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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Punctuation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typographic_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typographic_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Typographic styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typographic_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostrophe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostrophe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Apostrophe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostrophe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_punctuation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_punctuation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use of punctuation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_punctuation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Punctuation used with Chinese characters</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> also include various <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation marks">punctuation marks</a>, derived from both Chinese and Western sources. Historically, <i>jùdòu</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">句读</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">句讀</span>) annotations were often used to indicate the boundaries of sentences and clauses in text. The use of punctuation in <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a> only became mandatory during the 20th century, due to Western influence. Unlike modern punctuation, <i>judou</i> marks were added by scholars for pedagogical purposes and were not viewed as integral to the text. Texts were therefore generally transmitted without <i>judou</i>. In most cases, this practice did not interfere with the interpretation of a text, although it occasionally resulted in ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first book to be printed with modern punctuation was <i>Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中國哲學史大綱</span></span>) by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, published in 1919. Traditional poetry and calligraphy maintains the punctuation-free style. However, most editions of classical texts published since the 1930s are punctuated with fully modern punctuation (or at least using the modern equivalents of the traditional <i>judou</i> marks). </p><p>The usage of punctuation in China is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Guobiao_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Guobiao standards">Chinese national standard</a> GB/T 15834–2011 "General rules for punctuation" (<span lang="zh-Hant">標點符號用法</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">标点符号用法</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">biāodiǎn fúhào yòngfǎ</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-gbt15834_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbt15834-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape_of_punctuation_marks">Shape of punctuation marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shape of punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chinese_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Chinese punctuation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuozhai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuozhai.jpg/220px-Kuozhai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Kuozhai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Examples of handwritten punctuation (circles in red ink) at the bottom-right or -center of characters. From the <i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg/220px-%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg/330px-%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%E6%96%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>1912 textbook of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">sinking of the <i>Titanic</i></a>, with punctuation marks to the right of characters</figcaption></figure> <p>Many ancient Chinese books contain thousands of words with no spaces between them; however, when necessary to explicitly denote a pause or break, judou marks such as "。" and "、" were used. </p><p>Similar to the development of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Medieval" title="Punctuation">punctuation in Europe</a>, there were varying types of judou marks. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> print of <a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Huayang" title="Chronicles of Huayang">Chronicles of Huayang</a> used full-width spaces to denote a stop,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas a print of <i><a href="/wiki/Jingdian_Shiwen" title="Jingdian Shiwen">Jingdian Shiwen</a></i> from the same period simply used "<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">。</i></span>" and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">、</i></span>" marks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Li_Sao" title="Li Sao">Li Sao</a></i> used the character <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:兮">兮</a></span> and grammatical particles to denote stops, similar to <i>judou</i> marks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Written Chinese, each character conforms to a roughly square frame, so the entire text can fit into a grid. Because of this, East Asian punctuation marks are larger than their European counterparts, as they should occupy a square area that is the same size as the characters around them. These punctuation marks are called <i>fullwidth</i> to contrast them from <i>halfwidth</i> European punctuation marks. </p><p>Chinese characters can be <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">written horizontally or vertically</a>. Some punctuation marks adapt to this change in direction: the parentheses, square brackets, square quotation marks, book title marks, ellipsis marks, and dashes all rotate 90° clockwise when used in vertical text. </p><p>The three <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underline</a>-like punctuation marks in Chinese (proper noun mark, wavy book title mark, and emphasis mark) rotate and shift to the left side of the text in vertical script (shifting to the right side of the text is also possible, but this is outmoded and can clash with the placement of other punctuation marks). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marks_similar_to_European_punctuation">Marks similar to European punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marks similar to European punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marks imported from Europe are fullwidth instead of halfwidth like their original European counterparts, thus incorporating more space, and no longer need to be followed by an additional space in typesetting:<sup id="cite_ref-UFF00_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFF00-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">，</i></span> (U+FF0C <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH COMMA</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> (,). It cannot be used for enumerating a list; see "enumeration comma" below.</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">！</i></span> (U+FF01 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> (!).</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">？</i></span> (U+FF1F <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> (?).</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">；</i></span> (U+FF1B <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> (;).</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">：</i></span> (U+FF1A <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH COLON</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (:).</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">（）</i></span> (U+FF08 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS</span></span>), (U+FF09 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS</span></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses" title="Bracket">parentheses</a> (round brackets).</li> <li>There are two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Square_brackets" title="Bracket">square brackets</a>: <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">［］</i></span> (U+FF3B <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</span></span>), (U+FF3D <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</span></span>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">【】</i></span> (U+3010 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</span></span>), (U+3011 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_punctuation">Other punctuation<span class="anchor" id="Other_punctuation_marks"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chinese_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Chinese punctuation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other punctuation symbols are more different, in shape or usage:<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UFE30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFE30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks<span class="anchor" id="Punctuations"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Period ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">。</i></span> )<span class="anchor" id="Full_stop"></span></dt> <dd>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> (U+3002 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span></span>) is a fullwidth small circle (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">句號</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jùhào</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Sentence Mark'). In horizontal writing, the period is placed in the middle <span style="border: 1px dotted red;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">。︁</span></span></span>, however in Mainland China it is placed in the bottom left <span style="border: 1px dotted red;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">。︁</span></span></span>; in vertical writing, it is placed below and to the right of the last character <span style="border: 1px dotted red;">︒</span>(U+FE12 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, and in the middle <span style="border: 1px dotted red;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">。︁</span></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Quotation marks ( [「...」 , ﹁...﹂ , “...”] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> )<span class="anchor" id="Quotation_marks"></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a> does <b>not</b> use European quotation marks. Its double and single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> are fullwidth [『』] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (U+300E <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</span></span>, U+300F <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET</span></span>) and [「」] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (U+300C <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT CORNER BRACKET</span></span>, U+300D <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT CORNER BRACKET</span></span>). The double quotation marks are used when embedded within single quotation marks: [「...『...』...」] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>. In vertical text, quotation marks are rotated 90° clockwise ([﹁﹂] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (U+FE41 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET</span></span>, U+FE42 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT CORNER BRACKET</span></span>)).<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UFE30_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFE30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a> <b>officially</b> prescribes European-style quotation marks for horizontal text and Chinese quotation marks for vertical text. Single quotation marks are used when embedded within double quotation marks: [“...‘...’...”] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>.</dd> <dd>These quotation marks are fullwidth in printed matter but share the same codepoints as the European quotation marks in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, so they require a Chinese-language font to be displayed correctly. In vertical text, corner brackets rotated 90° clockwise ([﹃...﹁...﹂...﹄] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>), are used similar to Traditional Chinese but in reverse clamping order, with double quotation on the outside and single quotation on the inside. However, corner brackets are commonly encountered in situations that normally necessitate European punctuation, including in official contexts and media.<sup id="cite_ref-cn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Enumeration comma ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">、</i></span> )<span class="anchor" id="Enumeration_comma"></span></dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg/220px-Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg/330px-Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg/440px-Yeli-Island-Plant-collecting-prohibited-0716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>A sign in a <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> park, which, if we reproduce enumeration commas in English, can be rendered nearly word-for-word as: "It is strictly forbidden to pick flowers<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">、</i></span> fruit<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">、</i></span> leaves, [or to] dig out roots<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">、</i></span> medicinal plants!"</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Enumeration_comma" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumeration comma">enumeration comma</a> (U+3001 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span></span>) or "dun comma" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">頓號</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dùnhào</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'pause mark') must be used instead of the regular comma when separating words constituting a list.</dd> <dd>Chinese language does not traditionally observe the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> custom of a <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">serial comma</a> (the comma before conjunctions in a list), although the issue is of little consequence in Chinese at any rate, as the English "A, B, and C" is more likely to be rendered in Chinese as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">A、B及C</span></span>" or more often as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">A、B、C</i></span>", without any word for "and", see picture to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Middle dot ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">·</i></span> )<span class="anchor" id="Middle_dot"></span></dt> <dd>Chinese uses a <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">middle dot</a> to separate characters in non-Han personal names, such as Tibetan, Uyghur, etc. For example "Nur Bekri" (<span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">نۇر بەكرى</span></span>), the name of a Chinese politician of Uyghur descent is rendered as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">努爾·白克力</span></span>". "<a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>" is often transcribed to <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> as: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李奧納多·達·文西</span></span>. The middle dot is also fullwidth in printed matter, while the halfwidth middle dot ([·] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) is also used in computer input, which is then rendered as fullwidth in Chinese-language fonts.</dd> <dd>In Taiwan, the hyphenation point ([‧] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) (U+2027 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HYPHENATION POINT</span></span>) is used instead for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-U2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chinese_punctuation#Middle_dot_encoding" title="Talk:Chinese punctuation">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> They can also be used to represent decimal points in Chinese. For example "3.5" becomes <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">「三‧五」</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Title marks ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">《...》, 〈...〉, ﹏﹏﹏</i></span> )<span class="anchor" id="Book_title_marks"></span></dt> <dd>For titles of books, films, and so on, Simplified Chinese officially uses fullwidth double angle brackets<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">《...》</i></span> (U+300A <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET</span></span>, U+300B <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET</span></span>), and fullwidth single angle brackets, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">〈...〉</i></span> (U+3008 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LEFT ANGLE BRACKET</span></span>, U+3009 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET</span></span>).</dd> <dd>The latter is used when embedded within the former: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">《...〈...〉...》</i></span>. Although <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">﹏﹏﹏</i></span> (wavy underline, U+FE4F <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WAVY LOW LINE</span></span>) is the <b>officially prescribed</b> title mark by Taiwan's Ministry of Education (especially for handwriting), when typing, square brackets【】 and double quotation marks 『』are also de facto used, if not prescribed by dictionaries in a manner akin to Korean and Japanese; Simplified Chinese often does likewise for song titles. In practice, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Traditional Chinese</a>, single title marks are also used for articles in or sections of a book, a rule that is also officially prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">Simplified Chinese</a>.</dd> <dd>Furthermore, unsanctioned and alternate usage of Western or Chinese quotation marks is rather common, especially so for Chinese quotation marks in Traditional Chinese newspapers; this "unsanctioned practice" is also commonly found in Japanese and Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UFE30_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFE30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Ellipsis ( [……] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> )<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span></dt> <dd>In Chinese, the <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> is written with six dots (not three) occupying the same space as two characters in the center of a line.<sup id="cite_ref-gbt15834_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbt15834-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Unicode provides an explicitly centered <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+22EF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⋯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MIDLINE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</span> character<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the inexplicit <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2026</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">…</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</span> character.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Two-em dash ( [⸺] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> )<span class="anchor" id="Em_dash"></span></dt> <dd>Similarly, the two-em dash (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E3A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⸺</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TWO-EM DASH</span>) is written so that it occupies the space of two <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a> characters in the center of the line. There should be no breaking in the line.<sup id="cite_ref-gbt15834_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbt15834-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To represent the two-em dash character ([⸺] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>), one can write two consecutive em dashes ([——] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>, U+2014 U+2014). Chinese <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dash" class="extiw" title="wikt:dash">dash</a></span></span> is <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">破折號</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pòzhéhào</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Break/Fold Mark'.</dd> <dt>En dash ( [–] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> )<span class="anchor" id="En_dash"></span></dt> <dd>When connecting two words to signify a range, Chinese generally uses an <a href="/wiki/En_Dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En Dash">en dash</a> occupying the space of one character (e.g. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">1月—7月</span></span> "January to July", which can also be written 1月到7月, with the character 到 in place of the dash). A single em dash character or a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-w3c-clreq_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3c-clreq-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Wave dash ( [～] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> )<span class="anchor" id="Wavy_dash"></span></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Wave_dash" title="Wave dash">wave dash</a> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+301C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">〜</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WAVE DASH</span>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">浪纹</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">浪紋</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">làng wén</span></i>) is used in the Chinese language to signify a numerical range (e.g. 5～20個字 "5 to 20 words"). Additionally, there is another Unicode character called the <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">fullwidth</a> <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF5E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">～</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH TILDE</span>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">全形波浪號</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">quán xíng bōlàng hào</span></i>) which is often used as an alternative form of the wave dash symbol. The wave dash is more commonly but not exclusively used when the numbers are estimates (e.g. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">circa</a> dates and temperatures in weather forecasts).</dd> <dd>For the most part, however, the en dash and wavy dash are interchangeable; usage is largely a matter of personal taste or institutional style. Note that the wave dash ( [〜] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> ) and the fullwidth tilde ( [～] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> ) should not be confused with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wavy_dash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wavy dash (page does not exist)">wavy dash</a> character (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3030</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">〰</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WAVY DASH</span>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">浪线</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">浪線</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">làng xiàn</span></i>). In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese</a>, the wavy dash is used as an emphatic form of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">katakana-hiragana prolonged sound mark</a>.</dd> <dd>In informal use (such as <a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">texting</a>), wavy dashes are also used to indicate a prolonged vowel similar to informal English's repeated letters (e.g. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">哇～～</span></span> "waaah") or to indicate stress in places where English would employ an emphatic tone marked variously by italics or bolding (e.g. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">要～～</span></span> "I <i>want</i> it!").<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Spacing<span class="anchor" id="Spacing"></span></dt> <dd>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">spacing between letters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a>) in European languages, Chinese writing uses a very narrow space between characters, though it does not observe the equivalent to the wider <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space between words</a> except on rare occasions. Chinese –  particularly classical Chinese –  is thus a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i> and it is common for words to be split between lines with no marking in the text equivalent to the English <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>.</dd> <dd>When a space is used, it is also fullwidth (U+3000 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE</span></span>).</dd> <dd>One instance of its usage is as an <a href="/wiki/Tai_tou" title="Tai tou">honorific marker</a>. A modern example in 20th century Taiwan, is found in the reference to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先‌總‌統　蔣‌公</span></span> (Former President, Lord Chiang), in which the preceding space serves as an honorific marker for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蔣公</span></span>. This use is also still current in very formal letters or other old-style documents,<sup id="cite_ref-U3000_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U3000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as religious scripture.</dd> <dd>When Chinese is <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanized</a>, spaces are used to assist in reading. Rules vary between systems but most commonly –  as in <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> –  the spaces properly occur between <i><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a></i> divisions (i.e., words) but in practice are often placed between <i><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a></i> divisions (i.e., individual characters). In the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles system</a>, separate characters within a word were noted by hyphens but this is increasingly uncommon.</dd> <dt>Asterisk ( <span title="Chinese-language text">*<i lang="zh"></i></span> )<span class="anchor" id="Asterisk"></span></dt> <dd>Mainland Chinese supply chains often use an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> in place of a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a> (×) to specify product dimensions. For example "10×200×350" becomes "10*200*350".</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery-product-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battery-product-dimensions.png/220px-Battery-product-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battery-product-dimensions.png/330px-Battery-product-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battery-product-dimensions.png/440px-Battery-product-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>Example of Chinese products using asterisks as punctuation for product dimensions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typographic_styles">Typographic styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Typographic styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are commonly suggested typographical styles; however, they are rarely carried out in practice and often only used when necessary. Proper name marks and title marks are primarily used in textbooks and official documents in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Proper name mark ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">__</i></span> )</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name mark">proper name mark</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underline</a>) is occasionally used, especially in teaching materials and some <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>. When the text runs vertically, the appropriate name mark is written as a line to the characters' left (to the right in some older books).</dd> <dt>Title mark ( <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">﹏﹏</i></span> )</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Title_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Title mark">title mark</a> is a wavy underline (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">﹏﹏</i></span>, U+FE4F <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WAVY LOW LINE</span></span>) used instead of the regular book title marks whenever the proper noun mark is used in the same text.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Emphasis point">Emphasis mark</a></dt> <dd>For emphasis, Chinese uses <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Emphasis point">emphasis marks</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>. Each emphasis mark is a single dot placed under each character to be emphasized (for vertical text, the dot is placed to the right-hand side of each character). Although frequent in printed matter, emphasis marks are rare online, as most word processors do not support them. However, support in HTML has been possible by adding the CSS property <code>text-emphasis-style</code>.</dd> <dt>Death-indication mark (<div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: black;border-width: 2px;background-color: white;color: black;margin: 3px;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姓　名</span></span></div>)</dt> <dd>A death-indication mark [zh] (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 示亡号; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 示亡號; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>shìwánghào</i>) marks a person's recent death. Typographically, it consists of a black border around the person's name. It is supported by most word processors and is supported in CSS through the border property. It is used in lists or bibliographical data, for example. Lin Suifang 林穗芳 suggests that this practice may have entered the Chinese language in the fifties when it was supposedly adopted from translations from Russian; he does not cite any sources for this statement, however.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apostrophe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no equivalent of the apostrophe in Chinese. Therefore, it is omitted in translated foreign names such as "<a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_(surname)" title="O'Neill (surname)">O'Neill</a>". Likewise, the hyphen is used only when writing translated foreign names with hyphens. Otherwise, it is not used in Chinese and is omitted when translating compound words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_punctuation_marks">Use of punctuation marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use of punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chinese_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Chinese punctuation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several punctuation marks have ranges of use that differ from the way they are used in English, though some functions may overlap. </p> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">，</i></span> The comma is used to join clauses that deal with a certain topic or line of thinking. As such, what would appear to an English speaker to be a <a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splice</a> is very commonly seen in Chinese writing. Often, the entirety of a long paragraph can consist of clauses joined by commas, with the sole period coming only at the end. Unlike in English, a comma is allowed between a subject and its predicate.</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">；</i></span> The semicolon is frequently used to demarcate parallel structures in a paragraph.</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">「...」</i></span> Quotation marks, in addition to being used around quotations, are also commonly used for emphasis and to indicate proper nouns and titles, and also to enclose metaphors that do not explicitly state it is a metaphor. (e.g. 「毛球」跑出來了, i.e. The 'hairball' ran out.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">— —</i></span> The use of a second em dash to close a parenthetical thought is rare. Instead, a comma is usually used, or sometimes no punctuation at all.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin#Approximation_from_English_pronunciation" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, the apostrophe (') (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:隔音符號">隔音符號</a>, géyīn fúhào, 'syllable-dividing mark') is before a syllable starting with a vowel (a, o, or e) in a multiple-syllable word when the syllable does not start the word. It is commonly thought that this apostrophe should be used when there could be ambiguity regarding the syllables used (e.g. xian and Xi'an or bing'an and bin'gan).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_punctuation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="East Asian punctuation (disambiguation)">East Asian punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_breaking_rules_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Line breaking rules in East Asian languages">Line breaking rules in East Asian languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, this passage "<span lang="zh">卒為善士則之野有眾逐虎</span>" in <i>Mencius</i> 7B "Wholeheartedly" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟子·盡心下</span></span>) has been punctuated as "<span lang="zh">卒為善士。則之野。有眾逐虎。</span>; 'Ultimately', 'he became a great gentleman. Thereupon he went to the countryside. There was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger'"; or as "<span lang="zh">卒為善。士則之。野有眾逐虎。</span>; 'Ultimately', 'he became great. Gentlemen took him as a model. In the countryside there was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger.'"; or as "<span lang="zh">卒為善士則。之野。有眾逐虎。</span>; 'Ultimately', 'he became a model for great gentlemen. He went to the countryside. There was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger.'". The first was given by the Han dynasty scholar Zhao Qi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">趙岐</span></span>) and was the traditional reading accepted by <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiao_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiao Xun (page does not exist)">Jiao Xun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%BE%AA" class="extiw" title="zh:焦循">zh</a>]</span>, etc. The second reading is favored by 13th-century scholars Liu Changshi (劉昌詩), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Mi_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Mi (scholar) (page does not exist)">Zhou Mi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%AF%86" class="extiw" title="zh:周密">zh</a>]</span>, etc. The third reading is proposed by modern scholars Wang Changlin (2002, 64) as well as Qin Hualin & Ling Yu (2005, 31).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_punctuation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Els, Paul (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VANMBA-5">"Moral Beauty and the Beast: Ethical Dilemmas in the Mencius"</a>, <b>Vol. 35</b>. p. 18-19 of pp. 13–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbt15834-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gbt15834_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gbt15834_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gbt15834_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhonghua_renmin_gongheguo_guojia_zhiliang_jiandu_jianyan_jianyi_zongju2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Quality_Supervision,_Inspection_and_Quarantine" title="General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine">Zhonghua renmin gongheguo guojia zhiliang jiandu jianyan jianyi zongju</a> (30 December 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109233830/http://www.moe.edu.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601102833791.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家标准 GB/T 15834–2011：标点符号用法</bdi></a> [<i>National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T 15834–2011: General Rules for Punctuation</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.edu.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601102833791.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span></cite><span 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Chinese). 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Beijing: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Press_(Beijing)" title="People's Press (Beijing)">People's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-01-003043-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-01-003043-X"><bdi>7-01-003043-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45138497">45138497</a>. p. 397: <bdi lang="zh">50年代初通过翻译俄语书刊进入汉语</bdi></cite><span 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810181025/http://www.edu.tw/FILES/SITE_CONTENT/M0001/HAU/c2.htm"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版</span></span></a> – official website of the Revised Handbook of Punctuation, December 2008 Edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/972816435771.doc"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">重訂標點符號手冊</span></span></a> –  Chinese punctuation marks manual, published by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edu.tw/files/site_content/m0001/hau/Revised_Handbook_of_Punctuation.pdf">Revised Handbook of Punctuation</a> –  was published in December 2008 by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China (Taiwan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724145825/http://www.cmi.hku.hk/Ref/Article/article08/index.html"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中華人民共和國國家標準標點符號用法</span></span></a> – The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">PRC</a>'s National Standards on the Usage of Punctuation Marks <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/">The Unicode Consortium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Major_linguistic_groups163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major linguistic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%B4%A1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:江贡小片">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui%E2%80%93Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gui–Liu">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ürümqi dialect (page does not exist)">Ürümqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/205px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/308px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/410px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan Min (page does not exist)">Houguan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:侯官片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_Min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning Min (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%81%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:福宁片">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Inland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huiyang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huiyang dialect (page does not exist)">Huiyang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:惠阳话">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:新会话">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern Pinghua</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(?) <a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Standard_forms_of_Chinese163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms of Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="History,_phonology,_and_grammar163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History, phonology, and grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Written_Chinese_and_input_methods163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Written Chinese and input methods</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshiamy_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boshiamy method (page does not exist)">Boshiamy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%B8%E8%9D%A6%E7%B1%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:嘸蝦米輸入法">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q9_input_method" title="Q9 input method">Q9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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