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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vision processing unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="واحد پردازش بینایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واحد پردازش بینایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="비전 처리 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비전 처리 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pemroses_penglihatan" title="Unit pemroses penglihatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unit pemroses penglihatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emerging class of microprocessor</div> <p>A <b>vision processing unit</b> (<b>VPU</b>) is (as of 2023) an emerging class of <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>; it is a specific type of <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a>, designed to <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">accelerate</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">machine vision</a> tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vision processing units are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units</a> (which are specialised for <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video encoding and decoding</a>) in their suitability for running <a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">machine vision algorithms</a> such as CNN (<a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural networks</a>), SIFT (<a href="/wiki/Scale-invariant_feature_transform" title="Scale-invariant feature transform">scale-invariant feature transform</a>) and similar. </p><p>They may include <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">direct interfaces</a> to take data from <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">cameras</a> (bypassing any off chip buffers), and have a greater emphasis on on-chip <a href="/wiki/Dataflow" title="Dataflow">dataflow</a> between many <a href="/wiki/Parallel_execution_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel execution units">parallel execution units</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">scratchpad memory</a>, like a <a href="/wiki/Manycore" class="mw-redirect" title="Manycore">manycore</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a>. But, like video processing units, they may have a focus on <a href="/wiki/Low_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Low precision">low precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_point_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed point arithmetic">fixed point arithmetic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrast_with_GPUs">Contrast with GPUs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contrast with GPUs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are distinct from <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a>, which contain specialised hardware for <a href="/wiki/Rasterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterization">rasterization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a> (for <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a>), and whose <a href="/wiki/Memory_architecture" title="Memory architecture">memory architecture</a> is optimised for manipulating <a href="/wiki/Bitmap_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmap images">bitmap images</a> in <a href="/wiki/Off-chip_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-chip memory">off-chip memory</a> (reading <a href="/wiki/Texture_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture map">textures</a>, and modifying <a href="/wiki/Frame_buffers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame buffers">frame buffers</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">random access patterns</a>). VPUs are optimized for performance per watt, while GPUs mainly focus on absolute performance. </p><p>Target markets are <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">internet of things</a> (IoT), new classes of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">digital cameras</a> for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_camera" title="Smart camera">smart cameras</a>, and integrating machine vision acceleration into <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile devices">mobile devices</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movidius_Myriad_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Movidius Myriad X">Movidius Myriad X</a>, which is the third-generation vision processing unit in the Myriad VPU line from <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movidius_Myriad_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Movidius Myriad 2">Movidius Myriad 2</a>, which finds use in <a href="/wiki/Google_Project_Tango" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Project Tango">Google Project Tango</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RiseOfVPUs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiseOfVPUs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google_Clips" title="Google Clips">Google Clips</a> and DJI drones<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a> (PVC), which is a fully programmable <a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image</a>, Vision and <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI</a> processor for mobile devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a>, which includes an accelerator referred to as a <i>holographic processing unit</i> (complementary to its CPU and GPU), aimed at interpreting camera inputs, to accelerate environment tracking and vision for augmented reality applications.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeriss" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeriss">Eyeriss</a>, a design from <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> intended for running <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeuFlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NeuFlow (page does not exist)">NeuFlow</a>, a design by <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> (implemented in <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGA</a>) for accelerating <a href="/wiki/Convolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolutions">convolutions</a>, using a dataflow architecture.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobileye_EyeQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobileye EyeQ (page does not exist)">Mobileye EyeQ</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Mobileye" title="Mobileye">Mobileye</a></li> <li>Programmable Vision Accelerator (PVA), a <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-way_VLIW_Vision_Processor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-way VLIW Vision Processor (page does not exist)">7-way VLIW Vision Processor</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broader_category">Broader category</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broader category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></div> <p>Some processors are not described as VPUs, but are equally applicable to machine vision tasks. These may form a broader category of <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator_(computer_hardware)" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator (computer hardware)">AI accelerators</a> (to which VPUs may also belong), however as of 2016 there is no consensus on the name: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/TrueNorth" class="mw-redirect" title="TrueNorth">TrueNorth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic">neuromorphic</a> processor aimed at similar sensor data <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a> and intelligence tasks, including video/audio.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Zeroth_Neural_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualcomm Zeroth Neural processing unit">Qualcomm Zeroth Neural processing unit</a>, another entry in the emerging class of sensor/AI oriented chips.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All models of Intel <a href="/wiki/Meteor_Lake" title="Meteor Lake">Meteor Lake</a> processors have a <a href="/wiki/Versatile_Processor_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Versatile Processor Unit">Versatile Processor Unit</a> (VPU) built-in for accelerating <a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">inference</a> for computer vision and deep learning.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva_Epiphany" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva Epiphany">Adapteva Epiphany</a>, a manycore processor with similar emphasis on on-chip dataflow, focussed on 32-bit floating point performance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELL" class="mw-redirect" title="CELL">CELL</a>, a multicore processor with features fairly consistent with vision processing units (SIMD instructions & datatypes suitable for video, and on-chip DMA between scratchpad memories)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a>, also commonly used to run vision algorithms. NVidia's Pascal architecture includes FP16 support, to provide a better precision/cost tradeoff for AI workloads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPSoC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPSoC">MPSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVX" title="OpenVX">OpenVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a>, a past attempt to complement the CPU and GPU with a high throughput accelerator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a>, a chip used internally by Google for accelerating AI calculations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_processing_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeth_ColanerMatthew_Humrick2016" class="citation web cs1">Seth Colaner; 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href="http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/holographic-processing-unit-HPU">Holographic processing unit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pub.clement.farabet.net/ecvw11.pdf">NeuFlow: A Runtime Reconfigurable Dataflow Processor for Vision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505184615/http://pub.clement.farabet.net/ecvw11.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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