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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_points_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_points_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other points of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_points_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intercity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Intercity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Within the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnership_and_twinning_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnership_and_twinning_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Partnership and twinning cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnership_and_twinning_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_municipal_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_municipal_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>International municipal projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_municipal_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oulu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="أولو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أولو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оўлу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оўлу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оўлу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оўлу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(munisipyo)" title="Oulu (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oulu (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_linn" title="Oulu linn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oulu linn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Όουλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όουλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Оулу ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оулу ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اولو، فنلاند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اولو، فنلاند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%9A%B8%EB%A3%A8" title="오울루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오울루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Օուլու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օուլու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(grad)" title="Oulu (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oulu (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95" title="אואולו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אואולו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="ოულუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოულუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uloa_(urbs)" title="Uloa (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uloa (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Oulu (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oulu (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouru" title="Ouru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ouru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86)" title="اولو (مدينه فى اولو سوب-ريجيون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اولو (مدينه فى اولو سوب-ريجيون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(stad)" title="Oulu (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oulu (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB" title="オウル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オウル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ule%C3%A5borg" title="Uleåborg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uleåborg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ule%C3%A5borg" title="Uleåborg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uleåborg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوؤلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوؤلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Овлу (кар) – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Овлу (кар)" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu_(mesto)" title="Oulu (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oulu (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ule%C3%A5borg" title="Uleåborg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uleåborg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81" title="ஓலு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓலு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8" title="โอวลุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอวลุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Оулу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оулу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8F%D9%88" title="اولُو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اولُو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="奥卢 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥卢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%9B%A7" title="奧盧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧盧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Oulu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="奥卢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oulu&params=65_00_51_N_25_28_19_E_type:city(216194)_region:FI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">65°00′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">25°28′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">65.01417°N 25.47194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">65.01417; 25.47194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in North Ostrobothnia, Finland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a city of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. For a town in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, see <a href="/wiki/Oulu,_Wisconsin" title="Oulu, Wisconsin">Oulu, Wisconsin</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oulu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oulu (disambiguation)">Oulu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in North Ostrobothnia, Finland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Oulu</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Uleåborg</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Oulun kaupunki</i></span><br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Uleåborgs stad</i></span><br /><i>City of Oulu</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montage_Pokkinen_Oulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From top, left to right: Rantakatu in downtown Oulu; Oulu City Hall; Lyseo Upper Secondary School and the Oulu Cathedral; Shops along Kirkkokatu; Radisson Blu Hotel along Ojakatu"><img alt="From top, left to right: Rantakatu in downtown Oulu; Oulu City Hall; Lyseo Upper Secondary School and the Oulu Cathedral; Shops along Kirkkokatu; Radisson Blu Hotel along Ojakatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Montage_Pokkinen_Oulu.jpg/250px-Montage_Pokkinen_Oulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Montage_Pokkinen_Oulu.jpg/500px-Montage_Pokkinen_Oulu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: Rantakatu in downtown Oulu; <a href="/wiki/Oulu_City_Hall" title="Oulu City Hall">Oulu City Hall</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lyseo_Upper_Secondary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyseo Upper Secondary School">Lyseo Upper Secondary School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Cathedral" title="Oulu Cathedral">Oulu Cathedral</a>; Shops along Kirkkokatu; Radisson Blu Hotel along Ojakatu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Oulu"><img alt="Coat of arms of Oulu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/120px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/250px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="581" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Capital of Northern Finland;<sup id="cite_ref-ouka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capital of Northern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Oulu in Finland"><img alt="Location of Oulu in Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg/250px-Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg/375px-Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg/500px-Oulu_sijainti_Suomi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2950" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Oulu in Finland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oulu&params=65_00_51_N_25_28_19_E_type:city(216194)_region:FI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">65°00′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">25°28′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">65.01417°N 25.47194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">65.01417; 25.47194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">Sub-region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oulu_sub-region" title="Oulu sub-region">Oulu sub-region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1605-04-08</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ari Alatossava</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2018-01-01)<sup id="cite_ref-total_area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-total_area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,817.52 km<sup>2</sup> (1,473.95 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">2,972.44 km<sup>2</sup> (1,147.67 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">103.2 km<sup>2</sup> (39.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">187.1 km<sup>2</sup> (72.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">17th largest</a> in Finland</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-population_count_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_count-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">216,194</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">5th largest</a> in Finland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">72.73/km<sup>2</sup> (188.4/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">208 939<sup id="cite_ref-taajamat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taajamat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">915.8/km<sup>2</sup> (2,372/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">oululainen</i></span> (Finnish)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Population by native language</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-population_by_language_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_by_language-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,932,533,587,475,000♠" style="display:none"></span>93.3% (official)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="6,999,222,528,590,991,000♠" style="display:none"></span>0.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="6,998,726,340,723,195,000♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Others</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,000,645,147,858,914,000♠" style="display:none"></span>6.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">Population by age</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-demography_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 0 to 14</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,174,468,351,927,000♠" style="display:none"></span>17.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 15 to 64</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,659,827,229,449,000♠" style="display:none"></span>66%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • 65 or older</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="7,001,165,704,418,623,000♠" style="display:none"></span>16.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouka.fi/en">www<wbr />.ouka<wbr />.fi<wbr />/en</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47048#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oulu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-loo</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈou̯lu]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1c\/Fi-Oulu.oga\/Fi-Oulu.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fi-Oulu.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Fi-Oulu.oga/Fi-Oulu.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-Oulu.oga" title="File:Fi-Oulu.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Uleåborg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ʉːlɛɔˈbɔrj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Sv-Ule%C3%A5borg.ogg\/Sv-Ule%C3%A5borg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Ule\u00e5borg.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Sv-Ule%C3%A5borg.ogg/Sv-Ule%C3%A5borg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Ule%C3%A5borg.ogg" title="File:Sv-Uleåborg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a>. It is located on the northwestern coast of the country at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Oulujoki" title="Oulujoki">River Oulu</a>. The population of Oulu is approximately 216,000, while the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_sub-region" title="Oulu sub-region">sub-region</a> has a population of approximately 264,000. It is the 5th most populous <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipality</a> in Finland, and the fourth most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">urban area</a> in the country. Oulu is also the most populous city in Northern Finland. </p><p>Oulu's neighbouring municipalities are: <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ii,_Finland" title="Ii, Finland">Ii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kempele" title="Kempele">Kempele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liminka" title="Liminka">Liminka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumijoki" title="Lumijoki">Lumijoki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhos" title="Muhos">Muhos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pudasj%C3%A4rvi" title="Pudasjärvi">Pudasjärvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrn%C3%A4v%C3%A4" title="Tyrnävä">Tyrnävä</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Utajärvi">Utajärvi</a>. Oulu is the third northernmost city in the world with a population of over 100,000, after <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>Due to its large population and geopolitical, economic and cultural-historical position, Oulu has been called the "capital of Northern Finland".<sup id="cite_ref-ouka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulu is also considered one of Europe's "living labs", where residents experiment with new technologies (such as <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC tags</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubi</a>-screens) on a community-wide scale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although only in the top 2% of universities,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a> is regionally renowned in the field of information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulu has also been very successful in recent city image surveys; in a study published by the Finnish Economic Survey in 2008, Oulu received the best image rating among large cities in the country, including ratings from respondents in all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2023 T-Media survey, Oulu was tied with <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> as the second most attractive city in Finland, while <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> was ranked first.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once known for <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">wood tar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulu has become a major high-tech centre, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellness_(alternative_medicine)" title="Wellness (alternative medicine)">wellness</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important industries include <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oulu has been selected as the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> for 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is named after the river <a href="/wiki/Oulujoki" title="Oulujoki">Oulujoki</a>, which originates in the lake <a href="/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi" title="Oulujärvi">Oulujärvi</a>. There have been a number of other theories for the origin of the name <i>Oulu</i>. One possible source is a word in the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami language</a> meaning 'flood water', but there are other suggestions. At minimum, the structure of the word requires that, if originally given by speakers of a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> language, the name must be a <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivative</a>. In all likelihood, it also predates Finnish settlement and is thus a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from one of the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Saami languages</a> once spoken in the area. </p><p>The most probable theory is that the name derives from the Finnish dialectal word <i>oulu</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Floodwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodwater">floodwater</a>", which is related to e.g. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sami language">Southern Sami</a> <i>åulo</i>, meaning "melted snow", <i>åulot</i> meaning "thaw" (of unknown ultimate origin). Two other word families have also been speculated to be related. The first is seen in the Northern Savo dialectal word <i>uula</i> and its Sami counterpart <i>oalli</i>, both meaning "river channel". The second is the Uralic root <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> as *<i>uwa</i>, meaning "river bed" (reflected as <i>vuo</i> in modern Finnish, also in derivatives such as <i>vuolas</i> "heavy-flowing"). To either of these roots, some Sami variety would have to be assumed having added further derivational suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oulu1800.jpg/250px-Oulu1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oulu1800.jpg/330px-Oulu1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oulu1800.jpg/500px-Oulu1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of central Oulu from the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Oulu is situated by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, at the mouth of river <a href="/wiki/Oulujoki" title="Oulujoki">Oulujoki</a>, which is an ancient trading site. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg" title="Treaty of Nöteborg">Treaty of Nöteborg</a> in 1323, the status of Oulu was disputed in its ownership, as both the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" title="Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)">Kingdom of Sweden</a> held much influence. In 1345, the Kingdom of Sweden annexed territory up to the <a href="/wiki/Kemi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemi River">Kemi River</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Turku" title="Archdiocese of Turku">Diocese of Turku</a>. In 1375, the Novgorod Republic built a defensive castle which was later captured by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" title="Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)">Kingdom of Sweden</a> in 1377.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1400s were characterized by Russian raids in the region, during these raids captured people would be killed and/or taken back to the region of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1531, the city was granted permission to act as a <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1590, the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Castle" title="Oulu Castle">Oulu Castle</a> was built by the Swedes and in 1595, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teusina" title="Treaty of Teusina">Treaty of Teusina</a> firmly established Sweden's control over Oulu. </p><p>The city was founded on 8 April 1605 by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a>, and granted city privileges in 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1765, Oulu received township rights granting them to trade outside of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulu was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Oulu">Province of Oulu</a> from 1776 to 2009. </p><p>In 1822, a major fire destroyed much of the city, especially the <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centre</a> as most of the city was made from wood.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel" title="Carl Ludvig Engel">Carl Ludvig Engel</a>, chiefly known for the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> (empire style) buildings around <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Senate_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Senate Square">Helsinki Senate Square</a>, was enlisted to provide the plan for its rebuilding. With minor changes, this plan remains the basis for the layout of Oulu's town center. The <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Cathedral" title="Oulu Cathedral">Oulu Cathedral</a> was built in 1832 to his designs, with the spire being finished in 1844. During the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Oulu's harbour was raided by the British fleet, who destroyed ships and burned tar houses,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to international criticism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oulu" title="Battle of Oulu">Battle of Oulu</a> on 3 February 1918 between the <a href="/wiki/White_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="White Finland">Whites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Finland">Reds</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu_sat_img.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oulu_sat_img.jpg/250px-Oulu_sat_img.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oulu_sat_img.jpg/330px-Oulu_sat_img.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oulu_sat_img.jpg/500px-Oulu_sat_img.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the Oulu region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oulu is located in northern Finland, a considerable distance from the other major cities in the country. It is located 607 kilometres (377 mi) north of the capital city <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. Mainland Finland's northernmost and southernmost points are roughly <a href="/wiki/Equidistant" title="Equidistant">equidistant</a> from Oulu. Oulu's coast sits at the <a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a> (<i>Perämeri</i> in Finnish) and the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish mainland</a> is about 180 km directly west across the Bothnian Bay. From the center of Oulu in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a>, there is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempeleenlahti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kempeleenlahti (page does not exist)">Kempeleenlahti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempeleenlahti" class="extiw" title="fi:Kempeleenlahti">fi</a>]</span>, a smaller but wide, <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadow</a>-belted bay,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and part of it has been listed as a nature <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation area">conservation area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby island <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a> is just off the coast, 53 kilometres (33 mi) away in the Bothnian Bay. Along the coast to the southwest, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) of Oulu is <a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe">Raahe</a> (<i>Brahestad</i>), known for its historic wooden town, and, further to the southwest, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) of Oulu is <a href="/wiki/Kalajoki" title="Kalajoki">Kalajoki</a>, known for its popular sandy beaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Oulu" title="Category:Districts of Oulu">Category:Districts of Oulu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg/250px-Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg/330px-Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg/500px-Map_of_Oulu_in_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8880" data-file-height="7176" /></a><figcaption>The map of Oulu from 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oulu is divided into 106 city districts. The largest of these are <a href="/wiki/Haukipudas" title="Haukipudas">Haukipudas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaakkuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaakkuri (page does not exist)">Kaakkuri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ritaharju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ritaharju (page does not exist)">Ritaharju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuira,_Oulu" title="Tuira, Oulu">Tuira</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kello,_Oulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kello, Oulu (page does not exist)">Kello</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kello_(kaupunginosa)" class="extiw" title="fi:Kello (kaupunginosa)">fi</a>]</span>. </p><p>The municipality of <a href="/wiki/Ylikiiminki" title="Ylikiiminki">Ylikiiminki</a> was merged with the city of Oulu on 1 January 2009. Oulu and the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Haukipudas" title="Haukipudas">Haukipudas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiiminki" title="Kiiminki">Kiiminki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yli-Ii" title="Yli-Ii">Yli-Ii</a> were merged on 1 January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-uusioulu_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uusioulu-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oulu has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfc</i>, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a> <i>Eolo</i>), bordering a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfb</i>, Trewartha <i>Dclo</i>). It is the largest <a href="/wiki/Finnish_cities" title="Finnish cities">Finnish city</a> entirely in this climatic zone as well as one of the largest such in the world. The typical features are cold and snowy winters with short and mild summers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average annual temperature is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 477 mm (18.78 in) falling 105 days per year, mostly in late summer and fall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The warmest temperature ever recorded in Oulu was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in July 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the coldest temperature on record was −41.5 °C (−42.7 °F) in February 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Oulu's far northern location, and its frequent overcast skies, it only sees on average 15 minutes of sunshine per day in December. During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> days only last 3 hours and 34 minutes with the sun rising 1.9 degrees over the horizon. On the other hand, during the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> days last 22 hours and 3 minutes, with the sun dipping 1 degree below the horizon. This gives Oulu <a href="/wiki/White_Night_festivals" title="White Night festivals">white nights</a> during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="width:80%;"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Oulu, 1991–2020 normals, records 1921–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.3<br />(38.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.1<br />(10.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8<br />(16.2) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.5<br />(−35.5) </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.5<br />(−42.7) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32<br />(−26) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.4<br />(−6.5) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.1<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6<br />(−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33<br />(−27) </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.2<br />(−35.0) </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−41.5<br />(−42.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">525<br />(20.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33<br />(13) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46<br />(18) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17<br />(6.7) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">150<br />(59) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(daily average)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #2B2B2B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">296 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #343434; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #0E0E0E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #C2C214; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,740 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a><sup id="cite_ref-FMI_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMI-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a> (record highs and lows 1921–1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Suomen_Maakuntien_ilmasto-Ilmatieteenlaitos_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suomen_Maakuntien_ilmasto-Ilmatieteenlaitos-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a> (record highs and lows 1961–present)<sup id="cite_ref-FMI_open_data_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMI_open_data-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Source 3: weather2travel.com (average monthly UV index)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale collapsible collapsed" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1815</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1850</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,761</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1870</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,665</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">19,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,332</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,670</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1972</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,080</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">121,809</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.27%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,029</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">160,851</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.69%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">185,419</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">207,327</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.12%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Tilastollinen päätoimisto,<sup id="cite_ref-stv1940_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stv1940-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a> (1972-2020)<<sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of Oulu has 216,194 inhabitants, making it the 5th most populous municipality in Finland. The <a href="/wiki/Oulu_sub-region" title="Oulu sub-region">Oulu region</a> has a population of 264,219, making it the fourth largest region in Finland after <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_metropolitan_area" title="Helsinki metropolitan area">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampere_metropolitan_area" title="Tampere metropolitan area">Tampere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turku_metropolitan_area" title="Turku metropolitan area">Turku</a>. Oulu is home to 4% of Finland's population. 7% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than in the major Finnish cities of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Population size of Oulu (and merged municipalities) 1980–2020<sup id="cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 47em">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1980 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:27.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">121,809</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1985 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:28.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">128,869</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1990 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:30.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">136,029</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1995 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:32.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">146,395</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2000 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:36em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">160,851</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2005 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:38.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">173,436</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2010 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:41.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">185,419</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:44.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">198,525</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 47em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:46.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 47em;"><span class="nowrap">207,327</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: max-content;flex-direction: row;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Population by<br />mother tongue (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#002F6C;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Finnish (93.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#D52B1E;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Russian (0.6%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#165D31;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Arabic (0.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#FFFFFF;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">English (0.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#FFFF00;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Chinese (0.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#239F40;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Persian (0.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#4189DD;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Somali (0.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#C5C5C5;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other (4.2%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#C5C5C5;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (4.2%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:#002F6C;color:#000" title="Finnish (93.3%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#002F6C;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.433turn)" title="Finnish (93.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.933turn); background:#D52B1E;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 3.77169816% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Russian (0.6%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.939turn); background:#165D31;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 3.14262660% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Arabic (0.5%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.944turn); background:#FFFFFF;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 3.14262660% 0%, 0 100%)" title="English (0.5%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.949turn); background:#FFFF00;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 2.51380343% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Chinese (0.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.953turn); background:#239F40;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.88517887% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Persian (0.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.956turn); background:#4189DD;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Somali (0.2%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>Oulu is the second largest monolingual <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish-speaking</a> municipality in Finland after Tampere. There are 481 <a href="/wiki/Swedo-Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedo-Finnish">Swedish speakers</a> in Oulu, or <span data-sort-value="6,999,222,528,590,991,000♠" style="display:none"></span>0.2% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> speakers, Finland's third official language, is 157 inhabitants. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. At least 100 different languages are spoken in Oulu. The most common foreign languages are <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (0.4%) and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (0.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Population by country of birth (2024)</b><sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>201,144</td> <td>93.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>1,923</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>1,094</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>771</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>637</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>527</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/60px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>463</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>454</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>452</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>446</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>429</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>413</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>393</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>378</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>329</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td>5,836</td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 14,159 people with a foreign background lived in Oulu, or 7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 15,008 residents who were born abroad, which or 7% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Oulu is 10,198. Most foreign-born citizens come from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative share of immigrants in Oulu's population is below the national average. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> was the largest religious group with 67.2% of the population of Oulu. Other religious groups accounted for 1.9% of the population. 30.9% of the population had no religious affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oulu, as well as other parts of North Ostrobothnia, is well known as a strong support area of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Laestadianism" title="Conservative Laestadianism">Conservative Laestadianism</a> <a href="/wiki/Revival_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival movement">revival movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadian background</a> has been estimated to be common in construction sector management.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulu was the site of the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Oulu_child_sexual_exploitation_scandal" title="Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal">Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Juha_Sipil%C3%A4" title="Juha Sipilä">Juha Sipilä</a> declared that "Sex crimes against children are inhumane acts of incomprehensible evil."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG/250px-Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG/330px-Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG/500px-Stora_Enso_Oulu_2006_01_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stora_Enso" title="Stora Enso">Stora Enso</a> has an important paper manufacturing plant in Oulu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG/250px-Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG/330px-Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG/500px-Nokia_Peltola_Oulu_2006_04_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> premises in Peltola.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Technopolis.jpg/250px-Technopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Technopolis.jpg/330px-Technopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Technopolis.jpg/500px-Technopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Technopolis Linnanmaa is home to nearly 200 corporations.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 31 December 2008, the active working population was employed as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-oulu_business_and_industry_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oulu_business_and_industry-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Industries </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Working population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Services</td> <td style="text-align: right;">43,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industry</td> <td style="text-align: right;">11,111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commerce</td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Construction</td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transport</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Farming, forestry and mining</td> <td style="text-align: right;">582 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown</td> <td style="text-align: right;">431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate</td> <td style="text-align: right;">16.3% (2016) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Total </th> <th style="background:#efefef; text-align: right;">75,158 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2011, the most important employers were:<sup id="cite_ref-oulu_business_and_industry_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oulu_business_and_industry-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Employer </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">No. of employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>City of Oulu</td> <td style="text-align: right;">9,709 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oulu_University_Hospital" title="Oulu University Hospital">Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,144 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia Group</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Oulu Region Joint Authority for Vocational Training</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kesko" title="Kesko">Kesko Group</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cooperative Arina Group (<a href="/wiki/S_Group" title="S Group">S Group</a>)</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,107 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stora_Enso" title="Stora Enso">Stora Enso Group</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,155 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itella" class="mw-redirect" title="Itella">Itella Corporation</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ISS Palvelut Oy</td> <td style="text-align: right;">730 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ODL Group</td> <td style="text-align: right;">653 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Oulu" title="Special:EditPage/Oulu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20120824-_MG_8352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20120824-_MG_8352.jpg/250px-20120824-_MG_8352.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20120824-_MG_8352.jpg/330px-20120824-_MG_8352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/20120824-_MG_8352.jpg/500px-20120824-_MG_8352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Air_Guitar_World_Championships" title="Air Guitar World Championships">Air Guitar World Championships</a> 2012, an annual event held in Oulu since 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>The best known cultural exports of the city of Oulu are the <a href="/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">Air Guitar World Championships</a> held annually in August, <a href="/wiki/Mieskuoro_Huutajat" title="Mieskuoro Huutajat">Mieskuoro Huutajat</a> (also known as <i>Screaming Men</i>), the now defunct metal band <a href="/wiki/Sentenced" title="Sentenced">Sentenced</a>, and one of the best ice hockey teams in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Oulun_K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t" title="Oulun Kärpät">Oulun Kärpät</a>. </p><p>Many artists, writers, and musicians live in the city. A variety of concerts – rock, classical, and jazz – as well as other cultural events take place each year. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Music_Video_Festival" title="Oulu Music Video Festival">Oulu Music Video Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Guitar_World_Championships" title="Air Guitar World Championships">Air Guitar World Championships</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musixine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musixine (page does not exist)">Musixine</a> Music Film Competition, all in August. In July, the annual rock festival <a href="/wiki/Qstock" title="Qstock">Qstock</a> takes place. The Oulu Music Festival is held in winter and the Oulunsalo Music Festival in summer. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Festival_of_Oulu" class="mw-redirect" title="The Irish Festival of Oulu">The Irish Festival of Oulu</a> takes place each October, and the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_International_Children%27s_and_Youth_Film_Festival" title="Oulu International Children's and Youth Film Festival">International Children's Film Festival</a> each November. </p><p>Museums in Oulu include the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ostrobothnia museum">Northern Ostrobothnia museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Oulu Museum of Art">Oulu Museum of Art</a> (OMA), the <a href="/wiki/Tietomaa" title="Tietomaa">Tietomaa</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_museum#Science_center" title="Science museum">science center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkansaari" title="Turkansaari">Turkansaari</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museum</a>. </p><p>Notable statues and sculptures in Oulu include a <a href="/wiki/Frans_Michael_Franz%C3%A9n_(sculpture)" title="Frans Michael Franzén (sculpture)">sculpture of Frans Michael Franzén</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toripolliisi" title="Toripolliisi">The Bobby at the Market Place</a></i> statue. </p><p>Finlands' Eurovision representatives 2021 rock band <a href="/wiki/Blind_Channel" title="Blind Channel">Blind Channel</a> are from Oulu. They placed 6th in the competition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kalmah" title="Kalmah">Kalmah</a> is a melodic death metal-band from Oulu that formed in 1998. </p><p>Pokkinen Park in Oulu hosts the northern-most <a href="/wiki/Parkrun" title="Parkrun">Parkrun</a> every Saturday at 9:30. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssypottu" title="Rössypottu">rössypottu</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">soup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet cheese">sweet cheese</a> (<i>juhannusjuusto</i>) were named Oulu's traditional parish dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG/250px-Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG/330px-Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG/500px-Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20121206_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4401" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rotuaari" title="Rotuaari">Rotuaari</a> pedestrian zone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg/250px-Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg/330px-Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg/500px-Oulu_market_hall_20051028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Market_Hall" title="Oulu Market Hall">Oulu Market Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg/250px-Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg/330px-Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg/500px-Bicycles_Ahtisaari_Square_Oulu_20170728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption><i>Uusi Seurahuone</i> restaurant on the Ahtisaari Square</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tietomaa" title="Tietomaa">Tietomaa</a>, a science center with over 150 exhibits</li> <li>The Rapids Center, the area in the estuary of the Oulu river consisting of small islands connected with bridges and fountains in the middle of the river, and including a housing area of building blocks planned by <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Oulu" title="Market Square, Oulu">The Market Square</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_City_Library" title="Oulu City Library">City Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_City_Theatre" title="Oulu City Theatre">City Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toripolliisi" title="Toripolliisi">Toripolliisi</a> statue and old salt and tar storehouses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupisaaret_Islands" title="Hupisaaret Islands">Hupisaaret Islands</a>, a large park area located in the estuary of the Oulu river</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Frans_Michael_Franz%C3%A9n_(sculpture)" title="Frans Michael Franzén (sculpture)">F. M. Franzen memorial</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Koitelinkoski" title="Koitelinkoski">Koitelinkoski</a> rapids</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ostrobothnia museum">Northern Ostrobothnia museum</a></li> <li>The Pateniemi Sawmill Museum</li> <li>The Vehicle Museum</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu_Botanical_Gardens" title="University of Oulu Botanical Gardens">University of Oulu Botanical Gardens</a> (situated in <a href="/wiki/Linnanmaa" title="Linnanmaa">Linnanmaa</a>)</li> <li>The Arctic Gallery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technopolis_(Finland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technopolis (Finland) (page does not exist)">Technopolis</a>, the technology village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkansaari" title="Turkansaari">Turkansaari</a> (historical open-air museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_Hotel_Eden" title="Spa Hotel Eden">Spa Hotel Eden</a> and sand beach in <a href="/wiki/Nallikari" title="Nallikari">Nallikari</a> recreation and tourism area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_Park,_Oulu" title="Mannerheim Park, Oulu">Mannerheim Park</a></li> <li>Old observatory in Linnansaari, built in 1875 on top of the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Castle" title="Oulu Castle">Castle of Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Oulu Museum of Art">Oulu Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg/250px-Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg/330px-Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg/500px-Oulu_Cathedral_2020-07-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6334" data-file-height="4231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Cathedral" title="Oulu Cathedral">Oulu Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Cathedral" title="Oulu Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukipudas_Church" title="Haukipudas Church">Haukipudas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_of_Nazareth_Church,_Oulu" title="Holy Family of Nazareth Church, Oulu">Holy Family of Nazareth Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Oulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral of Oulu">Holy Trinity Cathedral of Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiiminki_Church" title="Kiiminki Church">Kiiminki Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulujoki_Church" title="Oulujoki Church">Oulujoki Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo_Church" title="Oulunsalo Church">Oulunsalo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Chapel,_Oulu" title="St. Luke's Chapel, Oulu">St. Luke's Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuira_Church" title="Tuira Church">Tuira Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ylikiiminki_Church" title="Ylikiiminki Church">Ylikiiminki Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_points_of_interest">Other points of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other points of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qstock" title="Qstock">Qstock music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Music_Video_Festival" title="Oulu Music Video Festival">Oulu Music Video Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Annual_Air_Guitar_World_Championship_contest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annual Air Guitar World Championship contest">Air Guitar World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalometalli_Metal_Music_Festival" title="Jalometalli Metal Music Festival">Jalometalli Metal Music Festival</a></li> <li>The Irish Festival of Oulu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laitakari_beacon_tower" title="Laitakari beacon tower">Laitakari beacon tower</a></li> <li>Madetoja Hall, housing the Oulu Music Centre, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Oulu Symphony Orchestra">Oulu Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li>Oulu Hall (a large indoor sports facility consisting of a low dome, which looks somewhat like a landed <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">flying saucer</a>)</li> <li>Terwa Marathon & Run, event in late May (since 1989)</li> <li>The Terva-skiing event in early March (since 1889)</li> <li>The Winter Swimming World Championship <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg/250px-OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg/330px-OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg/500px-OH-LKE_Embraer_190_0960-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a> is one of the main operators of the <a href="/wiki/Oulu_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Oulu airport">Oulu airport</a> with regular flights to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity">Intercity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intercity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oulu is served by <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Airport" title="Oulu Airport">Oulu Airport</a>, the second largest airport in Finland by passenger volume. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of the city centre. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Oulu" title="Port of Oulu">Port of Oulu</a> is one of the busiest <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a>. It includes four separate harbour areas: Vihreäsaari oil and bulk docks, Nuottasaari docks and Oritkari docks. There is also a ferry service in Oulu, which is mostly used between <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailuoto Island">Hailuoto Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shortest travel time from <a href="/wiki/Oulu_railway_station" title="Oulu railway station">Oulu railway station</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Central railway station">Helsinki Central railway station</a> is 5 h 34 min, operated by <a href="/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR</a>. Other destinations include <a href="/wiki/Kolari" title="Kolari">Kolari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>. </p><p>The most important road in Oulu is <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_4" title="Finnish national road 4">Highway 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E8" title="European route E8">E8</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a>) that runs from Helsinki to <a href="/wiki/Utsjoki" title="Utsjoki">Utsjoki</a> via <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, Oulu, <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">Kemi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Finland" title="Highways in Finland">highways</a> running to and from Oulu are Highway 20 to <a href="/wiki/Kuusamo" title="Kuusamo">Kuusamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_road_22" title="Finnish national road 22">Highway 22</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autoilijan_tiekartta2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoilijan_tiekartta2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg/250px-Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg/330px-Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg/500px-Oulu_Bus_Station_20161105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Bus_Station" title="Oulu Bus Station">Oulu Bus Station</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_city">Within the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Within the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oulu is notable for its transportation network dedicated to non-motor vehicular traffic, including pedestrians and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">bicycles</a> (termed "light" traffic in Finland). In 2022, the city contained more than 950 kilometres (590 mi) of pathways and more than 300 underpasses and bridges devoted exclusively to pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The network is used year-round. The ratio of walking and cycling traffic pathways to residents is the highest in Finland and the cycling mode share is 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg/250px-Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg/330px-Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg/500px-Bicycles_Kirkkokatu_Oulu_20180119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Parked bicycles on Kirkkokatu Street in January</figcaption></figure> <p>Even in winter, bicycle commuting remains strong in Oulu, in spite of the cold, dark, and snow. About 12% of winter trips are by bicycle, and about half of trips to school or university are. The city has a robust system for keeping bike paths maintained and clear of snow, and bike paths and lanes are plowed before roadways to encourage such human-scale winter transit in the city where 12% already do so.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winter Cycling Federation was founded in Oulu in 2013, and the first Winter Cycling Congress was held there.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, a large underground parking facility, Kivisydän (<i>Stone Heart</i>), opened in the city center directly beneath main shopping streets. The network of parallel roads for cars and pedestrians was drilled in the rock at the depth of 30 meters (98 ft). The parking facility includes two ramps, 900 visitor parking lots (expandable to 1500), six access points to the ground served by 19 elevators (expandable to nine and 25), a service facility for commercial delivery vehicles, and <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubi</a>-screens that guide the driver to the selected ground access point and help locate the parked car by its license number.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Kaleva_(newspaper)" title="Kaleva (newspaper)">Kaleva Media</a> printing plant in Oulu became the most powerful photovoltaic solar plant in Finland, with 1,604 solar photovoltaic (PV) units on its roof. Although the city of Oulu, located near the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, has only two hours of weak sunlight in December, the photovoltaic cells work almost around the clock in the summer. The cold climate means the PV panels can get up to a 25% boost per hour, as they don't overheat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the sun is quite low in the sky at this latitude, vertical PV installations are popular on the sides of buildings. These solar walls also capture light reflected from snow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snow is not necessarily cleared from rooftop solar installations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local utility, Oulun Energia, is owned by the city of Oulu. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a> it receives from the Nordic-wide grid includes wood pellets, waste incineration, bioenergy, hydro-electric, geothermal, wind, nuclear, peat, natural gas and coal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg/250px-K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg/330px-K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg/500px-K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t_kultaa_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kärpät">Kärpät</a> wins the Finnish championship in 2005 after beating <a href="/wiki/Jokerit" title="Jokerit">Jokerit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG/250px-Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG/330px-Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG/500px-Bandyliiga_Final_Oulu_20140315_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oulun_Luistinseura" title="Oulun Luistinseura">Oulun Luistinseura</a> beat <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Seudun_Palloseura" title="Jyväskylän Seudun Palloseura">Jyväskylän Seudun Palloseura</a> in the 2014 Finland men's national bandy championship final at the <a href="/wiki/Raksila_Artificial_Ice_Rink_Pakkalan_kentt%C3%A4" title="Raksila Artificial Ice Rink Pakkalan kenttä">Raksila Artificial Ice Rink Pakkalan kenttä</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> is the most popular spectator sport in Oulu. The local club <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rp%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kärpät">Kärpät</a> has won the <a href="/wiki/SM-liiga" class="mw-redirect" title="SM-liiga">SM-liiga</a> championship title eight times (<a href="/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_SM-liiga_season" title="1980–81 SM-liiga season">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_SM-liiga_season" title="2003–04 SM-liiga season">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_SM-liiga_season" title="2004–05 SM-liiga season">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_SM-liiga_season" title="2006–07 SM-liiga season">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_SM-liiga_season" title="2007–08 SM-liiga season">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_SM-liiga_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 SM-liiga season">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Liiga_season" title="2014–15 Liiga season">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Liiga_season" title="2017–18 Liiga season">2018</a>). It has also twice been the runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/IIHF_European_Champions_Cup" title="IIHF European Champions Cup">IIHF European Champions Cup</a>, in <a href="/wiki/2005_IIHF_European_Champions_Cup" title="2005 IIHF European Champions Cup">2005</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2006_IIHF_European_Champions_Cup" title="2006 IIHF European Champions Cup">2006</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> <a href="/wiki/AC_Oulu" title="AC Oulu">AC Oulu</a> plays in <a href="/wiki/Veikkausliiga" title="Veikkausliiga">Veikkausliiga</a>, the premier division of Finnish football. So far <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Palloseura_(football)" title="Oulun Palloseura (football)">OPS</a> has claimed the Finnish football championship only twice by winning <a href="/wiki/Mestaruussarja" title="Mestaruussarja">Mestaruussarja</a> in <a href="/wiki/1979_Mestaruussarja" title="1979 Mestaruussarja">1979</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1980_Mestaruussarja" title="1980 Mestaruussarja">1980</a>. Other notable football clubs include <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Luistinseura" title="Oulun Luistinseura">OLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Palloilijat" title="Oulun Työväen Palloilijat">OTP</a> and <a href="/wiki/JS_Hercules" title="JS Hercules">JS Hercules</a>. </p><p>Oulu has one well-known <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> club, <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Luistinseura" title="Oulun Luistinseura">OLS</a>, which plays in <a href="/wiki/Bandyliiga" title="Bandyliiga">Bandyliiga</a> and has become <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_bandy_champions" title="List of Finnish bandy champions">Finnish champions</a> 14 times, most recently in 2014. The other bandy club, <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Palloseura" title="Oulun Palloseura">OPS</a>, with its 7 championships and a bronze medal as late as in 2009, announced it would be closing down after the 2009–10 season. In <a href="/wiki/2001_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2001 Bandy World Championship">2001</a> the city was the main venue for the <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship" title="Bandy World Championship">Bandy World Championship</a>. </p><p>Oulu is also home to several other sports clubs such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu_Northern_Lights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oulu Northern Lights (page does not exist)">Oulu Northern Lights</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulun_NMKY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oulun NMKY (page does not exist)">Oulun NMKY</a> (Basketball), <a href="/wiki/Oulun_Lippo" title="Oulun Lippo">Oulun Lippo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulun_Pyrint%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oulun Pyrintö (page does not exist)">Oulun Pyrintö</a> (Track and field), <a href="/wiki/SK_Pohjant%C3%A4hti" title="SK Pohjantähti">SK Pohjantähti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a>)), <a href="/wiki/OYUS_Rugby" title="OYUS Rugby">OYUS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu_Irish_Elks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oulu Irish Elks (page does not exist)">Oulu Irish Elks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lentopalloseura_ETTA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lentopalloseura ETTA (page does not exist)">ETTA</a> (Volleyball). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oulun_Tervahiihto" title="Oulun Tervahiihto">Oulun Tervahiihto</a> is an annual ski marathon event held since 1889. </p><p>Terwa Run & Marathon is an annual running event held since 1989 in late May. </p><p>A former <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> track known as the Iinat Motor Sports Center was located north of the Pirttilammentie and east of the Iinatintie (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oulu&params=64_57_31_N_25_34_23_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">64°57′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">25°34′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">64.95861°N 25.57306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">64.95861; 25.57306</span></span></span></a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Center opened in 1979 and hosted many events, including the Finnish Final, as part of the qualifying round of the <a href="/wiki/Speedway_World_Championship" title="Speedway World Championship">Speedway World Championship</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg/220px-University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg/330px-University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg/440px-University-of-Oulu-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a> main building.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oulu_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Oulu University of Applied Sciences">Oulu University of Applied Sciences</a> have their main campuses located in Oulu. </p><p>Oulu is home to the most northerly architecture school in the world. The school is best known for its strong regionalistic ideas for developing architecture. This movement is named "the Oulu school" ("Oulun koulu") of architecture. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Oulu Vocational College has over 13 000 students. It houses several different study subjects in different units which are spread over Oulu and neighbouring municipalities. Oulu Vocational College School of Business Studies is one of the few vocational schools which has game programming in its curriculum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oulu_International_School" title="Oulu International School">Oulu International School</a> is one of nine schools in Finland offering basic education in English. There's also a Swedish-speaking private school (Swedish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Privatskolan_i_Ule%C3%A5borg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Privatskolan i Uleåborg (page does not exist)">Svenska Privatskolan i Uleåborg</a>) for students up until high school. The school is the northernmost Swedish-speaking school in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saara_Aalto" title="Saara Aalto">Saara Aalto</a>, singer, <a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The X Factor (UK TV series)">X Factor UK</a> finalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Aho" title="Eero Aho">Eero Aho</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outi_Alanko-Kahiluoto" title="Outi Alanko-Kahiluoto">Outi Alanko-Kahiluoto</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Amand" title="Marcus Amand">Marcus Amand</a>, Finnish-French racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Bagh" title="Peter von Bagh">Peter von Bagh</a>, film historian and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Channel" title="Blind Channel">Blind Channel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-hardcore music">post-hardcore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a> band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Delay" title="Vladislav Delay">Vladislav Delay</a>, electronic musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eeva_Riitta_Fingerroos" title="Eeva Riitta Fingerroos">Eeva Riitta Fingerroos</a>, Paralympic swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Michael_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Frans Michael Franzén">Frans Michael Franzén</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Gallenius" title="Lars Gallenius">Lars Gallenius</a>, 17th century painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Hautala" title="Heidi Hautala">Heidi Hautala</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Hautam%C3%A4ki" title="Matti Hautamäki">Matti Hautamäki</a>, ski jumper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaro_Hellaakoski" title="Aaro Hellaakoski">Aaro Hellaakoski</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Julin" title="John von Julin">John von Julin</a>, pharmacist, factory owner and <i><a href="/wiki/Vuorineuvos" title="Vuorineuvos">vuorineuvos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_Kallinen" title="Yrjö Kallinen">Yrjö Kallinen</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorma_Kontio" title="Jorma Kontio">Jorma Kontio</a>, harness driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Korpi" title="Pekka Korpi">Pekka Korpi</a>, harness driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veikko_Antero_Koskenniemi" title="Veikko Antero Koskenniemi">V.A. Koskenniemi</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ville_Laihiala" title="Ville Laihiala">Ville Laihiala</a>, musician and former frontman of the discontinued local metal band <a href="/wiki/Sentenced" title="Sentenced">Sentenced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Lampi" title="Vilho Lampi">Vilho Lampi</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taavetti_Lukkarinen" title="Taavetti Lukkarinen">Taavetti Lukkarinen</a>, former foreman of Kemi Oy; man who was convicted to death and <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> of treason</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanni_Luukkonen" title="Fanni Luukkonen">Fanni Luukkonen</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd" title="Lotta Svärd">Lotta Svärd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impaled_Nazarene" title="Impaled Nazarene">Impaled Nazarene</a>, nuclear metal band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iivo_Niskanen" title="Iivo Niskanen">Iivo Niskanen</a>, Olympic champion cross-country skier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerttu_Niskanen" title="Kerttu Niskanen">Kerttu Niskanen</a>, cross-country skier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrik_Pasma" title="Patrik Pasma">Patrik Pasma</a>, racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leena_Peltonen-Palotie" title="Leena Peltonen-Palotie">Leena Peltonen-Palotie</a>, geneticist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maria_Penttil%C3%A4" title="Michael Maria Penttilä">Michael Maria Penttilä</a>, serial killer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_P%C3%B6yki%C3%B6" title="Susanna Pöykiö">Susanna Pöykiö</a>, figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ville_Ranta" title="Ville Ranta">Ville Ranta</a>, comic artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mika_Ronkainen" title="Mika Ronkainen">Mika Ronkainen</a>, filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a>, 1982 <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> world champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauko_R%C3%B6yhk%C3%A4" title="Kauko Röyhkä">Kauko Röyhkä</a>, author and rock musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Suosalo" title="Martti Suosalo">Martti Suosalo</a>, singer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Toppelius" title="Mikael Toppelius">Mikael Toppelius</a>, church painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Tuorila" title="Risto Tuorila">Risto Tuorila</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juha_V%C3%A4%C3%A4t%C3%A4inen" title="Juha Väätäinen">Juha Väätäinen</a>, athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Wacklin" title="Sara Wacklin">Sara Wacklin</a>, teacher and writer</li> <li>Three former presidents of the country <a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate</li> <li>Ice Hockey players: <a href="/wiki/Kari_Jalonen" title="Kari Jalonen">Kari Jalonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Granlund" title="Mikael Granlund">Mikael Granlund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Granlund" title="Markus Granlund">Markus Granlund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joni_Pitk%C3%A4nen" title="Joni Pitkänen">Joni Pitkänen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reijo_Ruotsalainen" title="Reijo Ruotsalainen">Reijo Ruotsalainen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mika_Py%C3%B6r%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mika Pyörälä">Mika Pyörälä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasse_Kukkonen" title="Lasse Kukkonen">Lasse Kukkonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Nutivaara" title="Markus Nutivaara">Markus Nutivaara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Aho_(ice_hockey,_born_1997)" title="Sebastian Aho (ice hockey, born 1997)">Sebastian Aho</a></li> <li>Football/soccer players: <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Karjalainen" title="Rasmus Karjalainen">Rasmus Karjalainen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otso_Liimatta" title="Otso Liimatta">Otso Liimatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aki_Lahtinen" title="Aki Lahtinen">Aki Lahtinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antti_Niemi_(footballer)" title="Antti Niemi (footballer)">Antti Niemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Heikkinen" title="Markus Heikkinen">Markus Heikkinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janne_Hietanen" title="Janne Hietanen">Janne Hietanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mika_Nurmela" title="Mika Nurmela">Mika Nurmela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seppo_Pyykk%C3%B6" title="Seppo Pyykkö">Seppo Pyykkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyu_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyu Zhou">Qiyu Zhou</a>, chess player, commentator, and streamer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Finland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oulu is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Municipality" title="Alta Municipality">Alta Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <small><i>(since 1948)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alta_twinning_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alta_twinning-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Russia <small><i>(since 1993)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arkhangelsk_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkhangelsk-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan <small><i>(since 2013)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boden_Municipality" title="Boden Municipality">Boden</a>, Sweden <small><i>(since 1948)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey <small><i>(since 1978)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bursa_twinnings_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bursa_twinnings-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, Germany <small><i>(since 1968)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, Germany <small><i>(since 1968)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine <small><i>(since 1957)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si%C3%B3fok" title="Siófok">Siófok</a>, Hungary <small><i>(since 1978)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China <small><i>(since 2010)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Oulu also maintains relationships with cities twinned to <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of former municipalities of Finland">former municipalities</a> <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">merged</a> with Oulu in 2013:<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a>, Italy <small><i>(twinned with <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a> since 2010)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szigetszentmikl%C3%B3s" title="Szigetszentmiklós">Szigetszentmiklós</a>, Hungary <small><i>(twinned with <a href="/wiki/Haukipudas" title="Haukipudas">Haukipudas</a> since 1992)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Russia <small><i>(twinned with Haukipudas, <a href="/wiki/Kiiminki" title="Kiiminki">Kiiminki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yli-Ii" title="Yli-Ii">Yli-Ii</a> since 1991)</i></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnership_and_twinning_cities">Partnership and twinning cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Partnership and twinning cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition Oulu has eight 'Partnership & Twinning cities':<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, UK<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilembula" title="Ilembula">Ilembula</a>, Tanzania<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa" title="Matagalpa">Matagalpa</a>, Nicaragua<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, Japan (since 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_municipal_projects">International municipal projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International municipal projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The educational department was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013_in_Finland" title="Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in Finland">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in Finland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" 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World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailuoto_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailuoto Island">Hailuoto Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastelli_community_centre" title="Kastelli community centre">Kastelli community centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laanila_Highschool" title="Laanila Highschool">Laanila Highschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ouluj%C3%A4rvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Oulujärvi">Lake Oulujärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Aircraft_Hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Oulu Aircraft Hijacking">Oulu Aircraft Hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Castle" title="Oulu Castle">Oulu Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oulu Highway">Oulu Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu_University_Hospital" title="Oulu University Hospital">Oulu University Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuaari" title="Rotuaari">Rotuaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toppila_Power_Station" title="Toppila Power Station">Toppila Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribevine" title="Tribevine">Tribevine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ouka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ouka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcb.visitfinland.com/en/discover/destinations/oulu/">"Discover Oulu"</a>. Finland Convention Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+Oulu&rft.pub=Finland+Convention+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffcb.visitfinland.com%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Fdestinations%2Foulu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307074403/https://visitoulu.fi/en/oulu-2/">"Oulu – Capital of Northern Scandinavia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitoulu.fi/en/oulu-2/">the original</a> on 2022-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finnish+industry%3A+Constantly+adapting+to+a+changing+world&rft.pub=This+is+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Fbusiness-innovation%2Ffinnish-industry-constantly-adapting-to-a-changing-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11961504">YLE: Oulu on Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupunki 2026</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/oulu-northern-finland-selected-european-capital-culture-2026">Oulu in Northern Finland selected as European Capital of Culture for 2026 – High North News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk125/oulunsalo/oulun_etymologia.shtml">"Oulu-nimen etymologia"</a>. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finna.fi/Record/arto.007343896?sid=4728088626"><i>Valkean kaupungin vaiheet: Oulun historiaa</i></a>. Studia historica septentrionalia. ; Rovaniemi: Pohjois-Suomen historiallinen yhdistys. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-95473-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-95473-4-3"><bdi>978-951-95473-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valkean+kaupungin+vaiheet%3A+Oulun+historiaa&rft.place=%3B+Rovaniemi&rft.series=Studia+historica+septentrionalia&rft.pub=Pohjois-Suomen+historiallinen+yhdistys&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-951-95473-4-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinna.fi%2FRecord%2Farto.007343896%3Fsid%3D4728088626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirkkunen1953" class="citation book cs1">Virkkunen, A. H., ed. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finna.fi/Record/oy.99451376206252"><i>Oulun kaupungin historia. 1: kaupungin alkuajoilta Isonvihan loppuun</i></a> (2. p ed.). Oulu: Kirjola.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oulun+kaupungin+historia.+1%3A+kaupungin+alkuajoilta+Isonvihan+loppuun&rft.place=Oulu&rft.edition=2.+p&rft.pub=Kirjola&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finna.fi%2FRecord%2Foy.99451376206252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouka.fi/kaupungin-historia/aikajana">"Aikajana | Kaupungin historia | Oulun kaupunki"</a>. <i>www.ouka.fi</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ouka.fi&rft.atitle=Aikajana+%7C+Kaupungin+historia+%7C+Oulun+kaupunki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Fkaupungin-historia%2Faikajana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211183601/http://www.ouka.fi/historia/1700.htm">"Oulun historia"</a>. <i>Oulu 1700-luku</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouka.fi/historia/1700.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oulu+1700-luku&rft.atitle=Oulun+historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Fhistoria%2F1700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenNiskalaSiliämaa2006" class="citation book cs1">Korhonen, Markus H.; Niskala, Kaarina; Siliämaa, Marianne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finna.fi/Record/arto.011516416?sid=4728084381"><i>J. V. Snellman - pienenä Oulussa, suurena historiassa: Johan Vilhelm Snellman 12.5.1806 - 4.7.1881</i></a>. Oulun kaupunki. Oulu: Oulun kaupungin opetusvirasto, Snellman-työryhmä. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5465-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5465-24-2"><bdi>978-952-5465-24-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+V.+Snellman+-+pienen%C3%A4+Oulussa%2C+suurena+historiassa%3A+Johan+Vilhelm+Snellman+12.5.1806+-+4.7.1881&rft.place=Oulu&rft.pub=Oulun+kaupungin+opetusvirasto%2C+Snellman-ty%C3%B6ryhm%C3%A4&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-952-5465-24-2&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Markus+H.&rft.au=Niskala%2C+Kaarina&rft.au=Sili%C3%A4maa%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinna.fi%2FRecord%2Farto.011516416%3Fsid%3D4728084381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oulu.ouka.fi/ppm/naakka/heinakuu/naakka_lue.htm">"Oolannin sota Oulussa"</a>. <i>Niilo Naakan tarinat</i> (in Finnish). Pohjois-Pohjanmaan museo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niilo+Naakan+tarinat&rft.atitle=Oolannin+sota+Oulussa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foulu.ouka.fi%2Fppm%2Fnaakka%2Fheinakuu%2Fnaakka_lue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-10048411">"Oulun valtaus oli valkoisten ensimmäinen iso voitto sisällissodassa – taistelussa ammuttiin Suomen tykistön ensimmäiset laukaukset"</a>. <i>Yle Uutiset</i> (in Finnish). 2018-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle+Uutiset&rft.atitle=Oulun+valtaus+oli+valkoisten+ensimm%C3%A4inen+iso+voitto+sis%C3%A4llissodassa+%E2%80%93+taistelussa+ammuttiin+Suomen+tykist%C3%B6n+ensimm%C3%A4iset+laukaukset&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-10048411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fi.geoview.info/kempeleenlahti,653251">Kempeleenlahti Bay, Oulu, Finland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouka.fi/oulu/ymparisto-ja-luonto/kempeleenlahti1">Kempeleenlahden suojelualue</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uusioulu-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uusioulu_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315091758/http://ouka.fi/uusioulu/">"Uusi Oulu"</a> [New Oulu] (in Finnish). Oulu: City of Oulu. 9 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouka.fi/uusioulu/">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uusi+Oulu&rft.place=Oulu&rft.pub=City+of+Oulu&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Fuusioulu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57820&cityname=Oulu,+Northern+Ostrobothnia,+Finland&units=">"Oulu, Finland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Oulu%2C+Finland+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D57820%26cityname%3DOulu%2C%2BNorthern%2BOstrobothnia%2C%2BFinland%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZM9DwAAQBAJ&q=despite+the+subarctic+climate+oulu&pg=PT41"><i>Learn Finnish – Level 5: Advanced: Volume 1: Lessons 1–25</i></a> (in Finnish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Sunrise+and+sunset+times+in+Oulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fsun%2Ffinland%2Foulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMI-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FMI_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi">"FMI normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FMI+normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=FMI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi%2Filmastollinen-vertailukausi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suomen_Maakuntien_ilmasto-Ilmatieteenlaitos-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suomen_Maakuntien_ilmasto-Ilmatieteenlaitos_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMI_open_data-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FMI_open_data_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suja.kapsi.fi/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true">"FMI open data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FMI+open+data&rft.pub=FMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuja.kapsi.fi%2Ffmi-tilastot.php%3Ftaulukkomoodi%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather2travel.com/finland/oulu/climate/">"Oulu climate guide"</a>. Weather 2 Travel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oulu+climate+guide&rft.pub=Weather+2+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Ffinland%2Foulu%2Fclimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stv1940-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stv1940_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/69230/stv_1940.pdf">"Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Finnish). Tilastollinen päätoimisto. 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomen+tilastollinen+vuosikirja+1940&rft.pub=Tilastollinen+p%C3%A4%C3%A4toimisto&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doria.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F69230%2Fstv_1940.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5">"Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons"</a>. Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+foreign-language+speakers+grew+by+nearly+38%2C000+persons&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fcl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2024-final-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2024-final_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cm1jg8tr20lco07vwvoif9s6i">"Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024"</a>. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2025-04-04. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395">1797-5395</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+foreign-language+speakers+exceeded+600%2C000+during+2024&rft.series=Population+structure&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2025-04-04&rft.issn=1797-5395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fcm1jg8tr20lco07vwvoif9s6i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084300/https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html">"Persons with foreign background"</a>. Statistics Finland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persons+with+foreign+background&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fmaahanmuutto%2Fmaahanmuuttajat-vaestossa%2Fulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px">Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023</a> Statistics Finland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/lestadiolaiset-pitavat-pohjois-pohjanmaan-vakiluvun-kasvussa/1818646#gs.ib5qqr">Lestadiolaiset pitävät Pohjois-Pohjanmaan väkiluvun kasvussa</a> – <i>MTVuutiset</i> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10197416">Lestadiolaisyrittäjä hyötyy uskonyhteisön verkostoista – Taloushyödyt houkuttavat jäämään, vaikka vakaumus olisi jo mennyt</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a></i> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAleksi_Teivainen2018" class="citation news cs1">Aleksi Teivainen (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/16008-police-10-people-suspected-of-sex-crimes-against-minors-in-oulu.html">"Police: 10 people suspected of sex crimes against minors in Oulu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Times" title="Helsinki Times">Helsinki Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Prime Minister Juha Sipilä (Centre) on Wednesday issued an official statement on the much-discussed case, saying the events have shocked many, for a good reason. "Sex crimes against children are inhumane acts of incomprehensible evil," he stated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsinki+Times&rft.atitle=Police%3A+10+people+suspected+of+sex+crimes+against+minors+in+Oulu&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.au=Aleksi+Teivainen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinkitimes.fi%2Ffinland%2Ffinland-news%2Fdomestic%2F16008-police-10-people-suspected-of-sex-crimes-against-minors-in-oulu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oulu_business_and_industry-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oulu_business_and_industry_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oulu_business_and_industry_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526004739/http://www.oulu.ouka.fi/city/pdf/2011/tietoaoulusta_ENG_kevyt.pdf">"Business and industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Information about Oulu</i>. Oulu: City of Oulu. 2012-01-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oulu.ouka.fi/city/pdf/2011/tietoaoulusta_ENG_kevyt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+about+Oulu&rft.atitle=Business+and+industry&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oulu.ouka.fi%2Fcity%2Fpdf%2F2011%2Ftietoaoulusta_ENG_kevyt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaakko_Kolmonen1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaakko Kolmonen (1988). <i>Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Patakolmonen. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-96047-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/951-96047-3-1"><bdi>951-96047-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kotomaamme+ruoka-aitta%3A+Suomen%2C+Karjalan+ja+Petsamon+pit%C3%A4j%C3%A4ruoat&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Patakolmonen&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=951-96047-3-1&rft.au=Jaakko+Kolmonen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/oulun-seutu/art-2000005753277.html">IS: Vieraille lauttamatka on osa Hailuodon idylliä</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autoilijan_tiekartta2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autoilijan_tiekartta2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation map cs1"><i>Autoilijan Tiekartta 2007 – Road map</i> (Map). 1:800,000. AffectoGenimap Finland Oy. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-593-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-593-047-7"><bdi>978-951-593-047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autoilijan+Tiekartta+2007+%E2%80%93+Road+map&rft.pub=AffectoGenimap+Finland+Oy&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-951-593-047-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Pratte, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/1993/4752/1/Pratte_Jeffrey.pdf">Mainstreaming Bicycling in Winter Cities: The case of Oulu, Finland</a>", Masters thesis, University of Manitoba (Canada), 2011. P. 99-100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anders Swanson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/67039532">Winter Cycling for Everyone</a>", (Video, 21:30 min.), Vimeo, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-64354089">The cycle-mad city in Finland that doesn't stop for snow</a>", (Video, 2 min.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurel Ives. (20 December 2023). "How Oulu became the winter cycling capital of the world". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231220-why-oulu-finland-is-the-winter-cycling-capital-of-the-world">BBC website</a> Retrieved 25 December 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSara_Lilja_Steensig2021" class="citation web cs1">Sara Lilja Steensig (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/01/22/meet-the-bike-loving-finnish-city-that-keeps-pedalling-even-in-the-snow">"Meet the bike-loving Finnish city that keeps pedalling even in the snow"</a>. <i>Euronews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Meet+the+bike-loving+Finnish+city+that+keeps+pedalling+even+in+the+snow&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.au=Sara+Lilja+Steensig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2021%2F01%2F22%2Fmeet-the-bike-loving-finnish-city-that-keeps-pedalling-even-in-the-snow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnders_Swanson2016" class="citation web cs1">Anders Swanson (12 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/12/ice-cycles-northerly-world-cities-winter-bicycle-revolution">"Ice cycles: the northerly world cities leading the winter bicycle revolution"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ice+cycles%3A+the+northerly+world+cities+leading+the+winter+bicycle+revolution&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.au=Anders+Swanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fice-cycles-northerly-world-cities-winter-bicycle-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310085459/http://www.oulunliikekeskus.fi/parking">"Oulun Liikekeskus – Parking"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oulunliikekeskus.fi/parking">the original</a> on 2016-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oulun+Liikekeskus+%E2%80%93+Parking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oulunliikekeskus.fi%2Fparking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310073910/http://www.sito.fi/en/2014/08/kivisydan-parking-facility-in-oulu/">"Kivisydän parking facility in Oulu"</a>. <i>Oulunliikekeskus.fi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sito.fi/en/2014/08/kivisydan-parking-facility-in-oulu/">the original</a> on 2016-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oulunliikekeskus.fi&rft.atitle=Kivisyd%C3%A4n+parking+facility+in+Oulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sito.fi%2Fen%2F2014%2F08%2Fkivisydan-parking-facility-in-oulu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHockenos2020" class="citation web cs1">Hockenos, Paul (2020-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22022020/solar-finland-nordic-renewables-sanna-marin-climate-targets-turku">"Solar Power Just Miles from the Arctic Circle? In Icy Nordic Climes, It's Become the Norm"</a>. <i>InsideClimate News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideClimate+News&rft.atitle=Solar+Power+Just+Miles+from+the+Arctic+Circle%3F+In+Icy+Nordic+Climes%2C+It%27s+Become+the+Norm&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.aulast=Hockenos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F22022020%2Fsolar-finland-nordic-renewables-sanna-marin-climate-targets-turku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/radat.html">"Track locations"</a>. <i>Speedway Sanomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speedway+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Track+locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedwaysanomat.fi%2Ftekstit%2Fradat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlprezes.pl.tl/SPEEDWAY--_--Indywidualne-mistrzostwa-%26%23346%3Bwiata-----------k1-World-Speedway-Championship-k2-.htm">"World Championship"</a>. <i>Metal Speedway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metal+Speedway&rft.atitle=World+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlprezes.pl.tl%2FSPEEDWAY--_--Indywidualne-mistrzostwa-%2526%2523346%253Bwiata-----------k1-World-Speedway-Championship-k2-.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedway.org/history/">"World Championship"</a>. <i>Speedway.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speedway.org&rft.atitle=World+Championship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedway.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spsu.fi/om-oss/sprakstrategi/">"Språkstrategi – Svenska Privatskolan i Uleåborg"</a> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5kstrategi+%E2%80%93+Svenska+Privatskolan+i+Ule%C3%A5borg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spsu.fi%2Fom-oss%2Fsprakstrategi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_68-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/ystavyyskaupungit">"Ystävyyskaupungit (Twin Cities)"</a>. <i>Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu)</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oulun+kaupunki+%28City+of+Oulu%29&rft.atitle=Yst%C3%A4vyyskaupungit+%28Twin+Cities%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Foulu%2Fkansainvalisyys%2Fystavyyskaupungit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alta_twinning-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alta_twinning_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902102633/http://www.alta.kommune.no/vennskapsbyer.530847-72060.html">"Vennskapsbyer"</a> (in Norwegian). Alta kommune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alta.kommune.no/vennskapsbyer.530847-72060.html">the original</a> on 2016-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vennskapsbyer&rft.pub=Alta+kommune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alta.kommune.no%2Fvennskapsbyer.530847-72060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arkhangelsk-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arkhangelsk_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0"><bdi lang="ru">Информация о городах-побратимах</bdi></a>. <i>Arhcity.ru</i> (in Russian). October 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arhcity.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arhcity.ru%2F%3Fpage%3D232%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Astana-and-Finnish-Oulu-become-twin-cities-18692/">"Astana and Finnish Oulu become twin-cities"</a>. <i>Tengrinews.kz</i>. 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tengrinews.kz&rft.atitle=Astana+and+Finnish+Oulu+become+twin-cities&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tengrinews.kz%2Fpolitics_sub%2FAstana-and-Finnish-Oulu-become-twin-cities-18692%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bursa_twinnings-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bursa_twinnings_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523225737/http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/">"Kardeş Şehirler"</a>. <i>Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez</i>. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/">the original</a> on 2016-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bursa+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir+Belediyesi+Bas%C4%B1n+Koordinasyon+Merkez&rft.atitle=Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bursa.bel.tr%2Fkardes-sehirler%2Fsayfa%2F261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Partnership_and_twinning_cities_73-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit">"Partneri- ja kummikaupungit (Partnership and twinning cities)"</a>. <i>Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu)</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oulun+kaupunki+%28City+of+Oulu%29&rft.atitle=Partneri-+ja+kummikaupungit+%28Partnership+and+twinning+cities%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Foulu%2Fkansainvalisyys%2Fpartneri-ja-kummikaupungit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOulu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oulu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oulu" class="extiw" title="commons:Oulu"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Oulu</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oulu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oulu">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oulu#Q47048" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Oulu">Oulu</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouka.fi/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47048#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502221122/http://www.visitoulu.fi/en/home">VisitOulu.fi</a> – official tourism website of Oulu (archived 2 May 2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Oulu23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Oulu23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Oulu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ii,_Finland" title="Ii, Finland">Ii</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/20px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/40px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a> / <i>Luodonselkä</i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/20px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/40px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Oulu</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Pudasj%C3%A4rvi" title="Pudasjärvi">Pudasjärvi</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lumijoki" title="Lumijoki">Lumijoki</a> / <i>Lumijoenselkä</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liminka" title="Liminka">Liminka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kempele" title="Kempele">Kempele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrn%C3%A4v%C3%A4" title="Tyrnävä">Tyrnävä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhos" title="Muhos">Muhos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Utajärvi">Utajärvi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_North_Ostrobothnia110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Ostrobothnia" title="Template:North Ostrobothnia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Ostrobothnia" title="Template talk:North Ostrobothnia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Ostrobothnia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Ostrobothnia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_North_Ostrobothnia110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Ostrobothnia" title="Municipalities of North Ostrobothnia">Municipalities of North Ostrobothnia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavieska" title="Alavieska">Alavieska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haapaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Haapajärvi">Haapajärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haapavesi" title="Haapavesi">Haapavesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ii,_Finland" title="Ii, Finland">Ii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalajoki" title="Kalajoki">Kalajoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempele" title="Kempele">Kempele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuusamo" title="Kuusamo">Kuusamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rs%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Kärsämäki">Kärsämäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminka" title="Liminka">Liminka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumijoki" title="Lumijoki">Lumijoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merij%C3%A4rvi" title="Merijärvi">Merijärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhos" title="Muhos">Muhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivala" title="Nivala">Nivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulainen" title="Oulainen">Oulainen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudasj%C3%A4rvi" title="Pudasjärvi">Pudasjärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4joki" title="Pyhäjoki">Pyhäjoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4j%C3%A4rvi" title="Pyhäjärvi">Pyhäjärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4nt%C3%A4" title="Pyhäntä">Pyhäntä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe">Raahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reisj%C3%A4rvi" title="Reisjärvi">Reisjärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievi" title="Sievi">Sievi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siikajoki" title="Siikajoki">Siikajoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siikalatva" title="Siikalatva">Siikalatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivalkoski" title="Taivalkoski">Taivalkoski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrn%C3%A4v%C3%A4" title="Tyrnävä">Tyrnävä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utaj%C3%A4rvi" title="Utajärvi">Utajärvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaala" title="Vaala">Vaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ylivieska" title="Ylivieska">Ylivieska</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of North Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Coat of arms of North Ostrobothnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/50px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/75px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/100px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haukipudas" title="Haukipudas">Haukipudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanka" title="Himanka">Himanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kestil%C3%A4" title="Kestilä">Kestilä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiiminki" title="Kiiminki">Kiiminki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuivaniemi" title="Kuivaniemi">Kuivaniemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulujoki_(municipality)" title="Oulujoki (municipality)">Oulujoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavola" title="Paavola">Paavola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattijoki" title="Pattijoki">Pattijoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piippola" title="Piippola">Piippola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulkkila" title="Pulkkila">Pulkkila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rantsila" title="Rantsila">Rantsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rautio" title="Rautio">Rautio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revonlahti" class="mw-redirect" title="Revonlahti">Revonlahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruukki" title="Ruukki">Ruukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloinen" title="Saloinen">Saloinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temmes" title="Temmes">Temmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihanti" title="Vihanti">Vihanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yli-Ii" title="Yli-Ii">Yli-Ii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ylikiiminki" title="Ylikiiminki">Ylikiiminki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template talk:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of urban areas in the Nordic countries">50 most populous urban areas in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="padding:0.1em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b></i></td><td> 1,605,030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 2.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b></i></td><td> 1,330,993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 3.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b></i></td><td> 1,268,296</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 4.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b></i></td><td> 1,019,513</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 5.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></td><td> 599,011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 6.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></td><td> 339,313</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 7.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td><td> 334,112</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 8.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></td><td> 280,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 9.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></td><td> 259,958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 10.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td><td> 252,468</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 11.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sandnes" title="Sandnes">Sandnes</a></td><td> 237,369</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 12.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b></i></td><td> 228,231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 13.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oulu</a></td><td> 208,939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 14.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></td><td> 186,364</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 15.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a></td><td> 180,302</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 16.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></td><td> 177,074</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 17.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upplands_V%C3%A4sby_och_Sollentuna" class="extiw" title="sv:Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna">Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna</a></td><td> 149,461</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 18.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a></td><td> 140,897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 19.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a></td><td> 128,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 20.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></td><td> 126,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 21.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td><td> 119,068</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 22.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td><td> 117,974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 23.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a></td><td> 116,373</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 24.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></td><td> 115,672</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 25.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></td><td> 113,816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 26.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a></td><td> 111,633</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 27.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a></td><td> 109,416</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 28.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a></td><td> 100,259</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 29.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a></td><td> 97,854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 30.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></td><td> 94,393</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 31.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn" title="Porsgrunn">Porsgrunn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a></td><td> 93,778</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 32.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></td><td> 90,412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 33.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td><td> 88,520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 34.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td><td> 84,026</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 35.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a></td><td> 77,586</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 36.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje" title="Södertälje">Södertälje</a></td><td> 75,773</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 37.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s" title="Borås">Borås</a></td><td> 73,980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 38.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Esbjerg" title="Esbjerg">Esbjerg</a></td><td> 72,398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 39.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a></td><td> 71,316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 40.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a></td><td> 71,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 41.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a></td><td> 70,342</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 42.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td><td> 67,811</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 43.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a></td><td> 65,856</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 44.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td><td> 65,414</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 45.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a></td><td> 62,482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 46.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a></td><td> 61,121</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 47.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a></td><td> 59,449</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 48.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></td><td> 58,807</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 49.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vejle" title="Vejle">Vejle</a></td><td> 57,655</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 50.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td><td> 55,743</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50_most_populous_municipalities_in_Finland84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Template:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Template talk:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50_most_populous_Finnish_municipalities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50 most populous Finnish municipalities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50_most_populous_municipalities_in_Finland84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland" title="List of municipalities of Finland">50 most populous municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/20px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/40px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td><td> 684,589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 2.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Espoo.vaakuna.svg/20px-Espoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Espoo.vaakuna.svg/40px-Espoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="449" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a></td><td> 321,031</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 3.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tampere.vaakuna.svg/20px-Tampere.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tampere.vaakuna.svg/40px-Tampere.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="569" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td><td> 260,358</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 4.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vantaa.vaakuna.svg/20px-Vantaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vantaa.vaakuna.svg/40px-Vantaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a></td><td> 251,405</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 5.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/20px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Oulu.vaakuna.svg/40px-Oulu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="581" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oulu</a></td><td> 216,194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 6.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/20px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Turku.vaakuna.svg/40px-Turku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="831" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td><td> 206,035</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 7.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/20px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/40px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td><td> 149,269</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 8.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuopio.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kuopio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuopio.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kuopio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="793" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td><td> 125,668</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 9.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lahti.vaakuna.svg/20px-Lahti.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lahti.vaakuna.svg/40px-Lahti.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td><td> 121,383</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 10.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Porin_vaakuna.svg/20px-Porin_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Porin_vaakuna.svg/40px-Porin_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td><td> 83,316</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 11.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joensuu.vaakuna.svg/20px-Joensuu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Joensuu.vaakuna.svg/40px-Joensuu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td><td> 78,743</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 12.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/15px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/23px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg/30px-Kouvola.vaakuna.2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="557" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a></td><td> 78,399</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 13.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td><td> 73,369</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 14.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg/20px-Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg/40px-Vaasa.vaakuna2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td><td> 70,374</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 15.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg/20px-H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg/40px-H%C3%A4meenlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></td><td> 68,376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 16.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/20px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg/40px-Sein%C3%A4joki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a></td><td> 66,610</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 17.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg/20px-Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg/40px-Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a></td><td> 65,738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 18.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg/20px-Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg/40px-Mikkeli.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a></td><td> 51,893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 19.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porvoo.vaakuna.svg/20px-Porvoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porvoo.vaakuna.svg/40px-Porvoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a></td><td> 51,753</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 20.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halikko_vaakuna.svg/20px-Halikko_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halikko_vaakuna.svg/40px-Halikko_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland">Salo</a></td><td> 50,867</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 21.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotka.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kotka.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a></td><td> 50,210</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 22.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokkola.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kokkola.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokkola.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kokkola.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="788" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a></td><td> 48,368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 23.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Hyvinkää"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Hyvinkaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="631" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Hyvinkää">Hyvinkää</a></td><td> 47,047</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 24.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg/20px-Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg/40px-Jarvenpaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a></td><td> 46,866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 25.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lohja" title="Lohja"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/15px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/23px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lohja.vaakuna.svg/30px-Lohja.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lohja" title="Lohja">Lohja</a></td><td> 45,693</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 26.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg/20px-Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg/40px-Nurmijarvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi">Nurmijärvi</a></td><td> 45,026</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 27.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuusula" title="Tuusula"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tuusula.vaakuna.svg/20px-Tuusula.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tuusula.vaakuna.svg/40px-Tuusula.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="637" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuusula" title="Tuusula">Tuusula</a></td><td> 42,238</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 28.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kirkkonummi" title="Kirkkonummi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kirkkonummi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirkkonummi" title="Kirkkonummi">Kirkkonummi</a></td><td> 41,660</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 29.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rauma.vaakuna.svg/20px-Rauma.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rauma.vaakuna.svg/40px-Rauma.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a></td><td> 38,975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 30.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kerava.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kerava.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kerava.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kerava.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava">Kerava</a></td><td> 38,476</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 31.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg/20px-Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg/40px-Piikki%C3%B6.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaarina" title="Kaarina">Kaarina</a></td><td> 36,563</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 32.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kajaani.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kajaani.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kajaani.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kajaani.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a></td><td> 36,438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 33.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nokia,_Finland" title="Nokia, Finland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/15px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/23px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nokia.vaakuna.svg/30px-Nokia.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nokia,_Finland" title="Nokia, Finland">Nokia</a></td><td> 36,171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 34.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kangasala.vaakuna.svg/20px-Kangasala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kangasala.vaakuna.svg/40px-Kangasala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="547" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala">Kangasala</a></td><td> 33,966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 35.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi" title="Ylöjärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/20px-Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/40px-Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi" title="Ylöjärvi">Ylöjärvi</a></td><td> 33,681</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 36.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/15px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/23px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg/30px-Savonlinna.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="822" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a></td><td> 31,464</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 37.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vihti" title="Vihti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vihti.vaakuna.svg/20px-Vihti.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vihti.vaakuna.svg/40px-Vihti.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vihti" title="Vihti">Vihti</a></td><td> 28,806</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 38.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki" title="Riihimäki"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/15px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/23px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/30px-Riihim%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki" title="Riihimäki">Riihimäki</a></td><td> 28,650</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 39.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Raasepori.vaakuna.svg/20px-Raasepori.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Raasepori.vaakuna.svg/40px-Raasepori.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="605" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg">Raseborg</a></td><td> 27,037</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 40.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/15px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/23px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Raisio.vaakuna.svg/30px-Raisio.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raisio" title="Raisio">Raisio</a></td><td> 25,717</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 41.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Lempäälä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/20px-Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/40px-Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="536" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lemp%C3%A4%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Lempäälä">Lempäälä</a></td><td> 24,815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 42.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Imatra.vaakuna.svg/20px-Imatra.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Imatra.vaakuna.svg/40px-Imatra.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a></td><td> 24,729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 43.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Raahe.vaakuna.svg/20px-Raahe.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Raahe.vaakuna.svg/40px-Raahe.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe">Raahe</a></td><td> 23,571</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 44.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karkku.vaakuna.svg/20px-Karkku.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Karkku.vaakuna.svg/40px-Karkku.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sastamala" title="Sastamala">Sastamala</a></td><td> 23,457</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 45.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hollola" title="Hollola"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/15px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/23px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hollola.vaakuna.svg/30px-Hollola.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hollola" title="Hollola">Hollola</a></td><td> 22,855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 46.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sipoo" title="Sipoo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sipoo.vaakuna.svg/20px-Sipoo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sipoo.vaakuna.svg/40px-Sipoo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sipoo" title="Sipoo">Sipoo</a></td><td> 22,823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 47.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi" title="Siilinjärvi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/20px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg/40px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi" title="Siilinjärvi">Siilinjärvi</a></td><td> 21,268</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 48.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pirkkala" title="Pirkkala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pirkkala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pirkkala" title="Pirkkala">Pirkkala</a></td><td> 21,034</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 49.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tornio.vaakuna.svg/20px-Tornio.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tornio.vaakuna.svg/40px-Tornio.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a></td><td> 20,973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 50.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mäntsälä"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/20px-M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg/40px-M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Mäntsälä">Mäntsälä</a></td><td> 20,933</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finland_articles687" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finland_articles687" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala"><i>The Kalevala</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Finland#Further_reading" title="Finland">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="City of Oulu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000492949300">ISNI</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140728561">VIAF</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Finland--Oulu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213852/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGBFrcB8RT7B3Yy98wG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116840-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu (Finland)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81068024">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu (Finlande)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12187332d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu (Finlande)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12187332d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulu (Finsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0035615&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007566859405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oulun kaupunki"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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