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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Square_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Square rigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateen_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateen_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lateen rigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateen_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crab_claw_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crab_claw_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Crab claw rigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crab_claw_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerodynamic_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerodynamic_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aerodynamic forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodynamic_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Running_rigging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Running_rigging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Running rigging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Running_rigging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Running rigging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Running_rigging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fore-and-aft_rigged_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fore-and-aft_rigged_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fore-and-aft rigged vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fore-and-aft_rigged_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square-rigged_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square-rigged_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Square-rigged vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square-rigged_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पाल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="شراع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شراع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelk%C9%99n" title="Yelkən – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yelkən" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Парус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Ветразь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ветразь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Ветроходно ветрило – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ветроходно ветрило" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedro_(pomorstvo)" title="Jedro (pomorstvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jedro (pomorstvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouel_(bageal)" title="Gouel (bageal) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouel (bageal)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_de_vaixell" title="Vela de vaixell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vela de vaixell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81" title="Парăс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Парăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodn%C3%AD_plachta" title="Lodní plachta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lodní plachta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyl" title="Hwyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejl" title="Sejl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sejl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segel" title="Segel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Segel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri" title="Puri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ιστίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(n%C3%A1utica)" title="Vela (náutica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vela (náutica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velo" title="Velo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Velo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_(nautika)" title="Bela (nautika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bela (nautika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بادبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voile_(navire)" title="Voile (navire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voile (navire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seol_(b%C3%A1d_seoil)" title="Seol (bád seoil) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seol (bád seoil)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(tea)" title="Vela (tea) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vela (tea)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%9B" title="돛 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedro" title="Jedro – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jedro" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seglo" title="Seglo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Seglo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar" title="Layar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segl" title="Segl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Segl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(sistema_di_propulsione)" title="Vela (sistema di propulsione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vela (sistema di propulsione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="מפרש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפרש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga_(chombo)" title="Tanga (chombo) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tanga (chombo)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwal" title="Vwal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vwal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velum_(navigatio)" title="Velum (navigatio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Velum (navigatio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura" title="Bura – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bura" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seegel" title="Seegel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Seegel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C4%97" title="Burė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Burė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitorla" title="Vitorla – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vitorla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Едро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlug%C4%A7" title="Qlugħ – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Qlugħ" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layar" title="Layar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Layar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeil_(schip)" title="Zeil (schip) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeil (schip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%86" title="帆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiel" title="Saiel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saiel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seil" title="Seil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segl" title="Segl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Segl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela" title="Vela – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vela" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBagiel" title="Żagiel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żagiel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_(n%C3%A1utica)" title="Vela (náutica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vela (náutica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C4%83" title="Velă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Velă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayra_tanqana" title="Wayra tanqana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wayra tanqana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Парус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli" title="Veli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail" title="Sail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadro" title="Jadro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jadro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Једро (једрилица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једро (једрилица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedro" title="Jedro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jedro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purje" title="Purje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Purje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segel" title="Segel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Segel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA" title="తెరచాప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెరచాప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бодбон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бодбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelken" title="Yelken – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yelken" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Вітрило – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітрило" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%E1%BB%93m" title="Buồm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buồm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri" title="Puri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Puri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layag" title="Layag – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Layag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%B7" title="篷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="篷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%A2%83%87" title="𢃇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="𢃇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C4%97" title="Borė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Borė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%86" title="帆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sails" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25999" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fabric or other surface supported by a mast to allow wind propulsion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sail (disambiguation)">Sail (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">Sailboat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Sail rigs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/220px-Chesapeake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/330px-Chesapeake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/440px-Chesapeake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rigged</a> frigate</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/220px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/330px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/440px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda-rigged</a> <a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">yawl</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-2013-Oracle-Team-USA-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/L-2013-Oracle-Team-USA-17.jpg/220px-L-2013-Oracle-Team-USA-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/L-2013-Oracle-Team-USA-17.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a> <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">wingsail</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>sail</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">tensile structure</a>, which is made from fabric or other membrane materials, that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice boat">ice boats</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Land_sailing" title="Land sailing">sail-powered land vehicles</a>. Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments, usually in a three- or four-sided shape. </p><p>A sail provides propulsive force via a combination of lift and drag, depending on its <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a>, its angle with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Apparent_wind" title="Apparent wind">apparent wind</a>. Apparent wind is the air velocity experienced on the moving craft and is the combined effect of the true wind velocity with the velocity of the sailing craft. Angle of attack is often constrained by the sailing craft's orientation to the wind or <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">point of sail</a>. On points of sail where it is possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind, the sail may act as an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>, generating propulsive force as air passes along its surface, just as an airplane wing generates <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>, which predominates over <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag">aerodynamic drag</a> retarding forward motion. The more that the angle of attack diverges from the apparent wind as a sailing craft turns downwind, the more drag increases and lift decreases as propulsive forces, until a sail going downwind is predominated by drag forces. Sails are unable to generate propulsive force if they are aligned too closely to the wind. </p><p>Sails may be attached to a <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a>, boom or other <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spar</a> or may be attached to a wire that is suspended by a mast. They are typically raised by a line, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a></i>, and their angle with respect to the wind is usually controlled by a line, called a <a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">sheet</a>. In use, they may be designed to be curved in both directions along their surface, often as a result of their curved edges. <a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Battens</a> may be used to extend the trailing edge of a sail beyond the line of its attachment points. </p><p>Other non-rotating airfoils that power sailing craft include <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">wingsails</a>, which are rigid wing-like structures, and <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a> that power <a href="/wiki/Kite_rig" title="Kite rig">kite-rigged vessels</a>, but do not employ a mast to support the airfoil and are beyond the scope of this article. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rigs">Rigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></div> <p>Sailing craft employ two types of rig, the <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square rig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">fore-and-aft rig</a>. </p><p>The <i>square rig</i> carries the primary driving sails on horizontal <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a>, which are perpendicular or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/square#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:square">square</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called <i><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yards</a></i> and their tips, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)#lift" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">lifts</a>, are called the <i><a href="/wiki/Yardarms" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardarms">yardarms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>. A ship mainly so rigged is called a <i>square-rigger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>fore-and-aft rig</i> consists of sails that are set along the line of the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> rather than perpendicular to it. Vessels so rigged are described as <i>fore-and-aft rigged</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian sailing ship, ca. 1422–1411 BCE</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship#History" title="Ship">Ship § History</a></div> <p>The invention of the sail was a technological advance of equal or even greater importance than the invention of the wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested by some that it has the significance of the development of the neolithic lifestyle or the first establishment of cities. Yet it is not known when or where this invention took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p><p>Much of the early development of water transport is believed to have occurred in two main "nursery" areas of the world: <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region. In both of these you have warmer waters, so that use of <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">rafts</a> is possible without the risk of <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> (a raft is usually a "flow through" structure) and a number of intervisible islands create both an invitation to travel and an environment where advanced navigation techniques are not needed. Alongside this, the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> has a northward flowing current with a prevailing wind in the opposite direction, so giving the potential to drift in one direction and sail in the other.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrail_2014a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrail_2014a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGrail_2014b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrail_2014b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Many do not consider sails to have been used before the 5th millennium BCE. Others consider sails to have been invented much earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 174, 175">: 174, 175 </span></sup> </p><p>Archaeological studies of the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (c. 6000–4300 BCE) in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> provide direct evidence of sailing boats.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Square_rigs">Square rigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Square rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sails from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> are depicted around 3200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-qaa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qaa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnstone_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnstone-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Reed_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed boats">reed boats</a> sailed upstream against the River <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>'s current. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> began trading by ship by around 1200 BCE. </p><p>V-shaped square rigs with two spars that come together at the hull were the ancestral sailing rig of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> before they developed the fore-and-aft <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">junk rigs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of introduction of these later Austronesian sails is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lateen_rigs">Lateen rigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lateen rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bgl3t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bgl3t.jpg/220px-Bgl3t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bgl3t.jpg/330px-Bgl3t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bgl3t.jpg/440px-Bgl3t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldivian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baghlah" title="Baghlah">Baghlah</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">fore-and-aft rig</a> <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen rig</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a> sails emerged by around the 2nd century CE in the Mediterranean. They did not become common until the 5th century, when there is evidence that the Mediterranean square sail (which had been in wide use throughout the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a>) was undergoing a simplification of its rigging components.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the increasing popularity of the lateen and the changes to the contemporary square rig are suggested to be cost saving measures, reducing the number of expensive components needed to fit out a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitewright_2012a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitewright_2012a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been a common and erroneous presumption among maritime historians that lateen had significantly better sailing performance than the square rig of the same period. Analysis of voyages described in contemporary accounts and also in various replica vessels demonstrates that the performance of square rig and lateen were very similar. Lateen provided a cheaper rig to build and maintain, with no degradation of performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitewright_2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitewright_2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitewright_2012a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitewright_2012a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lateen was adopted by Arab seafarers (usually in the sub-type: the <a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">settee sail</a>), but the date is uncertain, with no firm evidence for their use in the Western Indian Ocean before 1500 CE. There is, however, good iconographic evidence of square sails being used by Arab, Persian and Indian ships in this region in, for instance, 1519.<sup id="cite_ref-Vosmer_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vosmer_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> in Northern European waters from about 1440 made lateen sails familiar in this part of the world. Additionally, lateen sails were used for the mizzen on early three-masted ships, playing a significant role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">full-rigged ship</a>. It did not, however, provide much of the propulsive force of these vessels – rather serving as a balancing sail that was needed for some manoeuvres in some sea and wind conditions. The extensive amount of contemporary maritime art showing the lateen mizzen on 16th and 17th century ships often has the sail furled. Practical experience on the <i><a href="/wiki/Duyfken" title="Duyfken">Duyfken</a></i> replica confirmed the role of the lateen mizzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Burningham_2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burningham_2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elbl_1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elbl_1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Friel_1994_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friel_1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crab_claw_rigs">Crab claw rigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crab claw rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/170px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/255px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/340px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiji#Early_settlement" title="Fiji">Fijian</a> voyaging <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boat</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sail</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/170px-Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/255px-Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/340px-Iranun_Lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sails</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Austronesian invention of <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger ship">outriggers</a>, and the bi-sparred triangular <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sails</a> enabled their ships to sail for vast distances in open ocean. It led to the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian Expansion">Austronesian Expansion</a>. From Taiwan, they rapidly settled the islands of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, then later sailed further onwards to <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, eventually settling a territory spanning half the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proto-<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> words for sail, <i>lay(r)</i>, and some other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austronesian rigs are distinctive in that they have spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between).<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sails were also made from salt-resistant woven leaves, usually from <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandan</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirch2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crab claw sails used with <a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">single-outrigger</a> ships in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> were intrinsically unstable when tacking leeward. To deal with this, Austronesians in these regions developed the <a href="/wiki/Shunting_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunting (sailing)">shunting</a> technique in sailing, in conjunction with uniquely reversible single-outriggers. In the rest of <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>, crab claw sails were mainly for <a href="/wiki/Double-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-outrigger">double-outrigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">trimarans</a>) and double-hulled (<a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>) boats, which remained stable even leeward.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beheim_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beheim-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hornell1932_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornell1932-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In western <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, later square sails also evolved from the crab claw sail, the <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">junk rig</a>, both of which retained the Austronesian characteristic of having more than one spar supporting the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani_1951_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani_1951-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_1980_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone_1980-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerodynamic_forces">Aerodynamic forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aerodynamic forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Points_of_sail--close-hauled_(right)_and_down_wind_(left).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg/220px-Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg/330px-Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg/440px-Points_of_sail--close-hauled_%28right%29_and_down_wind_%28left%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Aerodynamic forces for two points of sail. <br /><i>Left-hand boat</i>:<br />Down wind—predominant <i>drag</i> propels the boat with little heeling moment. <br /><i>Right-hand boat</i>:<br />Up wind (close-hauled)—predominant <i>lift</i> both propels the boat and contributes to heel.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg/220px-Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg/330px-Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg/440px-Sail_angles_of_attack_and_resulting_flow_patterns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Sail <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angles of attack</a> and resulting (idealized) flow patterns that provide propulsive lift.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">Forces on sails</a></div> <p>Aerodynamic forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft. The direction that the craft is traveling with respect to the <i>true wind</i> (the wind direction and speed over the surface) is called the "point of sail". The speed of the craft at a given point of sail contributes to the apparent wind (<b>V<sub>A</sub></b>), the wind speed and direction as measured on the moving craft. The apparent wind on the sail creates a total aerodynamic force, which may be resolved into <i>drag</i>, the force component in the direction of the apparent wind and <i>lift</i>, the force component <a href="/wiki/Normal_(geometry)" title="Normal (geometry)">normal</a> (90°) to the apparent wind. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind, lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component. Total aerodynamic force also resolves into a forward, propulsive, driving force, resisted by the medium through or over which the craft is passing (e.g., through water, air, or over ice, sand) and a lateral force, resisted by the underwater foils, ice runners, or wheels of the sailing craft.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, lift diminishes and drag increases as the predominant component of propulsion. For a given true wind velocity over the surface, a sail can propel a craft to a higher speed, on points of sail when the entry point of the sail is aligned with the apparent wind, than it can with the entry point not aligned, because of a combination of the diminished force from airflow around the sail and the diminished apparent wind from the velocity of the craft. Because of limitations on speed through the water, displacement sailboats generally derive power from sails generating lift on points of sail that include close-hauled through broad reach (approximately 40° to 135° off the wind).<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of low friction over the surface and high speeds over the ice that create high apparent wind speeds for most points of sail, iceboats can derive power from lift further off the wind than displacement boats.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>Downwind sailing with a spinnaker</dt></dl> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinnaker set for a broad reach, mobilizing both lift and drag."><img alt="Spinnaker set for a broad reach, mobilizing both lift and drag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg/229px-Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg/344px-Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg/458px-Sailboat_on_broad_reach_with_spinnaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinnaker set for a broad reach, mobilizing both lift and drag.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinnaker cross-section trimmed for a broad reach showing air flow."><img alt="Spinnaker cross-section trimmed for a broad reach showing air flow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg/300px-Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg/451px-Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg/600px-Spinnaker_trimmed_for_broad_reach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinnaker cross-section trimmed for a broad reach showing air flow.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinnaker downwind, primarily mobilizing drag."><img alt="Spinnaker downwind, primarily mobilizing drag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/163px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/245px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/326px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinnaker downwind, primarily mobilizing drag.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinnaker cross-section with following apparent wind, showing air flow."><img alt="Spinnaker cross-section with following apparent wind, showing air flow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg/300px-Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg/451px-Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg/600px-Symmetrical_spinnaker_with_following_apparent_wind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinnaker cross-section with following apparent wind, showing air flow.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg/300px-FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg/450px-FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg/600px-FMIB_47800_Differents_types_de_Voiles.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Different sail types.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> A. Course B. Topsail C. Lateen D. Staysail </td> <td class="col-break"> E. Gaff-rigged G. Quadrilateral H. Loose-footed J. Spritsail </td> <td class="col-break"> K. Standing lug L. Triangular M. Dipping lug N. Junk   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sail_plan" title="Sail plan">Sail plan</a></div> <p>Each rig is configured in a <i><a href="/wiki/Sail_plan" title="Sail plan">sail plan</a></i>, appropriate to the size of the sailing craft. A sail plan is a set of drawings, usually prepared by a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Architecture">naval architect</a> which shows the various combinations of sail proposed for a <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ship</a>. Sail plans may vary for different wind conditions—light to heavy. Both square-rigged and fore-and-aft rigged vessels have been built with a wide range of configurations for single and multiple masts with sails and with a variety of means of primary attachment to the craft, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Folkard_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">Jibs</a>, which are usually attached to <a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">staysails</a>, which are mounted on other stays (typically wire cable) that support other masts from the bow aft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff-rigged</a> quadrilateral and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a> triangular sails, fore-and-aft sails directly attached to the mast at the luff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square sails</a> and such fore-and-aft quadrilateral sails as <a href="/wiki/Lug_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lug rig">lug rigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">junk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">spritsails</a> and such triangular sails as the <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw</a> have their primary attachment to the vessel via a spar.</li> <li>Symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnakers</a>' primary attachment to a vessel is by a halyard.</li></ul> <p>High-performance yachts, including the <a href="/wiki/International_C-Class_Catamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="International C-Class Catamaran">International C-Class Catamaran</a>, have used or use rigid <i>wing sails</i>, which perform better than traditional soft sails but are more difficult to manage.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rigid wing sail was used by <i><a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(yacht)#Catamaran-hull_yachts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars and Stripes (yacht)">Stars and Stripes</a></i>, the defender which won the <a href="/wiki/1988_America%27s_Cup" title="1988 America's Cup">1988 America's Cup</a>, and by <i><a href="/wiki/USA_17_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="USA 17 (yacht)">USA-17</a></i>, the challenger which won the <a href="/wiki/2010_America%27s_Cup" title="2010 America's Cup">2010 America's Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>USA 17'</i>s performance during the <a href="/wiki/2010_America%27s_Cup" title="2010 America's Cup">2010 America's Cup</a> races demonstrated a <a href="/wiki/Sailing_faster_than_the_wind#Speed_made_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing faster than the wind">velocity made good</a> upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed and the ability to sail as close as 20 degrees off the apparent wind.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spritsail-parts_of_sail_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg/220px-Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg/330px-Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg/440px-Spritsail-parts_of_sail_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Corners and sides of a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Shape" title="Sail components">Sail components § Shape</a></div> <p>The shape of a sail is defined by its edges and corners in the plane of the sail, laid out on a flat surface. The edges may be curved, either to extend the sail's shape as an airfoil or to define its shape in use. In use, the sail becomes a curved shape, adding the dimension of depth or <i>draft</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>Edges</i> – The top of all sails is called the <i>head</i>, the leading edge is called the <i>luff</i> on fore-and-aft sails<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on windward leech symmetrical sails, the trailing edge is the <i>leech</i>, and the bottom edge is the <i>foot</i>. The <i>head</i> is attached at the throat and peak to a gaff, <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yard</a>, or sprit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a triangular sail the <i>head</i> refers to the topmost corner.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>A fore-and-aft triangular mainsail achieves a better approximation of a wing form by extending the leech aft, beyond the line between the head and clew on an arc called the <i>roach</i>, rather than having a triangular shape. This added area would flutter in the wind and not contribute to the efficient airfoil shape of the sail without the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">battens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offshore cruising mainsails sometimes have a <i>hollow leech</i> (the inverse of a roach) to obviate the need for battens and their ensuing likelihood of chafing the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roach on a square sail design is the arc of a circle above a straight line from clew to clew at the foot of a square sail, which allows the foot of the sail to clear stays coming up the mast, as the sails are rotated from side to side.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipping1847_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipping1847-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Corners</i> – The names of corners of sails vary, depending on shape and symmetry. In a triangular sail, the corner where the luff and the leech connect is called the <i>head</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a square sail, the top corners are <i>head cringles</i>, where there are grommets, called <a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">cringles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a quadrilateral sail, the <i>peak</i> is the upper aft corner of the sail, at the top end of a gaff or other spar. The <i>throat</i> is the upper forward corner of the sail, at the bottom end of a gaff or other spar. Gaff-rigged sails, and certain similar rigs, employ two <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyards</a> to raise the sails: the <a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat halyard</a> raises the forward, throat end of the gaff, while the <a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak halyard</a> raises the aft, peak end.<sup id="cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattendorf-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The corner where the leech and foot connect is called the <i>clew</i> on a fore-and-aft sail. On a jib, the sheet is connected to the clew; on a mainsail, the sheet is connected to the boom (if present) near the clew.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Clews</i> are the lower two corners of a square sail. Square sails have <a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">sheets</a> attached to their clews like triangular sails, but the sheets are used to pull the sail down to the yard below rather than to adjust the angle it makes with the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattendorf-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corner where the leech and the foot connect is called the <i>clew</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corner on a fore-and-aft sail where the luff and foot connect is called the <i>tack</i><sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on a mainsail, is located where the boom and mast connect.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>In the case of a symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnaker</a>, each of the lower corners of the sail is a clew. However, under sail on a given tack, the corner to which the spinnaker sheet is attached is called the <i>clew</i>, and the corner attached to the spinnaker pole is referred to as the <i>tack</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattendorf-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SQRG_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQRG-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a square sail underway, the tack is the windward clew and also the line holding down that corner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Draft</i> – Those triangular sails that are attached to both a mast along the luff and a boom along the foot have depth, called <i><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">draft</a></i>, which results from the luff and foot being curved, rather than straight as they are attached to those spars. Draft creates a more efficient <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> shape for the sail. Draft can also be induced in triangular <a href="/wiki/Staysails" class="mw-redirect" title="Staysails">staysails</a> by adjustment of the sheets and the angle from which they reach the sails.<sup id="cite_ref-RYA_sail_draft_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RYA_sail_draft-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material">Material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/220px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/330px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/440px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Laminated sail with Kevlar and carbon fibers.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Materials" title="Sail components">Sail components § Materials</a></div> <p>Sail characteristics derive, in part, from the design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. There are several key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth: <i><a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">initial modulus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">breaking strength (tenacity)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">flex strength</a></i>. Both the initial cost and its durability of the material define its cost-effectiveness over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, sails were made from <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Scandinavian, Scottish and Icelandic cultures used woolen sails from the 11th into the 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-WoolSailcloth_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoolSailcloth-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials used in sails, as of the 21st century, include <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> for spinnakers, where light weight and elastic resistance to shock load are valued and a range of fibers, used for triangular sails, that includes <a href="/wiki/Dacron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacron">Dacron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> fibers including <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal polymer">liquid crystal polymer</a> fibers including <a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Textor_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woven materials, like Dacron, may specified as either high or low <i>tenacity</i>, as indicated, in part by their <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Denier" title="Units of textile measurement">denier</a> count (a unit of measure for the <a href="/wiki/Linear_mass_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear mass density">linear mass density</a> of fibers).<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cross-cut</i> sails have the panels sewn parallel to one another, often parallel to the foot of the sail, and are the least expensive of the two sail constructions. Triangular cross-cut sail panels are designed to meet the mast and stay at an angle from either the warp or the weft (on the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(textile)#Bias" title="Grain (textile)">bias</a>) to allow stretching along the luff, but minimize stretching on the luff and foot, where the fibers are aligned with the edges of the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgate_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Radial</i> sails have panels that "radiate" from corners in order to efficiently transmit stress and are typically of higher performance than cross-cut sails. A <i>bi-radial</i> sail has panels radiating from two of three corners; a <i>tri-radial</i> sail has panels radiating from all three corners. Mainsails are more likely to be bi-radial, since there is very little stress at the tack, whereas head sails (spinnakers and jibs) are more likely to be tri-radial, because they are tensioned at their corners.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher performance sails may be laminated, constructed directly from multiple plies of <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">filaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffetas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">films</a>, instead of woven textiles that are adhered together. <i>Molded sails</i> are laminated sails formed over a curved mold and adhered together into a shape that does not lie flat.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventional sail panels are sewn together. Sails are tensile structures, so the role of a seam is to transmit a tensile load from panel to panel. For a sewn textile sail this is done through thread and is limited by the strength of the thread and the strength of the hole in the textile through which it passes. Sail seams are often overlapped between panels and sewn with zig-zag stitches that create many connections per unit of seam length.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesStylios_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesStylios-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas textiles are typically sewn together, other sail materials may be <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">ultrasonically welded</a>, a technique whereby high frequency <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> are locally applied to workpieces being held together under pressure to create a solid state <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">weld</a>. It is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, and especially for joining dissimilar <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesStylios_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesStylios-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sails feature reinforcements of fabric layers where lines attach at <a href="/wiki/Grommet" title="Grommet">grommets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">cringles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">bolt rope</a> may be sewn onto the edges of a sail to reinforce it, or to fix the sail into a groove in the boom, in the mast, or in the luff foil of a <a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">roller-furling</a> jib.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipping1847_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipping1847-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have stiffening features, called <a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">battens</a>, that help shape the sail, when full length,<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just the roach, when present.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have a variety of means of <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">reefing</a> them (reducing sail area), including rows of short lines affixed to the sail to wrap up unused sail, as on square and gaff rigs,<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply grommets through which a line or a hook may pass, as on Bermuda mainsails.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahne_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahne-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fore-and-aft sails may have <a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">tell-tales</a>—pieces of yarn, thread or tape that are affixed to sails—to help visualize airflow over their surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>Comparison of jib panel construction</dt></dl> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_horyzont.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-cut"><img alt="Cross-cut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/203px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/304px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/406px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-cut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_birad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bi-radial"><img alt="Bi-radial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/203px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/304px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/406px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bi-radial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_gwiazda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tri-radial"><img alt="Tri-radial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/202px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/303px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/404px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tri-radial</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Running_rigging">Running rigging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Running rigging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg/220px-Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg/330px-Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg/440px-Yacht-mainsheet-jibsheet-vang-downhaul-jib_halyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Running rigging on a sailing yacht: <div><ol><li>Main sheet</li><li>Jib sheet</li><li>Boom vang</li><li>Downhaul</li><li>Jib halyard</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/220px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/330px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/440px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Square sail edges and corners (top). Running rigging (bottom).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">Running rigging</a></div> <p>The lines that attach to and control sails are part of the <a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">running rigging</a> and differ between square and fore-and-aft rigs. Some rigs shift from one side of the mast to the other, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail#Types" title="Lug sail">dipping lug sail</a> and the lateen. The lines can be categorized as those that support the sail, those that shape it, and those that control its angle to the wind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fore-and-aft_rigged_vessels">Fore-and-aft rigged vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fore-and-aft rigged vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fore-and-aft rigged vessels have rigging that supports, shapes, and adjusts the sails to optimize their performance in the wind, which include the following lines: </p> <ul><li><i>Supporting</i> – <i>Halyards</i> raise sails and control luff tension. <i>Topping lifts</i> hold booms and yards aloft.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a gaff sail, <i><a href="/wiki/Brail" title="Brail">brails</a></i> run from the leech to the spar to facilitate furling.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shaping</i> – <i>Barber haulers</i> adjust a spinnaker/jib sheeting angle inboard at right angles to the sheet with a ring or clip on the sheet attached to cordage which is secured and adjusted via fairlead and cam cleat.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweer_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Boom_vang" title="Boom vang">Kicking straps/boom vangs</a></i> control a boom-footed sail's leech tension by exerting downward force mid-boom.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">Cunninghams</a></i> tighten the luff of a boom-footed sail by pulling downward on a cringle in the luff of a mainsail above the tack.<sup id="cite_ref-HomeEvans_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HomeEvans-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">Downhauls</a></i> lower a sail or a yard and can adjust the tension on the luff of a sail.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">Outhauls</a></i> control the foot tension of a boom-footed sail.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Adjusting angle to the wind</i> – <i><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">Sheets</a></i> control angle of attack with respect to the apparent wind, the amount of leech "twist" near the head of the sail, and the foot tension of loose-footed sails.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Preventer" title="Preventer">preventer</a></i> attaches to the end of the boom from a point near the mast to prevent an accidental gybe.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Guy_(sailing)" title="Guy (sailing)">Guys</a></i> control spinnaker pole angle with respect to the apparent wind.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Square-rigged_vessels">Square-rigged vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Square-rigged vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Square-rigged vessels require more controlling lines than fore-and-aft rigged ones, including the following. </p> <ul><li><i>Supporting</i> – <i>Halyards</i> raise and lower the yards.<sup id="cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Brails</i> run from the leech to the spar to facilitate furling.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Buntlines</a></i> serve to raise the foot up for shortening sail or for furling.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lifts</i> adjust the tilt of a yard, to raise or lower the ends off the horizontal.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Leechlines</i> run to the <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_a_sail#Edges" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of a sail">leech</a> (outer vertical edges) of a sail and serve to pull the leech both in and up when furling.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shaping</i> – <i>Bowlines</i> run from the leech forward towards the bow to control the weather leech, keeping it taut and thus preventing it from curling back on itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Clewlines</a></i> raise the clews to the yard above.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Adjusting angle to the wind</i> – <i><a href="/wiki/Brace_(sailing)" title="Brace (sailing)">Braces</a></i> adjust the fore and aft angle of a <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yard</a> (i.e. to rotate the yard laterally, fore and aft, around the mast).<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sheets</i> attach to the clew to control the sail's angle to the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tack_(square_sail)" title="Tack (square sail)">Tacks</a></i> haul the clew of a square sail forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <p><b>Sails on <a href="/wiki/High-performance_sailing" title="High-performance sailing">high-performance sailing</a> craft.</b> </p> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladerider-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="International Moth on foils."><img alt="International Moth on foils." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bladerider-8.jpg/174px-Bladerider-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bladerider-8.jpg/262px-Bladerider-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bladerider-8.jpg/349px-Bladerider-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moth_(dinghy)" title="Moth (dinghy)">International Moth</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">foils</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windsurfer."><img alt="Windsurfer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Funboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Windsurfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsurfer">Windsurfer</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladef16-1up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Formula 16 catamaran."><img alt="Formula 16 catamaran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/174px-Bladef16-1up.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/262px-Bladef16-1up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/349px-Bladef16-1up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Formula_16" title="Formula 16">Formula 16</a> <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DN class ice boat."><img alt="DN class ice boat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg/380px-DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg/569px-DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg/759px-DN_ice_boat--Ice_Nine--Lake_Sunapee_NH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_DN" title="International DN">DN class</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice boat">ice boat</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LandYacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Land sailing craft."><img alt="Land sailing craft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LandYacht.jpg/199px-LandYacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LandYacht.jpg/299px-LandYacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LandYacht.jpg/399px-LandYacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Land sailing craft.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <p>Sails on craft subject to low forward resistance and high lateral resistance typically have full-length battens.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Components</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_canvas" title="Marine canvas">Marine canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_Class_Markings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sail Class Markings">Sail Class Markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggywrinkle" title="Baggywrinkle">Baggywrinkle</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Concepts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_twist" title="Sail twist">Sail twist</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">Cruising (maritime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkySails" title="SkySails">SkySails</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Types of sails</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">Mainsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen">Mizzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The wheel was invented <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>5,000BCE <sup id="cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 174">: 174 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An obvious component of the Mediterranean square sail in archaeological situations are the lead rings through which brail lines were led. The brails were used to reduce sail area in rising winds. The cheaper alternative was to use reefing points (as is seen in traditional sailing craft of today), with the archaeological record seeing a disappearance of the distinctive lead rings.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/280"><i>The Price of Admiralty</i></a>. New York: Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/280">280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81416-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81416-4"><bdi>0-670-81416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Admiralty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-670-81416-4&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriceofadmiralty00keeg%2Fpage%2F280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1910" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Austin Melvin (1910). <i>Modern seamanship</i>. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 507–532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=507-532&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Austin+Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jett_2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jett_2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jett, Stephen C. (2017). <i>Ancient ocean crossings: reconsidering the case for contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas</i>. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-9075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-9075-4"><bdi>978-0-8173-9075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+ocean+crossings%3A+reconsidering+the+case+for+contacts+with+the+pre-Columbian+Americas&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-9075-4&rft.aulast=Jett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrail_2014a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrail_2014a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrail2014" class="citation book cs1">McGrail, Sean (2014). <i>Early ships and seafaring : European water transport</i>. South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781593929" title="Special:BookSources/9781781593929"><bdi>9781781593929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+ships+and+seafaring+%3A+European+water+transport&rft.place=South+Yorkshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Archaeology&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781781593929&rft.aulast=McGrail&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrail_2014b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrail_2014b_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrail2014" class="citation book cs1">McGrail, Sean (2014). <i>Early ships and seafaring : water transport beyond Europe</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473825598" title="Special:BookSources/9781473825598"><bdi>9781473825598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+ships+and+seafaring+%3A+water+transport+beyond+Europe&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473825598&rft.aulast=McGrail&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas2007" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (2007). "1". <i>The goddesses and gods of Old Europe, 6500–3500 BCE: myths and cult images</i> (New and updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25398-8"><bdi>978-0-520-25398-8</bdi></a>. <q>The use of sailing-boats is attested from the sixth millennium onwards by their incised depiction on ceramics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+goddesses+and+gods+of+Old+Europe%2C+6500%E2%80%933500+BCE%3A+myths+and+cult+images&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=New+and+updated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25398-8&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Carter, Robert</a> (2012). "19". In Potts, D.T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1576775"><i>A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Ch 19 Watercraft</i></a>. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 347–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8988-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8988-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-8988-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428190743/http://www.academia.edu/1576775/Watercraft">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+archaeology+of+the+ancient+Near+East.+Ch+19+Watercraft&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=347-354&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8988-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1576775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qaa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qaa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Coleman_Darnell2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Coleman_Darnell" title="John Coleman Darnell">John Coleman Darnell</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053044/http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm">"The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A Tableau of Royal Ritual Power in the Theban Western Desert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm">the original</a> on 2011-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wadi+of+the+Horus+Qa-a%3A+A+Tableau+of+Royal+Ritual+Power+in+the+Theban+Western+Desert&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=2006&rft.au=John+Coleman+Darnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fegyptology%2Fae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnstone-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnstone_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, I.C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617">"The Lateen Sail in World History"</a>. <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617">20078617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=The+Lateen+Sail+in+World+History&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=I.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2018-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2018_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.). <i>The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania</i>. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992507-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SEAFARING+IN+REMOTE+OCEANIA+Traditionalism+and+Beyond+in+Maritime+Technology+and+Migration&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+prehistoric+Oceania&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992507-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitewright_2012a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitewright_2012a_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitewright_2012a_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitewright2012" class="citation journal cs1">Whitewright, Julian (April 2012). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean". <i>Al-Masāq</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2012.655580">10.1080/09503110.2012.655580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161464823">161464823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=Technological+Continuity+and+Change%3A+The+Lateen+Sail+of+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2012.655580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161464823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whitewright&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitewright_2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitewright_2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitewright2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitewright, Julian (March 2011). "The Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs: THE POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SAILING RIGS". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 2–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJNAr..40....2W">2011IJNAr..40....2W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2010.00276.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111007423">111007423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Potential+Performance+of+Ancient+Mediterranean+Sailing+Rigs%3A+THE+POTENTIAL+PERFORMANCE+OF+ANCIENT+MEDITERRANEAN+SAILING+RIGS&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-17&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111007423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2010.00276.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011IJNAr..40....2W&rft.aulast=Whitewright&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vosmer_2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vosmer_2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosmer2014" class="citation book cs1">Vosmer, Tom (2014). "The Belitung shipwreck and Jewel of Muscat". In Sindbæk, Søren; Trakadas, Athena (eds.). <i>The world in the viking age</i>. Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788785180704" title="Special:BookSources/9788785180704"><bdi>9788785180704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Belitung+shipwreck+and+Jewel+of+Muscat&rft.btitle=The+world+in+the+viking+age&rft.place=Roskilde&rft.pub=The+Viking+Ship+Museum+in+Roskilde&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788785180704&rft.aulast=Vosmer&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burningham_2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burningham_2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurningham2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burningham, Nick (April 2001). "Learning to sail the Duyfken replica". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 74–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IJNAr..30...74B">2001IJNAr..30...74B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2001.tb01357.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01357.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Learning+to+sail+the+Duyfken+replica&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-85&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2001.tb01357.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001IJNAr..30...74B&rft.aulast=Burningham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbl_1994-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elbl_1994_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbl1994" class="citation book cs1">Elbl, Martin (1994). "The Caravel and the Galleon". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.). <i>Cogs, Caravels and Galleons : the sailing ship, 1000-1650</i>. 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"The Carrack – the advent of the full rigged ship". In Gardiner, Robert; Unger, Richard W (eds.). <i>Cogs, Caravels and Galleons : the sailing ship, 1000-1650</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851775608" title="Special:BookSources/0851775608"><bdi>0851775608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carrack+%E2%80%93+the+advent+of+the+full+rigged+ship&rft.btitle=Cogs%2C+Caravels+and+Galleons+%3A+the+sailing+ship%2C+1000-1650&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0851775608&rft.aulast=Friel&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1974-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1974" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">"Outrigger Ages"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 130–140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. pp. 144–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10054-0"><bdi>978-0-415-10054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=144-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10054-0&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (1994). <i>We, the Navigators : the ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific</i> (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wenavigatorsanci0000lewi/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1582-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1582-3"><bdi>0-8248-1582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We%2C+the+Navigators+%3A+the+ancient+art+of+landfinding+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8248-1582-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirch2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirch2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirch2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDQy8OOicF4C&pg=PA25"><i>A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95383-3"><bdi>978-0-520-95383-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shark+Going+Inland+Is+My+Chief%3A+The+Island+Civilization+of+Ancient+Hawai%27i&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95383-3&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Vinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDQy8OOicF4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallaher2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher2014_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallaher2014" class="citation book cs1">Gallaher, Timothy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276291081">"The Past and Future of Hala (<i>Pandanus tectorius</i>) in Hawaii"</a>. In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.). <i>ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi</i>. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2571.4648">10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4093-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-4093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Past+and+Future+of+Hala+%28Pandanus+tectorius%29+in+Hawaii&rft.btitle=%CA%BBIke+Ulana+Lau+Hala%3A+The+Vitality+and+Vibrancy+of+Lau+Hala+Weaving+Traditions+in+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.pub=Hawai%27inuiakea+School+of+Hawaiian+Knowledge%3B+University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2571.4648&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-4093-8&rft.aulast=Gallaher&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F276291081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1981-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1981_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1981" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Edwin B. (1981). <i>Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-107-0"><bdi>978-0-89096-107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wangka%3A+Austronesian+Canoe+Origins&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-107-0&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beheim-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beheim_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeheimBell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beheim, B. A.; Bell, A. V. (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158936">"Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>278</b> (1721): 3089–3095. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0060">10.1098/rspb.2011.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158936">3158936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21345865">21345865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Inheritance%2C+ecology+and+the+evolution+of+the+canoes+of+east+Oceania&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1721&rft.pages=3089-3095&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3158936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21345865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0060&rft.aulast=Beheim&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Bell%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3158936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornell1932-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornell1932_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornell1932" class="citation journal cs1">Hornell, James (1932). "Was the Double-Outrigger Known in Polynesia and Micronesia? A Critical Study". <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>41</b> (2 (162)): 131–143. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20702413">20702413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Was+the+Double-Outrigger+Known+in+Polynesia+and+Micronesia%3F+A+Critical+Study&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2+%28162%29&rft.pages=131-143&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20702413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hornell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourani_1951-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hourani_1951_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani1951" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, George Fadlo (1951). <i>Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times</i>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Seafaring+in+the+Indian+Ocean+in+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+Times&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=George+Fadlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnstone_1980-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnstone_1980_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone1980" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Paul (1980). <i>The Seacraft of Prehistory</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-79595-2"><bdi>978-0-674-79595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seacraft+of+Prehistory&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-79595-2&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clancy-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clancy_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1975" class="citation cs2">Clancy, L.J. (1975), <i>Aerodynamics</i>, London: Pitman Publishing Limited, p. 638, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-01120-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-01120-0"><bdi>0-273-01120-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerodynamics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Pitman+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-273-01120-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=L.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobson2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jobson2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson1990" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/championshiptact00jobs/page/323"><i>Championship Tactics: How Anyone Can Sail Faster, Smarter, and Win Races</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/championshiptact00jobs/page/323">323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04278-7"><bdi>0-312-04278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Championship+Tactics%3A+How+Anyone+Can+Sail+Faster%2C+Smarter%2C+and+Win+Races&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-312-04278-7&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampionshiptact00jobs%2Fpage%2F323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethwaite2007" class="citation book cs1">Bethwaite, Frank (2007). <i>High Performance Sailing</i>. Adlard Coles Nautical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6704-2"><bdi>978-0-7136-6704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Sailing&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles+Nautical&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-6704-2&rft.aulast=Bethwaite&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clerc-Rampal, G. (1913) Mer : la Mer Dans la Nature, la Mer et l'Homme, Paris: Librairie Larousse, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folkard-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Folkard_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkard2012" class="citation book cs1">Folkard, Henry Coleman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_am8AQAAQBAJ&q=Sail+plan&pg=PR15"><i>Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise</i></a>. Dover Maritime. Courier Corporation. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-31134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-31134-0"><bdi>978-0-486-31134-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=_am8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15&dq=Sail+plan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz2rHsnMLRAhVCOiYKHZcTD78Q6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=Sail%20plan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Boats+from+Around+the+World%3A+The+Classic+1906+Treatise&rft.series=Dover+Maritime&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-31134-0&rft.aulast=Folkard&rft.aufirst=Henry+Coleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_am8AQAAQBAJ%26q%3DSail%2Bplan%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sail-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sail_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Nielsen, Peter (May 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sailmagazine.com/boats/have-wingsails-gone-mainstream">"Have Wingsails Gone Mainstream?"</a>. <i>Sail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412203330/http://www.sailmagazine.com/boats/have-wingsails-gone-mainstream">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sail&rft.atitle=Have+Wingsails+Gone+Mainstream%3F&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sailmagazine.com%2Fboats%2Fhave-wingsails-gone-mainstream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/07/sports/SAI-Americas-Cup-Big-Boat.php">"America's cup: BMW Oracle Racing pushes edge in 90-foot trimaran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a></i>. 2008-11-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211173314/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/07/sports/SAI-Americas-Cup-Big-Boat.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=America%27s+cup%3A+BMW+Oracle+Racing+pushes+edge+in+90-foot+trimaran&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F11%2F07%2Fsports%2FSAI-Americas-Cup-Big-Boat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwintal2009" class="citation web cs1">Swintal, Diane (13 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cupinfo.com/en/bmwo-multihull-san-diego-coutts-002.php">"Russell Coutts Talks About BMW Oracle's Giant Multi-hull"</a>. <i>cupinfo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217023810/http://www.cupinfo.com/en/bmwo-multihull-san-diego-coutts-002.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cupinfo.com&rft.atitle=Russell+Coutts+Talks+About+BMW+Oracle%27s+Giant+Multi-hull&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.aulast=Swintal&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cupinfo.com%2Fen%2Fbmwo-multihull-san-diego-coutts-002.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/cruising-tips/basic-sailing-101/">"Know How: Sailing 101"</a>. <i>Sail Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005070356/http://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/cruising-tips/basic-sailing-101/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Know+How%3A+Sailing+101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sailmagazine.com%2Fcruising%2Fcruising-tips%2Fbasic-sailing-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000">King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Textor-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTextor1995" class="citation book cs1">Textor, Ken (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JIbS0c1XPwC&q=downwind+sailing&pg=PA50"><i>The New Book of Sail Trim</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924486-81-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-924486-81-3"><bdi>0-924486-81-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517224802/https://books.google.com/books?id=2JIbS0c1XPwC&pg=PA50&dq=downwind+sailing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LoggVeSSCsvlsAX2oIDICA&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=downwind%20sailing&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Book+of+Sail+Trim&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-924486-81-3&rft.aulast=Textor&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JIbS0c1XPwC%26q%3Ddownwind%2Bsailing%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolson-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nO3M-8JAhH4C&q=leech+line+sail&pg=PA93"><i>A Sail for All Seasons: Cruising and Racing Sail Tips</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-047-5"><bdi>978-1-57409-047-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=nO3M-8JAhH4C&pg=PA93&dq=leech+line+sail&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizvaGQzL3RAhVJNSYKHWnFA7YQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=leech%20line%20sail&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sail+for+All+Seasons%3A+Cruising+and+Racing+Sail+Tips&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-047-5&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnO3M-8JAhH4C%26q%3Dleech%2Bline%2Bsail%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipping1847-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kipping1847_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kipping1847_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipping1847" class="citation book cs1">Kipping, Robert (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3n8EAAAAQAAJ&q=bolt-rope"><i>The Elements of Sailmaking: Being a Complete Treatise on Cutting-out Sails, According to the Most Approved Methods in the Merchant Service...</i></a> F.W. Norie & Wilson. pp. 58–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Sailmaking%3A+Being+a+Complete+Treatise+on+Cutting-out+Sails%2C+According+to+the+Most+Approved+Methods+in+the+Merchant+Service...&rft.pages=58-72&rft.pub=F.W.+Norie+%26+Wilson&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Kipping&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3n8EAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dbolt-rope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobson-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&q=Sail+terminology"><i>Sailing Fundamentals</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-3678-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Sail+terminology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF-JHs7YrPAhVGVz4KHYr_BSEQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=Head&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Fundamentals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3678-2&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKTrrP3wA-cC%26q%3DSail%2Bterminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1921" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Austin N. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernseamanshi00kniggoog"><i>Modern Seamanship</i></a> (8 ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernseamanshi00kniggoog/page/n850">831</a>. <q>head cringle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=831&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=D.+van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Austin+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernseamanshi00kniggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hattendorf-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hattendorf_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Dean; Hattendorf, John B.; Estes, J W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BK-PyCrQ0aMC&q=King,+Dean;+Hattendorf,+John+B.;+Estes,+J+W.+(2000).+A+sea+of+words:+a+lexicon+and+companion+for+Patrick+O'Brian's+seafaring+tales"><i>A sea of words: a lexicon and companion for Patrick O'Brian's seafaring tales</i></a> (3 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt</a>. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6615-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=BK-PyCrQ0aMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=King,+Dean;+Hattendorf,+John+B.;+Estes,+J+W.+(2000).+A+sea+of+words:+a+lexicon+and+companion+for+Patrick+O'Brian's+seafaring+tales&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP9P_-gqHRAhXHJiYKHfGZDa8Q6AEIGjAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sea+of+words%3A+a+lexicon+and+companion+for+Patrick+O%27Brian%27s+seafaring+tales&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6615-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Hattendorf%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Estes%2C+J+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBK-PyCrQ0aMC%26q%3DKing%2C%2BDean%3B%2BHattendorf%2C%2BJohn%2BB.%3B%2BEstes%2C%2BJ%2BW.%2B%282000%29.%2BA%2Bsea%2Bof%2Bwords%3A%2Ba%2Blexicon%2Band%2Bcompanion%2Bfor%2BPatrick%2BO%27Brian%27s%2Bseafaring%2Btales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQRG-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQRG_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyc.org/portals/0/forms-docs/seminars-tsang.pdf">"Sailing Quick Reference Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wayzata Yacht Club</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235131/http://www.wyc.org/portals/0/forms-docs/seminars-tsang.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayzata+Yacht+Club&rft.atitle=Sailing+Quick+Reference+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyc.org%2Fportals%2F0%2Fforms-docs%2Fseminars-tsang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000">King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RYA_sail_draft-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RYA_sail_draft_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinks" class="citation web cs1">Jinks, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rya.org.uk/knowledge-advice/cruising-tips/boat-handling-sail/Pages/adjusting-sail-draft.aspx">"Adjusting Sail Draft"</a>. <i>Royal Yachting Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131808/http://www.rya.org.uk/knowledge-advice/cruising-tips/boat-handling-sail/Pages/adjusting-sail-draft.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Yachting+Association&rft.atitle=Adjusting+Sail+Draft&rft.aulast=Jinks&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rya.org.uk%2Fknowledge-advice%2Fcruising-tips%2Fboat-handling-sail%2FPages%2Fadjusting-sail-draft.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hancock-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancockKnox-Johnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Brian; Knox-Johnson, Robin (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maximumsailpower00hanc"><i>Maximum Sail Power: The Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology, and Performance</i></a></span>. Nomad Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maximumsailpower00hanc/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61930-427-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61930-427-7"><bdi>978-1-61930-427-7</bdi></a>. <q>sail panel cut.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximum+Sail+Power%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Sails%2C+Sail+Technology%2C+and+Performance&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Nomad+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-61930-427-7&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Knox-Johnson%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaximumsailpower00hanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoolSailcloth-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoolSailcloth_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/professions/boatyard/experimental-archaeological-research/maritime-crafts/maritime-technology/wool-sailcloth"><i>Wool Sailcloth</i></a>, Vikingeskibs Museet<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wool+Sailcloth&rft.pub=Vikingeskibs+Museet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk%2Fen%2Fprofessions%2Fboatyard%2Fexperimental-archaeological-research%2Fmaritime-crafts%2Fmaritime-technology%2Fwool-sailcloth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1995" class="citation cs2">Rice, Carol (January 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbA2Sw1wqGQC&q=dacron+tenacity&pg=RA5-PA35">"A first-time buyers checklist"</a>, <i>Cruising World</i>, vol. 21, pp. 34–35, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3519">0098-3519</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=cbA2Sw1wqGQC&pg=RA5-PA35&dq=dacron+tenacity&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicybeFtsDRAhUDJCYKHfxUASoQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=dacron%20tenacity&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cruising+World&rft.atitle=A+first-time+buyers+checklist&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=1995-01&rft.issn=0098-3519&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbA2Sw1wqGQC%26q%3Ddacron%2Btenacity%26pg%3DRA5-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgate-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colgate_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgate1996" class="citation book cs1">Colgate, Stephen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMP841X5Ke4C&q=sail+corner+construction&pg=PA258"><i>Fundamentals of Sailing, Cruising, and Racing</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03811-8"><bdi>978-0-393-03811-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMP841X5Ke4C&pg=PA258&dq=sail+corner+construction&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikpaKolL7RAhXGZCYKHQE5DxoQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=sail%20corner%20construction&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Sailing%2C+Cruising%2C+and+Racing&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03811-8&rft.aulast=Colgate&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMP841X5Ke4C%26q%3Dsail%2Bcorner%2Bconstruction%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesStylios-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesStylios_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesStylios_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStylios2013" class="citation cs2">Jones, I.; Stylios, G.K. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mw9IAgAAQBAJ&q=sail+seams&pg=PA457"><i>Joining Textiles: Principles and Applications</i></a>, Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier, p. 624, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-396-7"><bdi>978-0-85709-396-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104070119/https://books.google.com/books?id=mw9IAgAAQBAJ&q=sail+seams&pg=PA457#v=snippet&q=sail%20seams&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joining+Textiles%3A+Principles+and+Applications&rft.series=Woodhead+Publishing+Series+in+Textiles&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85709-396-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Stylios%2C+G.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmw9IAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsail%2Bseams%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1999" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Phil (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catamaransailing00phil"><i>Catamaran Sailing: From Start to Finish</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catamaransailing00phil/page/219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31880-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31880-7"><bdi>978-0-393-31880-7</bdi></a>. <q>Catamaran batten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catamaran+Sailing%3A+From+Start+to+Finish&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31880-7&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatamaransailing00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunliffe-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2004" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05F1Vm--4i4C&q=Reefing+sail&pg=PA91"><i>Hand, Reef and Steer</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-203-5"><bdi>978-1-57409-203-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191644/https://books.google.com/books?id=05F1Vm--4i4C&pg=PA91&dq=Reefing+sail&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWjJ-D1L3RAhUGLSYKHcQdCtcQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Reefing%20sail&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand%2C+Reef+and+Steer&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-203-5&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05F1Vm--4i4C%26q%3DReefing%2Bsail%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahne-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hahne_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahne2005" class="citation book cs1">Hahne, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RglfrqPI5MC&q=Reefing+sail&pg=PA94"><i>Sail Trim: Theory and Practice</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-198-4"><bdi>978-1-57409-198-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104070122/https://books.google.com/books?id=3RglfrqPI5MC&q=Reefing+sail&pg=PA94#v=snippet&q=Reefing%20sail&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail+Trim%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-198-4&rft.aulast=Hahne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RglfrqPI5MC%26q%3DReefing%2Bsail%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowardDoane-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowardDoane_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardDoane2000" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&q=running+rigging&pg=PA63"><i>Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-093-2"><bdi>978-1-57409-093-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104070209/https://books.google.com/books?id=NB4uFQuUlnEC&q=running+rigging&pg=PA63#v=snippet&q=running%20rigging&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Offshore+Cruising%3A+The+Dream+and+Reality+of+Modern+Ocean+Cruising&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-093-2&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Doane%2C+Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNB4uFQuUlnEC%26q%3Drunning%2Brigging%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biddlecombe-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biddlecombe_59-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddlecombe1990" class="citation book cs1">Biddlecombe, George (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artrigging00steegoog"><i>The Art of Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the Progressive Method of Rigging Expressly Adapted for Sailing Ships</i></a>. Dover Maritime Series. Courier Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artrigging00steegoog/page/n173">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26343-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26343-4"><bdi>978-0-486-26343-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Art of Rigging: Containing an Explanation of Terms and Phrases and the ... By George Biddlecombe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Rigging%3A+Containing+an+Explanation+of+Terms+and+Phrases+and+the+Progressive+Method+of+Rigging+Expressly+Adapted+for+Sailing+Ships&rft.series=Dover+Maritime+Series&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26343-4&rft.aulast=Biddlecombe&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartrigging00steegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweer-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schweer_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweer2006" class="citation book cs1">Schweer, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMqngdGSpdgC&q=barber+hauler&pg=PA42"><i>How to Trim Sails</i></a>. Sailmate. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57409-220-2"><bdi>978-1-57409-220-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104070124/https://books.google.com/books?id=UMqngdGSpdgC&q=barber+hauler&pg=PA42#v=snippet&q=barber%20hauler&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Trim+Sails&rft.series=Sailmate&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57409-220-2&rft.aulast=Schweer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMqngdGSpdgC%26q%3Dbarber%2Bhauler%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomeEvans-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HomeEvans_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesEvans2014" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Rupert; Evans, Jeremy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc6EAAAAQBAJ&q=trapeze+wire+dinghy&pg=PT61"><i>The Dinghy Bible: The Complete Guide for Novices and Experts</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8800-2"><bdi>978-1-4081-8800-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104070125/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc6EAAAAQBAJ&q=trapeze+wire+dinghy&pg=PT61#v=snippet&q=trapeze%20wire%20dinghy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dinghy+Bible%3A+The+Complete+Guide+for+Novices+and+Experts&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-8800-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft.au=Evans%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDc6EAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrapeze%2Bwire%2Bdinghy%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chapman Piloting & Seamanship</i>. Maloney, Elbert S., Chapman, Charles F. (Charles Frederic), 1881-1976. (65th ed.). New York: Hearst Books. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58816-232-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58816-232-X"><bdi>1-58816-232-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71291743">71291743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapman+Piloting+%26+Seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=65th&rft.pub=Hearst+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71291743&rft.isbn=1-58816-232-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrothers2014" class="citation book cs1">Crothers, William L. (2014). <i>The Masting of American Merchant Sail in the 1850s An Illustrated Study</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9399-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-9399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masting+of+American+Merchant+Sail+in+the+1850s+An+Illustrated+Study.&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9399-9&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock,_Brian.2003" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Brian. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416215301/http://www.brianhancock.org/assets/maximum_sail_power.pdf"><i>Maximum Sail Power : the Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology, and Performance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Nomad Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61930-427-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61930-427-7"><bdi>978-1-61930-427-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/913696173">913696173</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianhancock.org/assets/maximum_sail_power.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximum+Sail+Power+%3A+the+Complete+Guide+to+Sails%2C+Sail+Technology%2C+and+Performance.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nomad+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913696173&rft.isbn=978-1-61930-427-7&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Brian.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brianhancock.org%2Fassets%2Fmaximum_sail_power.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Sailor's Handbook : The Essential Sailing Manual</i>. Herreshoff, Halsey C. [Place of publication not identified]: International Marine. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148092-5"><bdi>978-0-07-148092-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76941837">76941837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sailor%27s+Handbook+%3A+The+Essential+Sailing+Manual&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=International+Marine&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76941837&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148092-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson,_Gary.2008" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary. (8 September 2008). <i>Sailing Fundamentals : The Official Learn-to-Sail Manual of the American Sailing Association and the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary</i>. Betz, Marti., American Sailing Association., United States. Coast Guard Auxiliary. (Revised and updatedition ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-3678-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892057802">892057802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Fundamentals+%3A+The+Official+Learn-to-Sail+Manual+of+the+American+Sailing+Association+and+the+United+States+Coast+Guard+Auxiliary&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised+and+updatedition&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892057802&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3678-2&rft.au=Jobson%2C+Gary.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchaj,_C._A._(Czesaw_Antony),_1918-2003" class="citation book cs1">Marchaj, C. A. (Czesaw Antony), 1918- (2003). <i>Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power</i> (Rev. ed.). London: Adlard Coles Nautical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6407-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-6407-X"><bdi>0-7136-6407-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50841634">50841634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail+Performance%3A+Techniques+to+Maximise+Sail+Power&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles+Nautical&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50841634&rft.isbn=0-7136-6407-X&rft.au=Marchaj%2C+C.+A.+%28Czesaw+Antony%29%2C+1918-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarino,_Emiliano.2001" class="citation book cs1">Marino, Emiliano. (2001). <i>The Sailmaker's Apprentice : A Guide for the Self-Reliant Sailor</i>. Camden, Me.: International Marine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-137642-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-137642-9"><bdi>0-07-137642-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48258636">48258636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sailmaker%27s+Apprentice+%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Self-Reliant+Sailor&rft.place=Camden%2C+Me.&rft.pub=International+Marine&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48258636&rft.isbn=0-07-137642-9&rft.au=Marino%2C+Emiliano.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousmaniere,_John2014" class="citation book cs1">Rousmaniere, John (7 January 2014). <i>The Annapolis Book of Seamanship</i>. Smith, Mark (Mark E.) (Fourth ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5019-8"><bdi>978-1-4516-5019-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862092350">862092350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annapolis+Book+of+Seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862092350&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-5019-8&rft.au=Rousmaniere%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman,_David.2011" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, David. (2011). <i>The Complete Sailor : Learning the Art of Sailing</i> (2nd ed.). Camden, Me.: International Marine/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-174957-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-174957-2"><bdi>978-0-07-174957-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704984188">704984188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Sailor+%3A+Learning+the+Art+of+Sailing&rft.place=Camden%2C+Me.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Marine%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704984188&rft.isbn=978-0-07-174957-2&rft.au=Seidman%2C+David.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sails" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sails">sails</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sail" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sail">sail</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sailingtheweb.com/">Sailboats database: sailing yacht specifications worldwide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsgdev.com">Sail Design Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wb-sails.fi/news/98_11_PerfectShape/Main.htm">The quest for the perfect sailshape</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302233548/http://www.wb-sails.fi/news/98_11_PerfectShape/Main.htm">Archived</a> 2012-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110094154/http://www.cerealog.fr/extra/uk/produits/fabric_sail_design/index.htm">FABRIC Sail Design Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doylestratis.com/Technology.html">Laminated Sails: Doyle Stratis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314070300/http://www.doylestratis.com/Technology.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Sail"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Sail">"Sail" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sail&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sail_types" title="Template:Sail types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sail_types" title="Template talk:Sail types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sail_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sail types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>including limited use<sup>*</sup>, outdated<sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rigs <br />(<a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">jury rigging</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26R_rig" title="B&R rig">B&R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_rigged" title="Cat rigged">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Flettner ship">Rotorsail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbosail" title="Turbosail">Turbosail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sails <br />(<a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker" title="Asymmetrical spinnaker">Asymmetrical spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennaker" title="Gennaker">Gennaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_(sail)" title="Genoa (sail)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">Jib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail#Bermuda_rig" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (Bermuda rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffee_sail" title="Raffee sail"> Raffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)#Triangular" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screecher" title="Screecher">Screecher</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">Spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">Staysail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysail" title="Trysail">Trysail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_(sail)" title="Course (sail)">Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_staysail" title="Fisherman's staysail">Fisherman</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresail" title="Foresail">Foresail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk sail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (square rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonraker_(sail)" title="Moonraker (sail)">Moonraker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_(sail)" title="Royal (sail)">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysail" title="Skysail">Skysail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">Spanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail_(square-rigged)" title="Spritsail (square-rigged)">Spritsail (square-rigged)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">Studding</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">Topgallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">Topsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watersail" title="Watersail">Watersail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">Cringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sail_emblems" title="List of sail emblems">Emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackline" title="Jackline">Jackline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Reefing_points" title="Sail components">Reefing points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Roach" title="Sail components">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_patch" title="Spreader patch">Spreader patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">Tell-tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">Spars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">bow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">Bowsprit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprit_topmast" title="Sprit topmast">sprit topmast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_striker" title="Dolphin striker">Dolphin striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstaff" title="Jackstaff">Jackstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">Jibboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_striker" title="Pelican striker">Pelican striker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomkin" title="Boomkin">Boomkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_(rigging)" title="Truck (rigging)">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosstrees" title="Crosstrees">Crosstrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_pole" title="Spinnaker pole">Spinnaker pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_(sailboat)" title="Spreader (sailboat)">Spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Sprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_rigging" title="Standing rigging">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobstay" title="Bobstay">Bobstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_jack" title="Lazy jack">Lazy jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_backstay" title="Running backstay">Running backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)" title="Shroud (sailing)">Shroud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines" title="Ratlines">ratlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_mouse" title="Stay mouse">Stay mouse</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stays_(nautical)" title="Stays (nautical)">Stays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomkicker" title="Boomkicker">Boomkicker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_vang" title="Boom vang">Boom vang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(sailing)" title="Brace (sailing)">Braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Buntlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Clewlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">Downhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_(sailing)" title="Guy (sailing)">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">Halyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">Outhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventer" title="Preventer">Preventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(square_sail)" title="Tack (square sail)">Tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topping_lift" title="Topping lift">Topping lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggywrinkle" title="Baggywrinkle">Baggywrinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying_pin" title="Belaying pin">Belaying pin</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)" title="Cleat (nautical)">Cleat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitts" title="Bitts">bitts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevis_fastener" title="Clevis fastener">Clevis pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadeye" title="Deadeye">Deadeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earing" title="Earing">Earing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlead" title="Fairlead">Fairlead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footrope" title="Footrope">Footrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket_(sailing)" title="Gasket (sailing)">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrel_beads" title="Parrel beads">Parrel beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring bolt">Ring bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">Roller furling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel" title="Swivel">Swivel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_(sailing)" title="Gooseneck (sailing)">gooseneck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)" title="Trapeze (sailing)">Trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical traveller">Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">Turnbuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sailing_and_manoeuvres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_manoeuvres" title="Template:Sailing manoeuvres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_manoeuvres" title="Template talk:Sailing manoeuvres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_manoeuvres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing manoeuvres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sailing_and_manoeuvres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a> and manoeuvres</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">cruising</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_lateral_resistance" title="Center of lateral resistance">Center of lateral resistance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lee_helm" title="Lee helm">Lee helm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_helm" title="Weather helm">Weather helm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">Point of sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">Forces on sails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking_(sailing)" title="Hiking (sailing)">Hiking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Racing_Rules_of_Sailing" title="Racing Rules of Sailing">Racing Rules of Sailing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounding_up" title="Rounding up">Rounding up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_twist" title="Sail twist">Sail twist</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beating_an_upwind_course.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Beating_an_upwind_course.svg/54px-Beating_an_upwind_course.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Beating_an_upwind_course.svg/81px-Beating_an_upwind_course.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Beating_an_upwind_course.svg/108px-Beating_an_upwind_course.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="226" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manoeuvres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">Close-hauled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaving_to" title="Heaving to">Heaving to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heeling_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeling (sailing)">Heeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail#In_irons" title="Point of sail">In irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibe" title="Jibe">Jibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">Reaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">Reefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_on_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing on wing">Wing on wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broach_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broach (sailing)">Broach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsizing" title="Capsizing">Capsizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gybe" title="Chinese gybe">Chinese gybe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_roll" title="Death roll">Death roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(sailing)" title="Turtling (sailing)">Turtling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planing_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planing (sailing)">Planing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054216-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116544">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383069">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383069">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563309">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551057505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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5.71% 66.535 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.87% 56.739 2 Template:Sister_project"," 4.84% 56.398 1 Template:Commons_category"," 4.70% 54.828 6 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.686","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8876532,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeheimBell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethwaite2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiddlecombe1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurningham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColgate1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrothers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbl1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolkard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallaher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock,_Brian.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancockKnox-Johnson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmesEvans2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornell1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardDoane2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobson,_Gary.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Coleman_Darnell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesStylios2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipping1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchaj,_C._A._(Czesaw_Antony),_1918-2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarino,_Emiliano.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrail2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNicolson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousmaniere,_John2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman,_David.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwintal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTextor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVosmer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitewright2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitewright2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite NSRW\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 7,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Olist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Sail types\"] = 1,\n [\"Sailing manoeuvres\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-26w6f","timestamp":"20241124161510","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sail","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sail","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25999","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25999","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-19T03:28:15Z","dateModified":"2024-09-20T11:21:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Chesapeake.jpg","headline":"fabric or other surface supported by a mast to allow wind propulsion"}</script> </body> </html>