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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career:_classicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career:_classicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early career: classicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career:_classicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career:_functionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career:_functionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early career: functionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career:_functionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid_career:_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid_career:_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mid career: experimentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid_career:_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_career:_monumentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_career:_monumentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mature career: monumentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mature_career:_monumentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Furniture career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significant_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Significant buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture_and_glassware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture_and_glassware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Furniture and glassware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture_and_glassware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_Aalto's_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_Aalto's_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Critique of Aalto's architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_Aalto's_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ألفار آلتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفار آلتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88" title="آلوار آلتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلوار آلتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Аалто – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алвар Аалто" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алвар Аалта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алвар Аалта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алвар Аалта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алвар Аалта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Аалто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алвар Аалто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аалто Алвар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аалто Алвар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Άλβαρ Άαλτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλβαρ Άαλτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88" title="آلوار آلتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلوار آلتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C%ED%86%A0" title="알바르 알토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알바르 알토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Ալվար Աալտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալվար Աալտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95" title="אלוור אלטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלוור אלטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ალვარ აალტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალვარ აალტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Аалто – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алвар Аалто" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аалто, Алвар – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Аалто, Алвар" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvars_%C4%80lto" title="Alvars Ālto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alvars Ālto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Алто – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алвар Алто" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88" title="الفار آلتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفار آلتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="アルヴァ・アールト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルヴァ・アールト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%88" title="الوار الټو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الوار الټو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аалто, Алвар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аалто, Алвар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Alvar_Henrik_Aalto" title="Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Алто – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алвар Алто" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="அல்வார் ஆல்ட்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்வார் ஆல்ட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Аалто – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алвар Аалто" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="อัลวาร์ อาลโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลวาร์ อาลโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алвар Аалто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алвар Аалто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Alvar_Henrik_Aalto" title="Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98" title="阿尔瓦尔·阿尔托 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔瓦尔·阿尔托" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%96" title="艾華亞圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾華亞圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alvar Aalto" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%89%98" title="阿尔瓦尔·阿尔托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔瓦尔·阿尔托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alvar Aalto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar_Aalto1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Alvar_Aalto1.jpg/220px-Alvar_Aalto1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Alvar_Aalto1.jpg/330px-Alvar_Aalto1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Alvar_Aalto1.jpg/440px-Alvar_Aalto1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aalto in 1960</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-02-03</span>)</span>3 February 1898<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kuortane" title="Kuortane">Kuortane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1976<span style="display:none">(1976-05-11)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Marsio</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925; died 1949)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Aalto" title="Elissa Aalto">Elissa Mäkiniemi</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen_Medal" title="Prince Eugen Medal">Prince Eugen Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Royal Gold Medal">RIBA Gold Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">AIA Gold Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Paimio_Sanatorium" title="Paimio Sanatorium">Paimio Sanatorium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4yn%C3%A4tsalo_Town_Hall" title="Säynätsalo Town Hall">Säynätsalo Town Hall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Library" title="Vyborg Library">Viipuri Library</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Baker_House" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Baker House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data note">Helsinki City Centre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Aalto_Vase" title="Aalto Vase">Savoy Vase</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artek_(company)#Paimio_Chair" title="Artek (company)">Paimio Chair</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaltofirma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aaltofirma.jpg/150px-Aaltofirma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aaltofirma.jpg/225px-Aaltofirma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Aaltofirma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈhuːɡo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑlʋɑr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhenrik<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑːlto]</a></span>; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> and designer.<sup id="cite_ref-Chilvers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilvers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work includes architecture, furniture, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassware">glassware</a>, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, seeing painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture."<sup id="cite_ref-Enckell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enckell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aalto's early career ran in parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of the 20th century. Many of his clients were industrialists, among them the <a href="/wiki/Ahlstr%C3%B6m-Gullichsen_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlström-Gullichsen family">Ahlström-Gullichsen family</a>, who became his patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahlström_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahlström-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The span of his career, from the 1920s to the 1970s, is reflected in the styles of his work, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a> of the early work, to a rational <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> Modernism during the 1930s to a more organic modernist style from the 1940s onwards. </p><p>His architectural work, throughout his entire career, is characterized by a concern for design as <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>—a <i>total work of art</i> in which he, together with his first wife <a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Aalto</a>, would design not only the building but the interior surfaces, furniture, lamps, and glassware as well. His furniture designs are considered <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_design" title="Scandinavian design">Scandinavian Modern</a>, an aesthetic reflected in their elegant simplification and concern for materials, especially wood, but also in Aalto's technical innovations, which led him to receiving patents for various manufacturing processes, such as those used to produce bent wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Boy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a designer he is celebrated as a forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">midcentury modernism</a> in design; his invention of bent plywood furniture<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a profound impact on the aesthetics of <a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames" title="Charles and Ray Eames">Charles and Ray Eames</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Nelson_(designer)" title="George Nelson (designer)">George Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Museum" title="Alvar Aalto Museum">Alvar Aalto Museum</a>, designed by Aalto himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entry for him on the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> website notes his "remarkable synthesis of romantic and pragmatic ideas," adding </p> <blockquote><p>His work reflects a deep desire to humanize architecture through an unorthodox handling of form and materials that was both rational and intuitive. Influenced by the so-called International Style modernism (or functionalism, as it was called in Finland) and his acquaintance with leading modernists in Europe, including Swedish architect <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gunnar_Asplund" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Gunnar Asplund">Erik Gunnar Asplund</a> and many of the artists and architects associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, Aalto created designs that had a profound impact on the trajectory of modernism before and after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life">Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIPlibrary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VIPlibrary.jpg/220px-VIPlibrary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VIPlibrary.jpg/330px-VIPlibrary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/VIPlibrary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Auditorium of the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Library" title="Vyborg Library">Viipuri Municipal Library</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto_studio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aalto_studio.JPG/220px-Aalto_studio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aalto_studio.JPG/330px-Aalto_studio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aalto_studio.JPG/440px-Aalto_studio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Alvar Aalto Studio, Helsinki (1954–56)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studio_Aalto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Studio_Aalto.jpg/220px-Studio_Aalto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Studio_Aalto.jpg/330px-Studio_Aalto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Studio_Aalto.jpg/440px-Studio_Aalto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>Alvar Aalto Studio, Helsinki (1954–55)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg/220px-University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg/330px-University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg/440px-University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_main_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Main Building of the <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> University (1955)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG/220px-Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG/330px-Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG/440px-Heilig_Geist_Kirche_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_1958_62_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit,_Wolfsburg" title="Church of the Holy Spirit, Wolfsburg">Church of the Holy Spirit, Wolfsburg</a> (1958–62)<sup id="cite_ref-heilig_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilig-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was born in <a href="/wiki/Kuortane" title="Kuortane">Kuortane</a>, Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selma Matilda "Selly" (née Hackstedt) was a Swedish-speaking postmistress. When Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Alaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Alajärvi">Alajärvi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-seura_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seura-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from there to <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his basic education in 1916, and took drawing lessons from local artist <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Heiska" title="Jonas Heiska">Jonas Heiska</a>. In 1916, he then enrolled to study architecture at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a>. His studies were interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>, in which he fought. He fought on the side of the <i><a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Army</a></i> and fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A4nkipohja" title="Battle of Länkipohja">Battle of Länkipohja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tampere" title="Battle of Tampere">Battle of Tampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkonen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkonen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He built his first piece of architecture while a student; a house for his parents at <a href="/wiki/Alaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Alajärvi">Alajärvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Labo1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labo1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seura_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seura-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he continued his education, graduating in 1921. In the summer of 1922 he began military service, finishing at Hamina reserve officer training school, and was promoted to reserve second lieutenant in June 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Heporauta_1999_10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heporauta_1999_10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, while a student, Aalto made his first trip abroad, travelling via <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, where he briefly found work with architect Arvid Bjerke.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, he accomplished his first independent piece at the Industrial Exposition in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Labo1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labo1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, where he opened an architectural office under the name 'Alvar Aalto, Architect and Monumental Artist'. At that time he wrote articles for the Jyväskylä newspaper <i>Sisä-Suomi</i> under the pseudonym Remus.<sup id="cite_ref-Heporauta_1999_10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heporauta_1999_10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he designed a number of small single-family houses in Jyväskylä, and the office's workload steadily increased.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 October 1924, Aalto married architect <a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Marsio</a>. Their honeymoon in Italy was Aalto's first trip there, though Aino had previously made a study trip there.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter trip together sealed an intellectual bond with the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> region that remained important to Aalto for life. </p><p>On their return they continued with several local projects, notably the Jyväskylä Worker's Club, which incorporated a number of motifs which they had studied during their trip, most notably the decorations of the Festival hall modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Rucellai_Sepulchre" title="Rucellai Sepulchre">Rucellai Sepulchre</a> in Florence by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>. After winning the architecture competition for the Southwest Finland Agricultural Cooperative building in 1927, the Aaltos moved their office to <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>. They had made contact with the city's most progressive architect, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Bryggman" title="Erik Bryggman">Erik Bryggman</a> before moving. They began collaborating with him, most notably on the Turku Fair of 1928–29. Aalto's biographer, Göran Schildt, claimed that Bryggman was the only architect with whom Aalto cooperated as an equal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an increasing quantity of work in the Finnish capital, the Aaltos' office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aaltos designed and built a <a href="/wiki/Villa_Aalto" title="Villa Aalto">joint house-office</a> (1935–36) for themselves in <a href="/wiki/Munkkiniemi" title="Munkkiniemi">Munkkiniemi</a>, Helsinki, but later (1954–56) had a <a href="/wiki/Studio_Aalto" title="Studio Aalto">purpose-built office</a> erected in the same neighbourhood – now the former is a "home museum" and the latter the premises of the Alvar Aalto Academy. In 1926, the young Aaltos designed and had built for themselves a summer cottage in <a href="/wiki/Alaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Alajärvi">Alajärvi</a>, Villa Flora.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seura_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seura-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aino and Alvar had two children, a daughter, Johanna "Hanni" (married surname Alanen; born 1925), and a son, Hamilkar Aalto (born 1928). Aino Aalto died of cancer in 1949. </p><p>In 1952, Aalto married architect <a href="/wiki/Elissa_M%C3%A4kiniemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elissa Mäkiniemi">Elissa Mäkiniemi</a> (died 1994). In 1952, he designed and built a summer cottage, the <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Museum#The_Muuratsalo_Experiental_House" title="Alvar Aalto Museum">so-called Experimental House</a>, for himself and his second wife, now <a href="/wiki/Elissa_Aalto" title="Elissa Aalto">Elissa Aalto</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muuratsalo" title="Muuratsalo">Muuratsalo</a> in Central Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvar Aalto died on 11 May 1976, in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Hietaniemi_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hietaniemi cemetery">Hietaniemi cemetery</a> in Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/Elissa_Aalto" title="Elissa Aalto">Elissa Aalto</a> became the director of the practice, running the office from 1976 to 1994. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Finnish_Architecture" title="Museum of Finnish Architecture">Museum of Finnish Architecture</a> in Helsinki arranged a major exhibition of Aalto's works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_career">Architecture career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career:_classicism">Early career: classicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career: classicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although he is sometimes regarded as among the first and most influential architects of Nordic <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, closer examination reveals that Aalto (while a pioneer in Finland) closely followed and had personal contacts with other pioneers in Sweden, in particular <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Asplund" title="Gunnar Asplund">Gunnar Asplund</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sven_Markelius" title="Sven Markelius">Sven Markelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What they and many others of that generation in the Nordic countries shared was a classical education and an approach to classical architecture that historians now call <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of <a href="/wiki/National_romantic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="National romantic style">National Romanticism</a> before moving, in the late 1920s, towards Modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to Jyväskylä in 1923 to establish his own architect's office, Aalto designed several single-family homes designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. For example, the manor-like house for his mother's cousin Terho Manner in Töysa (1923), a summer villa for the Jyväskylä chief constable (also from 1923) and the Alatalo farmhouse in Tarvaala (1924). During this period he completed his first public buildings, the Jyväskylä Workers' Club in 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_Defence_Corps_Building" title="Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building">Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building</a> in 1926 and the <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_Civil_Guard_House" title="Seinäjoki Civil Guard House">Seinäjoki Civil Guard House</a> building in 1924–29.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He entered several architectural competitions for prestigious state public buildings, in Finland and abroad. This included two competitions for the Finnish Parliament building in 1923 and 1924, the extension to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> in 1931, and the building to house the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1926–27. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aalto's first church design to be completed, <a href="/wiki/Muurame_church" title="Muurame church">Muurame church</a>, illustrates his transition from Nordic Classicism to Functionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was the period when Aalto was most prolific in his writings, with articles for professional journals and newspapers. Among his most well-known essays from this period are "Urban culture" (1924),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Temple baths on Jyväskylä ridge" (1925),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Abbé Coignard's sermon" (1925),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "From doorstep to living room" (1926).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto,_Finland_(26710745140).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg/220px-4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg/330px-4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg/440px-4Y1A7841_Alvar_Aalto%2C_Finland_%2826710745140%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noormarkku" title="Noormarkku">Noormarkku</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_House,_MIT,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Baker_House%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Facade of <a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Baker_House" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Baker House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/220px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/330px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/440px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The main auditorium of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Otaniemi" title="Otaniemi">Otaniemi</a>, Finland (1949–66)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto_cultural_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aalto_cultural_house.JPG/220px-Aalto_cultural_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aalto_cultural_house.JPG/330px-Aalto_cultural_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aalto_cultural_house.JPG/440px-Aalto_cultural_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>House of Culture, Helsinki</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg/220px-Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg/330px-Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg/440px-Library_Wolfsburg_Alvar_Aalto_photo_by_Christian_G%C3%A4nshirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cultural Center <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> (1958–62)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg/220px-Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg/330px-Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg/440px-Finlandia_A-Wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2429" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a> (1962–71)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto-Theater_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto-Theater_02.jpg/220px-Aalto-Theater_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto-Theater_02.jpg/330px-Aalto-Theater_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto-Theater_02.jpg/440px-Aalto-Theater_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aalto_Theatre" title="Aalto Theatre">Aalto-Theater</a> opera house in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career:_functionalism">Early career: functionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early career: functionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shift in Aalto's design approach from classicism to modernism is epitomised by the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Library" title="Vyborg Library">Viipuri Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> (1927–35), which went through a transformation from an originally classical competition entry proposal to the completed high-modernist building. His humanistic approach is in full evidence in the library: the interior displays natural materials, warm colours, and undulating lines. Due to problems related to financing, compounded by a change of site, the Viipuri Library project lasted eight years. During that time, Aalto designed the Standard Apartment Building (1928–29) in Turku, the Turun Sanomat Building (1929–30), and the Paimio Sanatorium (1929–32), which he designed in collaboration with his first wife <a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Aalto</a>. A number of factors contributed to Aalto's shift towards modernism: his increased familiarity with international trends, facilitated by his travels throughout Europe; the opportunity to experiment with concrete prefabrication in the Standard Apartment Building; the cutting-edge <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>-inspired formal language of the Turun Sanomat Building; and Aalto's application of both in the <a href="/wiki/Paimio_Sanatorium" title="Paimio Sanatorium">Paimio Sanatorium</a> and in the ongoing design for the library. Although the Turun Sanomat Building and Paimio Sanatorium are comparatively pure modernist works, they carried the seeds of his questioning of such an orthodox modernist approach and a move to a more daring, synthetic attitude. It has been pointed out that the planning principle for Paimio Sanatorium – the splayed wings – was indebted to the Zonnestraal Sanatorium (1925–31) by Jan Duiker, which Aalto visited while it was under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these early Functionalist bear hallmarks of influences from <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, and other key modernist figures of central Europe, Aalto nevertheless started to show his individuality in a departure from such norms with the introduction of organic references. </p><p>Through Sven Markelius, Aalto became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Congres_Internationaux_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne">Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne</a> (CIAM), attending the second congress in Frankfurt in 1929 and the fourth congress in Athens in 1933, where he established a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy" title="László Moholy-Nagy">László Moholy-Nagy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigfried_Giedion" title="Sigfried Giedion">Sigfried Giedion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morton_Shand" title="Philip Morton Shand">Philip Morton Shand</a>. It was during this time that he closely followed the work of the main force driving the new modernism, <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, visiting him in his Paris office several times in the following years. </p><p>It was not until the completion of the Paimio Sanatorium (1932) and Viipuri Library (1935) that Aalto first achieved world attention in architecture. His reputation grew in the US following the invitation to hold a retrospective exhibition of his works at MOMA in New York in 1938. (This was his first visit to the States.) The exhibition, which later went on a 12-city tour of the country, was a landmark: Aalto was the second-ever architect – after Le Corbusier – to have a solo exhibition at the museum. His reputation grew in the US following the critical reception of his design for the Finnish Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> as a "work of genius".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be said that Aalto's international reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of Sigfried Giedion's influential book on Modernist architecture, <i>Space, Time, and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition</i> (1949), in which Aalto received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>. In his analysis of Aalto, Giedion gave primacy to qualities that depart from direct functionality, such as mood, atmosphere, intensity of life, and even national characteristics, declaring that "Finland is with Aalto wherever he goes." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid_career:_experimentation">Mid career: experimentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mid career: experimentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1930s Alvar spent some time experimenting with laminated wood, sculpture and abstract relief, characterized by irregular curved forms. Utilizing this knowledge, he was able to solve technical problems concerning the flexibility of wood while at the same time working out spatial issues in his designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkonen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkonen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aalto's early experiments with wood and his move away from a purist modernism would be tested in built form with the commission to design <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a> (1939) in <a href="/wiki/Noormarkku" title="Noormarkku">Noormarkku</a>, the luxury home of young industrialist couple Harry and <a href="/wiki/Maire_Gullichsen" title="Maire Gullichsen">Maire Gullichsen</a>. It was Maire Gullichsen who acted as the main client, and she worked closely not only with Alvar but also with Aino Aalto on the design, encouraging them to be more daring in their work. The building forms a U-shape around a central inner 'garden' whose central feature is a kidney-shaped swimming pool. Adjacent to the pool is a sauna executed in a rustic style, alluding to both Finnish and Japanese precedents. The design of the house is a synthesis of numerous stylistic influences, from traditional Finnish vernacular to purist modernism, as well as influences from English and Japanese architecture. While the house is clearly intended for a wealthy family, Aalto nevertheless argued that it was also an experiment that would prove useful in the design of mass housing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His increased fame led to offers and commissions outside Finland. In 1941, he accepted an invitation as a visiting professor to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the US. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, he returned to Finland to direct the Reconstruction Office. After the war, he returned to MIT, where he designed the student dormitory <a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Baker_House" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Baker House</a>, completed in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVitra_Design_Museum_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVitra_Design_Museum-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dormitory flanked the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>, and its undulating form provided maximum view and ventilation for each resident.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first building of Aalto's redbrick period. Originally used in Baker House to signify the Ivy League university tradition, Aalto went on to use it in a number of key buildings after his return to Finland, most notably in several of the buildings in the new <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> campus (starting in 1950), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4yn%C3%A4tsalo_Town_Hall" title="Säynätsalo Town Hall">Säynätsalo Town Hall</a> (1952), Helsinki Pensions Institute (1954), <a href="/wiki/Kulttuuritalo" title="Kulttuuritalo">Helsinki House of Culture</a> (1958), as well as in his own summer house, the <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Museum#The_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House" title="Alvar Aalto Museum">Experimental House in Muuratsalo</a> (1957).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s Aalto immersed himself in sculpting, exploring wood, bronze, marble, and mixed media. Among the notable works from this period is his 1960 memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suomussalmi" title="Battle of Suomussalmi">Battle of Suomussalmi</a>. Located on the battlefield, it consists of a leaning bronze pillar on a pedestal.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkonen_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkonen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mature_career:_monumentalism">Mature career: monumentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mature career: monumentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg/200px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg/300px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg/400px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Kaupunginteatteri_Aalto-laatta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Alvar Aalto's signature on the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>Foremost among Aalto's work from the early 1960s until his death in 1976 were his projects in Helsinki, in particular the huge town plan for the void in the centre of Helsinki adjacent to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6l%C3%B6" title="Töölö">Töölö</a> Bay and the vast <a href="/wiki/VR_warehouses" title="VR warehouses">railway yards</a>, an area marked on the edges by significant buildings such as the National Museum and the main railway station, both by <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a>. In his town plan, Aalto proposed a line of separate marble-clad buildings fronting the bay, which would house various cultural institutions, including a concert hall, opera, museum of architecture, and headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Academy">Finnish Academy</a>. The scheme also extended into the <a href="/wiki/Kamppi" title="Kamppi">Kamppi</a> district with a series of tall office blocks. Aalto first presented his vision in 1961, but it went through various modifications during the early '60s. Only two fragments of the overall plan were realized: the <a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a> concert hall (1976) fronting on Töölö Bay and an office building in the Kamppi district for the Helsinki Electricity Company (1975). Aalto also employed the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Miesian</a> formal language of geometric grids used in those buildings for other sites in Helsinki, including the <a href="/wiki/Stora_Enso_headquarters" title="Stora Enso headquarters">Enso-Gutzeit headquarters building</a> (1962), the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Bookstore" title="Academic Bookstore">Academic Bookstore</a> (1962), and the SYP Bank building (1969). </p><p>Following Aalto's death in 1976, his office continued to operate under the direction of his widow Elissa, who oversaw the completion of works already designed (to some extent), among them the Jyväskylä City Theatre and <a href="/wiki/Aalto_Theatre" title="Aalto Theatre">Essen opera house</a>. Since the death of Elissa Aalto, the office has continued to operate as the Alvar Aalto Academy, giving advice on the restoration of Aalto buildings and organizing the practice's vast archives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furniture_career">Furniture career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Furniture career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG/220px-Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG/330px-Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG/440px-Wolfsonian-FIU_Museum_-_IMG_8234.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Paimio chair</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto_kruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto_kruk.jpg/220px-Aalto_kruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto_kruk.jpg/330px-Aalto_kruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aalto_kruk.jpg/440px-Aalto_kruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Model 60 stacking stools</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Aalto was famous for his architecture, his furniture designs were admired and are still popular today. He studied with the architect-designer <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann" title="Josef Hoffmann">Josef Hoffmann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte" title="Wiener Werkstätte">Wiener Werkstätte</a>(engl.: "Vienna Workshop") and worked, for a time, under <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also drew inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Thonet" title="Gebrüder Thonet">Gebrüder Thonet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1920s and 1930s, he worked closely with Aino Aalto on his furniture designs, a focus due in part to his decision to design many of the individual furniture pieces and lamps for the Paimio Sanatorium. Of particular significance was the Aaltos' experimentation in bent plywood chairs, most notably the so-called Paimio chair, designed for tuberculosis patients, and the <a href="/wiki/Model_60_stacking_stool" title="Model 60 stacking stool">Model 60 stacking stool</a>. The Aaltos, together with visual arts promoter Maire Gullichsen and art historian Nils-Gustav Hahl, founded the <a href="/wiki/Artek_(company)" title="Artek (company)">Artek</a> company in 1935, ostensibly to sell Aalto products but which also imported pieces by other designers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aalto became the first furniture designer to use the cantilever principle in chair designs using wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Boy_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalto's awards included the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen_Medal" title="Prince Eugen Medal">Prince Eugen Medal</a> in 1954, the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> in 1957 and the <a href="/wiki/AIA_Gold_Medal" title="AIA Gold Medal">Gold Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> in 1963. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Finland">Academy of Finland</a>, and was its president from 1963 to 1968. From 1925 to 1956 he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne">Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne</a>. In 1960 he received an honorary doctorate at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a> (NTNU).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalto's career spans the changes in style from (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a>) to purist <a href="/wiki/International_style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International style (architecture)">International Style</a> Modernism to a more personal, synthetic, and idiosyncratic Modernism. Aalto's wide field of design activity ranges from large-scale projects such as <a href="/wiki/City_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="City planning">city planning</a> and architecture to more intimate, human-scale work in interior design, furniture and <a href="/wiki/Glassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassware">glassware</a> design, and painting. It has been estimated that during his entire career Aalto designed over 500 individual buildings, approximately 300 of which were built. The vast majority of them are in Finland. He also has a few buildings in France, Germany, Italy, and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aalto's work with wood was influenced by early Scandinavian architects. His experiments and bold departures from aesthetic norms brought attention to his ability to make wood do things not previously done. His techniques in the way he cut <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> wood, for example, and his ability to use plywood as a structural element while at the same time exploiting its aesthetic properties, were at once technically innovative and artistically inspired. Other examples of his boundary-pushing sensibility include the vertical placement of rough-hewn logs at his pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Lapua" title="Lapua">Lapua</a> expo, a design element that evoked a medieval barricade. At the orchestra platform at <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> and the Paris expo at the World Fair, he used varying sizes and shapes of planks. Also at Paris (and at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a>), he utilized birch boards in a vertical arrangement. His <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Library" title="Vyborg Library">Vyborg Library</a>, built in what was then Viipuri (it became <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> after Soviet annexation in 1944), is acclaimed for its stunning ceiling, with its undulating waves of red-hearted pine (which grows in the region ).<sup id="cite_ref-Labo2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labo2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his roofing, he created massive spans (155-foot at the covered stadium at <a href="/wiki/Otaniemi" title="Otaniemi">Otaniemi</a>), all without tie rods. In his stairway at Villa Mairea, he evokes the feeling of a natural forest by binding beech wood with withes into columns.<sup id="cite_ref-Labo3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labo3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aalto claimed that his paintings were not made as individual artworks but as part of his process of architectural design, and many of his small-scale "sculptural" experiments with wood led to later larger architectural details and forms. These experiments also led to a number of patents: for example, he invented a new form of laminated bent-plywood furniture in 1932 (which was patented in 1933).<sup id="cite_ref-Chilvers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilvers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experimental method had been influenced by his meetings with various members of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> design school, especially <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy" title="László Moholy-Nagy">László Moholy-Nagy</a>, whom he first met in 1930. Aalto's furniture was exhibited in London in 1935, to great critical acclaim. To cope with the consumer demand, Aalto, together with his wife Aino, <a href="/wiki/Maire_Gullichsen" title="Maire Gullichsen">Maire Gullichsen</a>, and Nils-Gustav Hahl founded the company <a href="/wiki/Artek_(company)" title="Artek (company)">Artek</a> that same year. Aalto glassware (Aino as well as Alvar) is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Iittala" title="Iittala">Iittala</a>. </p><p>Aalto's 'High Stool' and '<a href="/wiki/Model_60_stacking_stool" title="Model 60 stacking stool">Stool E60</a>' (manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Artek_(company)" title="Artek (company)">Artek</a>) are currently used in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Apple Stores</a> across the world to serve as seating for customers. Finished in black lacquer, the stools are used to seat customers at the 'Genius Bar' and also in other areas of the store at times when seating is required for a product workshop or special event. Aalto was also influential in bringing <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> to the attention of the Finnish people, in particular the work of his friends <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Milne_Calder" title="Alexander Milne Calder">Alexander Milne Calder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkonen_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkonen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_buildings">Significant buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significant buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg/220px-KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg/330px-KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg/440px-KUNSTEN_Aalborg_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KUNSTEN_Museum_of_Modern_Art_Aalborg" title="KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg">KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg</a>, Denmark (1958–72)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Vergato,_1980)_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Vergato%2C_1980%29_-_BEIC_6353784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Church of Santa Maria Assunta, Riola of <a href="/wiki/Vergato" title="Vergato">Vergato</a>, Italy, designed in 1966 and built 1975–1978. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a>, 1980.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG/220px-Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG/330px-Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG/440px-Aalto_table_and_chairs1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Table and chairs designed by Alvar Aalto</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalto_Teewagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aalto_Teewagen.jpg/220px-Aalto_Teewagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aalto_Teewagen.jpg/330px-Aalto_Teewagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aalto_Teewagen.jpg/440px-Aalto_Teewagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tea cart (tea trolley)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_(Armchair_400).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg/220px-Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg/330px-Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg/440px-Alvar_Alto_-_Tank_Chair_%28Armchair_400%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="3683" /></a><figcaption>Armchair 400 with <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> fur</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alvar_Aalto%27s_works" title="List of Alvar Aalto's works">List of Alvar Aalto's works</a>.</div> <ul><li>1921–1923: Bell tower of Kauhajärvi Church, <a href="/wiki/Lapua" title="Lapua">Lapua</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924–1926: <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_Civil_Guard_House" title="Seinäjoki Civil Guard House">Seinäjoki Civil Guard House</a>, Seinäjoki, Finland</li> <li>1924–1928: Municipal hospital, <a href="/wiki/Alaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Alajärvi">Alajärvi</a>, Finland</li> <li>1926–1929: <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_Defence_Corps_Building" title="Jyväskylä Defence Corps Building">Defence Corps Building</a>, Jyväskylä, Finland</li> <li>1927–1928: South-West Finland Agricultural Cooperative building, <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</li> <li>1927–1935: <a href="/wiki/Viipuri_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Viipuri Library">Municipal library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viipuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Viipuri">Viipuri</a>, Finland (<a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">now</a> Vyborg, Russia)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928–1929, 1930: <i><a href="/wiki/Turun_Sanomat" title="Turun Sanomat">Turun Sanomat</a></i> newspaper offices, Turku, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928–1933: <a href="/wiki/Paimio_Sanatorium" title="Paimio Sanatorium">Paimio Sanatorium</a>, Tuberculosis sanatorium and staff housing, <a href="/wiki/Paimio" title="Paimio">Paimio</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1931: Toppila paper mill in <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, Finland</li> <li>1931: Central University Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Villa_Tammekann" title="Villa Tammekann">Villa Tammekann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934: Corso theatre, restaurant interior, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1936–1939: <a href="/wiki/Ahlstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlstrom">Ahlstrom</a> Sunila Pulp Mill, Housing, and Town Plan, <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1937–1939: <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noormarkku" title="Noormarkku">Noormarkku</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1939: Finnish Pavilion, at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a></li> <li>1945: Sawmill at <a href="/wiki/Varkaus" title="Varkaus">Varkaus</a>, Finland</li> <li>1947–1948: <a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Baker_House" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Baker House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2012_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1949–1966: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a>, Espoo, Finland</li> <li>1949–1952: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4yn%C3%A4tsalo_Town_Hall" title="Säynätsalo Town Hall">Säynätsalo Town Hall</a>, Säynätsalo (now part of <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>), Finland; 1949 competition, built 1952</li> <li>1950–1957: <a href="/wiki/Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansaneläkelaitos">National Pension Institution</a> office building, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li>1951–1971: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="University of Jyväskylä">University of Jyväskylä</a> various buildings and facilities on the university campus, Jyväskylä, Finland</li> <li>1952–1958: <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Culture_(Helsinki)" class="mw-redirect" title="The House of Culture (Helsinki)">House of Culture</a>, Helsinki, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Museum#The_Muuratsalo_Experimental_House" title="Alvar Aalto Museum">The Experimental House</a>, Muuratsalo, Finland</li> <li>1953–1955: <a href="/wiki/Rautatalo" title="Rautatalo">Rautatalo</a> office building, Helsinki, Finland</li> <li>1956–1958: Home<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Carr%C3%A9_(art_dealer)" title="Louis Carré (art dealer)">Louis Carré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazoches" title="Bazoches">Bazoches</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1956–1958: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Three_Crosses" title="Church of the Three Crosses">Church of the Three Crosses</a>, Vuoksenniska, <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957–1967: <a href="/wiki/Aalto_Centre,_Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki">city center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_Library" title="Seinäjoki Library">library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_City_Theatre" title="Seinäjoki City Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_City_Hall" title="Seinäjoki City Hall">City Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeuden_Risti_Church" title="Lakeuden Risti Church">Lakeuden Risti Church</a> and central administrative buildings), <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a>, Finland</li> <li>1958: Post and telegraph office, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958–1972: <a href="/wiki/KUNSTEN_Museum_of_Modern_Art_Aalborg" title="KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg">KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959–1962: Community Centre, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959–1962: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit,_Wolfsburg" title="Church of the Holy Spirit, Wolfsburg">Church of the Holy Ghost</a> (Heilig-Geist-Gemeindezentrum), <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959–1962: <a href="/wiki/Stora_Enso_headquarters" title="Stora Enso headquarters">Enso-Gutzeit headquarters</a>, Helsinki, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961–1975: <a href="/wiki/Lappia_Hall" title="Lappia Hall">Lappia Hall</a> performing arts and conference venue, <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, Finland; part of the city's 'Aalto Centre'</li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Aalto-Hochhaus" title="Aalto-Hochhaus">Aalto-Hochhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany</li> <li>1964–1965: <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Conference_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufmann Conference Center">Kaufmann Conference Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education" title="Institute of International Education">Institute of International Education</a>, New York City, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2012_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovaniemi library">Rovaniemi library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, Finland</li> <li>1962–1971: <a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a>, Helsinki, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963–1968: <a href="/wiki/Stephanuskirche_(Wolfsburg)" title="Stephanuskirche (Wolfsburg)">Church of St Stephen</a> (Stephanus Kirche), Detmerode, Wolfsburg, Germany</li> <li>1963–1965: Building for <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanlands-Dala_Nation,_Uppsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Västmanlands-Dala Nation, Uppsala">Västmanland-Dala nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, Sweden</li> <li>1967–1970: Library at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Angel_Abbey" title="Mount Angel Abbey">Mount Angel Abbey</a>, St. Benedict, Salem, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2012_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965–1968: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_House_(Iceland)" title="Nordic House (Iceland)">Nordic House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Assumption_of_Mary,_Riola_di_Vergato" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Assumption of Mary, Riola di Vergato">Church of the Assumption of Mary</a>, Riola di <a href="/wiki/Vergato" title="Vergato">Vergato</a>, Italy (built 1975–1978)</li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Museum" title="Alvar Aalto Museum">Alvar Aalto Museum</a>, a.k.a. Taidemuseo, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, Finland</li> <li>1970–1973: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6talo" title="Sähkötalo">Sähkötalo</a>, Helsinki, Finland</li> <li>1978 (completed): <a href="/wiki/Ristinkirkko,_Lahti" title="Ristinkirkko, Lahti">Ristinkirkko, Lahti</a>, Finland</li> <li>1959–1988: <a href="/wiki/Aalto_Theatre" title="Aalto Theatre">Essen opera house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi_city_hall" title="Rovaniemi city hall">Rovaniemi city hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, Finland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture_and_glassware">Furniture and glassware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Furniture and glassware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Chairs</dt></dl> <ul><li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Paimio_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Paimio Chair">Paimio Chair</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Model_60_stacking_stool" title="Model 60 stacking stool">Model 60 stacking stool</a></li> <li>1933: Four-legged Stool E60</li> <li>1935–36: Armchair 404 (a/k/a/ Zebra Tank Chair)</li> <li>1939: Armchair 406</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lamps</dt></dl> <ul><li>1954: Floor lamp A805</li> <li>1959: Floor lamp A810</li></ul> <dl><dt>Vases</dt></dl> <ul><li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Aalto_Vase" title="Aalto Vase">Aalto Vase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"God created paper for the purpose of drawing architecture on it. Everything else, at least for me, is a misuse of paper." Alvar Aalto, "In lieu of an article", <i>Arkkitehti</i> no. 1-2, 1958.</li> <li>"We should work for simple, good, undecorated things...things which are in harmony with the human being and organically suited to the little man in the street." Alvar Aalto, speech in London 1957.</li> <li>"It’s not an art to take and copy everything from tradition or past. It’s necessary to take the material and energy from nature and respond with the work of art, bringing your own psychical energy into it. We are prone to take everything from nature without giving anything in return. That’s not good – it can take a revenge on us.”<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique_of_Aalto's_architecture"><span id="Critique_of_Aalto.27s_architecture"></span>Critique of Aalto's architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critique of Aalto's architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, Aalto's international reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of <a href="/wiki/Sigfried_Giedion" title="Sigfried Giedion">Sigfried Giedion</a>'s influential book on Modernist architecture, <i>Space, Time and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition</i> (1949), in which Aalto received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>. In his analysis of Aalto, Giedion gave primacy to qualities that depart from direct functionality, such as mood, atmosphere, intensity of life and even national characteristics, declaring that "Finland is with Aalto wherever he goes." </p><p>More recently, however, some architecture critics and historians have questioned Aalto's influence on the historical canon. The Italian Marxist architecture historians <a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Tafuri" title="Manfredo Tafuri">Manfredo Tafuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Dal_Co" title="Francesco Dal Co">Francesco Dal Co</a> contend that Aalto's "historical significance has perhaps been rather exaggerated; with Aalto we are outside of the great themes that have made the course of contemporary architecture so dramatic. The qualities of his works have a meaning only as masterful distractions, not subject to reproduction outside the remote reality [sic] in which they have their roots."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of their critique was the perception of Aalto's work as unsuited to the urban context: "Essentially, his architecture is not appropriate to urban typologies." </p><p>At the other end of the political spectrum (though similarly concerned with the appropriateness of Aalto's formal language), the American cultural theorist and architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> singled out his Pensions Institute as an example of what he termed the architect's "soft paternalism": "Conceived as a fragmented mass to break up the feeling of bureaucracy, it succeeds all too well in being humane and killing the pensioner with kindness. The forms are familiar – red brick and ribbon-strip windows broken by copper and bronze elements – all carried through with a literal-mindedness that borders on the soporific."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Aalto faced criticisms from his fellow architects in Finland, most notably Kirmo Mikkola and <a href="/wiki/Juhani_Pallasmaa" title="Juhani Pallasmaa">Juhani Pallasmaa</a>. By the last decade of Aalto's life, his work was seen as unfashionably individualistic at a time when the opposing tendencies of rationalism and constructivism – often championed under left-wing politics – argued for anonymous, aggressively non-aesthetic architecture. Of Aalto's late works, Mikkola wrote, "Aalto has moved to [a] baroque line..."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg/200px-Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg/300px-Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg/400px-Alvar-Aalto-1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Alvar Aalto portrayed on a stamp published in 1976</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aalto has been commemorated in a number of ways: </p> <ul><li>Alvar Aalto is the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto_Medal" title="Alvar Aalto Medal">Alvar Aalto Medal</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_awards" title="List of architecture awards">architecture award</a>.</li> <li>Aalto was featured in the 50 mk note in the last series of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a> (before its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> in 2002).</li> <li>The centenary of Aalto's birth in 1998 was marked in Finland not only by several books and exhibitions, but also by the promotion of specially bottled red and white Aalto Wine and a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Cupcake" title="Cupcake">cupcake</a>.</li> <li>In 1976, the year of his death, Aalto was commemorated on a Finnish postage stamp.</li> <li>Piazza Alvar Aalto, a square named after Aalto, can be found in the Porta Nuova business district of Milan, Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>, a Finnish university formed by merging <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki School of Economics">Helsinki School of Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Art_and_Design_Helsinki" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Art and Design Helsinki">TaiK</a> in 2010, is named after Alvar Aalto.</li> <li>An Alvar Aallon katu (Alvar Aalto Street) can be found in five different Finnish cities: Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Kotka and Seinäjoki.</li> <li>In 2017, the Alvar Aalto Museum launched Alvar Aalto Cities, that is, a network of cities containing buildings by Alvar Aalto.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of the network is to increase awareness of Aalto's work both in Finland and abroad. It is hoped that by combining forces on communications and marketing, the visibility and accessibility of exhibitions, tourist attractions and events will be improved. To date, the network city members are: Aalborg, Alajärvi, Espoo, Eura, Hamina, Helsinki, Imatra, Jyväskylä, Järvenpää, Kotka, Kouvola, Lahti, Oulu, Paimio, Pori, Raseborg, Rovaniemi, Seinäjoki, Turku, Vantaa and Varkaus. It is estimated that in total there would be 40 cities worldwide that would qualify as an Alvar Aalto City.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aino_Aalto" title="Aino Aalto">Aino Aalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Aalto" title="Elissa Aalto">Elissa Aalto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chilvers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chilvers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chilvers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilvers2004">Chilvers 2004</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enckell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enckell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnckell1998">Enckell 1998</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahlström-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahlström_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2013">Anon 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boy_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boy_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1985">Boyce 1985</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1990" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1990). <i>Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia 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Schildt, Goran (ed.). <i>Alvar Aalto in His Own Words</i>. Helsinki, Finland: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2080-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-2080-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+in+His+Own+Words&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-2080-1&rft.aulast=Aalto&rft.aufirst=Alvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvar_Aalto_Museum2011" class="citation web cs1">Alvar Aalto Museum (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvaraalto.fi/">"Alvar Aalto Museo"</a> [Alvar Aalto Museum]. <i>www.alvaraalto.fi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alvaraalto.fi&rft.atitle=Alvar+Aalto+Museo&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Alvar+Aalto+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alvaraalto.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Stanford (2013). Fenske, Gail; Fixler, David (eds.). <i>Aalto and America</i>. Cambridge, MASS: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17600-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17600-1"><bdi>978-0-300-17600-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalto+and+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MASS&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17600-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200919/http://www.ntnu.no/forskning/aeresdoktorer">"Honorary Doctors"</a>. <i>NTNU</i> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntnu.no/forskning/aeresdoktorer">the original</a> on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTNU&rft.atitle=Honorary+Doctors&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.no%2Fforskning%2Faeresdoktorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2013" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architect.architecture.sk/alvar-aalto-architect/alvar-aalto-architect.php">"Alvar Aalto : architect biography"</a>. <i>architect.architecture.sk</i>. Architecture.sk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=architect.architecture.sk&rft.atitle=Alvar+Aalto+%3A+architect+biography&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitect.architecture.sk%2Falvar-aalto-architect%2Falvar-aalto-architect.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitra_Design_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.design-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder/Ausstellungen/A62_Aalto/Biografie_Alvar_Aalto_EN.pdf">"Biography Alvar Aalto 1898–1976"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vitra Design Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+Alvar+Aalto+1898%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Vitra+Design+Museum&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.design-museum.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FBilder%2FAusstellungen%2FA62_Aalto%2FBiografie_Alvar_Aalto_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyce, Charles (1985). "Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik (1899–1976)". <i>Dictionary of Furniture</i>. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0752-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-0752-0"><bdi>0-8050-0752-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalto%2C+Hugo+Alvar+Henrik+%281899%E2%80%931976%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Furniture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8050-0752-0&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1969" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brown, Theodore M. (1969). "Alto, Hugo Alvar Henrik". In Myers, Bernard S. (ed.). <i>McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art</i>. Vol. I: AA-Ceylon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68026314">68026314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alto%2C+Hugo+Alvar+Henrik&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68026314&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Theodore+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilvers2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2004) [1988]. "Aalto, Alvar". <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Art</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860476-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860476-9"><bdi>0-19-860476-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalto%2C+Alvar&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860476-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnckell1998" class="citation book cs1">Enckell, Ulla (1998). <i>Alvar Aalto: Taiteilija – Konstnären – The Artist</i>. Helsinki: Amos Anderson Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-9531-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/952-9531-25-7"><bdi>952-9531-25-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+Taiteilija+%E2%80%93+Konstn%C3%A4ren+%E2%80%93+The+Artist&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Amos+Anderson+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=952-9531-25-7&rft.aulast=Enckell&rft.aufirst=Ulla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeporauta1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heporauta, Arne (1999). <i>Alvar Aalto: Arkkitehti / Architect 1898–1976</i> (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-682-546-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-682-546-X"><bdi>951-682-546-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+Arkkitehti+%2F+Architect+1898%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rakennustieto&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=951-682-546-X&rft.aulast=Heporauta&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenbrand2014" class="citation book cs1">Eisenbrand, Jochen, ed. (2014). <i>Alvar Aalto – Second Nature</i>. Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931936-93-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931936-93-8"><bdi>978-3-931936-93-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+%E2%80%93+Second+Nature&rft.place=Weil+am+Rhein&rft.pub=Vitra+Design+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-931936-93-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipeli2014" class="citation book cs1">Hipeli, Mia, ed. (2014). <i>Paimio Sanatorium 1929-33: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 5</i>. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-267-074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-267-074-8"><bdi>978-952-267-074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paimio+Sanatorium+1929-33%3A+Alvar+Aalto+Architect+Volume+5&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-952-267-074-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolma2015" class="citation book cs1">Holma, Marjo, ed. (2015). <i>House of Culture</i>. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+Culture&rft.place=Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Museum&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJencks1973" class="citation book cs1">Jencks, Charles (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernmovementsi00char"><i>Modern Movements in Architecture</i></a></span>. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-02554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-02554-6"><bdi>978-0-385-02554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Movements+in+Architecture&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anchor+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-385-02554-6&rft.aulast=Jencks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernmovementsi00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKairamo2009" class="citation book cs1">Kairamo, Maija, ed. (2009). <i>Alvar Aalto Library in Vyborg: Saving a Modern Masterpiece</i>. Helsinki: Rakennustieto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-682-938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-682-938-1"><bdi>978-951-682-938-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Library+in+Vyborg%3A+Saving+a+Modern+Masterpiece&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Rakennustieto&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-951-682-938-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorvenmaa2004" class="citation book cs1">Korvenmaa, Pekka, ed. (2004). <i>Sunila 1936-54: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 7</i>. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5498-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/952-5498-03-4"><bdi>952-5498-03-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunila+1936-54%3A+Alvar+Aalto+Architect+Volume+7&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=952-5498-03-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaaksonen2008" class="citation book cs1">Laaksonen, Esa, ed. (2008). <i>Maison Louis Carré 1956-61: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 20</i>. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-43-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-43-7"><bdi>978-952-5371-43-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maison+Louis+Carr%C3%A9+1956-61%3A+Alvar+Aalto+Architect+Volume+20&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5371-43-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabò1968" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Labò, Mario (1968) [1959]. "Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik". In Crandall, Robert W. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of World Art</i>. Vol. I: Aalto-Asia Minor, Western. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59013433">59013433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalto%2C+Hugo+Alvar+Henrik&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Book+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59013433&rft.aulast=Lab%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarter2006" class="citation book cs1">McCarter, Robert (2006). <i>Frank Lloyd Wright</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-268-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-268-3"><bdi>978-1-86189-268-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Lloyd+Wright&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-268-3&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkola1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mikkola, Kirmo (1969). "Suomalaisen arkkitehtuurin ajankohtaista pyrkimyksiä". <i>Arkkitehti</i> (in Finnish). <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">30–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkkitehti&rft.atitle=Suomalaisen+arkkitehtuurin+ajankohtaista+pyrkimyksi%C3%A4&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mikkola&rft.aufirst=Kirmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaatero1993" class="citation book cs1">Paatero, Kristiina, ed. (1993). <i>The Line – Original Drawings from the Alvar Aalto Archive</i>. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-9229-81-7" title="Special:BookSources/951-9229-81-7"><bdi>951-9229-81-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Line+%E2%80%93+Original+Drawings+from+the+Alvar+Aalto+Archive&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=951-9229-81-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaavilainen1982" class="citation book cs1">Paavilainen, Simo, ed. (1982). <i>Nordisk Klassicism – 1910–1930</i> [<i>Nordic Classicism</i>]. Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-9229-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-9229-21-3"><bdi>951-9229-21-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordisk+Klassicism+%E2%80%93+1910%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Museum+of+Finnish+Architecture&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=951-9229-21-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallasmaa1998" class="citation book cs1">Pallasmaa, Juhani (1998). <i>Alvar Aalto: Villa Mairea 1938–39</i> (2nd ed.). Ram Pubns & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-31-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-31-4"><bdi>978-952-5371-31-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+Villa+Mairea+1938%E2%80%9339&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ram+Pubns+%26+Dist&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-952-5371-31-4&rft.aulast=Pallasmaa&rft.aufirst=Juhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkonen2009" class="citation book cs1">Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2009). <i>Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Modernity, and Geopolitics</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11428-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+Architecture%2C+Modernity%2C+and+Geopolitics&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11428-7&rft.aulast=Pelkonen&rft.aufirst=Eeva-Liisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt1994" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Göran (1994). <i>Alvar Aalto, A life's work: Architecture, Design and Art</i>. Helsinki, Finland: Otava Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-12975-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-12975-2"><bdi>978-951-1-12975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%2C+A+life%27s+work%3A+Architecture%2C+Design+and+Art&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Otava+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-951-1-12975-2&rft.aulast=Schildt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuominen-Kokkonen2007" class="citation book cs1">Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2007). <i>Aino and Alvar Aalto – A Shared Journey – Interpretations of an everyday modernism</i>. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-32-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5371-32-1"><bdi>978-952-5371-32-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aino+and+Alvar+Aalto+%E2%80%93+A+Shared+Journey+%E2%80%93+Interpretations+of+an+everyday+modernism&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-952-5371-32-1&rft.aulast=Suominen-Kokkonen&rft.aufirst=Renja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafuriCo1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tafuri, Manfredo; Co, Francesco Dal (1976). <i>Architettura contemporanea</i> [<i>Modern Architecture</i>] (in Italian). Milan: Electa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architettura+contemporanea&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Tafuri&rft.aufirst=Manfredo&rft.au=Co%2C+Francesco+Dal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thorne, John, ed. (1984). "Aalto, Alvar". <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Chambers Biographical Dictionary">Chambers Biographical Dictionary</a></i> (Revised ed.). Chambers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-18022-2"><bdi>0-550-18022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aalto%2C+Alvar&rft.btitle=Chambers+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-550-18022-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1997" class="citation book cs1">Weston, Richard (1997) [1995]. <i>Alvar Aalto</i>. London, UK: Phaidon Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3710-9"><bdi>978-0-7148-3710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press+Limited&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3710-9&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourney2013" class="citation web cs1">Tourney, Michele (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tourney&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Göran Schildt has written and edited many books on Aalto, the most well-known being the three-volume biography, usually referred to as the definitive biography on Aalto. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt1984" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Göran (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alvaraaltoearlyy0000schi"><i>Alvar Aalto. The Early Years</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0531-0"><bdi>978-0-8478-0531-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto.+The+Early+Years&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-0531-0&rft.aulast=Schildt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falvaraaltoearlyy0000schi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt1987" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Göran (1987). <i>Alvar Aalto. The Decisive Years</i>. New York, NY: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0711-6"><bdi>978-0-8478-0711-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto.+The+Decisive+Years&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-0711-6&rft.aulast=Schildt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt1991" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Göran (1991). <i>Alvar Aalto. The Mature Years</i>. New York, NY: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1329-2"><bdi>978-0-8478-1329-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto.+The+Mature+Years&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-1329-2&rft.aulast=Schildt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvar_Aalto_Archive_Staff1994" class="citation book cs1">Alvar Aalto Archive Staff (1994). <i>The Architectural Drawings of Alvar Aalto 1917–1939: Aalto's Own Home in Helsinki, the Finnish Pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, and Other Buildings and Projects, 1932–1937</i>. Garland Architectural Archives. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architectural+Drawings+of+Alvar+Aalto+1917%E2%80%931939%3A+Aalto%27s+Own+Home+in+Helsinki%2C+the+Finnish+Pavilion+at+the+1937+World%27s+Fair+in+Paris%2C+and+Other+Buildings+and+Projects%2C+1932%E2%80%931937&rft.series=Garland+Architectural+Archives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Alvar+Aalto+Archive+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schildt, Göran (1994). <i>Alvar Aalto: The Complete Catalogue of Architecture, Design and Art</i>. New York, NY: Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1818-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1818-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-1818-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+The+Complete+Catalogue+of+Architecture%2C+Design+and+Art&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-1818-1&rft.aulast=Schildt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Other books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietzikerGruntz2022" class="citation book cs1">Dietziker, Céline; Gruntz, Lukas (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birkhauser.com/de/books/9783035623345"><i>Aalto in Detail. A Catalogue of Components</i></a>. Birkhäuser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03562-332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03562-332-1"><bdi>978-3-03562-332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalto+in+Detail.+A+Catalogue+of+Components&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-03562-332-1&rft.aulast=Dietziker&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9line&rft.au=Gruntz%2C+Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirkhauser.com%2Fde%2Fbooks%2F9783035623345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaaksonen2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Laaksonen, Esa (2013). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 5: Paimio Sanatorium 1928–32. Rakennustieto Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-682-954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-682-954-1"><bdi>978-951-682-954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.pub=Rakennustieto+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-951-682-954-1&rft.aulast=Laaksonen&rft.aufirst=Esa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmaPallasmaaSuominen-Kokkonen2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Holma, Maija; Pallasmaa, Juhani; Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2003). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 6: The Aalto House 1935–36. Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-01-1"><bdi>978-952-5498-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-952-5498-01-1&rft.aulast=Holma&rft.aufirst=Maija&rft.au=Pallasmaa%2C+Juhani&rft.au=Suominen-Kokkonen%2C+Renja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorvenmaa2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Korvenmaa, Pekka, ed. (2007). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 7: Sunila 1936–1954. Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-03-5"><bdi>978-952-5498-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-952-5498-03-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAalto2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Aalto, Alvar (2008). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 13: University of Technology, Otaniemi 1949–74. Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-08-0"><bdi>978-952-5498-08-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5498-08-0&rft.aulast=Aalto&rft.aufirst=Alvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipeli2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hipeli, Mia (2009). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 16: Jyväskylä University 1951–71. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002QH2LMK">B002QH2LMK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002QH2LMK%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hipeli&rft.aufirst=Mia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAalto2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Aalto, Alvar (2008). <i>Alvar Aalto Architect</i>. Vol. 20: Maison Louis Carre 1956–63. Alvar Aalto Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5498-06-6"><bdi>978-952-5498-06-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Architect&rft.pub=Alvar+Aalto+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5498-06-6&rft.aulast=Aalto&rft.aufirst=Alvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeporauta1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heporauta, Arne (1998). <i>Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti: 1898–1976</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto Oy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-682-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-682-546-8"><bdi>978-951-682-546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+Arkkitehti%3A+1898%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Rakennustieto+Oy&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-951-682-546-8&rft.aulast=Heporauta&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleig1975" class="citation book cs1">Fleig, Karl (1975). <i>Alvar Aalto</i>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-49660-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-49660-9"><bdi>978-0-275-49660-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-275-49660-9&rft.aulast=Fleig&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1978" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Paul David (1978). <i>Alvar Aalto and the International Style</i>. New York: Whitney Library of Design. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7023-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7023-9"><bdi>0-8230-7023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+and+the+International+Style&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Whitney+Library+of+Design&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8230-7023-9&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Paul+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorphyrios1982" class="citation book cs1">Porphyrios, Demetri (1982). <i>Sources of Modern Eclecticism</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-74673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-74673-5"><bdi>978-0-312-74673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Modern+Eclecticism&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-312-74673-5&rft.aulast=Porphyrios&rft.aufirst=Demetri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallasmaa1985" class="citation book cs1">Pallasmaa, Juhani (1985). <i>Aalto: Alvar Aalto Furniture</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13206-0"><bdi>978-0-262-13206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aalto%3A+Alvar+Aalto+Furniture&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13206-0&rft.aulast=Pallasmaa&rft.aufirst=Juhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorvenmaaTreib2002" class="citation book cs1">Korvenmaa, Pekka; Treib, Marc (2002). Reed, Peter (ed.). <i>Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism</i>. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-107-8"><bdi>978-0-87070-107-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+Between+Humanism+and+Materialism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87070-107-8&rft.aulast=Korvenmaa&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.au=Treib%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuantrill1983" class="citation book cs1">Quantrill, Malcolm (1983). <i>Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study</i>. Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941533-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-941533-35-2"><bdi>0-941533-35-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto%3A+A+Critical+Study&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-941533-35-2&rft.aulast=Quantrill&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuusuvuori1978" class="citation book cs1">Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ed. (1978). <i>Alvar Aalto 1898–1976</i>. Helsinki, Finland: The Museum of Finnish Architecture. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000ED4GS">B0000ED4GS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+1898%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Finnish+Architecture&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000ED4GS%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas <i>The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto</i>. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnah2008" class="citation book cs1">Connah, Roger (2008). <i>Aaltomania</i>. Rakennustieto Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-682-613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-682-613-7"><bdi>978-951-682-613-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aaltomania&rft.pub=Rakennustieto+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-951-682-613-7&rft.aulast=Connah&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiellFiell2005" class="citation book cs1">Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Peter (2005). <i>Design of the 20th Century</i> (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822840788" title="Special:BookSources/9783822840788"><bdi>9783822840788</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809539744">809539744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.edition=25th+anniversary&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809539744&rft.isbn=9783822840788&rft.aulast=Fiell&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Fiell%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Aalto research</b> </p> <ul><li>The extensive archives of Alvar Aalto are nowadays kept at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118041047/http://www.alvaraalto.fi/museum/">Alvar Aalto Museum</a>, Jyväskylä, Finland. Material is also available from the former offices of Aalto, at Tiilimäki 20, Helsinki, nowadays the headquarters of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvaraalto.fi/">Alvar Aalto Foundation.</a></li> <li>Since 1995 the Alvar Aalto Museum and Aalto Academy has published a journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003220111/http://www.alvaraalto.fi/ptah/"><i>Ptah</i></a>, which is devoted not only to Aalto scholarship but also to architecture generally as well as theory, design and art.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px 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references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" class="extiw" title="commons:Alvar Aalto"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alvar Aalto</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alvar_Aalto" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alvar Aalto">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" class="extiw" title="q:Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Archives</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvaraalto.fi/">Alvar Aalto Foundation</a> Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_6322394/">Institute of International Education, Kaufmann Conference Rooms architectural drawings and papers, 1961–1966</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery/da.html/">Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.columbia.edu/locations/avery.html/">Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/34">Alvar Aalto</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finnishdesign.com/finnish-designers/alvar-aalto">Alvar Aalto biography</a> at FinnishDesign.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312081635/http://www.short-biographies.com/biographies/AlvarAalto.html">Short Biographies: Alvar Aalto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003221147/http://www.alvaraalto.fi/alvar/biblio.htm">Aalto bibliography</a> – From the official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021021501/http://www.designdictionary.co.uk/en/aalto.htm">Alvar Aalto – Design Dictionary</a> Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603124907/http://www.iespana.es/legislaciones/alvar_aalto.htm">Alvar Aalto</a> Biography in Spanish about Alvar Aalto</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210041920/http://www.modernfurnitureclassics.com/index.php/main_page/editorial/title/Title%2015">Modern Furniture and the history of Moulded Plywood</a> Role played by Alvar Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture.</li> <li><i>Alvar Aalto</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8115.php"><span title="Alvar Aalto in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8115.php"><span title="Alvar Aalto in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8115.php"><span title="Alvar Aalto in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emptycanon.org/architect/59">Alvar Aalto on Empty Canon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6390160">Alvar Aalto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130904020411/http://en.wikiartmap.com/view/32050/-/-/alvar_aalto.html">Map of the Alvar Aalto works – Wikiartmap, the art map of the public space</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarhousehistory.com/blog/2014/4/30/alvar-aalto-and-solar-geometry">"Alvar Aalto and Solar Geometry"</a>. solarhousehistory.com. 30 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alvar+Aalto+and+Solar+Geometry&rft.pub=solarhousehistory.com&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarhousehistory.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F4%2F30%2Falvar-aalto-and-solar-geometry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=1408">"Alvar Aalto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biografiskt_lexikon_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Biografiskt lexikon för Finland">Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</a></i> (in Swedish). Helsingfors: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4321-1416928956927">NBN:fi:sls-4321-1416928956927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alvar+Aalto&rft.btitle=Biografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblf.fi%2Fartikel.php%3Fid%3D1408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlvar+Aalto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Catalogs</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artek.fi">Artek.fi</a>, Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928112116/http://www.iittala.com/web/iittalacom.nsf/vwsearchview_en?SearchView&LANG=en&SearchOrder=4&Query=%28aalto%29">Alvar Aalto glassware</a>, iittala.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/1998/aalto/">Between Humanism and Materialism</a> New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site. Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career.</li></ul> <p><b>Buildings and reviews</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.checkonsite.com/browse/architect/featured-architects/alvar-aalto/">Checkonsite.com</a> – Alvar Aalto architecture guide.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2035974,00.html">"Ahead of the curve"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> – Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/aalto/aalto.html">Baker House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628205605/http://www.nordjyllandskunstmuseum.dk/Default.aspx?ID=656">North Jutland Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111165200/http://puredesign.it/mygallery/list.php?exhibition=10&lang=eng">S. 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Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alvar Aalto</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem Visser 't Hooft</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gmeiner" title="Hermann Gmeiner">Hermann Gmeiner</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barba" title="Eugenio Barba">Eugenio Barba</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Hatoum" title="Mona Hatoum">Mona Hatoum</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="Ágnes Heller">Ágnes Heller</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500002617">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/124304">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/be702fce-030c-40a1-b0ec-3407d8450548">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/2566/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/5580/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1082275">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118500023.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx1nhr">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/65901">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&oldid=1271373446">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Aalto&oldid=1271373446</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alvar_Aalto" title="Category:Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_births" title="Category:1898 births">1898 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_deaths" title="Category:1976 deaths">1976 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kuortane" title="Category:People from Kuortane">People from Kuortane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Vaasa_Province_(Grand_Duchy_of_Finland)" title="Category:People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)">People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Finnish_Civil_War_(White_side)" title="Category:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)">People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Finnish_architects" title="Category:20th-century Finnish architects">20th-century Finnish architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_furniture_designers" title="Category:Finnish furniture designers">Finnish furniture designers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_industrial_designers" title="Category:Finnish industrial designers">Finnish industrial designers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernist_architects" title="Category:Modernist architects">Modernist architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_style_architects" title="Category:International style architects">International style architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne_members" title="Category:Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members">Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernist_architecture_in_Finland" title="Category:Modernist architecture in Finland">Modernist architecture in Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Royal_Gold_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal">Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aalto_University_alumni" title="Category:Aalto University alumni">Aalto University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Category:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin">Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Prince_Eugen_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal">Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Hietaniemi_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery">Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_AIA_Gold_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal">Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Fellows_of_the_American_Institute_of_Architects" title="Category:Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects">Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" 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[\"CITEREFHolmaPallasmaaSuominen-Kokkonen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJencks1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKairamo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorvenmaa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorvenmaa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorvenmaaTreib2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaksonen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaksonen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabò1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkola1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaatero1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaavilainen1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallasmaa1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallasmaa1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelkonen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorphyrios1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuantrill1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuusuvuori1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchildt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchildt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchildt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchildt1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuominen-Kokkonen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTafuriCo1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourney2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitra_Design_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuorio2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeston1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control (arts)\"] = 1,\n [\"BLF\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Aalto, Alvar\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"Find a Grave\"] = 1,\n [\"HDS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 45,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox architect\"] = 1,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"MoMA artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Sonning Prize laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-bphwq","timestamp":"20250223025430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alvar Aalto","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alvar_Aalto","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82840","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82840","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-25T08:07:04Z","dateModified":"2025-01-23T19:44:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/25\/Alvar_Aalto1.jpg","headline":"Finnish architect and designer (1898\u20131976)"}</script> </body> </html>