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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":103085410,"created_at":"2023-06-08T22:43:54.996-07:00","from_world_paper_id":235427337,"updated_at":"2024-11-24T12:46:59.681-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley","grobid_abstract":"It has recently been demonstrated that, in contrast with the retinogeniculocortical projection, the corticocortical connections in the cat present a high degree of convergence and divergence. This suggests that some corticocortical connections link nonvisuotopically corresponding regions. Using fine-grain electrophysiological mapping and anatomical tracing, we have set out to test this possibility by placing a small injection of retrograde tracer in area 17 and by comparing the extent of visual field encoded in the region of area 18 containing labeled cells and that represented in the uptake zone. The results demonstrate that the size of the labeled region on the surface of area 18 is independent of eccentricity and that, despite its anisotrophy, this region of labeling encodes a broadly circular region of visual field that is larger than that encoded in the uptake zone of the tracer in area 17. For example, in the representation of lower visual field, a virtual point in area 17 that encodes a visual field region 4\" in diameter receives afferents from a region of area 18 encoding a region 11\" wide. Examination of the density of labeled cells in the labeled zone in area 18 reveals that the highest density is observed in a region in visuotopic correspondence with the injection site. However, high labeling density is also occasionally found in patches that do not represent the same visual field region as the injection site. Many receptive fields of neurons recorded in the labeled zone in area 18 only partially overlap or fail to overlap the visual field region encoded by the injection site. The results also demonstrate that the extent of visual field encoded in the labeled zone in area 18 is the same as that represented in the region of intrinsic labeling in area 17. It is suggested that cortical afferents coming from several cortical areas and converging on a column of cells in area 17 cover the same extent of visual field and that this cortical network constitutes the structural basis for the modulatory regions of the receptive field as well as the synchronization of neurons in different cortical areas.","publication_date":"1992,,","publication_name":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"103186696"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Visuotopic organization of corticocortical connections in the visual system of the cat","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31557860]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card ds-work-card--no-bottom-spacing"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":103186696,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Visuotopic organization of corticocortical connections in the visual system of the cat”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/103186696/mini_magick20230609-1-r85v5h.png?1686289582" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Visuotopic organization of corticocortical connections in the visual system of the cat</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31557860" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HenryKennedy2"><img alt="Profile image of Henry Kennedy" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Henry Kennedy</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1992, The Journal of Comparative Neurology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">20 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 103085410; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">It has recently been demonstrated that, in contrast with the retinogeniculocortical projection, the corticocortical connections in the cat present a high degree of convergence and divergence. This suggests that some corticocortical connections link nonvisuotopically corresponding regions. Using fine-grain electrophysiological mapping and anatomical tracing, we have set out to test this possibility by placing a small injection of retrograde tracer in area 17 and by comparing the extent of visual field encoded in the region of area 18 containing labeled cells and that represented in the uptake zone. The results demonstrate that the size of the labeled region on the surface of area 18 is independent of eccentricity and that, despite its anisotrophy, this region of labeling encodes a broadly circular region of visual field that is larger than that encoded in the uptake zone of the tracer in area 17. For example, in the representation of lower visual field, a virtual point in area 17 that encodes a visual field region 4" in diameter receives afferents from a region of area 18 encoding a region 11" wide. Examination of the density of labeled cells in the labeled zone in area 18 reveals that the highest density is observed in a region in visuotopic correspondence with the injection site. However, high labeling density is also occasionally found in patches that do not represent the same visual field region as the injection site. Many receptive fields of neurons recorded in the labeled zone in area 18 only partially overlap or fail to overlap the visual field region encoded by the injection site. The results also demonstrate that the extent of visual field encoded in the labeled zone in area 18 is the same as that represented in the region of intrinsic labeling in area 17. It is suggested that cortical afferents coming from several cortical areas and converging on a column of cells in area 17 cover the same extent of visual field and that this cortical network constitutes the structural basis for the modulatory regions of the receptive field as well as the synchronization of neurons in different cortical areas.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":103186696,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/103085410/Visuotopic_organization_of_corticocortical_connections_in_the_visual_system_of_the_cat"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":103186696,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/103085410/Visuotopic_organization_of_corticocortical_connections_in_the_visual_system_of_the_cat"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Sanchez-Vives</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of …, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial and temporal features of synaptic to discharge receptive field transformation in cat area 17","attachmentId":51119793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1058787/Spatial_and_temporal_features_of_synaptic_to_discharge_receptive_field_transformation_in_cat_area_17","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1058787/Spatial_and_temporal_features_of_synaptic_to_discharge_receptive_field_transformation_in_cat_area_17"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18162266" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18162266/The_organization_of_receptive_fields_in_area_18_neurones_of_the_cat_varies_with_the_spatio_temporal_characteristics_of_the_visual_stimulus">The organization of receptive fields in area 18 neurones of the cat varies with the spatio-temporal characteristics of the visual stimulus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38130277" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LChalupa">L. 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Bisti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental Brain Research, 1988</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The organization of receptive fields in area 18 neurones of the cat varies with the spatio-temporal characteristics of the visual stimulus","attachmentId":39908619,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18162266/The_organization_of_receptive_fields_in_area_18_neurones_of_the_cat_varies_with_the_spatio_temporal_characteristics_of_the_visual_stimulus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Bolz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morphological types of projection neurons in layer 5 of cat visual cortex","attachmentId":94034597,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90483647/Morphological_types_of_projection_neurons_in_layer_5_of_cat_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90483647/Morphological_types_of_projection_neurons_in_layer_5_of_cat_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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href="https://nencki.academia.edu/AndrzejWrobel">Andrzej Wrobel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The spatial substructure of visual receptive fields in the cat's superior colliculus","attachmentId":46642902,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11541908/The_spatial_substructure_of_visual_receptive_fields_in_the_cats_superior_colliculus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11541908/The_spatial_substructure_of_visual_receptive_fields_in_the_cats_superior_colliculus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18498928/Uniformity_and_specificity_of_long_range_corticocortical_connections_in_the_visual_cortex_of_the_cat">Uniformity and specificity of long-range corticocortical connections in the visual cortex of the cat</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38377089" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SimonGrant6">Simon Grant</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neurocomputing, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Uniformity and specificity of long-range corticocortical connections in the visual cortex of the 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js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104566493/Termination_patterns_of_individual_X_and_Y_cell_axons_in_the_visual_cortex_of_the_cat_Projections_to_area_18_to_the_17_18_border_region_and_to_both_areas_17_and_18">Termination patterns of individual X- and Y-cell axons in the visual cortex of the cat: Projections to area 18, to the 17/18 border region, and to both areas 17 and 18</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37652434" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielUhlrich">Daniel Uhlrich</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1985</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Termination patterns of individual X- and Y-cell 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex","attachmentId":50604102,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2483273/Receptive_fields_binocular_interaction_and_functional_architecture_in_the_cats_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2483273/Receptive_fields_binocular_interaction_and_functional_architecture_in_the_cats_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24517451/Areas_PMLS_and_21a_of_cat_visual_cortex_Two_functionally_distinct_areas">Areas PMLS and 21a of cat visual cortex: Two functionally distinct areas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47252124" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KrisTurlejski">Kris Turlejski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cerebral Cortex</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Areas PMLS and 21a of cat visual cortex: Two functionally distinct 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href="https://www.academia.edu/26383569/Thalamocortical_Specificity_and_the_Synthesis_of_Sensory_Cortical_Receptive_Fields">Thalamocortical Specificity and the Synthesis of Sensory Cortical Receptive Fields</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36097984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarveySwadlow">Harvey Swadlow</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thalamocortical Specificity and the Synthesis of Sensory Cortical Receptive Fields","attachmentId":46685639,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26383569/Thalamocortical_Specificity_and_the_Synthesis_of_Sensory_Cortical_Receptive_Fields","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="277268486" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RDjavadian">Ruzanna Djavadian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis, 1986</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The fine structure of the receptive fields of visually driven neurons in the cat's lateral suprasylvian area","attachmentId":105256209,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105920977/The_fine_structure_of_the_receptive_fields_of_visually_driven_neurons_in_the_cats_lateral_suprasylvian_area","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39028639" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/IzumiOhzawa">Izumi Ohzawa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Functional micro-organization of primary visual cortex: receptive field analysis of nearby neurons","attachmentId":79309417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69070601/Functional_micro_organization_of_primary_visual_cortex_receptive_field_analysis_of_nearby_neurons","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21233824/Receptive_field_structure_varies_with_layer_in_the_primary_visual_cortex">Receptive field structure varies with layer in the primary visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30993704" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseManuelAlonso2">Jose-Manuel Alonso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Neuroscience, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Receptive field structure varies with layer in the primary visual cortex","attachmentId":41774765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21233824/Receptive_field_structure_varies_with_layer_in_the_primary_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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Representation of a Uniform Surface</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9035140" href="https://numazu-ct.academia.edu/SHIGERUTANAKA">SHIGERU TANAKA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neurophysiology, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the Representation of a Uniform Surface","attachmentId":97262561,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94942424/Functional_Organization_of_the_Cat_Visual_Cortex_in_Relation_to_the_Representation_of_a_Uniform_Surface","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertShlaer">Robert Shlaer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Mathematical Biology, 1975</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of Specificity in the Cat Visual Cortex","attachmentId":93339991,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89556828/Development_of_Specificity_in_the_Cat_Visual_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89556828/Development_of_Specificity_in_the_Cat_Visual_Cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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