Cave&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=362&rft.pages=289-303&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F81248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166154740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2018.11&rft.aulast=Backwell&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rft.au=Bradfield%2C+Justin&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Kristian+J.&rft.au=Jashashvili%2C+Tea&rft.au=Wadley%2C+Lyn&rft.au=d%27Errico%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2018.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombard2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombard2020_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard M (2020). "The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>33</b>: 102477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..33j2477L">2020JArSR..33j2477L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102477">10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224889105">224889105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=The+tip+cross-sectional+areas+of+poisoned+bone+arrowheads+from+southern+Africa&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=102477&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224889105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSR..33j2477L&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarn.org/letters/letr_jun03/huangdi.PDF">"How bow and arrow were invented"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+bow+and+arrow+were+invented&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarn.org%2Fletters%2Fletr_jun03%2Fhuangdi.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, William (December 2006). <i>The Social Organization of Early Copper Age Tribes on the Great Hungarian Plain</i>. British Archaeological Reports Ltd. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-788-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84171-788-6"><bdi>1-84171-788-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Organization+of+Early+Copper+Age+Tribes+on+the+Great+Hungarian+Plain&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports+Ltd&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=1-84171-788-6&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shang-Dynasty-China-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shang-Dynasty-China_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124220558/http://www.timemaps.com/civilization/Shang-Dynasty-China">"Military"</a>. World History Timeline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timemaps.com/civilization/Shang-Dynasty-China">the original</a> on 24 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military&rft.pub=World+History+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timemaps.com%2Fcivilization%2FShang-Dynasty-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">The Golden Chinese Archaeology; Part 2; <i>Bronze Age of China</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528124017/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">Archived</a> 28 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920175013/http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/discover/dc_sum2006/dc_sum2006.html">"From Copper to Bronze to Conquest"</a>. <i>Discover Copper</i>. copper.org. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/discover/dc_sum2006/dc_sum2006.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Copper&rft.atitle=From+Copper+to+Bronze+to+Conquest&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletters%2Fdiscover%2Fdc_sum2006%2Fdc_sum2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice1995" class="citation book cs1">Justice, Noel (September 1995). <i>Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States: A Modern Survey and Reference</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20985-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20985-4"><bdi>0-253-20985-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Spear+and+Arrow+Points+of+the+Midcontinental+and+Eastern+United+States%3A+A+Modern+Survey+and+Reference&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995-09&rft.isbn=0-253-20985-4&rft.aulast=Justice&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2008_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Andrew (21 August 2008). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Empires</i>. London: Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-513-7"><bdi>978-1-84724-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-513-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Mcnall34-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Mcnall34_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edward_Mcnall">Edward Mcnall</a> p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Mcnall37-38-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Mcnall37-38_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Edward_Mcnall">Edward Mcnall</a> pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909225443/http://emp.byui.edu/SATTERFIELDB/Rel302/Medinet%20Habu%20and%20the%20Sea%20Peoples.htm">"Medinet Habu and the Sea Peoples"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emp.byui.edu/SATTERFIELDB/Rel302/Medinet%20Habu%20and%20the%20Sea%20Peoples.htm">the original</a> on 9 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medinet+Habu+and+the+Sea+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femp.byui.edu%2FSATTERFIELDB%2FRel302%2FMedinet%2520Habu%2520and%2520the%2520Sea%2520Peoples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1992" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Mark (1992). <i>Armies of the Pharaohs</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-939-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-939-5"><bdi>1-85532-939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85532-939-5&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/chariots.htm">"The Chariot in Egyptian Warfare"</a>. <i>www.touregypt.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.touregypt.net&rft.atitle=The+Chariot+in+Egyptian+Warfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fchariots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_and_Irene_Franck-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_and_Irene_Franck_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franck, David and Irene. <i>Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BCE to the Present</i>. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1991" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (1991). <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Shire Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7478-0142-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7478-0142-8"><bdi>0-7478-0142-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Warfare+and+Weapons&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7478-0142-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdcock1962" class="citation book cs1">Adcock, F. E. (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekmacedoniana0000adco"><i>The Greek and Macedonian Art of War</i></a></span>. California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00005-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-00005-6"><bdi>0-520-00005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+Macedonian+Art+of+War&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-520-00005-6&rft.aulast=Adcock&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekmacedoniana0000adco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610083606/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ancient-greek-weapons.html">"Pillai Maya; <i>Ancient Greek Weapons</i>"</a>. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pillai+Maya%3B+Ancient+Greek+Weapons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Fancient-greek-weapons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeVries2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeVries2007_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeVries2007_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeVries2007">DeVries & Smith</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopJ._C._N._Coulston2008" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, M. C.; J. C. N. Coulston (2008). <i>Roman Military Equipment: From The Punic Wars To The Fall Of Rome</i> (Reprint ed.). Oxbow Books. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-159-2"><bdi>978-1-84217-159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Military+Equipment%3A+From+The+Punic+Wars+To+The+Fall+Of+Rome&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-159-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=J.+C.+N.+Coulston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2016" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, M. C. (17 November 2016). <i>The Gladius: The Roman Short Sword</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gladius%3A+The+Roman+Short+Sword&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeVries2007">DeVries & Smith</a> p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanzGrossschmidt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kanz, Fabian; Grossschmidt, Karl (2006). "Head injuries of Roman gladiators". <i>Forensic Science International</i>. <b>160</b> (2–3): 207–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2005.10.010">10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16289900">16289900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Head+injuries+of+Roman+gladiators&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=207-216&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2005.10.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16289900&rft.aulast=Kanz&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Grossschmidt%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2016" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Jeremy (2016). <i>Early Roman warfare from the regal period to the First Punic War</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781592540" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781592540"><bdi>978-1781592540</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959037527">959037527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Roman+warfare+from+the+regal+period+to+the+First+Punic+War&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959037527&rft.isbn=978-1781592540&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2017" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, M. C. (18 May 2017). <i>The Pilum: The Roman Heavy Javelin</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pilum%3A+The+Roman+Heavy+Javelin&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Sarantis (2013). <i>War and Warfare in Late Antiquity (2 vol. set): Current Perspectives</i>. Christie, Neil. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004252578" title="Special:BookSources/9789004252578"><bdi>9789004252578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859316655">859316655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Warfare+in+Late+Antiquity+%282+vol.+set%29%3A+Current+Perspectives.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859316655&rft.isbn=9789004252578&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Sarantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuomo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cuomo, Serafina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/644/1/Binder1.pdf">"The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>303</b> (5659): 771–772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1091066">10.1126/science.1091066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3836219">3836219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14764855">14764855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140749845">140749845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Sinews+of+War%3A+Ancient+Catapults&rft.volume=303&rft.issue=5659&rft.pages=771-772&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14764855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140749845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3836219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1091066&rft.aulast=Cuomo&rft.aufirst=Serafina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F644%2F1%2FBinder1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurstelle2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gurstelle, William (March 2015). "The Roman Catapult Revived". <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>286</b>: 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Catapult+Revived&rft.volume=286&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Gurstelle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiRusso2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Cesare; Russo, Flavio (2010). "A reconstruction of the Greek–Roman repeating catapult". <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 36–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2009.07.011">10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2009.07.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=A+reconstruction+of+the+Greek%E2%80%93Roman+repeating+catapult&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-45&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2009.07.011&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft.au=Russo%2C+Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeVries2007">DeVries & Smith</a> p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeVries2007">DeVries & Smith</a> p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DeVries2007">DeVries & Smith</a> pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Ralph H. C. (1999). <i>A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41861-5"><bdi>978-0-582-41861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Europe%3A+From+Constantine+to+Saint+Louis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41861-5&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S.</a> "Procopius, Agathias and the Frankish", <i>Speculum</i> 45 (1970): 436–437).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2003_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2003_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicolle2003">Nicolle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst2005-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbst2005_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Herbst2005">Herbst</a> p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle4-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle4_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicolle2003">Nicolle</a> p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle5-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle5_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicolle2003">Nicolle</a> p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbst2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Herbst2006">Herbst</a> p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invention_of_Gunpowder-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Invention_of_Gunpowder_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828175515/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/asianinventions/a/InventGunpowder.htm">"Invention of Gunpowder"</a>. About.com – Eductation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/asianinventions/a/InventGunpowder.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invention+of+Gunpowder&rft.pub=About.com+%E2%80%93+Eductation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fasianinventions%2Fa%2FInventGunpowder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, J. F. C. (1954). <i>The Decisive Battles of the Western World</i>, Eyre & Spottiswoode.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle6-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle6_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicolle2003">Nicolle</a> pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle169-170-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle169-170_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nicolle2003">Nicolle</a> pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/hyw_fp.htm">"The Hundred Years War- The Final phase"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War-+The+Final+phase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxenophongroup.com%2Fmontjoie%2Fhyw_fp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longbow:_A_Social_and_Military_History_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy, Robert (1992). <i>Longbow: A Social and Military History</i>, Patrick Stephens Ltd, pp. 244. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-412-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-412-3">1-85260-412-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_William_1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_William_1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1976" class="citation book cs1">Reid, William (1976). <i>Weapons Through the Ages</i>. New York: Crescent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crescent&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_William_2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_William_2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_William_2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Bert (2001). <i>Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6994-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6994-3"><bdi>0-8018-6994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Warfare+in+Renaissance+Europe%3A+Gunpowder%2C+Technology%2C+and+Tactics&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8018-6994-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst2007-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbst2007_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Herbst2007">Herbst</a> pp. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Hodgson, Marshall G. S.</a> (1974). <i>The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization'<span></span></i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. III:16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226346779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226346779"><bdi>978-0226346779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venture+of+Islam%3A+Conscience+and+History+in+a+World+Civilization%27&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=III%3A16&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0226346779&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Marshall+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalweapons.com/otherweapons.html">"Other Medieval Weapons Terminology – Spears, Axes, Lances, Maces, Halberds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Medieval+Weapons+Terminology+%E2%80%93+Spears%2C+Axes%2C+Lances%2C+Maces%2C+Halberds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalweapons.com%2Fotherweapons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David (2008). <i>Renaissance France at war: armies, culture and society</i>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-405-2"><bdi>978-1-84383-405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+France+at+war%3A+armies%2C+culture+and+society&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-405-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_Society-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeveryThomas_B._AllenRoss_BennettJules_B._Billard1970" class="citation book cs1">Severy, Merle; Thomas B. Allen; Ross Bennett; Jules B. Billard; Russell Bourne; Edward Lanlouette; David F. Robinson; Verla Lee Smith; John J. Putman; Seymour Fishbein (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancemaker00sett/page/402"><i>The Renaissance – Maker of Modern Man</i></a></span>. National Geographic Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancemaker00sett/page/402">402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87044-091-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87044-091-8"><bdi>0-87044-091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+%E2%80%93+Maker+of+Modern+Man&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-87044-091-8&rft.aulast=Severy&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Allen&rft.au=Ross+Bennett&rft.au=Jules+B.+Billard&rft.au=Russell+Bourne&rft.au=Edward+Lanlouette&rft.au=David+F.+Robinson&rft.au=Verla+Lee+Smith&rft.au=John+J.+Putman&rft.au=Seymour+Fishbein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissancemaker00sett%2Fpage%2F402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missiles-mainstay-of-Paks-N-arsenal/articleshow/2966443.cms">"Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 21 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/india/27784965_1_cruise-missile-missile-program-hatf-viii">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Missiles+mainstay+of+Pak%27s+N-arsenal&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FMissiles-mainstay-of-Paks-N-arsenal%2Farticleshow%2F2966443.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_World-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_World_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=312&HistoryID=aa89&gtrack=pthc">"History of Arms and Armor"</a>. <i>History World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+World&rft.atitle=History+of+Arms+and+Armor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D312%26HistoryID%3Daa89%26gtrack%3Dpthc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mil_History_Sub" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-history.org/articles/submarine-the-history-of-submarine-war.htm">"Submarine-The History of Submarine War"</a>. <i>Military History Monthly</i>. 26 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Monthly&rft.atitle=Submarine-The+History+of+Submarine+War&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military-history.org%2Farticles%2Fsubmarine-the-history-of-submarine-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoddam_Narasimha1985" class="citation web cs1">Roddam Narasimha (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nal.res.in/pages/rocketsdet.htm">"Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D."</a> National Aerospace Laboratories, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockets+in+Mysore+and+Britain%2C+1750-1850+A.D.&rft.pub=National+Aerospace+Laboratories%2C+India&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Roddam+Narasimha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nal.res.in%2Fpages%2Frocketsdet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Scientist_Weapons_Timeline_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17423-timeline-weapons-technology/">"Timeline: Weapons Technology"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Weapons+Technology&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn17423-timeline-weapons-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rifling-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rifling_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanfirearms.org/gun-history/">"Dates in the History of Firearms"</a>. <i>American Firearms Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Firearms+Institute&rft.atitle=Dates+in+the+History+of+Firearms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanfirearms.org%2Fgun-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth_of_fighter_plane-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birth_of_fighter_plane_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/fokker.htm">"The Birth of the Fighter Plane, 1915"</a>. <i>EyeWitness to History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EyeWitness+to+History.com&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Fighter+Plane%2C+1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Ffokker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="History_Learning_Tanks" class="citation web cs1">Trueman, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-one/the-western-front-in-world-war-one/tanks-and-world-war-one/">"Tanks and World War One"</a>. <i>The History Learning Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Learning+Site&rft.atitle=Tanks+and+World+War+One&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fworld-war-one%2Fthe-western-front-in-world-war-one%2Ftanks-and-world-war-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DeVries2007" class="citation book cs1">DeVries, Kelly & Smith, Robert (2007). <i>Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-526-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-526-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Weapons%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Their+Impact&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-526-1&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nicolle2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2003). <i>Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476–1526</i>. Medieval Siege Weapons. Vol. 2. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-459-7"><bdi>978-1-84176-459-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%2C+the+Islamic+World+and+India+AD+476%E2%80%931526&rft.series=Medieval+Siege+Weapons&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-459-7&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrintonJohn_B._CristopherRobert_Lee_Wolff1967" class="citation book cs1">Brinton, Crane; John B. Cristopher; Robert Lee Wolff (1967). <i>A History of Civilization -Vol I</i>. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Civilization+-Vol+I&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Crane&rft.au=John+B.+Cristopher&rft.au=Robert+Lee+Wolff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1998" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Edward Mcnall (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00lern"><i>Western Civilizations</i></a></span>. New York: W W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97221-4"><bdi>978-0-393-97221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97221-4&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Edward+Mcnall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncivilizat00lern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2005" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, Judith (2005). <i>The History of Weapons (Major inventions through History)</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3805-9"><bdi>978-0-8225-3805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Weapons+%28Major+inventions+through+History%29&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+weapons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_sources">External sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/weaponshist.html">A Brief History of Weapons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011120112535/http://www.geocities.com/ycgf/museum.htm">Ancient Bronze Weapons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&q=hyksos+chariots&meta=&aq=f&oq=hyksos+chariot">Kedipede; <i>Bow and Arrow</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weapons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weapons" title="Template talk:Weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weapons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_premodern_combat_weapons" title="List of premodern combat weapons">Premodern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_Weapons" title="Template:Africa Weapons">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_weapons" title="Template:Chinese weapons">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_weapons" title="List of medieval weapons">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_swords" title="Glossary of Japanese swords">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Early thermal weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_weapons" title="Category:Modern weapons">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Wars_weapons" title="List of American Indian Wars weapons">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Pacific (page does not exist)">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_in_the_Crimean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons in the Crimean War (page does not exist)">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Triple_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Triple Alliance (page does not exist)">War of the Triple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of weapons of the Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_Mexican_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the Mexican Revolution (page does not exist)">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms_before_the_20th_century" title="List of firearms before the 20th century">Pre-20th century firearms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Australia (page does not exist)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Austria-Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Austria-Hungary (page does not exist)">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of German weapons of World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of New Zealand (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_I" title="Romanian military equipment of World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of infantry weapons of World War I">Infantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaco_War_firearms" title="List of Chaco War firearms">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Nationalists" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Nationalists">Nationalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Republicans" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Republicans">Republican</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Second Sino-Japanese War (page does not exist)">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War">Japanese</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Revolutionary_Army_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of National Revolutionary Army infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War (page does not exist)">National Revolutionary Army</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons" title="List of World War II weapons">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Australian military equipment of World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Austrian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Austrian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Belgian military equipment of World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brazilian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Brazilian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Bulgarian military equipment of World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_the_Canadian_Army_in_World_War_II" title="List of military equipment of the Canadian Army in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Chinese military equipment in World War II">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Croatian military equipment of World War II">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Czechoslovakian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Czechoslovakian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Danish military equipment of World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Finnish military equipment of World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_France" title="List of World War II weapons of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Hungarian military equipment of World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese military equipment of World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Mexican military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Dutch military equipment of World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Zealand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of New Zealand military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Norwegian military equipment of World War II">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment_of_Poland" title="List of World War II military equipment of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Romanian military equipment of World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thailand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Thailand military equipment of World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="List of World War II weapons of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Yugoslav military equipment of World War II">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_infantry_weapons" title="List of World War II infantry weapons">Infantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First Indochina War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_War_weapons" title="List of Korean War weapons">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Six-Day_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Six-Day War (page does not exist)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Araguaia_Guerrilla_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Araguaia Guerrilla War (page does not exist)">Araguaia Guerilla War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="List of weapons of the Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="List of weapons of the Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_South_African_Border_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the South African Border War (page does not exist)">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_military_equipment_of_Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List military equipment of Cambodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Dominican_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Dominican Civil War (page does not exist)">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Nicaraguan_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Nicaraguan Revolution (page does not exist)">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_mujahideen_during_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military equipment used by mujahideen during Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment" title="List of Gulf War military equipment">Gulf War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Cold War">Post-Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_Wars_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav Wars military equipment (page does not exist)">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Afghanistan_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Afghanistan War military equipment (page does not exist)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Iraq_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Iraq War military equipment (page does not exist)">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russo-Georgian_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Russo-Georgian War military equipment (page does not exist)">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Syrian_Civil_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Syrian Civil War military equipment (page does not exist)">Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russo-Ukrainian_War_military_equipment" title="List of Russo-Ukrainian War military equipment">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_weapons" title="List of aircraft weapons">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_weapon" title="Ancillary weapon">Ancillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_weapon" title="Anti-ballistic weapon">Anti-ballistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-personnel_weapon" title="Anti-personnel weapon">Anti-personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Area denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_instrument" title="Blunt instrument">Blunt instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_weapon" title="Ceremonial weapon">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_weapon" title="Cold weapon">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_weapon" title="Conventional weapon">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew-served_weapon" title="Crew-served weapon">Crew-served</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_weapon" title="Deadly weapon">Deadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">Explosive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombs" title="List of bombs">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_weapon" title="Improvised weapon">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_weapons_and_tactics" title="Insurgency weapons and tactics">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">Mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">Non-lethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_weapon" title="Offensive weapon">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_weapon" title="Pneumatic weapon">Pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_weapon" title="Tectonic weapon">Tectonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_gun" title="Toy gun">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons" title="Category:Weapons">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&oldid=1259709990">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&oldid=1259709990</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapon_history" title="Category:Weapon history">Weapon history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2023">Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from November 2015">Articles to be expanded from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 17:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_weapons&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-82l42","wgBackendResponseTime":215,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.964","walltime":"1.200","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4561,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":154794,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5312,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":195532,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1006.974 1 -total"," 36.71% 369.678 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.22% 133.135 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.62% 117.011 2 Template:Langx"," 11.16% 112.425 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.14% 112.165 1 Template:Weapons"," 11.04% 111.141 22 Template:Cite_book"," 9.37% 94.311 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.29% 93.523 3 Template:Fix"," 7.84% 78.905 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.588","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21874474,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74959dc8bc-tvk5k","timestamp":"20241126171352","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of weapons","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_weapons","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3632460","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3632460","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-02T16:05:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T17:13:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg","headline":"history of the development of weapons over time"}</script> </body> </html>