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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Free software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_essential_freedoms_of_Free_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_essential_freedoms_of_Free_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Four essential freedoms of Free Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_essential_freedoms_of_Free_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits_over_proprietary_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_over_proprietary_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Benefits over proprietary software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_over_proprietary_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_control,_customizability_and_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_control,_customizability_and_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Personal control, customizability and freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_control,_customizability_and_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Privacy and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_costs_or_no_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_costs_or_no_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Low costs or no costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_costs_or_no_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality,_collaboration_and_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality,_collaboration_and_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Quality, collaboration and efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality,_collaboration_and_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawbacks_compared_to_proprietary_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawbacks_compared_to_proprietary_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Drawbacks compared to proprietary software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawbacks_compared_to_proprietary_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_and_user-support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_user-support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Security and user-support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_user-support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_and_software_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_and_software_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Hardware and software compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_and_software_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bugs_and_missing_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bugs_and_missing_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Bugs and missing features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bugs_and_missing_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_guarantee_of_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_guarantee_of_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Less guarantee of development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less_guarantee_of_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missing_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Missing applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adoption by governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_supranational_unions_and_international_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_supranational_unions_and_international_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Adoption by supranational unions and international organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_supranational_unions_and_international_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues and incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues and incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GPLv3_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPLv3_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>GPLv3 controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPLv3_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skewed_prioritization,_ineffectiveness_and_egoism_of_developers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skewed_prioritization,_ineffectiveness_and_egoism_of_developers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Skewed prioritization, ineffectiveness and egoism of developers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skewed_prioritization,_ineffectiveness_and_egoism_of_developers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_ownership_of_open-source_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_ownership_of_open-source_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Commercial ownership of open-source software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_ownership_of_open-source_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Legal cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oracle_v._Google" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_v._Google"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span><i>Oracle v. Google</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_v._Google-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_part/driver_of_a_new_socio-economic_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_part/driver_of_a_new_socio-economic_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>As part/driver of a new socio-economic model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_part/driver_of_a_new_socio-economic_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free and open-source software</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="برمجية حرة مفتوحة المصدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجية حرة مفتوحة المصدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_v%C9%99_a%C3%A7%C4%B1q_m%C9%99nb%C9%99li_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Azad və açıq mənbəli proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azad və açıq mənbəli proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মুক্ত ও উন্মুক্ত উৎসের সফটওয়্যার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত ও উন্মুক্ত উৎসের সফটওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS" title="FOSS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FOSS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS" title="FOSS – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="FOSS" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%BD_a_otev%C5%99en%C3%BD_software" title="Svobodný a otevřený software – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodný a otevřený software" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre_and_Open_Source_Software" title="Free/Libre and Open Source Software – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Free/Libre and Open Source Software" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre_Open_Source_Software" title="Free/Libre Open Source Software – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Free/Libre Open Source Software" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό και Λογισμικό Ανοιχτού Κώδικα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό και Λογισμικό Ανοιχτού Κώδικα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_libre_y_de_c%C3%B3digo_abierto" title="Software libre y de código abierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software libre y de código abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نرم‌افزار آزاد و متن‌باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار آزاد و متن‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre_Open_Source_Software" title="Free/Libre Open Source Software – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Free/Libre Open Source Software" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0-%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="자유-오픈 소스 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유-오픈 소스 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="निःशुल्क और मुक्तस्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निःशुल्क और मुक्तस्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programaro_di_Libera_e_Publika_Fonto" title="Programaro di Libera e Publika Fonto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programaro di Libera e Publika Fonto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_bebas_dan_sumber_terbuka" title="Perangkat lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frj%C3%A1ls_og_opinn_hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Frjáls og opinn hugbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frjáls og opinn hugbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software" title="Free and Open Source Software – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Free and Open Source Software" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97" title="תוכנה חופשית וקוד פתוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה חופשית וקוד פתוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಉಚಿತ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಕ್ತ-ಆಕರ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಚಿತ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಕ್ತ-ಆಕರ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%97" title="პროგრამული უზრუნველყოფა თავისუფალი და ღია საწყისი კოდით – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროგრამული უზრუნველყოფა თავისუფალი და ღია საწყისი კოდით" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эркин жана ачык булак программалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эркин жана ачык булак программалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Софтвер со слободен и отворен код – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Софтвер со слободен и отворен код" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_bebas_dan_sumber_terbuka" title="Perisian bebas dan sumber terbuka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian bebas dan sumber terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%87%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82_%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Нээлттэй ба чөлөөт эхийн програм хангамж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нээлттэй ба чөлөөт эхийн програм хангамж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_software_en_opensourcesoftware" title="Vrije software en opensourcesoftware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije software en opensourcesoftware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="स्वतन्त्र तथा खुला स्रोत सफ्टवेयर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्वतन्त्र तथा खुला स्रोत सफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOSS" title="FLOSS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FLOSS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_og_%C3%A5pen_kildekode" title="Fri og åpen kildekode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fri og åpen kildekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkin_va_ochiq_kodli_dastur" title="Erkin va ochiq kodli dastur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erkin va ochiq kodli dastur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolne_i_otwarte_oprogramowanie" title="Wolne i otwarte oprogramowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolne i otwarte oprogramowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_livre_e_de_c%C3%B3digo_aberto" title="Software livre e de código aberto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software livre e de código aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biypul_h%C3%A1m_ash%C4%B1q_kodl%C4%B1_programmal%C4%B1q_t%C3%A1miynat" title="Biypul hám ashıq kodlı programmalıq támiynat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Biypul hám ashıq kodlı programmalıq támiynat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_liber_cu_surs%C4%83_deschis%C4%83" title="Program liber cu sursă deschisă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Program liber cu sursă deschisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Свободное и открытое программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободное и открытое программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floss" title="Floss – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Floss" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="නිදහස් හා විවෘත මූලාශ්‍ර මෘදුකාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිදහස් හා විවෘත මූලාශ්‍ර මෘදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free and open-source software" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software" title="Free and Open Source Software – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Free and Open Source Software" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS" title="FOSS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="FOSS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="بەرنامەی خۆڕایی و سەرچاوەکراوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرنامەی خۆڕایی و سەرچاوەکراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Софтвер слободног и отвореног кода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Софтвер слободног и отвореног кода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS" title="FOSS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FOSS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรีและโอเพนซอร์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์เสรีและโอเพนซอร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_ve_a%C3%A7%C4%B1k_kaynak_kodlu_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Özgür ve açık kaynak kodlu yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür ve açık kaynak kodlu yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вільне та відкрите програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільне та відкрите програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="مفت اور آزاد-مصدر سافٹ ویئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مفت اور آزاد-مصدر 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class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Free_and_open-source_software">reviewed</a> on <i>21 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software whose source code is available and which is permissively licensed </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FLOSS", "FOSS", and "Free and Open-source" redirect here. For hardware, see <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a>. For other uses of "Foss", see <a href="/wiki/Foss_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Foss (disambiguation)">Foss (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of "Floss", see <a href="/wiki/Floss_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Floss (disambiguation)">Floss (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_and_open-source_software#Proposed_merge_of_Open-source_software_and_Free_software_into_Free_and_open-source_software" title="Talk:Free and open-source software">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since May 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_and_open-source_software#Proposed_merge_of_Open-source_software_and_Free_software_into_Free_and_open-source_software" title="Talk:Free and open-source software">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since May 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png/220px-Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png/330px-Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png/440px-Fedora_Linux_36_takes_pic_with_bunch_of_FOSS_softwares.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of free and open-source software (FOSS): <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux 36</a> running the <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_file_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphin file manager">Dolphin file manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice Writer</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KCalc" title="KCalc">KCalc</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Free and open-source software</b> (<b>FOSS</b>) is software that is available under a license that grants the right to use, modify, and distribute the software, modified or not, to everyone free of charge. The public availability of the source code is, therefore, a necessary but not sufficient condition. FOSS is an inclusive umbrella term for <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FOSS is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, where the software is under restrictive <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">licensing</a> and the source code is hidden from the users. </p><p>FOSS maintains the software user's civil liberty rights via the "<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Four_essential_freedoms_of_Free_Software">Four Essential Freedoms</a>" of free software. Other benefits of using FOSS include decreased software costs, increased <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> against <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, stability, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, opportunities for educational usage, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free and open-source operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions and descendants of <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> are widely used today, powering millions of <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, and other devices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatlestad2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatlestad2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaburn2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaburn2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software licenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source licenses</a> are used by <a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source software packages">many software packages</a> today. The <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">open-source software movement</a> are <a href="/wiki/Online_social_movement" title="Online social movement">online social movements</a> behind widespread production, adoption and promotion of FOSS, with the former preferring to use the terms <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software#FLOSS" title="Alternative terms for free software">FLOSS</a>, free or libre. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></div> <p>"Free and open-source software" (FOSS) is an umbrella term for software that is simultaneously considered both <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise definition of the terms "free software" and "open-source software" applies them to any software distributed under terms that allow users to use, modify, and redistribute said software in any manner they see fit, without requiring that they pay the author(s) of the software a <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty</a> or fee for engaging in the listed activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller2005xvii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller2005xvii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is an almost complete overlap between free-software licenses and open-source-software licenses, there is a strong philosophical disagreement between the advocates of these two positions. The terminology of FOSS was created to be a neutral on these philosophical disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) and <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> (OSI) and have a single unified term that could refer to both concepts, although Richard Stallman argues that it fails to be neutral unlike the similar term; "Free/Libre and Open Source Software" (FLOSS).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_software">Free software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Free software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software Definition">Free Software Definition</a>, adopted by the FSF, defines <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> as a matter of liberty, not price,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that which upholds the Four Essential Freedoms. The earliest known publication of this definition of his free software definition was in the February 1986 edition<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the FSF's now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication. The canonical source for the document is in the philosophy section of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> website. As of August 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is published in 40 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_essential_freedoms_of_Free_Software">Four essential freedoms of Free Software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Four essential freedoms of Free Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To meet the definition of "free software", the FSF requires the software's licensing respect the civil liberties / human rights of what the FSF calls the software user's "<a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition#The_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software" title="The Free Software Definition">Four Essential Freedoms</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li> <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).</li> <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this, you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.<sup id="cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source">Open source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></i> is used by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> (OSI) to determine whether a <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> license qualifies for the organization's insignia for <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. The definition was based on the <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a>, written and adapted primarily by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perens did not base his writing on the Four Essential Freedoms of free software from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, which were only later available on the web.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perens subsequently stated that he felt <a href="/wiki/Eric_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Raymond">Eric Raymond</a>'s promotion of open-source unfairly overshadowed the Free Software Foundation's efforts and reaffirmed his support for free software.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following 2000s, he spoke about open source again.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Contradicts_other plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Accuracy dispute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/40px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/60px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/80px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict the article <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Talk:Free and open-source software">talk page</a> and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the 1950s and on through the 1980s, it was common for computer users to have the source code for all programs they used, and the permission and ability to modify it for their own use. <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a>, including source code, was commonly shared by individuals who used computers, often as <a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">public-domain software</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (FOSS is not the same as public domain software, as public domain software does not contain copyrights<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Most companies had a business model based on <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> sales, and provided or <a href="/wiki/Bundled_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundled software">bundled software</a> with hardware, free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1960s, the prevailing business model around software was changing. A growing and evolving software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products; rather than funding software development from hardware revenue, these new companies were selling software directly. Leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers who were able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of software bundled with hardware product costs. In <i>United States vs. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i>, filed January 17, 1969, the government charged that bundled software was anticompetitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherMcKieMancke1983_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherMcKieMancke1983-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some software was still being provided without monetary cost and license restriction, there was a growing amount of software that was only at a monetary cost with restricted licensing. In the 1970s and early 1980s, some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a> began using technical measures (such as distributing only <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">binary copies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>) to prevent <a href="/wiki/Computer_user" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer user">computer users</a> from being able to use <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> techniques to study and customize software they had paid for. In 1980, the copyright law was extended to computer programs in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—previously, computer programs could be considered ideas, procedures, methods, systems, and processes, which are not copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, <a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">closed-source</a> software was uncommon until the mid-1970s to the 1980s, when IBM implemented in 1983 an "object code only" policy, no longer distributing source code.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker</a> community at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, announced the <a href="/wiki/GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a>, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software development for the <a href="/wiki/GNU_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU operating system">GNU operating system</a> began in January 1984, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the <i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i>. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software Definition">Free Software Definition</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>" ideas. The FSF takes the position that the fundamental issue <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a> addresses is an ethical one—to ensure software users can exercise what it calls "<a href="/wiki/Free_software#Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software" title="Free software">The Four Essential Freedoms</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. Initially, Linux was not released under either a Free software or an Open-source software license. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he <a href="/wiki/Software_relicensing" title="Software relicensing">relicensed</a> the project under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> (both derived from <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>) were released as Free software when the <i><a href="/wiki/USL_v._BSDi" class="mw-redirect" title="USL v. BSDi">USL v. BSDi</a></i> lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a>, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License 1.0</a>. </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Raymond">Eric Raymond</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i>, a reflective analysis of the hacker community and Free software principles. The paper received significant attention in early 1998, and was one factor in motivating <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a> to release their popular <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator</a> Internet suite as <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a>. This code is today better known as <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a>. </p><p>Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the FSF's Free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the Free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The new name they chose was "Open-source", and quickly <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>, publisher <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly" title="Tim O'Reilly">Tim O'Reilly</a>, Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the rebranding. The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> was founded in February 1998 to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> executive publicly stated in 2001 that "Open-source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies have indeed faced copyright infringement issues when embracing FOSS.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years FOSS played a niche role outside of the mainstream of private software development. However the success of FOSS Operating Systems such as Linux, BSD and the companies based on FOSS such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>, has changed the software industry's attitude and there has been a dramatic shift in the corporate philosophy concerning its development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerVoasCostello201014–16_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerVoasCostello201014–16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_software#Adoption" title="Free software">Free software § Adoption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software#Adoption" title="Open-source software">Open-source software § Adoption</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_over_proprietary_software">Benefits over proprietary software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benefits over proprietary software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_control,_customizability_and_freedom"><span id="Personal_control.2C_customizability_and_freedom"></span>Personal control, customizability and freedom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal control, customizability and freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></div> <p>Users of FOSS benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Free_software#Definition_and_the_Four_Essential_Freedoms_of_Free_Software" title="Free software">Four Essential Freedoms</a> to make unrestricted use of, and to study, copy, modify, and redistribute such software with or without modification. If they would like to change the functionality of software they can bring about changes to the code and, if they wish, distribute such modified versions of the software or often − depending on the software's <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">decision making model</a> and its other users − even push or request such changes to be made via updates to the original software.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privacy_and_security">Privacy and security</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Privacy and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Open-source software security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_update_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Software update system">Software update system</a></div> <p>Manufacturers of proprietary, closed-source software are sometimes pressured to building in <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a> or other covert, undesired features into their software.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of having to trust software vendors, users of FOSS can inspect and verify the source code themselves and can put trust on a community of volunteers and users.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As proprietary code is typically hidden from public view, only the vendors themselves and hackers may be aware of any <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> in them<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while FOSS involves as many people as possible for exposing bugs quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-wash1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scmagazine_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmagazine-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_costs_or_no_costs">Low costs or no costs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Low costs or no costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FOSS is often free of charge although donations are often encouraged. This also allows users to better test and compare software.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality,_collaboration_and_efficiency"><span id="Quality.2C_collaboration_and_efficiency"></span>Quality, collaboration and efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quality, collaboration and efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Bugs_and_missing_features">§ Bugs and missing features</a></div> <p>FOSS allows for better collaboration among various parties and individuals with the goal of developing the most efficient software for its users or use-cases while proprietary software is typically <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">meant to generate profits</a>. Furthermore, in many cases more organizations and individuals contribute to such projects than to proprietary software.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown that technical superiority is typically the primary reason why companies choose open source software.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawbacks_compared_to_proprietary_software">Drawbacks compared to proprietary software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drawbacks compared to proprietary software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_and_user-support">Security and user-support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Security and user-support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proactive_cyber_defence#Measures" title="Proactive cyber defence">Proactive cyber defence § Measures</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a> the more people who can see and test a set of code, the more likely any flaws will be caught and fixed quickly. However, this does not guarantee a high level of participation. Having a grouping of full-time professionals behind a commercial product can in some cases be superior to FOSS.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw1_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wash1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obs_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, publicized source code might make it easier for hackers to find vulnerabilities in it and write exploits. This however assumes that such malicious hackers are more effective than <a href="/wiki/White_hat_hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="White hat hacker">white hat hackers</a> which <a href="/wiki/Responsible_disclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsible disclosure">responsibly disclose</a> or help fix the vulnerabilities, that no code leaks or <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">exfiltrations</a> occur and that <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> of proprietary code is a hindrance of significance for malicious hackers.<sup id="cite_ref-wash1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardware_and_software_compatibility">Hardware and software compatibility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hardware and software compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">System requirements</a></div> <p>Sometimes, FOSS is not compatible with proprietary hardware or specific software. This is often due to manufacturers obstructing FOSS such as by not disclosing the <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> or other specifications needed for members of the FOSS movement to write <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> for their hardware - for instance as they wish customers to run only their own proprietary software or as they might benefit from partnerships.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bugs_and_missing_features">Bugs and missing features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bugs and missing features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Quality,_collaboration_and_efficiency">§ Quality, collaboration and efficiency</a></div> <p>While FOSS can be superior to proprietary equivalents in terms of software features and stability, in many cases it has more unfixed bugs and missing features when compared to similar commercial software.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This varies per case, and usually depends on the level of interest in a particular project. However, unlike close-sourced software, improvements can be made by anyone who has the motivation, time and skill to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-obs_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A common obstacle in FOSS development is the lack of access to some common official standards, due to costly <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> or required <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> (e.g., for the <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> format).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Less_guarantee_of_development">Less guarantee of development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Less guarantee of development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is often less certainty of FOSS projects gaining the required resources and participation for continued development than commercial software backed by companies.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, companies also often abolish projects for being unprofitable, yet large companies may rely on, and hence co-develop, open source software.<sup id="cite_ref-scmagazine_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmagazine-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, if the vendor of proprietary software ceases development, there are no alternatives; whereas with FOSS, any user who needs it still has the right, and the source-code, to continue to develop it themself, or pay a 3rd party to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missing_applications">Missing applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Missing applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the FOSS operating system distributions of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> has a lower <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of end users there are also fewer applications available.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_by_governments">Adoption by governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adoption by governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_free_and_open-source_software_by_public_institutions" title="Adoption of free and open-source software by public institutions">Adoption of free and open-source software by public institutions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_emergency_response_team" title="Computer emergency response team">Computer emergency response team</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_public_good" title="Global public good">Global public good</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Brazilian government</a> has simultaneously encouraged the distribution of cheap computers running Linux throughout its poorer communities by subsidizing their purchase with tax breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassonRyan2006_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassonRyan2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>In April 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> passed a similar law, Decree 1014, designed to migrate the public sector to Libre Software.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>In March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">French Gendarmerie Nationale</a> announced it will totally switch to <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> by 2015. The Gendarmerie began its transition to open source software in 2005 when it replaced Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org across the entire organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2012, the French Prime Minister laid down a set of action-oriented recommendations about using open-source in the French public administration.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These recommendations are published in a document based on the works of an inter-ministerial group of experts.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document promotes some orientations like establishing an actual convergence on open-source stubs, activating a network of expertise about converging stubs, improving the support of open-source software, contributing to selected stubs, following the big communities, spreading alternatives to the main commercial solutions, tracing the use of open-source and its effects, developing the culture of use of the open-source licenses in the developments of public information systems. One of the aim of this experts groups is also to establish lists of recommended open-source software to use in the French public administration.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>In the German <a href="/wiki/City_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Munich">City of Munich</a>, conversion of 15,000 PCs and laptops from Microsoft Windows-based operating systems to a <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>-based Linux environment called <a href="/wiki/LiMux" title="LiMux">LiMux</a> spanned the ten years of 2003 to 2013. After successful completion of the project, more than 80% of all computers were running Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 13, 2017, The Register reported that Munich was planning to revert to Windows 10 by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 2020, Munich decided to shift back from Microsoft to Linux again.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 Germany launched<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencode.de">Open CoDE</a>, its own FOSS repository and forum. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>The Government of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India, announced its official support for free and open-source software in its State IT Policy of 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint selfreference">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_and_open-source_software#State_IT_Policy_of_2001" title="Talk:Free and open-source software">discuss</a></i>]</sup> which was formulated after the first-ever Free software conference in India, <i>Freedom First!</i>, held in July 2001 in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala. In 2009, Government of Kerala started the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (<a href="/wiki/ICFOSS" title="ICFOSS">ICFOSS</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015 the Indian government announced a policy on adoption of FOSS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlawadhi2015_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlawadhi2015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>The Italian military is transitioning to LibreOffice and the <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> Format (ODF). LibreItalia Association announced on September 15, 2015, that the Ministry of Defence would over the next year-and-a-half install this suite of office productivity tools on some 150,000 PC workstations, making it Europe's second-largest LibreOffice implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 23, 2016, 6,000 stations have been migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-learning military platform.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Check for more recent information (May 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>In January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">Government of Jordan</a> announced a partnership with Ingres Corporation (now named <a href="/wiki/Actian" title="Actian">Actian</a>), an open-source database-management company based in the United States, to promote open-source software use, starting with university systems in Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>Malaysia launched the "Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Software Program", saving millions on proprietary software licenses until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government of Peru</a> voted to adopt open source across all its bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2005_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2005-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2002 response to Microsoft's critique is available online. In the preamble to the bill, the Peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> were safeguarded: "The basic principles which inspire the Bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>In September 2014, the Uganda National Information Technology Authority (NITA-U) announced a call for feedback on an Open Source Strategy & Policy<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a workshop in conjunction with the ICT Association of Uganda (ICTAU). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>In February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> moved its website to Linux servers using <a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a> for content management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan-Nichols2009_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan-Nichols2009-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> announced a new federal <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> policy which mandates that at least 20% of custom source code developed by or for any agency of the federal government be released as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> (OSS).<sup id="cite_ref-scott-and-rung-2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-and-rung-2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the policy requires that all source code be shared between agencies. The public release is under a three-year pilot program and agencies are obliged to collect data on this pilot to gauge its performance. The overall policy aims to reduce duplication, avoid vendor 'lock-in', and stimulate collaborative development. A new website <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.gov">code<wbr />.gov</a></span> provides "an online collection of tools, best practices, and schemas to help agencies implement this policy", the policy announcement stated. It also provides the "primary discoverability portal for custom-developed software intended both for Government-wide reuse and for release as OSS".<sup id="cite_ref-scott-and-rung-2016_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-and-rung-2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As yet unspecified <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">OSS licenses</a> will be added to the code.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>In 2004, a law in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Decree 3390) went into effect, mandating a two-year transition to open source in all public agencies. As of June 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the transition was still under way.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2017)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_by_supranational_unions_and_international_organizations">Adoption by supranational unions and international organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adoption by supranational unions and international organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable -- one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Official statement of the <a href="/wiki/United_Space_Alliance" title="United Space Alliance">United Space Alliance</a>, which manages the computer systems for the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), regarding why they chose to switch from Windows to Linux on the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunter2013_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunter2013-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgewater2013_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgewater2013-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> stated that "EU institutions should become open source software users themselves, even more than they already are" and listed open source software as one of the nine key drivers of innovation, together with <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, mobility, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">internet of things</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> adopted its <i>Open Source Strategy 2020-2023</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including encouraging sharing and reuse of software and publishing Commission's source code as key objectives. Among concrete actions there is also to set up an Open Source Programme Office in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2022 it launched its own FOSS repository <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://code.europa.eu/">https://code.europa.eu/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <i>Commission Decision on the open source licensing and reuse of Commission software (2021/C 495 I/01)</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted, under which, as a general principle, the European Commission may release software under <a href="/wiki/EUPL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUPL">EUPL</a> or another FOSS license, if more appropriate. There are exceptions though. </p><p>In May 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Expert group on the Interoperability of European Public Services</i> came published 27 recommendations to strengthen the interoperability of public administrations across the EU. These recommendations are to be taken into account later in the same year in Commission's proposal of the <i>"Interoperable Europe Act"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section should include a summary of, or be summarized in, another article.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text, or the main text of another article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_incidents">Issues and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Issues and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPLv3_controversy">GPLv3 controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: GPLv3 controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Context plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Context" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit">improve the article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">providing more context for the reader</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While copyright is the primary legal mechanism that FOSS authors use to ensure license compliance for their software, other mechanisms such as legislation, patents, and trademarks have implications as well. In response to legal issues with patents and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA), the Free Software Foundation released <a href="/wiki/GPL_version_3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL version 3">version 3 of its GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPLv3) in 2007 that explicitly addressed the DMCA and patent rights. </p><p>After the development of the GNU GPLv3 in 2007, the FSF (as the copyright holder of many pieces of the GNU system) updated many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the GNU programs' licenses from GPLv2 to GPLv3. On the other hand, the adoption of the new GPL version was heavily discussed in the FOSS ecosystem,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several projects decided against upgrading to GPLv3. For instance the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> project, <a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a> decided against adopting the GPLv3.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple, Inc.">Apple</a>, a user of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> and a heavy user of both <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> and patents, switched the compiler in its <a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a> IDE from GCC to <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a>, which is another FOSS compiler<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is under a <a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN</a> speculated that Apple was motivated partly by a desire to avoid GPLv3.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">Samba</a> project also switched to GPLv3, so Apple replaced <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">Samba</a> in their software suite by a closed-source, proprietary software alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolwerda2011_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolwerda2011-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skewed_prioritization,_ineffectiveness_and_egoism_of_developers"><span id="Skewed_prioritization.2C_ineffectiveness_and_egoism_of_developers"></span>Skewed prioritization, ineffectiveness and egoism of developers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Skewed prioritization, ineffectiveness and egoism of developers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system" title="Issue tracking system">Issue tracking system</a></div> <p>Leemhuis criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Prioritization" title="Prioritization">prioritization</a> of skilled developers who − instead of fixing issues in already popular open-source applications and desktop environments − create new, mostly redundant software to gain fame and fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-Leemhuis_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leemhuis-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also criticizes notebook manufacturers for optimizing their own products only privately or creating <a href="/wiki/Workaround" title="Workaround">workarounds</a> instead of helping fix the actual causes of the many issues with Linux on notebooks such as the unnecessary power consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Leemhuis_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leemhuis-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_ownership_of_open-source_software">Commercial ownership of open-source software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commercial ownership of open-source software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mergers have affected major open-source software. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (Sun) acquired <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a>, owner of the popular open-source <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> database, in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oracle in turn purchased Sun in January 2010, acquiring their copyrights, patents, and trademarks. Thus, Oracle became the owner of both the most popular proprietary database and the most popular open-source database. Oracle's attempts to commercialize the open-source MySQL database have raised concerns in the FOSS community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2011_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in response to uncertainty about the future of MySQL, the FOSS community <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> the project into new <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database systems</a> outside of Oracle's control. These include <a href="/wiki/MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percona" title="Percona">Percona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drizzle_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drizzle (database)">Drizzle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2011_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2011-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these have distinct names; they are distinct projects and cannot use the trademarked name MySQL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2009_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2009-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_cases">Legal cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legal cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oracle_v._Google"><i>Oracle v. Google</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Oracle v. Google"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></div> <p>In August 2010, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, claiming that its use of <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> in <a href="/wiki/Android_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Android (software)">Android</a> infringed on Oracle's copyrights and patents. In May 2012, the trial judge determined that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents and ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The jury found that Google infringed a small number of copied files, but the parties <a href="/wiki/Stipulation_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipulation (law)">stipulated</a> that Google would pay no damages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiccolai2012_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiccolai2012-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oracle appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Circuit">Federal Circuit</a>, and Google filed a <a href="/wiki/Cross-appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-appeal">cross-appeal</a> on the literal copying claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_part/driver_of_a_new_socio-economic_model"><span id="As_part.2Fdriver_of_a_new_socio-economic_model"></span>As part/driver of a new socio-economic model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: As part/driver of a new socio-economic model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></div> <p>By defying ownership regulations in the construction and use of information—a key area of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) movement</a> counters <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geor_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By realizing the historical potential of an "<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of abundance">economy of abundance</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">new digital world</a>, FOSS may lay down a plan for political resistance or show the way towards a potential <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">transformation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geor_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a>, Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, free software is the most visible part of a new economy of <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> of information, knowledge, and culture. As examples, he cites a variety of FOSS projects, including both free software and open-source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenkler2003_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkler2003-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_guidelines" title="Contributing guidelines">Contributing guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOSS_Manuals" title="FLOSS Manuals">FLOSS Manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOSS_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOSS Weekly">FLOSS Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Free and open-source graphics device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">List of formerly proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openwashing" title="Openwashing">Openwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline of free software</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FOSS is an inclusive term that covers both <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, which despite describing similar development models, have differing cultures and philosophical backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller200589,_362_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller200589,_362-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Free</i> refers to the users' freedom to copy and re-use the software. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, an organization that advocates the free software model, suggests that to understand the concept, one should "think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer". (See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">"The Free Software Definition"</a>. GNU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Software+Definition&rft.pub=GNU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span>) Free software focuses on the fundamental freedoms it gives to users, whereas open source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer-to-peer development model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller2005101–106,_110–111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller2005101–106,_110–111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FOSS is a term that can be used without particular bias towards either political approach.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller200589,_362-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller200589,_362_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeller2005">Feller 2005</a>, pp. 89, 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller2005101–106,_110–111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller2005101–106,_110–111_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeller2005">Feller 2005</a>, pp. 101–106, 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatlestad2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatlestad2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatlestad2005">Hatlestad 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaburn2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaburn2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaburn2007">Claburn 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSF_2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSF_2016_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFree_Software_Foundation2016" class="citation web cs1">Free Software Foundation (27 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">"What is free software? The Free Software Definition"</a>. <i>The GNU Project -- GNU</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GNU+Project+--+GNU&rft.atitle=What+is+free+software%3F+The+Free+Software+Definition&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft.au=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeller2005xvii-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeller2005xvii_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeller2005">Feller 2005</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.en.html">"FLOSS and FOSS"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916040800/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=FLOSS+and+FOSS&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffloss-and-foss.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">"GNU"</a>. 20 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaracke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Maracke, Catharina (2019-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjwip.12114">"Free and Open Source Software and FRAND-based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software"</a>. <i>The Journal of World Intellectual Property</i>. <b>22</b> (3–4): 78–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjwip.12114">10.1111/jwip.12114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-2213">1422-2213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159111696">159111696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+World+Intellectual+Property&rft.atitle=Free+and+Open+Source+Software+and+FRAND-based+patent+licenses%3A+How+to+mediate+between+Standard+Essential+Patent+and+Free+and+Open+Source+Software&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=78-102&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159111696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1422-2213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjwip.12114&rft.aulast=Maracke&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjwip.12114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt">"GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 Number 1, page 8"</a>. GNU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623180723/https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU%27s+Bulletin%2C+Volume+1+Number+1%2C+page+8&rft.pub=GNU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fbulletins%2Fbull1.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#translations">"The Free Software Definition – Translations of this page"</a>. GNU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#translations">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Software+Definition+%E2%80%93+Translations+of+this+page&rft.pub=GNU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.html%23translations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/perens.html">"<i>The Open Source Definition by Bruce Perens</i>"</a>. 1999-03-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025222/https://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/perens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+Source+Definition+by+Bruce+Perens&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fcatalog%2Fopensources%2Fbook%2Fperens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span>, Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, January 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3">1-56592-582-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/docs/osd">"<i>The Open Source Definition</i>"</a>. 7 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015144021/https://opensource.org/docs/osd">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+Source+Definition&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Fdocs%2Fosd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span>, The Open Source Definition according to the Open Source Initiative</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1129863&cid=26875815">"Slashdot.org"</a>. <i>News.slashdot.org</i>. 16 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717074714/https://news.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1129863&cid=26875815">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.slashdot.org&rft.atitle=Slashdot.org&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.slashdot.org%2Fcomments.pl%3Fsid%3D1129863%26cid%3D26875815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/1999/02/msg01641.html">"It's Time to Talk About Free Software Again"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716055445/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/1999/02/msg01641.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Time+to+Talk+About+Free+Software+Again&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-devel%2F1999%2F02%2Fmsg01641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104135143/https://perens.com/works/articles/State8Feb2008.html">"Bruce Perens - State of Open Source Message: A New Decade For Open Source"</a>. Perens.com. 1998-02-09. 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LinuxWorld Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106193215/https://akashsingh.ulitzer.com/node/32606">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Technology+and+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Free+Software+Alternative%3A+Freeware%2C+Open+Source+Software%2C+and+Libraries&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6017%2Fital.v33i3.5105&rft.issn=2163-5226&rft.aulast=Corbly&rft.aufirst=James+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fital%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1976" class="citation cs2">Gates, Bill (February 3, 1976), <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg"><i>An Open Letter to Hobbyists</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416224929/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg">archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Open+Letter+to+Hobbyists&rft.date=1976-02-03&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F14%2FBill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherMcKieMancke1983-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherMcKieMancke1983_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherMcKieMancke1983">Fisher, McKie & Mancke 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL96-517.pdf">Computer Software 1980 Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 96-517, 94 Stat. 3015, 3028</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330060505/https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL96-517.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco/CopyrightBasics/basics.html">"Copyright Basics"</a>. <i>www.lib.purdue.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630101745/https://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco/CopyrightBasics/basics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=Copyright+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.purdue.edu%2Fuco%2FCopyrightBasics%2Fbasics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber2009">Weber 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSBrPSYgjI4C&pg=PP55">Object code only: is IBM playing fair?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429134209/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSBrPSYgjI4C&pg=PP55">Archived</a> 2021-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>IBM's OCO policy protects its own assets but may threaten customers investment</i> on <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> - 8 Febr. 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&pg=PA8">Firm sidestep IBM policy by banning software changes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818034109/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> 2021-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> (18 March 1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallant1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Gallant, John (1985-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&pg=PA8">"IBM policy draws fire – Users say source code rules hamper change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818034109/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-27</span></span>. <q>While IBM's policy of withholding source code for selected software products has already marked its second anniversary, users are only now beginning to cope with the impact of that decision. But whether or not the advent of object-code-only products has affected their day-to-day DP operations, some users remain angry about IBM's decision. Announced in February 1983, IBM's object-code-only policy has been applied to a growing list of Big Blue system software products</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=IBM+policy+draws+fire+%E2%80%93+Users+say+source+code+rules+hamper+change&rft.date=1985-03-18&rft.aulast=Gallant&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Wgmey4obagC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam2002_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliam2002">William 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+Linux+kernel+0.12&rft.pub=Kernel.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/history">"History of the OSI"</a>. Opensource.org. 19 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726073944/https://opensource.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+OSI&rft.pub=Opensource.org&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharny2001">Charny 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcecodecontrol.co/foss/">"Issues when embracing FOSS"</a>. sourcecodecontrol.co. 31 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217215309/https://sourcecodecontrol.co/foss/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issues+when+embracing+FOSS&rft.pub=sourcecodecontrol.co&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcecodecontrol.co%2Ffoss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerVoasCostello201014–16-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerVoasCostello201014–16_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillerVoasCostello2010">Miller, Voas & Costello 2010</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2007" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, St Amant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVq9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372"><i>Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives</i></a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789067048453" title="Special:BookSources/9789067048453"><bdi>9789067048453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230144635/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDs0MLAsO8MC&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+and+the+Law%3A+Empirical+Approaches+to+Legal+Aspects+of+Knowledge-Economy+Business+Models&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789067048453&rft.aulast=Lopez-Tarruella&rft.aufirst=Aurelio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDs0MLAsO8MC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html">"What is free software?"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115065058/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=What+is+free+software%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-sw.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcw1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcw1_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/209891/10_reasons_open_source_is_good_for_business.html">"10 Reasons Open Source Is Good for Business"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. 2010-11-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622034140/https://www.pcworld.com/article/209891/10_reasons_open_source_is_good_for_business.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=10+Reasons+Open+Source+Is+Good+for+Business&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F209891%2F10_reasons_open_source_is_good_for_business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/malware-microsoft.en.html">"Microsoft Back Doors"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205010542/https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/malware-microsoft.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Back+Doors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fproprietary%2Fmalware-microsoft.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2016/08/microsoft_accid.html">"Microsoft Accidentally Leaks Key to Windows Backdoor - Schneier on Security"</a>. <i>www.schneier.com</i>. 15 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825142643/https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2016/08/microsoft_accid.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schneier.com&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Accidentally+Leaks+Key+to+Windows+Backdoor+-+Schneier+on+Security&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2016%2F08%2Fmicrosoft_accid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/11/snowden_leak_shows_microsoft_added_outlookencryption_backdoor_for_feds/">"Snowden leak: Microsoft added Outlook.com backdoor for Feds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825104553/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/11/snowden_leak_shows_microsoft_added_outlookencryption_backdoor_for_feds/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Snowden+leak%3A+Microsoft+added+Outlook.com+backdoor+for+Feds&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F07%2F11%2Fsnowden_leak_shows_microsoft_added_outlookencryption_backdoor_for_feds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrandburgRaicu2005" class="citation book cs1">Strandburg, Katherine J.; Raicu, Daniela Stan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgEVDt30zIC&pg=PA323"><i>Privacy and Technologies of Identity: A Cross-Disciplinary Conversation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387260501" title="Special:BookSources/9780387260501"><bdi>9780387260501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privacy+and+Technologies+of+Identity%3A+A+Cross-Disciplinary+Conversation&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780387260501&rft.aulast=Strandburg&rft.aufirst=Katherine+J.&rft.au=Raicu%2C+Daniela+Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZgEVDt30zIC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wash1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wash1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wash1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wash1_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/05au/whitepaper_turnin/oss(10).pdf">"Is Open Source Software More Secure?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724002906/https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/05au/whitepaper_turnin/oss(10).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Open+Source+Software+More+Secure%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.cs.washington.edu%2Fcourses%2Fcsep590%2F05au%2Fwhitepaper_turnin%2Foss%2810%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmagazine-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmagazine_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmagazine_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmagazine.com/open-source-software-is-more-secure-than-you-think/article/541874/">"Open source software is more secure than you think"</a>. SC Media US. 8 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825102354/https://www.scmagazine.com/open-source-software-is-more-secure-than-you-think/article/541874/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+source+software+is+more+secure+than+you+think&rft.pub=SC+Media+US&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmagazine.com%2Fopen-source-software-is-more-secure-than-you-think%2Farticle%2F541874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obs_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obs_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2016/11/open-source-too-big-to-fail/">"Too Big to Fail Open-Source Software Needs Hacker Help"</a>. <i>Observer</i>. 4 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722140750/https://observer.com/2016/11/open-source-too-big-to-fail/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=Too+Big+to+Fail+Open-Source+Software+Needs+Hacker+Help&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fopen-source-too-big-to-fail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogel2005" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Karl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vbr7xvvzjgC&pg=PA245"><i>Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596552992" title="Special:BookSources/9780596552992"><bdi>9780596552992</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Producing+Open+Source+Software%3A+How+to+Run+a+Successful+Free+Software+Project&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780596552992&rft.aulast=Fogel&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vbr7xvvzjgC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSery2007" class="citation book cs1">Sery, Paul G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkXTUqriTsC&pg=PA111"><i>Ubuntu Linux For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470125052" title="Special:BookSources/9780470125052"><bdi>9780470125052</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubuntu+Linux+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780470125052&rft.aulast=Sery&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpkXTUqriTsC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1998100500205OP">"Linux Today - KERNEL-DEV: UDI and Free Software by Richard Stallman"</a>. <i>www.linuxtoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105704/https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1998100500205OP">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linuxtoday.com&rft.atitle=Linux+Today+-+KERNEL-DEV%3A+UDI+and+Free+Software+by+Richard+Stallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxtoday.com%2Fdeveloper%2F1998100500205OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols" class="citation news cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-tries-to-block-linux-off-windows-8-pcs/">"Microsoft tries to block Linux off Windows 8 PCs"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714023028/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-tries-to-block-linux-off-windows-8-pcs/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+tries+to+block+Linux+off+Windows+8+PCs&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-tries-to-block-linux-off-windows-8-pcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley-Hughes" class="citation web cs1">Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/lenovo-reportedly-blocking-linux-on-windows-10-signature-edition-pcs/">"Lenovo reportedly blocking Linux on Windows 10 Signature Edition PCs (updated)"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714023050/https://www.zdnet.com/article/lenovo-reportedly-blocking-linux-on-windows-10-signature-edition-pcs/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Lenovo+reportedly+blocking+Linux+on+Windows+10+Signature+Edition+PCs+%28updated%29&rft.aulast=Kingsley-Hughes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Flenovo-reportedly-blocking-linux-on-windows-10-signature-edition-pcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2009041200535NWMDMS">"Linux Today - How Microsoft Changes the Prices at OEMs to Block GNU/Linux Sales"</a>. <i>www.linuxtoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105708/https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2009041200535NWMDMS">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linuxtoday.com&rft.atitle=Linux+Today+-+How+Microsoft+Changes+the+Prices+at+OEMs+to+Block+GNU%2FLinux+Sales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxtoday.com%2Finfrastructure%2F2009041200535NWMDMS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/">"Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux' – States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717220530/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Free+Software+Isn%27t+%28Practically%29+Superior&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Mako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fwhen-free-software-isnt-practically-superior.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DVD FLLC (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/license/l_howto.html">How To Obtain DVD Format/Logo License (2005–2009)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318053639/https://www.dvdfllc.co.jp/license/l_howto.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2007" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Tatnall (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3dJO-O5PewC&pg=PA685"><i>Encyclopedia of Portal Technologies and Applications</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Linux+not+Windows%3A+Why+Munich+is+shifting+back+from+Microsoft+to+open+source+%E2%80%93+again&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Flinux-not-windows-why-munich-is-shifting-back-from-microsoft-to-open-source-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiordan2022" class="citation web cs1">Riordan, Ciarán O. (2022-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/germany-launches-opencodede">"Germany launches opencode.de | Joinup"</a>. <i>joinup.ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024125355/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/germany-launches-opencodede">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joinup.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Germany+launches+opencode.de+%7C+Joinup&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.aulast=Riordan&rft.aufirst=Ciar%C3%A1n+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoinup.ec.europa.eu%2Fcollection%2Fopen-source-observatory-osor%2Fnews%2Fgermany-launches-opencodede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103210627/https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Role of Open or Free Software", Section 15, page 20, of the State IT Policy (2001) of the Government of Kerala, copy available at the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN) site"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Washington DC, US: Office of Budget and Management, Executive Office of the President. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121010239/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2016/m_16_21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsj.gov.ve/gaceta/Diciembre/281204/281204-38095-08.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publicado+en+la+Gaceta+oficial+No+38.095+de+fecha+28%2F+12%2F+2004&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Hugo+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsj.gov.ve%2Fgaceta%2FDiciembre%2F281204%2F281204-38095-08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunter2013-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunter2013_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunter2013">Gunter 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgewater2013-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgewater2013_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBridgewater2013">Bridgewater 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate_General_for_Communications_Networks,_Content_and_Technology2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Communications_Networks,_Content_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology">Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookshop.europa.eu/en/the-economic-and-social-impact-of-software-services-on-competitiveness-and-innovation-pbKK0417206/"><i>The economic and social impact of software & services on competitiveness and innovation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-66177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-66177-8"><bdi>978-92-79-66177-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153548/https://bookshop.europa.eu/en/the-economic-and-social-impact-of-software-services-on-competitiveness-and-innovation-pbKK0417206/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economic+and+social+impact+of+software+%26+services+on+competitiveness+and+innovation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-92-79-66177-8&rft.au=Directorate+General+for+Communications+Networks%2C+Content+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fthe-economic-and-social-impact-of-software-services-on-competitiveness-and-innovation-pbKK0417206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/informatics/open-source-software-strategy_en">"Open source software strategy"</a>. <i>European Commission - European Commission</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124801/https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/informatics/open-source-software-strategy_en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Open+source+software+strategy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fdepartments%2Finformatics%2Fopen-source-software-strategy_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/ec-ospo">"EC Open Source Programme Office | Joinup"</a>. <i>joinup.ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124803/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/ec-ospo">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joinup.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EC+Open+Source+Programme+Office+%7C+Joinup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoinup.ec.europa.eu%2Fcollection%2Fec-ospo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiordan2022" class="citation web cs1">Riordan, Ciarán O. (2022-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/ecs-codeeuropaeu-launches">"EC's code.europa.eu launches | Joinup"</a>. <i>joinup.ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124804/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/ecs-codeeuropaeu-launches">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joinup.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EC%27s+code.europa.eu+launches+%7C+Joinup&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=Riordan&rft.aufirst=Ciar%C3%A1n+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoinup.ec.europa.eu%2Fcollection%2Fopen-source-observatory-osor%2Fnews%2Fecs-codeeuropaeu-launches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021D1209(01)">"COMMISSION DECISION of 8 December 2021 on the open source licensing and reuse of Commission software (2021/C 495 I/01)"</a>. <i>Official Journal of the European Union</i>. 2021-12-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124803/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021D1209(01)">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=COMMISSION+DECISION+of+8+December+2021+on+the+open+source+licensing+and+reuse+of+Commission+software+%282021%2FC+495+I%2F01%29&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FHTML%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32021D1209%2801%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGAUKEMA2022" class="citation web cs1">GAUKEMA, Laurens (2022-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/interoperable-europe/news/official-expert-recommendations-new-interoperability-policy">"Official expert recommendations for a new Interoperability Policy | Joinup"</a>. <i>joinup.ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024124804/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/interoperable-europe/news/official-expert-recommendations-new-interoperability-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joinup.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Official+expert+recommendations+for+a+new+Interoperability+Policy+%7C+Joinup&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.aulast=GAUKEMA&rft.aufirst=Laurens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoinup.ec.europa.eu%2Fcollection%2Finteroperable-europe%2Fnews%2Fofficial-expert-recommendations-new-interoperability-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2008" class="citation web cs1">Mark (2008-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112000/https://socializedsoftware.com/2008/05/08/the-curse-of-open-source-license-proliferation/">"The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation"</a>. socializedsoftware.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socializedsoftware.com/2008/05/08/the-curse-of-open-source-license-proliferation/">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-30</span></span>. <q>Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects. According to Palamida, a provider of IP compliance software, there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPL v2 to later versions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Open+Source+License+Proliferation&rft.pub=socializedsoftware.com&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.au=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocializedsoftware.com%2F2008%2F05%2F08%2Fthe-curse-of-open-source-license-proliferation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/tree/COPYING">"COPYING"</a>. kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217084047/https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/tree/COPYING">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COPYING&rft.pub=kernel.org&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fcgit%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Fstable%2Flinux-stable.git%2Ftree%2FCOPYING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerner2008" class="citation web cs1">Kerner, Sean Michael (2008-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3720371/Torvalds+Still+Keen+On+GPLv2.htm">"Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2"</a>. internetnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212130610/https://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3720371/Torvalds+Still+Keen+On+GPLv2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-12</span></span>. <q><i>"In some ways, Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about, which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom," Torvalds told Zemlin. "So, the GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now, Version 2 is where the kernel is."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torvalds+Still+Keen+On+GPLv2&rft.pub=internetnews.com&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.aulast=Kerner&rft.aufirst=Sean+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fdev-news%2Farticle.php%2F3720371%2FTorvalds%2BStill%2BKeen%2BOn%2BGPLv2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcorbet2006" class="citation web cs1">corbet (2006-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/202106/">"Busy busy busybox"</a>. lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184000/https://lwn.net/Articles/202106/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>. <q><i>Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems, it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate. [...]The real outcomes, however, are this: BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release. It is generally accepted that stripping out the "or any later version" is legally defensible, and that the merging of other GPLv2-only code will force that issue in any case</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Busy+busy+busybox&rft.pub=lwn.net&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.au=corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F202106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandley2006" class="citation web cs1">Landley, Rob (2006-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/202110/">"Re: Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun..."</a> lwn.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184000/https://lwn.net/Articles/202110/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>. <q><i>Don't invent a straw man argument please. I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless, unnecessary, overcomplicated, and confusing, and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1) Useless: We're never dropping GPLv2.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Move+GPLv2+vs+v3+fun...&rft.pub=lwn.net&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F202110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2008/080623a.html">"HP Press Release: HP Contributes Source Code to Open Source Community to Advance Adoption of Linux"</a>. <i>www.hp.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227233230/https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2008/080623a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hp.com&rft.atitle=HP+Press+Release%3A+HP+Contributes+Source+Code+to+Open+Source+Community+to+Advance+Adoption+of+Linux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hp.com%2Fhpinfo%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress%2F2008%2F080623a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkoudine2012" class="citation web cs1">Prokoudine, Alexandre (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109103037/https://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/whats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software">"What's up with DWG adoption in free software?"</a>. libregraphicsworld.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libregraphicsworld.org/blog/entry/whats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software">the original</a> on 2016-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-05</span></span>. <q><i>[Blender's Toni Roosendaal:] "Blender is also still 'GPLv2 or later'. For the time being we stick to that, moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+up+with+DWG+adoption+in+free+software%3F&rft.pub=libregraphicsworld.org&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Prokoudine&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibregraphicsworld.org%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Fwhats-up-with-dwg-adoption-in-free-software&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis-Courmont" class="citation web cs1">Denis-Courmont, Rémi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.videolan.org/press/2007-1.html">"VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2"</a>. videolan.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122014336/https://www.videolan.org/press/2007-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>. <q><i>In 2001, VLC was released under the OSI-approved GNU General Public version 2, with the commonly-offered option to use "any later version" thereof (though there was not any such later version at the time). Following the release by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) of the new version 3 of its GNU General Public License (GPL) on the 29th of June 2007, contributors to the VLC media player, and other software projects hosted at videolan.org, debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects, to version 3 of the GPL. [...] There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time, especially in the market of consumer electronics. It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole. Consequently, we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VLC+media+player+to+remain+under+GNU+GPL+version+2&rft.pub=videolan.org&rft.aulast=Denis-Courmont&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videolan.org%2Fpress%2F2007-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockmeier2010_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrockmeier2010">Brockmeier 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html#license">"LLVM Developer Policy"</a>. LLVM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113204817/https://www.llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html#license">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LLVM+Developer+Policy&rft.pub=LLVM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fllvm.org%2Fdocs%2FDeveloperPolicy.html%23license&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolwerda2011-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolwerda2011_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolwerda2011">Holwerda 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leemhuis-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leemhuis_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leemhuis_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeemhuis2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leemhuis, Thorsten (7 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Kommentar-Linux-scheitert-an-Egozentrik-3766433.html">"Kommentar: Linux scheitert an Egozentrik"</a> (in German). heise online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707113645/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Kommentar-Linux-scheitert-an-Egozentrik-3766433.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommentar%3A+Linux+scheitert+an+Egozentrik&rft.pub=heise+online&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Leemhuis&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2FKommentar-Linux-scheitert-an-Egozentrik-3766433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044718/https://mysql.com/news-and-events/sun-to-acquire-mysql.html">"Sun to Acquire MySQL"</a>. MySQL AB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysql.com/news-and-events/sun-to-acquire-mysql.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun+to+Acquire+MySQL&rft.pub=MySQL+AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmysql.com%2Fnews-and-events%2Fsun-to-acquire-mysql.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2011-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2011_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2011">Thomson 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson2011-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson2011_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamson2011">Samson 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2009-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2009_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2009">Nelson 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiccolai2012-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiccolai2012_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiccolai2012">Niccolai 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Berry, David M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46112/"><i>Copy, Rip Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745324142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745324142"><bdi>978-0745324142</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182146/https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46112/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copy%2C+Rip+Burn%3A+The+Politics+of+Copyleft+and+Open+Source&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745324142&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F46112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geor-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geor_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geor_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgopoulou2009" class="citation journal cs1">Georgopoulou, Panayiota (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/html/742/74212712006/">"The free/open source software movement Resistance or change?"</a>. <i>Civitas - Revista de Ciências Sociais</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15448%2F1984-7289.2009.1.5569">10.15448/1984-7289.2009.1.5569</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1519-6089">1519-6089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713180917/https://www.redalyc.org/html/742/74212712006/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civitas+-+Revista+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.atitle=The+free%2Fopen+source+software+movement+Resistance+or+change%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15448%2F1984-7289.2009.1.5569&rft.issn=1519-6089&rft.aulast=Georgopoulou&rft.aufirst=Panayiota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fhtml%2F742%2F74212712006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkler2003-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenkler2003_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenkler2003">Benkler 2003</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlawadhi2015" class="citation news cs1">Alawadhi, Neha (March 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Govt-announces-policy-on-open-source-software/articleshow/46745926.cms">"Government announces policy on open source software"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110223738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Govt-announces-policy-on-open-source-software/articleshow/46745926.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Government+announces+policy+on+open+source+software&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Alawadhi&rft.aufirst=Neha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-news%2FGovt-announces-policy-on-open-source-software%2Farticleshow%2F46745926.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Benkler, Yochai (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306041013/https://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1245+pdf">"Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information"</a>. <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1245+pdf">the original</a> on 2011-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Freedom+in+the+Commons%3A+Towards+a+Political+Economy+of+Information&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Benkler&rft.aufirst=Yochai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.duke.edu%2Fshell%2Fcite.pl%3F52%2BDuke%2BL.%2BJ.%2B1245%2Bpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgewater2013" class="citation news cs1">Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2013/05/international-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html">"International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock"</a>. <i>Computer Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624055241/https://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2013/05/international-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=International+Space+Station+adopts+Debian+Linux%2C+drops+Windows+%26+Red+Hat+into+airlock&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Bridgewater&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fblogs%2Fopen-source-insider%2F2013%2F05%2Finternational-space-station-adopts-debian-linux-drop-windows-red-hat-into-airlock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmeier2010" class="citation news cs1">Brockmeier, Joe (September 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/405417/">"Apple's Selective Contributions to GCC"</a>. <i>LWN.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101034547/https://lwn.net/Articles/405417/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Selective+Contributions+to+GCC&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Brockmeier&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F405417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassonRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Casson, Tony; Ryan, Patrick S. (May 1, 2006). "Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft's Market Dominance". In Bolin, Sherrie (ed.). <i>Standards Edge: Unifier or Divider?</i>. Sheridan Books. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974864853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0974864853"><bdi>978-0974864853</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1656616">1656616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Open+Standards%2C+Open+Source+Adoption+in+the+Public+Sector%2C+and+Their+Relationship+to+Microsoft%27s+Market+Dominance&rft.btitle=Standards+Edge%3A+Unifier+or+Divider%3F&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Sheridan+Books&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1656616%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0974864853&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny2001" class="citation news cs1">Charny, B. (May 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-257001.html%26tag%3Dmncol%3Btxt">"Microsoft Raps Open-Source Approach"</a>. <i>CNET News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729064947/https://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-257001.html%26tag%3Dmncol%3Btxt">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET+News&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Raps+Open-Source+Approach&rft.date=2001-05-03&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2100-1001-257001.html%2526tag%253Dmncol%253Btxt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaburn2007" class="citation news cs1">Claburn, Thomas (January 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informationweek.com/windows/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196901596&subSection=Open+Source">"Study Finds Open Source Benefits Business"</a>. <i>InformationWeek</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Oracle+offers+commercial+extensions+to+MySQL&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Foracle_commercial_extensions_mysql%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols2009" class="citation news cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (October 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031024127/https://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/obama_invites_open_source_into_the_white_house.html">"Obama Invites Open Source into the White House"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/obama_invites_open_source_into_the_white_house.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Obama+Invites+Open+Source+into+the+White+House&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F174746%2Fobama_invites_open_source_into_the_white_house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Nichols2011" class="citation news cs1">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (January 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115072514/https://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/no-gpl-apps-for-apples-app-store/8046">"No GPL Apps for Apple's App Store"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/no-gpl-apps-for-apples-app-store/8046">the original</a> on 2014-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=No+GPL+Apps+for+Apple%27s+App+Store&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fblog%2Fopen-source%2Fno-gpl-apps-for-apples-app-store%2F8046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2009" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Steve (2009). <i>The Success of Open Source</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674044999" title="Special:BookSources/9780674044999"><bdi>9780674044999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Success+of+Open+Source&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674044999&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam2002" class="citation book cs1">William, Sam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will"><i>Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0596002879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0596002879"><bdi>978-0596002879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+as+in+Freedom%3A+Richard+Stallman%27s+Crusade+for+Free+Software&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0596002879&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreeasinfreedomr00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1998" class="citation web cs1">Barr, Joe (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703091340/https://www.gnu.org.ua/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">"Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org.ua/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+%22Free+Software%22+is+better+than+%22Open+Source%22&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org.ua%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-software-for-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Berry, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46112/"><i>Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745324142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745324142"><bdi>978-0745324142</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182146/https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46112/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copy%2C+Rip%2C+Burn%3A+The+Politics+of+Copyleft+and+Open+Source&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745324142&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F46112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalus2005" class="citation web cs1">Salus, Peter H. (March 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023823/https://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050327184603969">"A History of Free and Open Source"</a>. <i>Groklaw</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050327184603969">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groklaw&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Free+and+Open+Source&rft.date=2005-03-28&rft.aulast=Salus&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groklaw.net%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20050327184603969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vetter, G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol77/iss5/4">"Commercial Free and Open Source Software: Knowledge Production, Hybrid Appropriability, and Patents"</a>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>77</b> (5): 2087–2141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424180212/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol77/iss5/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Commercial+Free+and+Open+Source+Software%3A+Knowledge+Production%2C+Hybrid+Appropriability%2C+and+Patents&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2087-2141&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fflr%2Fvol77%2Fiss5%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2014" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, David A. (May 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html">"Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!"</a>. <i>DWheeler.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621173700/https://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DWheeler.com&rft.atitle=Why+Open+Source+Software+%2F+Free+Software+%28OSS%2FFS%2C+FLOSS%2C+or+FOSS%29%3F+Look+at+the+Numbers%21&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdwheeler.com%2Foss_fs_why.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+and+open-source+software" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FLOSS_Concept_Booklet" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:FLOSS Concept Booklet">FLOSS Concept Booklet</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FOSS_A_General_Introduction" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:FOSS A General Introduction">FOSS A General Introduction</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&oldid=1258740000">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_and_open-source_software&oldid=1258740000</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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