CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Trace Gas Orbiter - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3e9e06f7-fc88-4ebe-ac50-4100f2c68db5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Trace_Gas_Orbiter","wgTitle":"Trace Gas Orbiter","wgCurRevisionId":1257534907,"wgRevisionId":1257534907,"wgArticleId":18323478,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from October 2016","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2020","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link","Use dmy dates from November 2016", "ExoMars","European Space Agency space probes","Russian space probes","Satellites orbiting Mars","Attached spacecraft","Space probes launched in 2016","Roscosmos"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Trace_Gas_Orbiter","wgRelevantArticleId":18323478,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish": true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2090722","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="338"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="270"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Trace Gas Orbiter - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Trace_Gas_Orbiter rootpage-Trace_Gas_Orbiter skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trace+Gas+Orbiter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trace+Gas+Orbiter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trace+Gas+Orbiter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trace+Gas+Orbiter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_collaboration_with_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_collaboration_with_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Attempted collaboration with NASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_collaboration_with_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Collaboration with Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relay_telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay_telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relay telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay_telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trace Gas Orbiter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مدارگرد ردیاب گاز اگزومارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدارگرد ردیاب گاز اگزومارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्सोमार्स ट्रेस गैस आर्बिटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एक्सोमार्स ट्रेस गैस आर्बिटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="מקפת שיירי הגז אקסו מארס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקפת שיירי הגז אקסו מארס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Егзомарс орбитер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Егзомарс орбитер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%BE%AE%E9%87%8F%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="火星微量氣體任務衛星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星微量氣體任務衛星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2090722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Trace_Gas_Orbiter" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&oldid=1257534907" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&id=1257534907&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrace_Gas_Orbiter"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrace_Gas_Orbiter"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2090722" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mars orbiter, part of ExoMars programme</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Trace Gas Orbiter</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png/300px-ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="169" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's illustration of ExoMars 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Mars orbiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos_State_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscosmos State Corporation">Roscosmos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-017A">2016-017A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2090722#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">41388</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475">http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned: 7 years<sup id="cite_ref-esaOverview_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esaOverview-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-june2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-june2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Elapsed: 8 years, 8 months, 8 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">4,332 kg<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">Instruments: 113.8 kg (251 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <i>Schiaparelli</i>: 577 kg (1,272 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">3.2 × 2 × 2 m (10.5 × 6.6 × 6.6 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">~2000 W<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 2016, 09:31<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2016-03-14UTC09:31</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20160314_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20160314-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a>/<a href="/wiki/Briz-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-M">Briz-M</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">200/39</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400 km (250 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400 km (250 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">74 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Planned</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Mars orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 2016, 15:24 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Transponders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Band</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">UHF band</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">390–450 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">TWTA power</th><td class="infobox-data">65 W</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">NOMAD</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery" title="Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery">Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ACS</th><td class="infobox-data">Atmospheric Chemistry Suite</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">CaSSIS</th><td class="infobox-data">Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FREND</th><td class="infobox-data">Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_2016_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/ExoMars_2016_insignia.png/80px-ExoMars_2016_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/ExoMars_2016_insignia.png/120px-ExoMars_2016_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/ExoMars_2016_insignia.png/160px-ExoMars_2016_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> mission insignia for the <i>ExoMars 2016</i> launch, featuring the <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i> (left) and <i>Schiaparelli</i> (right). <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme</div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok"><i>Kazachok</i> lander</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</b> (<b>TGO</b> or <b>ExoMars Orbiter</b>) is a collaborative project between the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> agency that sent an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">atmospheric research</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><i>Schiaparelli</i></a> demonstration lander to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in 2016 as part of the European-led <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tbthStatus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbthStatus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mustard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trace Gas Orbiter delivered the <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander on 16 October 2016, which crashed on the surface due to a premature release of the parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_20_Oct_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20_Oct_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">orbiter</a> began <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> in March 2017 to lower its initial orbit of 200 by 98,000 km (120 by 60,890 mi). Aerobraking concluded on 20 February 2018 when a final thruster firing resulted in an orbit of 200 by 1,050 km (120 by 650 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-esa_Done_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa_Done-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional thruster firings every few days raised the orbiter to a circular "science" orbit of 400 km (250 mi), which was achieved on 9 April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20180409_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20180409-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key goal is to gain a better understanding of <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) and other trace gases present in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a> that could be evidence for possible biological activity. The programme was originally intended to follow with the <a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok"><i>Kazachok</i> lander</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> in 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-LaunchMoved2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchMoved2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaunchMoved2022_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchMoved2022_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would have searched for <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>; the TGO would have operated as the communication link for the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars (rover)">ExoMars</a> lander and rover and provided communication for other Mars surface probes with Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories have demonstrated the presence of a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane</a> on the atmosphere of Mars that seems to vary with location and time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plumes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plumes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may indicate the presence of microbial <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">life on Mars</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemical</a> process such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal activity">hydrothermal activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levin2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars prompted the independent planning by ESA and NASA of one orbiter each that would carry instruments in order to determine if its formation is of biological or geological origin,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its decomposition products such as <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was born out of the nexus of ESA's <a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a> <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> flagship and NASA's 2013 and 2016 Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-smithtgm20090910_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithtgm20090910-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointInstrument-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a flexible collaborative proposal within NASA and ESA to send a new orbiter-carrier to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustard_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the ExoMars side, ESA authorised about half a billion Euros in 2005 for a rover and mini-station; eventually this evolved into being delivered by an orbiter rather than a cruise stage.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_collaboration_with_NASA"><span class="anchor" id="MSO"></span>Attempted collaboration with NASA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attempted collaboration with NASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <b>Mars Science Orbiter</b> (MSO) was originally envisioned in 2008 as an all-NASA endeavour aiming for a late 2013 launch.<sup id="cite_ref-smithtgm20090910_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithtgm20090910-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointInstrument-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA and ESA officials agreed to pool resources and technical expertise and collaborate to launch only one orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-split_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement, called the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a>, was signed in July 2009 and proposed to use an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas rocket">Atlas rocket</a> launcher instead of a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz rocket</a>, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the European ExoMars mission. Since the rover was originally planned to be launched along with the TGO, a prospective agreement would require that the rover lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with NASA's orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-space20090623_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20090623-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of reducing the rover's mass, it was nearly doubled when the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft programme divided over two <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> launches:<sup id="cite_ref-split_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oct12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oct12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, carrying a meteorological lander planned for launch in 2016. The European orbiter would carry several instruments originally meant for NASA's MSO, so NASA scaled down the objectives and focused on atmospheric trace gases detection instruments for their incorporation in ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mustard_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointInstrument-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_federal_budget" title="2013 United States federal budget">FY2013 budget</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> released on 13 February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With NASA's funding for this project cancelled, most of ExoMars' plans had to be restructured.<sup id="cite_ref-cancellation_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancellation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_Russia">Collaboration with Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collaboration with Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 March 2012, the ESA's ruling council announced it would press ahead with its ExoMars program in partnership with the Russian space agency <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, which planned to contribute two heavy-lift <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton launch vehicles</a> and an additional entry, descent and landing system to the 2020 rover mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Svitak_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svitak-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc20120315_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20120315-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stillKeen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillKeen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the collaboration proposal with Roscosmos, the ExoMars mission was split into two parts: the orbiter/lander mission in March 2016 that includes the TGO and a 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) diameter stationary lander built by ESA named <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander"><i>Schiaparelli</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ExoMars_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExoMars-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> mission in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-LaunchMoved2020_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchMoved2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (postponed to 2022 <sup id="cite_ref-LaunchMoved2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchMoved2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Both missions are using a <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> rocket. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/220px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/330px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/440px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Launch of the Proton carrier rocket</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif/220px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif/440px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption> Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span>  Sun</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span>  Mars</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span>  ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter </span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/220px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/330px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif/440px-Animation_of_ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter_trajectory_around_Mars.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption> Animation of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory around Mars<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span>  Mars</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span>  ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter </span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Trace Gas Orbiter and descent module <i>Schiaparelli</i> completed testing and were integrated to a Proton rocket at the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in Kazakhstan in mid-January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch occurred at 09:31 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on 14 March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20160314_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20160314-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A signal from the spacecraft was received at 21:29 UTC that day, confirming that the launch was successful and the spacecraft were functioning properly.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after separation from the probes, a Brazilian ground telescope recorded small objects in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Briz_(rocket_stage)" title="Briz (rocket stage)">Briz-M</a> upper booster stage, suggesting that the Briz-M stage exploded a few kilometres away, without damaging the orbiter or lander.<sup id="cite_ref-exploded_booster_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploded_booster-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briefing reporters in Moscow, the head of Roscosmos denied any anomaly and made all launch data available for inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander"><i>Schiaparelli</i></a> lander separated from the TGO orbiter on 16 October 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-separation_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-separation-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three days before it arrived on Mars, and entered the atmosphere at 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph; 5.8 km/s).<sup id="cite_ref-NewSci_March_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSci_March-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Schiaparelli</i> transmitted about 600 megabytes of telemetry during its landing attempt,<sup id="cite_ref-Selding2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selding2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsf20161019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20161019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before it impacted the surface at 540 km/h (340 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-guardian20161124_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20161124-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TGO was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 and underwent 11 months of <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> (March 2017 to February 2018), reducing its orbital speed by 3,600 km/h (2,200 mph) and its orbit from an initial 98,000 by 200 km (60,890 by 120 mi) down to 1,050 by 200 km (650 by 120 mi). Additional thruster firings through mid-April circularised the spacecraft's orbit to 400 km (250 mi), and full science activities began on 21 April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-space20180223_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20180223-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/220px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/330px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/440px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Size of the Trace Gas Orbiter (left) with the <i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM attached, compared to <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> (right) and an average human</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Dimensions</dt> <dd>The central <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">bus</a> is 3.2 m × 2 m × 2 m (10.5 ft × 6.6 ft × 6.6 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Propulsion</dt> <dd>424 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> (95 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">lbf</a>) <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">bi-propellant</a> main engine, used for Mars orbit insertion and manoeuvres<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Power</dt> <dd>20 m<sup>2</sup> (220 sq ft) <a href="/wiki/Solar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar array">solar arrays</a> spanning 17.5 m (57 ft) tip-to-tip, and capable of rotating in one axis;<sup id="cite_ref-tgosfk_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgosfk-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generates about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> of power at Mars<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Batteries</dt> <dd>2 modules of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> with approximately 5100 <a href="/wiki/Watt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt hour">watt hours</a> total capacity to provide power during eclipses over the prime mission<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Communication</dt> <dd>2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a> with a two-axis pointing mechanism and 65 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> <a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">travelling-wave tube amplifier</a> to communicate with Earth<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Two <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF band</a> <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a> with a single <a href="/wiki/Helical_antenna" title="Helical antenna">helical antenna</a> to communicate with spacecraft at Mars<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Thermal control</dt> <dd>Spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Vertical_axis_(yaw)" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw axis</a> control to ensure the three faces containing the science payload remain cold</dd> <dt>Mass</dt> <dd>3,755 kg (8,278 lb), <a href="/wiki/Wet_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet mass">wet mass</a> of the orbiter<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>4,332 kg (9,550 lb), wet mass of the orbiter plus <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Payload</dt> <dd>113.8 kg (251 lb) of science instruments<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg/220px-Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg/330px-Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg/440px-Maquette_Exomars_Orbiter_Salon_du_Bourget_2015_DSC_0045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5810" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Scale model of the <i>ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</i> displayed during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The TGO separated from the ExoMars <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander"><i>Schiaparelli</i></a> demonstration lander and would have provided it with telecommunication relay for 8 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Sol" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Martian solar days (sols)</a> after landing. Then the TGO gradually underwent <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> for seven months into a more circular orbit for science observations and will eventually provide <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications relay</a> for the future <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> and will continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions.<sup id="cite_ref-june2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-june2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FREND instrument is currently mapping hydrogen levels to a maximum depth of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) beneath the Martian surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayzeck_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayzeck-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gannon2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locations where hydrogen is found may indicate <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water-ice deposits</a>, which could be useful for future crewed missions. </p><p>Particularly, the mission is in the process of characterising spatial, temporal variation, and localisation of sources for a broad list of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmospheric trace gases</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) is found in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>), that would be a strong indication that biological processes are involved.<sup id="cite_ref-ExoMars_ACS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExoMars_ACS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if methane is found in the presence of gases such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), that would be an indication that the methane is a byproduct of geological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-McKie_2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKie_2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Detection</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_Methane_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Martian_Methane_Map.jpg/220px-Martian_Methane_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Martian_Methane_Map.jpg/330px-Martian_Methane_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Martian_Methane_Map.jpg/440px-Martian_Methane_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Visualisation of a methane plume found in Mars' atmosphere during the northern summer season</figcaption></figure> <p>The nature of the <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane source</a> requires measurements of a suite of trace gases in order to characterise potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work. The orbiter has very high sensitivity to (at least) the following molecules and their <a href="/wiki/Isotopomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopomers">isotopomers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">hydroperoxyl</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO</span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCN</span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>), <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">carbonyl sulfide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OCS</span>), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCl</span>), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>). Detection sensitivities are at levels of 100 parts per trillion, improved to 10 parts per trillion or better by averaging spectra which could be taken at several spectra per second.<sup id="cite_ref-nomad2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomad2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Characterisation</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Spatial and temporal variability: latitude–longitude coverage multiple times in a Mars year to determine regional sources and seasonal variations (reported to be large, but still controversial with present understanding of Mars gas-phase photochemistry)</li> <li>Correlation of concentration observations with environmental parameters of temperature, dust and ice aerosols (potential sites for heterogeneous chemistry)<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Localisation</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Mapping of multiple tracers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a>) with different photochemical lifetimes and correlations helps constrain model simulations and points to source/sink regions</li> <li>To achieve the spatial resolution required to localise sources might require tracing molecules at parts-per-billion concentrations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaSSIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CaSSIS.jpg/220px-CaSSIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CaSSIS.jpg/330px-CaSSIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CaSSIS.jpg/440px-CaSSIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS)</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>, the Trace Gas Orbiter is a hybrid science and telecom orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-Vago_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vago-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its scientific payload mass is about 113.8 kg (251 lb) and consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paylod2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paylod2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery" title="Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery">Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery</a> (<b>NOMAD</b>) has two <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> channels.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed by Belgium.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_Suite" title="Atmospheric Chemistry Suite">Atmospheric Chemistry Suite</a> (<b>ACS</b>) has three infrared spectrometer channels.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ria2014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed by Russia.</li></ul> <dl><dd>NOMAD and ACS are providing the most extensive spectral coverage of Martian atmospheric processes so far.<sup id="cite_ref-Vago_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vago-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onTrack_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onTrack-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twice per orbit, at local sunrise and sunset, they are able to observe the Sun as it shines through the atmosphere. Detection of atmospheric trace species at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level are possible.</dd></dl> <ul><li>The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (<b>CaSSIS</b>) is a high-resolution, 4.5 m per pixel (15 ft/pixel), colour stereo camera for building accurate digital elevation models of the Martian surface. It will also be an important tool for characterising candidate landing site locations for future missions. Developed by Switzerland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fine-Resolution_Epithermal_Neutron_Detector" title="Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector">Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector</a> (<b>FREND</b>) is a neutron detector that can provide information on the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, in the form of water or hydrated minerals, in the top 1 m (3 ft 3 in) of the Martian surface.<sup id="cite_ref-ria2014_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed by Russia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relay_telecommunications">Relay telecommunications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relay telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg/220px-Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg/330px-Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg/440px-Pia17952_electra_transceiver_dsc09326_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra radio</a>, in this case the one for the <i>MAVEN</i> probe. Electra radios were also deployed on the <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i> and on other Mars telecommunications assets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the challenges of entry, descent and landing, Mars landers are highly constrained in mass, volume and power. For landed missions, this places severe constraints on antenna size and transmission power, which in turn greatly reduce direct-to-Earth communication capability in comparison to orbital spacecraft. As an example, the capability downlinks on <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i> rovers had only <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">600</span></span> the capability of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> downlink. Relay communication addresses this problem by allowing Mars surface spacecraft to communicate using higher data rates over short-range links to nearby Mars orbiters, while the orbiter takes on the task of communicating over the long-distance link back to Earth. This relay strategy offers a variety of key benefits to Mars landers: increased data return volume, reduced energy requirements, reduced communications system mass, increased communications opportunities, robust critical event communications and <i>in situ</i> navigation aid.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA provided an <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra telecommunications relay</a> and navigation instrument to assure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGO will provide the <i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover with telecommunications relay; it will also serve as a relay satellite for future landed missions.<sup id="cite_ref-june2011_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-june2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg/220px-Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg/330px-Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg/440px-Layered_deposits_at_the_south_pole_of_Mars_ESA394865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7896" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Image of the edge of <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a>, Mars' south polar ice cap, taken by CaSSIS. The dusty ice layers that compose the South Polar Layered Deposits (SPLD) are exposed and visible in the image. </figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft took its first photos of the surface of Mars on 15 April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20180426_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20180426-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year of science operations<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yielded a wealth of new data and scientific discoveries, including: new observations of the atmospheric composition and structure,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> water-ice cloud enhancement during a global dust storm,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new measurements of the atmospheric thermal structure and density,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimations of the timespan of the climate record of the south polar ice sheet,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmation of dry-processes being responsible for <a href="/wiki/Recurring_slope_lineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurring slope lineae">Recurring Slope Lineae</a> in Hale crater,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifying a variety of ice and non-ice related active processes occurring on the surface in colour,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high-resolution maps of shallow subsurface Hydrogen, increasing the known amounts of probably near-surface buried water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, the science team reported their first methane results: TGO had detected no methane whatsoever, even though their data were more sensitive than the methane concentrations found using <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>, and ground-based observations.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity (rover)</a> – NASA robotic rover exploring Gale crater on Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a> – international space agencies agreement about mars exploration<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> – European orbiter mission to Mars (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> – NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1996–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> – Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> – NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-esaOverview-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esaOverview_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/46124-mission-overview/">"ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli Mission (2016)"</a>. European Space Agency. 16 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+and+Schiaparelli+Mission+%282016%29&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fmars%2F46124-mission-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-june2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-june2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-june2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-june2011_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenWitasse2011" class="citation conference cs1">Allen, Mark A.; Witasse, Olivier (2011). <i>2016 ESA/NASA ExoMARS/Trace Gas Orbiter</i>. Mars Exploration Program Assessment Group. 15–16 June 2011. Lisbon, Portugal. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2014%2F42148">2014/42148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=2016+ESA%2FNASA+ExoMARS%2FTrace+Gas+Orbiter&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2014%2F42148&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Witasse%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-017A">"ExoMars 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ExoMars+2016&rft.pub=NASA+Space+Science+Data+Coordinated+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2016-017A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trace-gas-orbiter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trace-gas-orbiter_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475">"ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)"</a>. European Space Agency. 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+%28TGO%29&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fjump.cfm%3Foid%3D46475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews20160314-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews20160314_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews20160314_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2016" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35799792">"Mars methane mission lifts off"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mars+methane+mission+lifts+off&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-35799792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowakowski2016" class="citation news cs1">Nowakowski, Tomasz (20 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/lost-mars-schiaparelli-lander-falls-silent-shortly-touchdown/">"Lost on Mars: Schiaparelli lander falls silent shortly before touchdown"</a>. <i>Spaceflight Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Insider&rft.atitle=Lost+on+Mars%3A+Schiaparelli+lander+falls+silent+shortly+before+touchdown&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.aulast=Nowakowski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightinsider.com%2Fmissions%2Fsolar-system%2Flost-mars-schiaparelli-lander-falls-silent-shortly-touchdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20161019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2016" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/science/esa-mars-lander.html">"ExoMars Mission to Join Crowd of Spacecraft at Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ExoMars+Mission+to+Join+Crowd+of+Spacecraft+at+Mars&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F20%2Fscience%2Fesa-mars-lander.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbthStatus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tbthStatus_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVago2009" class="citation cs2">Vago, J. L. (10 September 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marspages.eu/media/archive4/exomars/statusbericht/StatusberichtSep2009.pdf">"Mars Panel Meeting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Planetary Science Decadal Survey</i>, Arizona State University, Tempe (US): <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mars+Panel+Meeting&rft.btitle=Planetary+Science+Decadal+Survey&rft.place=Arizona+State+University%2C+Tempe+%28US%29&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.aulast=Vago&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marspages.eu%2Fmedia%2Farchive4%2Fexomars%2Fstatusbericht%2FStatusberichtSep2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mustard_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustard_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mustard_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustard2009" class="citation web cs1">Mustard, Jack (9 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/pss/july2009/presentations/05MEPAG.pdf">"MEPAG Report to the Planetary Science Subcommittee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEPAG+Report+to+the+Planetary+Science+Subcommittee&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Mars+Exploration+Program+Analysis+Group&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.aulast=Mustard&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fpss%2Fjuly2009%2Fpresentations%2F05MEPAG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_20_Oct_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_20_Oct_2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2016" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37707776">"Fears grow for European Schiaparelli Mars lander"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fears+grow+for+European+Schiaparelli+Mars+lander&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-37707776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa_Done-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esa_Done_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222072551/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Surfing_complete">"Surfing complete"</a>. European Space Agency. 21 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Surfing_complete">the original</a> on 22 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surfing+complete&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FSurfing_complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20180409-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esa20180409_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitschdoerferSvedhemBauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Mitschdoerfer, Pia; et al. (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_poised_to_start_science_mission">"ExoMars poised to start science mission"</a>. European Space Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ExoMars+poised+to+start+science+mission&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Mitschdoerfer&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft.au=Svedhem%2C+H%C3%A5kan&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FExoMars%2FExoMars_poised_to_start_science_mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchMoved2020-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaunchMoved2020_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaunchMoved2020_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Second_ExoMars_mission_moves_to_next_launch_opportunity_in_2020">"Second ExoMars mission moves to next launch opportunity in 2020"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+ExoMars+mission+moves+to+next+launch+opportunity+in+2020&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FFor_Media%2FPress_Releases%2FSecond_ExoMars_mission_moves_to_next_launch_opportunity_in_2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchMoved2022_2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaunchMoved2022_2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/The_way_forward_to_Mars">"The way forward to Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+way+forward+to+Mars&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FExploration%2FExoMars%2FThe_way_forward_to_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721052957/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/decadal/TGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt">"Mars Trace Gas Mission"</a>. MEPAG. 10 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/decadal/TGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Trace+Gas+Mission&rft.pub=MEPAG&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmepag.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fdecadal%2FTGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plumes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plumes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMummaVillanuevaNovakHewagama2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mumma, Michael J.; Villanueva, Gerónimo L.; Novak, Robert E.; Hewagama, Tilak; Bonev, Boncho P.; Disanti, Michael A.; Mandell, Avi M.; Smith, Michael D. (20 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.spaceref.com/news/2009/Mumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf">"Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5917): 1041–1045. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323.1041M">2009Sci...323.1041M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1165243">10.1126/science.1165243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19150811">19150811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25083438">25083438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Strong+Release+of+Methane+on+Mars+in+Northern+Summer+2003&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5917&rft.pages=1041-1045&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1165243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25083438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19150811&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323.1041M&rft.aulast=Mumma&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Villanueva%2C+Ger%C3%B3nimo+L.&rft.au=Novak%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Hewagama%2C+Tilak&rft.au=Bonev%2C+Boncho+P.&rft.au=Disanti%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Mandell%2C+Avi+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2FMumma_et_al_Methane_Mars_wSOM_accepted2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand2008" class="citation news cs1">Hand, Eric (21 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esse.engin.umich.edu/psl/PRESS/Mars/NatureNews_2008.pdf">"Plumes of methane identified on Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nature News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plumes+of+methane+identified+on+Mars&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesse.engin.umich.edu%2Fpsl%2FPRESS%2FMars%2FNatureNews_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923195833/http://astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=2765&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">"Making Sense of Mars' Methane"</a>. <i>Astrobio.net</i>. June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=2765&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0">the original</a> on 23 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobio.net&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Mars%27+Methane&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobio.net%2Fnews%2Fmodules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D2765%26mode%3Dthread%26order%3D0%26thold%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigerwald2009" class="citation news cs1">Steigerwald, Bill (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html">"Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet"</a>. <i>NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.atitle=Martian+Methane+Reveals+the+Red+Planet+is+not+a+Dead+Planet&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=Steigerwald&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmars%2Fnews%2Fmarsmethane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweGavinGoodhartKral2009" class="citation conference cs1">Howe, K. L.; Gavin, P.; Goodhart, T.; Kral, T. A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/1287.pdf"><i>Methane Production by Methanogens in Perchlorate-Supplemented Media</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Methane+Production+by+Methanogens+in+Perchlorate-Supplemented+Media.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rft.au=Gavin%2C+P.&rft.au=Goodhart%2C+T.&rft.au=Kral%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2009%2Fpdf%2F1287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levin2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinStraat2009" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Gilbert V.; Straat, Patricia Ann (3 September 2009). "Methane and life on Mars". <i>Proc. SPIE</i>. Proceedings of SPIE. <b>7441</b> (74410D): 74410D. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7441E..0DL">2009SPIE.7441E..0DL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.829183">10.1117/12.829183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73595154">73595154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+SPIE&rft.atitle=Methane+and+life+on+Mars&rft.volume=7441&rft.issue=74410D&rft.pages=74410D&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73595154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.829183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009SPIE.7441E..0DL&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+V.&rft.au=Straat%2C+Patricia+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2009" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (9 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8130393.stm">"Agencies outline Mars initiative"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Agencies+outline+Mars+initiative&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8130393.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005142406/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/nasa-orbiter-to-hunt-for-source-of-martian-methane-in-2016_100163335.html">"NASA orbiter to hunt for source of Martian methane in 2016"</a>. <i>Thaindian News</i>. 6 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/nasa-orbiter-to-hunt-for-source-of-martian-methane-in-2016_100163335.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thaindian+News&rft.atitle=NASA+orbiter+to+hunt+for+source+of+Martian+methane+in+2016&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Fhealth%2Fnasa-orbiter-to-hunt-for-source-of-martian-methane-in-2016_100163335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithtgm20090910-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithtgm20090910_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithtgm20090910_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Michael (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221094000/http://spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Mars1%20Smith-TGM.pdf">"Mars Trace Gas Mission: Science Rationale & Concept"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Presentation to the NRC Decadal Survey Mars Panel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Mars1%20Smith-TGM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Trace+Gas+Mission%3A+Science+Rationale+%26+Concept&rft.series=Presentation+to+the+NRC+Decadal+Survey+Mars+Panel&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacepolicyonline.com%2Fpages%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FPSDS%2520Mars1%2520Smith-TGM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JointInstrument-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JointInstrument_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurekChicarro2009" class="citation web cs1">Zurek, R.; Chicarro, A. (29 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730203811/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jul-09/JIDT_for_MEPAG.pdf">"Report to MEPAG on the ESA-NASA Joint Instrument Definition Team (JIDT) for the Proposed 2016 Orbiter-Carrier"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jul-09/JIDT_for_MEPAG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+MEPAG+on+the+ESA-NASA+Joint+Instrument+Definition+Team+%28JIDT%29+for+the+Proposed+2016+Orbiter-Carrier&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.aulast=Zurek&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Chicarro%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmepag.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmeeting%2Fjul-09%2FJIDT_for_MEPAG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflight101.com/exomars/project-history/">"Brief ExoMars Project History"</a>. <i>Spaceflight101.com</i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight101.com&rft.atitle=Brief+ExoMars+Project+History&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight101.com%2Fexomars%2Fproject-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-split-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-split_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaverna2009" class="citation news cs1">Taverna, Michael A. (19 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114093557/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news%2FExomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions">"ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Week">Aviation Week</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news%2FExomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions">the original</a> on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=ESA+Proposes+Two+ExoMars+Missions&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.aulast=Taverna&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory_channel.jsp%3Fchannel%3Dspace%26id%3Dnews%252FExomars101909.xml%26headline%3DESA%2520Proposes%2520Two%2520ExoMars%2520Missions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space20090623-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space20090623_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2009" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (23 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/6881-nasa-poised-join-europe-mars-rover-mission.html">"NASA Poised to Join Europe's Mars Rover Mission"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818015604/https://www.space.com/6881-nasa-poised-join-europe-mars-rover-mission.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=NASA+Poised+to+Join+Europe%27s+Mars+Rover+Mission&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F6881-nasa-poised-join-europe-mars-rover-mission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oct12-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oct12_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2009" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (12 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8302876.stm">"Europe's Mars plans move forward"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Mars+plans+move+forward&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8302876.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremr2012" class="citation news cs1">Kremr, Ken (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/93512/experts-react-to-obama-slash-to-nasas-mars-and-planetary-science-exploration/">"Experts React to Obama Slash to NASA's Mars and Planetary Science Exploration"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Experts+React+to+Obama+Slash+to+NASA%27s+Mars+and+Planetary+Science+Exploration&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.aulast=Kremr&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F93512%2Fexperts-react-to-obama-slash-to-nasas-mars-and-planetary-science-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancellation-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cancellation_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhewell2012" class="citation news cs1">Whewell, Megan (15 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511105820/http://news.uk.msn.com/blog/the-space-blog-blogpost.aspx?post=1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d">"Have Europe's Martian exploration plans been derailed by America?"</a>. <i>MSN News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uk.msn.com/blog/the-space-blog-blogpost.aspx?post=1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d">the original</a> on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSN+News&rft.atitle=Have+Europe%27s+Martian+exploration+plans+been+derailed+by+America%3F&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Whewell&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.uk.msn.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-space-blog-blogpost.aspx%3Fpost%3D1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svitak-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svitak_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvitak2012" class="citation news cs1">Svitak, Amy (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2012/03/15/awx_03_15_2012_p0-437120.xml&headline=Europe%20Joins%20Russia%20on%20Robotic%20ExoMars">"Europe Joins Russia on Robotic ExoMars"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=Europe+Joins+Russia+on+Robotic+ExoMars&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Svitak&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory_channel.jsp%3Fchannel%3Dspace%26id%3Dnews%2Fawx%2F2012%2F03%2F15%2Fawx_03_15_2012_p0-437120.xml%26headline%3DEurope%2520Joins%2520Russia%2520on%2520Robotic%2520ExoMars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc20120315-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc20120315_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2012" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (15 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17390576">"Europe still keen on Mars missions"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107174842/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17390576">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+still+keen+on+Mars+missions&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-17390576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://optics.org/news/3/2/23">"NASA drops ExoMars missions in 2013 budget"</a>. <i>Optics</i>. 15 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics&rft.atitle=NASA+drops+ExoMars+missions+in+2013+budget&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foptics.org%2Fnews%2F3%2F2%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/16/spacewatch-nasa-mars-exomars">"Spacewatch: Uncertainties for ExoMars"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spacewatch%3A+Uncertainties+for+ExoMars&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fmar%2F16%2Fspacewatch-nasa-mars-exomars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stillKeen-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stillKeen_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2012" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (15 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17390576">"Europe still keen on Mars missions"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+still+keen+on+Mars+missions&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-17390576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExoMars-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExoMars_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars_2016.html">"ExoMars"</a>. <i>Russian Space Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Space+Web&rft.atitle=ExoMars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fexomars_2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchMoved2022-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaunchMoved2022_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ExoMars_to_take_off_for_the_Red_Planet_in_2022">"N° 6–2020: ExoMars to take off for the Red Planet in 2022"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 12 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C2%B0+6%E2%80%932020%3A+ExoMars+to+take+off+for+the+Red+Planet+in+2022&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FNewsroom%2FPress_Releases%2FExoMars_to_take_off_for_the_Red_Planet_in_2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceref.com/mars/exomars-2016-schiaparelli-module-in-baikonur.html">"ExoMars 2016 <i>Schiaparelli</i> Module in Baikonur"</a>. <i>ESA</i>. SpaceRef. 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA&rft.atitle=ExoMars+2016+Schiaparelli+Module+in+Baikonur&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceref.com%2Fmars%2Fexomars-2016-schiaparelli-module-in-baikonur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gibney, Elizabeth (11 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19547">"Mars launch to test collaboration between Europe and Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>531</b> (7594): 288–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.531..288G">2016Natur.531..288G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19547">10.1038/nature.2016.19547</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26983519">26983519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mars+launch+to+test+collaboration+between+Europe+and+Russia&rft.volume=531&rft.issue=7594&rft.pages=288-299&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26983519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.531..288G&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2016.19547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026085720/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_on_its_way_to_solve_the_Red_Planet_s_mysteries">"ExoMars on its way to solve the Red Planet's mysteries"</a>. ESA. 14 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_on_its_way_to_solve_the_Red_Planet_s_mysteries">the original</a> on 26 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ExoMars+on+its+way+to+solve+the+Red+Planet%27s+mysteries&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FExoMars%2FExoMars_on_its_way_to_solve_the_Red_Planet_s_mysteries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exploded_booster-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exploded_booster_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2016" class="citation news cs1">King, Bob (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/128073/exomars-mission-narrowly-avoids-exploding-booster/">"ExoMars Mission Narrowly Avoids Exploding Booster"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=ExoMars+Mission+Narrowly+Avoids+Exploding+Booster&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F128073%2Fexomars-mission-narrowly-avoids-exploding-booster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2016" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter B. (5 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/roscosmos-gives-detailed-rebuttal-to-reports-of-proton-upper-stage-anomaly-after-exomars-separation/">"Roscosmos gives detailed rebuttal to reports of Proton ExoMars launch anomaly"</a>. <i>Space News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=Roscosmos+gives+detailed+rebuttal+to+reports+of+Proton+ExoMars+launch+anomaly&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Froscosmos-gives-detailed-rebuttal-to-reports-of-proton-upper-stage-anomaly-after-exomars-separation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-separation-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-separation_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2016" class="citation news cs1">Malik, Tariq (16 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/34399-european-mars-lander-separates-exomars-mothership.html">"European Mars Lander Separates From Mothership, Takes Aim at Red Planet"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=European+Mars+Lander+Separates+From+Mothership%2C+Takes+Aim+at+Red+Planet&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F34399-european-mars-lander-separates-exomars-mothership.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewSci_March-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewSci_March_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2016" class="citation news cs1">Aron, Jacob (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2079697-exomars-probe-set-to-sniff-out-signs-of-life-on-the-red-planet/">"ExoMars probe set to sniff out signs of life on the Red Planet"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=ExoMars+probe+set+to+sniff+out+signs+of+life+on+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2079697-exomars-probe-set-to-sniff-out-signs-of-life-on-the-red-planet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selding2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selding2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Selding2016" class="citation news cs1">de Selding, Peter B. (20 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/europes-exomars-successfully-inserted-into-mars-orbit-but-lander-may-be-lost/">"Europe's ExoMars enters Mars orbit, but lander feared lost"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+ExoMars+enters+Mars+orbit%2C+but+lander+feared+lost&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.aulast=de+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Feuropes-exomars-successfully-inserted-into-mars-orbit-but-lander-may-be-lost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20161019-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsf20161019_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardt2016" class="citation news cs1">Gebhardt, Chris (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/10/exomars-duo-orbit-insertion-landing-mars/">"ExoMars completes crucial orbit insertion, hope lost for lander"</a>. <i>NASASpaceflight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025222820/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/10/exomars-duo-orbit-insertion-landing-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceflight.com&rft.atitle=ExoMars+completes+crucial+orbit+insertion%2C+hope+lost+for+lander&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft.aulast=Gebhardt&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fexomars-duo-orbit-insertion-landing-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian20161124-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian20161124_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/24/mars-lander-smashed-into-ground-at-540kmh-after-misjudging-its-altitude">"Mars lander smashed into ground at 540km/h after misjudging its altitude"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mars+lander+smashed+into+ground+at+540km%2Fh+after+misjudging+its+altitude&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Fnov%2F24%2Fmars-lander-smashed-into-ground-at-540kmh-after-misjudging-its-altitude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space20180223-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space20180223_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2018" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Mike (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/39796-methane-sniffing-mars-orbiter-aerobraking-dives.html">"Methane-Sniffing Orbiter Finishes 'Aerobraking' Dives Through Mars' Atmosphere"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Methane-Sniffing+Orbiter+Finishes+%27Aerobraking%27+Dives+Through+Mars%27+Atmosphere&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F39796-methane-sniffing-mars-orbiter-aerobraking-dives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvedhemVagoBruinsmaMüller-Wodarg2017" class="citation conference cs1">Svedhem, Hakan; Vago, Jorge L.; Bruinsma, Sean; Müller-Wodarg, Ingo; et al. (2017). <i>ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter provides atmospheric data during Aerobraking into its final orbit</i>. 49th Annual Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting. 15–20 October 2017. Provo, Utah. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4941801S">2017DPS....4941801S</a>. 418.01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+provides+atmospheric+data+during+Aerobraking+into+its+final+orbit&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017DPS....4941801S&rft.aulast=Svedhem&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft.au=Vago%2C+Jorge+L.&rft.au=Bruinsma%2C+Sean&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Wodarg%2C+Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tgosfk-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tgosfk_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/EXOMARS2016/kernels/fk/em16_tgo_v08.tf">"Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) Spacecraft Frames Kernel"</a>. 26 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trace+Gas+Orbiter+%28TGO%29+Spacecraft+Frames+Kernel&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaif.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fpub%2Fnaif%2FEXOMARS2016%2Fkernels%2Ffk%2Fem16_tgo_v08.tf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission">"FAQ: The 'rebirth' of ESA's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission"</a>. <i>European Space Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+The+%27rebirth%27+of+ESA%27s+ExoMars+Rosalind+Franklin+mission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FExploration%2FExoMars%2FFAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/TGO_s_orbit_around_Mars">"TGO's orbit around Mars"</a>. <i>European Space Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=TGO%27s+orbit+around+Mars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FExploration%2FExoMars%2FTGO_s_orbit_around_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayzeck-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grayzeck_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-017A">"ExoMars 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Science Data Center">National Space Science Data Center</a></i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Space+Science+Data+Center&rft.atitle=ExoMars+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2016-017A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannon2016-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gannon2016_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2016" class="citation news cs1">Gannon, Megan (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/32250-exomars-mars-mission-science.html?adbid=10153371993821466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465">"The Science of ExoMars: New Mission to Hunt for Mars Life"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+ExoMars%3A+New+Mission+to+Hunt+for+Mars+Life&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F32250-exomars-mars-mission-science.html%3Fadbid%3D10153371993821466%26adbpl%3Dfb%26adbpr%3D17610706465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExoMars_ACS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExoMars_ACS_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontmessin" class="citation web cs1">Montmessin, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315035042/http://www.planetary-department-iki.ru/projects/future/acs/ACS_meeting/presentations/montmessin_Presentation1.pdf">"Atmospheric Chemistry Suite: Science Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LATMOS CNRS, France</i>. p. 44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary-department-iki.ru/projects/future/acs/ACS_meeting/presentations/montmessin_Presentation1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>Determining the origin of methane on Mars can only be addressed by looking at methane isotopologues and at higher alkanes (ethane, propane).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LATMOS+CNRS%2C+France&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+Suite%3A+Science+Overview&rft.pages=44&rft.aulast=Montmessin&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary-department-iki.ru%2Fprojects%2Ffuture%2Facs%2FACS_meeting%2Fpresentations%2Fmontmessin_Presentation1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKie_2016-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKie_2016_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2016" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Robin (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/21/exomars-probe-life-mars-sniff-out-methane-rover">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Giant nose in the sky' ready for lift-off in mission to sniff out traces of life on Mars"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Giant+nose+in+the+sky%27+ready+for+lift-off+in+mission+to+sniff+out+traces+of+life+on+Mars&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fexomars-probe-life-mars-sniff-out-methane-rover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomad2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nomad2011_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandaele" class="citation web cs1">Vandaele, A. C.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/paris2011/abstracts/vandaele_paris2011.pdf">"NOMAD, a spectrometer suite for nadir and solar occultation observations on the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institut des NanoSciences de Paris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOMAD%2C+a+spectrometer+suite+for+nadir+and+solar+occultation+observations+on+the+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter&rft.pub=Institut+des+NanoSciences+de+Paris&rft.aulast=Vandaele&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr%2Fparis2011%2Fabstracts%2Fvandaele_paris2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vago-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vago_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vago_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVago2013" class="citation news cs1">Vago, J.; et al. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esamultimedia.esa.int/multimedia/publications/ESA-Bulletin-155/offline/download.pdf">"ExoMars, ESA's next step in Mars exploration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESA Bulletin</i>. No. 155. pp. 12–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=ExoMars%2C+ESA%27s+next+step+in+Mars+exploration&rft.issue=155&rft.pages=12-23&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Vago&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesamultimedia.esa.int%2Fmultimedia%2Fpublications%2FESA-Bulletin-155%2Foffline%2Fdownload.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paylod2014-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paylod2014_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219211336/http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48523-trace-gas-orbiter-instruments/">"ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Instruments"</a>. <i>ESA</i>. 20 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48523-trace-gas-orbiter-instruments/">the original</a> on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA&rft.atitle=ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+Instruments&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploration.esa.int%2Fmars%2F48523-trace-gas-orbiter-instruments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasVandaeleNeefsRistic2017" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, I. R.; Vandaele, A. C.; Neefs, E.; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/granada2017/abstracts/thomas_granada2017.pdf">"The NOMAD Spectrometer Suite on the ExoMars 2016 Orbiter: Current Status"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Sixth International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modelling and Observation. 17–20 January 2017. Granada, Spain.</i>: 4401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017mamo.conf.4401T">2017mamo.conf.4401T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixth+International+Workshop+on+the+Mars+Atmosphere%3A+Modelling+and+Observation.+17%E2%80%9320+January+2017.+Granada%2C+Spain.&rft.atitle=The+NOMAD+Spectrometer+Suite+on+the+ExoMars+2016+Orbiter%3A+Current+Status&rft.pages=4401&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017mamo.conf.4401T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft.au=Vandaele%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Neefs%2C+E.&rft.au=Ristic%2C+B.&rft.au=Hetey%2C+L.&rft.au=Mahieux%2C+A.&rft.au=Robert%2C+S.&rft.au=Daerden%2C+F.&rft.au=Depiesse%2C+C.&rft.au=Mason%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Patel%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Lopez+Moreno%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Bellucci%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr%2Fgranada2017%2Fabstracts%2Fthomas_granada2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakutnyaya2012" class="citation news cs1">Zakutnyaya, Olga (25 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Europe_to_invest_12_bln_euros_in_a_new_space_Odyssey_999.html">"Europe to invest 12 bln euros in a new space Odyssey"</a>. <i>Space Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Daily&rft.atitle=Europe+to+invest+12+bln+euros+in+a+new+space+Odyssey&rft.date=2012-11-25&rft.aulast=Zakutnyaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FEurope_to_invest_12_bln_euros_in_a_new_space_Odyssey_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ria2014-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ria2014_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ria2014_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/russia/20140804/191710468/Russia-to-Construct-Landing-Pad-for-Russian-European.html">"Russia to Construct Landing Pad for Russian-European "ExoMars-2018" Space Mission"</a>. <i>RIA Novosti</i>. Russia. 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=Russia+to+Construct+Landing+Pad+for+Russian-European+%22ExoMars-2018%22+Space+Mission&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Frussia%2F20140804%2F191710468%2FRussia-to-Construct-Landing-Pad-for-Russian-European.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onTrack-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onTrack_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2013" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22914025">"Europe"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-22914025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsBanerdtBeatyTamppari2009" class="citation report cs1">Edwards, Charles D. Jr.; Banerdt, William B.; Beaty, David W.; Tamppari, Leslie K.; Zurek, Richard W. (15 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/decadal/CharlesDEdwards.pdf">Relay Orbiters for Enhancing and Enabling Mars <i>In Situ</i> Exploration</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Relay+Orbiters+for+Enhancing+and+Enabling+Mars+In+Situ+Exploration&rft.pub=Mars+Exploration+Program+Analysis+Group&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.+Jr.&rft.au=Banerdt%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Beaty%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Tamppari%2C+Leslie+K.&rft.au=Zurek%2C+Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmepag.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freports%2Fdecadal%2FCharlesDEdwards.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Selding2012" class="citation news cs1">De Selding, Peter B. (26 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/us-europe-wont-go-it-alone-mars-exploration/">"U.S., Europe Won't Go It Alone in Mars Exploration"</a>. <i>Space News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Europe+Won%27t+Go+It+Alone+in+Mars+Exploration&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.aulast=De+Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fus-europe-wont-go-it-alone-mars-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esa20180426-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esa20180426_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasSvedhemBauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Nicolas; et al. (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_returns_first_images_from_new_orbit">"ExoMars returns first images from new orbit"</a>. European Space Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ExoMars+returns+first+images+from+new+orbit&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Svedhem%2C+H%C3%A5kan&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FExoMars%2FExoMars_returns_first_images_from_new_orbit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvedhemVagoRodionov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Svedhem, H.; Vago, J. L.; Rodionov, D. (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFM.P23B3482S">"The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter - New Results and Future Plans"</a>. <i>AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts</i>. <b>23</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFM.P23B3482S">2019AGUFM.P23B3482S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AGU+Fall+Meeting+Abstracts&rft.atitle=The+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+-+New+Results+and+Future+Plans&rft.volume=23&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AGUFM.P23B3482S&rft.aulast=Svedhem&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Vago%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Rodionov%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2019AGUFM.P23B3482S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrokhimovskiyPerevalovKorablevFedorova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Trokhimovskiy, A.; Perevalov, V.; Korablev, O.; Fedorova, A. A.; Olsen, K. S.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Patrakeev, A.; Shakun, A.; Montmessin, F.; Lefèvre, F.; Lukashevskaya, A. (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/07/aa38134-20/aa38134-20.html">"First observation of the magnetic dipole CO2 absorption band at 3.3 μm in the atmosphere of Mars by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ACS instrument"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>639</b>: A142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...639A.142T">2020A&A...639A.142T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038134">10.1051/0004-6361/202038134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=First+observation+of+the+magnetic+dipole+CO2+absorption+band+at+3.3+%CE%BCm+in+the+atmosphere+of+Mars+by+the+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+ACS+instrument&rft.volume=639&rft.pages=A142&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020A%26A...639A.142T&rft.aulast=Trokhimovskiy&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Perevalov%2C+V.&rft.au=Korablev%2C+O.&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Bertaux%2C+J.-L.&rft.au=Patrakeev%2C+A.&rft.au=Shakun%2C+A.&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+F.&rft.au=Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+F.&rft.au=Lukashevskaya%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2020%2F07%2Faa38134-20%2Faa38134-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenLefèvreMontmessinFedorova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen, K. S.; Lefèvre, F.; Montmessin, F.; Fedorova, A. A.; Trokhimovskiy, A.; Baggio, L.; Korablev, O.; Alday, J.; Wilson, C. F.; Forget, F.; Belyaev, D. A. (18 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-020-00678-w">"The vertical structure of CO in the Martian atmosphere from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"</a>. <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 67–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatGe..14...67O">2021NatGe..14...67O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-020-00678-w">10.1038/s41561-020-00678-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=The+vertical+structure+of+CO+in+the+Martian+atmosphere+from+the+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-71&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-020-00678-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatGe..14...67O&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+F.&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+F.&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Trokhimovskiy%2C+A.&rft.au=Baggio%2C+L.&rft.au=Korablev%2C+O.&rft.au=Alday%2C+J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+C.+F.&rft.au=Forget%2C+F.&rft.au=Belyaev%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41561-020-00678-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStcherbinineVincendonMontmessinWolff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stcherbinine, A.; Vincendon, M.; Montmessin, F.; Wolff, M. J.; Korablev, O.; Fedorova, A.; Trokhimovskiy, A.; Patrakeev, A.; Lacombe, G.; Baggio, L.; Shakun, A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JE006300">"Martian Water Ice Clouds During the 2018 Global Dust Storm as Observed by the ACS-MIR Channel Onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>125</b> (3): e2019JE006300. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08018">1912.08018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JGRE..12506300S">2020JGRE..12506300S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JE006300">10.1029/2019JE006300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9100">2169-9100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209386623">209386623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Martian+Water+Ice+Clouds+During+the+2018+Global+Dust+Storm+as+Observed+by+the+ACS-MIR+Channel+Onboard+the+Trace+Gas+Orbiter&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e2019JE006300&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209386623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JGRE..12506300S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.08018&rft.issn=2169-9100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019JE006300&rft.aulast=Stcherbinine&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vincendon%2C+M.&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+F.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Korablev%2C+O.&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+A.&rft.au=Trokhimovskiy%2C+A.&rft.au=Patrakeev%2C+A.&rft.au=Lacombe%2C+G.&rft.au=Baggio%2C+L.&rft.au=Shakun%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1029%2F2019JE006300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddleMueller-WodargBruinsmaMarty2020" class="citation journal cs1">Siddle, A. G.; Mueller-Wodarg, I. C. F.; Bruinsma, S.; Marty, J. -C. (23 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103520304541">"Density structures in the martian lower thermosphere as inferred by Trace Gas Orbiter accelerometer measurements"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>357</b>: 114109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114109">10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226339347">226339347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Density+structures+in+the+martian+lower+thermosphere+as+inferred+by+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+accelerometer+measurements&rft.volume=357&rft.pages=114109&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226339347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114109&rft.aulast=Siddle&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Mueller-Wodarg%2C+I.+C.+F.&rft.au=Bruinsma%2C+S.&rft.au=Marty%2C+J.+-C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103520304541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecerraSoriThomasPommerol2019" class="citation journal cs1">Becerra, Patricio; Sori, Michael M.; Thomas, Nicolas; Pommerol, Antoine; Simioni, Emanuele; Sutton, Sarah S.; Tulyakov, Stepan; Cremonese, Gabriele (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL083588">"Timescales of the Climate Record in the South Polar Ice Cap of Mars"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>46</b> (13): 7268–7277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.7268B">2019GeoRL..46.7268B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019GL083588">10.1029/2019GL083588</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F634664">10150/634664</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007">1944-8007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198424636">198424636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Timescales+of+the+Climate+Record+in+the+South+Polar+Ice+Cap+of+Mars&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=7268-7277&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F634664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198424636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeoRL..46.7268B&rft.issn=1944-8007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019GL083588&rft.aulast=Becerra&rft.aufirst=Patricio&rft.au=Sori%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Pommerol%2C+Antoine&rft.au=Simioni%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Sarah+S.&rft.au=Tulyakov%2C+Stepan&rft.au=Cremonese%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1029%2F2019GL083588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunarettoPajolaCremoneseRe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Munaretto, G.; Pajola, M.; Cremonese, G.; Re, C.; Lucchetti, A.; Simioni, E.; McEwen, A. S.; Pommerol, A.; Becerra, P.; Conway, S. J.; Thomas, N. (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063320300660">"Implications for the origin and evolution of Martian Recurring Slope Lineae at Hale crater from CaSSIS observations"</a>. <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>187</b>: 104947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020P&SS..18704947M">2020P&SS..18704947M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2020.104947">10.1016/j.pss.2020.104947</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0633">0032-0633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218929279">218929279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Implications+for+the+origin+and+evolution+of+Martian+Recurring+Slope+Lineae+at+Hale+crater+from+CaSSIS+observations&rft.volume=187&rft.pages=104947&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2020.104947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218929279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0032-0633&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020P%26SS..18704947M&rft.aulast=Munaretto&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Pajola%2C+M.&rft.au=Cremonese%2C+G.&rft.au=Re%2C+C.&rft.au=Lucchetti%2C+A.&rft.au=Simioni%2C+E.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Pommerol%2C+A.&rft.au=Becerra%2C+P.&rft.au=Conway%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0032063320300660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangarajanTornabeneOsinskiConway2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rangarajan, Vidhya Ganesh; Tornabene, Livio L.; Osinski, Gordon R.; Conway, Susan J.; Seelos, Frank P.; Silvestro, Simone; Salese, Francesco; Pajola, Maurizio; Lucchetti, Alice; Munaretto, Giovanni; Bickel, Valentin T.; Thomas, Nicolas; Cremonese, Gabriele (1 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103523000209">"Change detection and monitoring of active Martian surface phenomena with the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>394</b>: 115443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2023.115443">10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115443</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Change+detection+and+monitoring+of+active+Martian+surface+phenomena+with+the+Colour+and+Stereo+Surface+Imaging+System+%28CaSSIS%29+onboard+the+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+%28TGO%29&rft.volume=394&rft.pages=115443&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2023.115443&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft.aulast=Rangarajan&rft.aufirst=Vidhya+Ganesh&rft.au=Tornabene%2C+Livio+L.&rft.au=Osinski%2C+Gordon+R.&rft.au=Conway%2C+Susan+J.&rft.au=Seelos%2C+Frank+P.&rft.au=Silvestro%2C+Simone&rft.au=Salese%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pajola%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Lucchetti%2C+Alice&rft.au=Munaretto%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Bickel%2C+Valentin+T.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Cremonese%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0019103523000209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalakhovMitrofanovGolovinSanin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Malakhov, Alexey; Mitrofanov, Igor; Golovin, Dmitry; Sanin, Anton; Litvak, Maxim; Mokrousov, Maxim; Kozyrev, Alexander; Tretyakov, Vladislav; Djachkova, Maya; Nikiforov, Sergey; Lisov, Denis (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..2116504M">"Mars subsurface hydrogen as seen by FREND onboard TGO"</a>. <i>EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts</i>. <b>21</b>: 16504. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..2116504M">2019EGUGA..2116504M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EGU+General+Assembly+Conference+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Mars+subsurface+hydrogen+as+seen+by+FREND+onboard+TGO&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=16504&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EGUGA..2116504M&rft.aulast=Malakhov&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft.au=Mitrofanov%2C+Igor&rft.au=Golovin%2C+Dmitry&rft.au=Sanin%2C+Anton&rft.au=Litvak%2C+Maxim&rft.au=Mokrousov%2C+Maxim&rft.au=Kozyrev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Tretyakov%2C+Vladislav&rft.au=Djachkova%2C+Maya&rft.au=Nikiforov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Lisov%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2019EGUGA..2116504M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorablevVandaeleMontmessinFedorova2019" class="citation journal cs1">Korablev, Oleg; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/60547/2/2019%20Korablev%20TGO%20methane%20Nature_accepted.pdf">"No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>568</b> (7753): 517–520. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.568..517K">2019Natur.568..517K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1096-4">10.1038/s41586-019-1096-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30971829">30971829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106411228">106411228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=No+detection+of+methane+on+Mars+from+early+ExoMars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+observations&rft.volume=568&rft.issue=7753&rft.pages=517-520&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1096-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A106411228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30971829&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.568..517K&rft.aulast=Korablev&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Vandaele%2C+Ann+Carine&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+Franck&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+Anna+A.&rft.au=Trokhimovskiy%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Forget%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+Franck&rft.au=Daerden%2C+Frank&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Ian+.&rft.au=Trompet%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Justin+T.&rft.au=Aoki%2C+Shohei&rft.au=Robert%2C+S%C3%A9verine&rft.au=Neary%2C+Lori&rft.au=Viscardy%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+Alexey+.&rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+Nikolay+I.&rft.au=Shakun%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Patrakeev%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Belyaev%2C+Denis+A.&rft.au=Bertaux%2C+Jean-Loup&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Kevin+S.&rft.au=Baggio%2C+Lucio&rft.au=Alday%2C+Juan&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Yuriy+S.&rft.au=Ristic%2C+Bojan&rft.au=Mason%2C+Jon&rft.au=Willame%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Depiesse%2C+C%C3%A9dric&rft.au=Hetey%2C+Laszlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F60547%2F2%2F2019%2520Korablev%2520TGO%2520methane%2520Nature_accepted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrokhimovskiyPerevalovKorablevFedorova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Trokhimovskiy, A.; Perevalov, V.; Korablev, O.; Fedorova, A. A.; Olsen, K. S.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Patrakeev, A.; Shakun, A.; Montmessin, F.; Lefèvre, F.; Lukashevskaya, A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/07/aa38134-20/aa38134-20.html">"First observation of the magnetic dipole CO2absorption band at 3.3μm in the atmosphere of Mars by the Exo <i>Mars</i> Trace Gas Orbiter ACS instrument"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>639</b>: A142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...639A.142T">2020A&A...639A.142T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038134">10.1051/0004-6361/202038134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225600219">225600219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=First+observation+of+the+magnetic+dipole+CO2absorption+band+at+3.3%CE%BCm+in+the+atmosphere+of+Mars+by+the+Exo+Mars+Trace+Gas+Orbiter+ACS+instrument&rft.volume=639&rft.pages=A142&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225600219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020A%26A...639A.142T&rft.aulast=Trokhimovskiy&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Perevalov%2C+V.&rft.au=Korablev%2C+O.&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Bertaux%2C+J.-L.&rft.au=Patrakeev%2C+A.&rft.au=Shakun%2C+A.&rft.au=Montmessin%2C+F.&rft.au=Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+F.&rft.au=Lukashevskaya%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2020%2F07%2Faa38134-20%2Faa38134-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrace+Gas+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> at ESA.int</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeanspaceagency/albums/72157651339630276">ESA ExoMars</a> on Flickr</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ExoMars_programme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ExoMars" title="Template:ExoMars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ExoMars" title="Template talk:ExoMars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ExoMars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ExoMars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ExoMars_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">ExoMars 2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_Suite" title="Atmospheric Chemistry Suite">ACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-Resolution_Epithermal_Neutron_Detector" title="Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector">FREND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery" title="Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery">NOMAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_(14042710527).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/100px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/150px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/200px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/100px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/150px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/200px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6515" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">2028 launch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADRON-RM" title="ADRON-RM">ADRON-RM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLUPI" title="CLUPI">CLUPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HABIT_(HabitAbility:_Brine,_Irradiation_and_Temperature)" class="mw-redirect" title="HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature)">HABIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Spectrometer_for_ExoMars" title="Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars">ISEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRa" title="LaRa">LaRa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Multispectral_Imager_for_Subsurface_Studies" title="Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies">MA-MISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicrOmega-IR" title="MicrOmega-IR">MicrOmega-IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Organic_Molecule_Analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer">MOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PanCam" title="PanCam">PanCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Laser_Spectrometer" title="Raman Laser Spectrometer">RLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISDOM_(radar)" title="WISDOM (radar)">WISDOM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">MAX-C rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Planum" title="Oxia Planum">Oxia Planum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ExoMars" title="Category:ExoMars">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ExoMars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ExoMars"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_in_space" title="Template:2016 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2016_in_space" title="Template talk:2016 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2016 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2016 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_in_space" title="Template:2015 in space">2015</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_in_space" title="Template:2017 in space">2017</a></span> » </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2016" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2016"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a> (X-ray observatory; Feb 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (Mars orbiter; Mar 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/150px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/225px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/300px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Juno spacecraft with Jupiter in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/150px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/225px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/300px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of a planet with a rocky landscape orbiting the Alpha Centauri star system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/150px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/225px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/300px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5196" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DN160822_03" title="DN160822 03">DN160822 03</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2016" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2016">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(85990)_1999_JV6" title="(85990) 1999 JV6">(85990) 1999 JV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_TX68" title="2013 TX68">2013 TX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">68</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_EU85" title="2016 EU85">2016 EU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">85</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_PQ" title="2016 PQ">2016 PQ</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(164121)_2003_YT1" title="(164121) 2003 YT1">(164121) 2003 YT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2016"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38_Virginis_b" title="38 Virginis b">38 Virginis b</a></li> <li>atmospheric composition of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B20_594b" title="BD+20 594b">BD+20 594b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_536_b" title="Gliese 536 b">Gliese 536 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_19467_B" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 19467 B">HD 19467 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_131399_Ab" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 131399 Ab">HD 131399 Ab</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(retracted in 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164922_c" title="HD 164922 c">HD 164922 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378" title="HIP 41378">HIP 41378</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_b" title="HIP 41378 b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_c" title="HIP 41378 c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_d" title="HIP 41378 d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_e" title="HIP 41378 e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_f" title="HIP 41378 f">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-33b" title="K2-33b">K2-33b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-332_b" title="K2-332 b">K2-332 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72" title="K2-72">K2-72</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K2-72b" title="K2-72b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72c" title="K2-72c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72d" title="K2-72d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72e" title="K2-72e">e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-9b" title="KELT-9b">KELT-9b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-11b" title="KELT-11b">KELT-11b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20g" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-20g">Kepler-20g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-56d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-56d">Kepler-56d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-737b" title="Kepler-737b">Kepler-737b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1229b" title="Kepler-1229b">Kepler-1229b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1520b" title="Kepler-1520b">Kepler-1520b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1625b" title="Kepler-1625b">Kepler-1625b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1638b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-1638b">Kepler-1638b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1647b" title="Kepler-1647b">Kepler-1647b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b" title="OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b">OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb" title="OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb">OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr0211_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Pr0211 c">Pr0211 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-3b" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar-3b">Qatar-3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-4b" title="Qatar-4b">Qatar-4b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-5b" title="Qatar-5b">Qatar-5b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">TRAPPIST-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1b" title="TRAPPIST-1b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1c" title="TRAPPIST-1c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1d" title="TRAPPIST-1d">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae_b" title="TW Hydrae b">TW Hydrae b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V830_Tauri_b" class="mw-redirect" title="V830 Tauri b">V830 Tauri b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J11193254%E2%80%931137466_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB">2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J2126%E2%80%938140" title="2MASS J2126–8140">2MASS J2126–8140</a> as planet</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">GW150914</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Cluster_IDCS_1426" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Cluster IDCS 1426">IDCS 1426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(hypothesized)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GN-z11" title="GN-z11">GN-z11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J1240%2B6710" title="SDSS J1240+6710">SDSS J1240+6710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_2_Dwarf" title="Crater 2 Dwarf">Crater 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW151226" title="GW151226">GW151226</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_RR245" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 RR245">2015 RR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">245</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSS_Great_Wall" title="BOSS Great Wall">BOSS Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB_160625B" title="GRB 160625B">GRB 160625B</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(471325)_2011_KT19" title="(471325) 2011 KT19">(471325) 2011 KT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">19</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_UZ224" title="2014 UZ224">2014 UZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">224</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_J080822.18-644357.3" title="WISE J080822.18-644357.3">WISE J080822.18-644357.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_I" title="Virgo I">Virgo I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V407_Lupi" title="V407 Lupi">ASASSN-16kt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V5856_Sagittarii" title="V5856 Sagittarii">ASASSN-16ma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2016" title="Category:Comets in 2016"><img alt="Comets in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_R2_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS)">C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> (entered <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> orbit; Jul 2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i> (end of mission to <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">comet 67P</a>; Sep 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</a> (Mars lander; Oct 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_outer_space" title="Category:2015 in outer space">Category:2015 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2016_in_outer_space" title="Category:2016 in outer space">Category:2016 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_outer_space" title="Category:2017 in outer space">Category:2017 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2015Orbital_launches_in_20162017_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2015Orbital_launches_in_20162017_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight" title="2015 in spaceflight">← 2015</a></div><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2016</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">2017 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belintersat-1" title="Belintersat-1">Belintersat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_29e" title="Intelsat 29e">Intelsat 29e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 9B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M3-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-266" title="USA-266">USA-266</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_IIF" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS IIF">GPS IIF</a><a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites" title="List of GPS satellites">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2514" title="Kosmos 2514">Kosmos 2514</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-4" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4">Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-267</a> / <a href="/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture" title="Future Imagery Architecture">Topaz-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">ASTRO-H / Hitomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SES-9" title="SES-9">SES-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 65 West A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P №3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">Soyuz TMA-20M</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-6">Cygnus CRS OA-6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diwata-1" title="Diwata-1">Diwata-1</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-2e'</a> × 20</span> , <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 9</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2515</a> / Bars-M 2L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">IGSO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-02" title="Progress MS-02">Progress MS-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8" title="SpaceX CRS-8">Dragon CRS-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module" title="Bigelow Expandable Activity Module">BEAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">Sentinel-1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/MICROSCOPE" title="MICROSCOPE">MICROSCOPE</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/E-st@r-II" title="E-st@r-II">e-st@r-II</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-2B" title="JCSAT-2B">JCSAT-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">FOC-10, FOC-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaicom_8" title="Thaicom 8">Thaicom 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2516" title="Kosmos 2516">Kosmos 2516</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan III-02</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> 1, 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2517</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geo-IK-2" title="Geo-IK-2">Geo-IK-2 №12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intelsat_satellites" title="List of Intelsat satellites">Intelsat 31</a> / DLA-2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-268" title="USA-268">USA-268</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Orion 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 117 West B</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABS-2A" title="ABS-2A">ABS-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">Cartosat-2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Monitoring_and_Messaging_Microsatellite" title="Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite">M3MSat</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-2p</a> × 12</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SathyabamaSat" title="SathyabamaSat">SathyabamaSat</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Swayam" title="Swayam">Swayam</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System" title="Mobile User Objective System">MUOS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">Chinese next-generation crew capsule scale model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 16-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">Soyuz MS-01</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-03" title="Progress MS-03">Progress MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-9" title="SpaceX CRS-9">Dragon CRS-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-269 (page does not exist)">USA-269</a> / <a href="/wiki/NROL" class="mw-redirect" title="NROL">NROL</a>-61</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong-1">Tiantong-1</a> 01</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-16" title="JCSAT-16">JCSAT-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS / Mozi / Micius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-270</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSSAP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSAP">GSSAP-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-271</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSSAP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSAP">GSSAP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_33e" title="Intelsat 33e">Intelsat 33e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_36" title="Intelsat 36">Intelsat 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-10</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOS-6_(satellite)" title="AMOS-6 (satellite)">AMOS-6</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">INSAT-3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-11">Ofek-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> × 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScatSat-1" title="ScatSat-1">ScatSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsat-1B" title="Alsat-1B">Alsat-1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsat-2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsat-2B">Alsat-2B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackSky_Pathfinder-1" title="BlackSky Pathfinder-1">BlackSky Pathfinder-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/PISat" title="PISat">PISat</a></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Muster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Muster II">Sky Muster II</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">GSAT-18</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-5">Cygnus CRS OA-5</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</small>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">Soyuz MS-02</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himawari_9" title="Himawari 9">Himawari 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPNAV_1" class="mw-redirect" title="XPNAV 1">XPNAV 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldView-4" title="WorldView-4">WorldView-4</a>, <small>CELTEE 1, Prometheus-2 × 2, AeroCube 8 × 2, U2U, RAVAN</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunhai-1 (page does not exist)">Yunhai-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">FOC 7, 12, 13, 14</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">Soyuz MS-03</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_16" class="mw-redirect" title="GOES 16">GOES-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a>-04</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-04" title="Progress MS-04">Progress MS-04</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2A" title="Resourcesat-2A">Resourcesat-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGS-8" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS-8">WGS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-6" class="mw-redirect" title="HTV-6">HTV-6</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kounotori_6" title="Kounotori 6">Kounotori 6</a>, (<small>EGG, TuPOD, UBAKUSAT, AOBA-VELOX, STARS, FREEDOM, ITF, Waseda-SAT, OSNSAT, <a href="/wiki/Tancredo-1" title="Tancredo-1">Tancredo-1</a>, TechEDSat, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System">CYGNSS</a> × 8</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EchoStar_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EchoStar 19 (page does not exist)">EchoStar 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a> / ERG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spark_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spark (satellite) (page does not exist)">Spark</a> × 2</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_D1" title="Star One D1">Star One D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCSAT-15" title="JCSAT-15">JCSAT-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperView&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperView (page does not exist)">SuperView</a> / Gaojing-1 01, 02, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayi_Kepu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayi Kepu (page does not exist)">Bayi Kepu</a> 1</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&oldid=1257534907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&oldid=1257534907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ExoMars" title="Category:ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency_space_probes" title="Category:European Space Agency space probes">European Space Agency space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_space_probes" title="Category:Russian space probes">Russian space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_orbiting_Mars" title="Category:Satellites orbiting Mars">Satellites orbiting Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attached_spacecraft" title="Category:Attached spacecraft">Attached spacecraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2016" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2016">Space probes launched in 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roscosmos" title="Category:Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2016" title="Category:Use British English from October 2016">Use British English from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2020">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2016">Use dmy dates from November 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 12:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_Gas_Orbiter&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7ztkk","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.909","walltime":"2.264","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11857,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":518787,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13754,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":384855,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1834.327 1 -total"," 40.21% 737.661 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.23% 334.368 8 Template:Infobox"," 14.56% 267.056 24 Template:Navbox"," 11.86% 217.628 36 Template:Cite_news"," 11.68% 214.175 1 Template:Infobox_spaceflight"," 11.11% 203.779 8 Template:Annotated_link"," 10.74% 196.986 20 Template:Cite_web"," 9.84% 180.438 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.32% 115.965 1 Template:Exomars"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.107","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28149656,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","24.6"],["?","220","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.1"],["rawset","40","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","1.5"],["[others]","240","18.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-znn46","timestamp":"20241122171516","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Trace Gas Orbiter","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trace_Gas_Orbiter","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2090722","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2090722","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-07-07T03:45:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T12:19:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/a\/ae\/ExoMars_2016_TGO_and_EDM_trans-small.png","headline":"European-Russian Mars orbiter"}</script> </body> </html>