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href="#इतिहास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>इतिहास</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इतिहास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-उप-आणविक_वस्तुत" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#उप-आणविक_वस्तुत"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>उप-आणविक वस्तुत</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-उप-आणविक_वस्तुत-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-अणु_व_मोलेक्युल" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#अणु_व_मोलेक्युल"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>अणु व मोलेक्युल</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-अणु_व_मोलेक्युल-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-अणुया_उत्त्पत्ति" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#लिधँसा"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">७</span> <span>लिधँसा</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-लिधँसा-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-पिनेया_स्वापू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#पिनेया_स्वापू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">८</span> <span>पिनेया स्वापू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-पिनेया_स्वापू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in २२० languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">२२० languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9D" title="አቶም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቶም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%E1%BB%8Dm" title="Atọm – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Atọm" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="درة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ذره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পৰমাণু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰমাণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="آتوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuoms" title="Atuoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atuoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အဲစ်တမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အဲစ်တမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="পরমাণু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরমাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atong" title="Atong – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Atong" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎠᏓᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="گەردیلە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەردیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Атомъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Атомъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Άτομο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άτομο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tum" title="Àtum – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àtum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="اتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadom" title="Aadom – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadom" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomm" title="Atomm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atomm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumingue%27a" title="Tumingue'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tumingue'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="અણુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breneen" title="Breneen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Breneen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_Zarra" title="Kwayar Zarra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar Zarra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Ngièn-chṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80toma" title="ʻĀtoma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀtoma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmaanu" title="Parmaanu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parmaanu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ատոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A7" title="Հիւլէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւլէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumeind" title="Frumeind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ratni" title="ratni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelkim" title="Abelkim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abelkim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi%C5%8B_t%CA%8B" title="Sisiŋ tʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sisiŋ tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC" title="បរមាណូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរមាណូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪರಮಾಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಮಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95" title="کنہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomus" title="Atomus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atomus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoeam" title="Atoeam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoeam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum" title="Atum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B9" title="ປະລະມານູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະລະມານູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomas" title="Atomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms" title="Atoms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atoms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Атомсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атомсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4ma" title="Atôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81" title="അണു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="अणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အက်တမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်တမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantzintetl" title="Nantzintetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nantzintetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परमाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atome" title="Atome – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Atome" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atòm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxusa" title="Buxusa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buxusa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ପରମାଣୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରମାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomu" title="Átomu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Átomu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etem" title="Etem – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Etem" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àtom" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85" title="اټوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اټوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Átomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku" title="Iñuku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="परमाणुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परमाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomu" title="Àtomu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àtomu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tumu" title="Àtumu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àtumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D9%85" title="ائٽم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ائٽم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma" title="Atoma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Atoma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablkim" title="Ablkim – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ablkim" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="පරමාණු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරමාණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3m" title="Atóm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ایٹم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایٹم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomi" title="Atomi – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Atomi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomu" title="Atomu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%AFm" title="Atům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="அணு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="పరమాణువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమాణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อะตอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኣቶማት – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣቶማት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athomu" title="Athomu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Athomu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="ئاتوم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاتوم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="جوہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80tomo" title="Àtomo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àtomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Nguyên tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atoom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taum" title="Taum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Taum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B4me" title="Atôme – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Atôme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atomo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarefulwoon" title="Xarefulwoon – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xarefulwoon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Атом" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אטאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Atom" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzswj" title="Yenzswj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzswj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a 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style="margin-left:1em" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="gray">अणु </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="हेलियम अणु ग्राउन्ड स्टेट"><img alt="हेलियम अणु ग्राउन्ड स्टेट" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/300px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/450px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/600px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>हेलियम अणु ग्राउन्ड स्टेट</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><small>A depiction of the atomic structure of the atom of <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिलियम">helium</a>. The darkness of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron">electron</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_cloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron cloud (पौ मदु)">cloud</a> corresponds to the line-of-sight integral over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probability_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probability function (पौ मदु)">probability function</a> of the 1s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_orbital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic orbital (पौ मदु)">electron orbital</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic nucleus (पौ मदु)">nucleus</a> is, showing <a href="/wiki/Proton" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton">protons</a> in purple and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in pink. In reality, the nucleus (and the wavefunction of each of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleon (पौ मदु)">nucleons</a>) is also spherically symmetric. (For more complicated nuclei this is not the case.)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="gray">वर्गिकरण </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" class="mw-disambig" title="तत्त्व">तत्त्व</a>या दक्ले चिधंगू स्युगु युनिट </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="gray">गुण </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="एटमिक मास (पौ मदु)">मास</a> :</td> <td>≈ 1.67 × 10<sup><small>-27</small></sup> to 4.52 × 10<sup><small>-25</small></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kg (पौ मदु)">kg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विद्युतीय चार्ज (पौ मदु)">विद्युतीय चार्ज</a> :</td> <td>zero(if the number of electrons equal the number of protons in an atom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="व्यास">व्यास</a> : (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page) (पौ मदु)">data page</a>) </td> <td>50 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Picometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picometre (पौ मदु)">pm</a>(H) to 520 pm(Cs) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of atoms in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observable_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observable universe (पौ मदु)">observable universe</a>:</td> <td>~10<sup>80</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र">रसायनशास्त्र</a> व <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र">भौतिकशास्त्र</a>य् अणु <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" class="mw-disambig" title="तत्त्व">तत्त्व</a>या रसायनिक गुण दुगु दक्ले चिधंगु वस्तु ख। </p><p>छगू अणूय् पोजितिभ चार्ज दुगु <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="प्रोतोन (पौ मदु)">प्रोतोन</a> व चार्ज मदुगु <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="न्युत्रोन (पौ मदु)">न्युत्रोन</a> जाना ताकुगु <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="आणविक न्युक्लियस (पौ मदु)">आणविक न्युक्लियस</a> देकातै, थ्व न्युक्लियसया पिने न्युक्लियस स्वया तधंगु तर देन्सिती म्हो जुगु <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="इलेक्त्रोन क्लाउद (पौ मदु)">इलेक्त्रोन क्लाउद</a> दै गुकिलि नेगेतिभ चार्ज दुगु <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="इलेक्त्रोन (पौ मदु)">इलेक्त्रोन</a> दै। छगू अणुइ प्रोतोन व इलेक्त्रोनया संख्या उलि हे दःसा अणु इलेक्त्रिकल्ली न्युत्रल जुइ। छगू अणुइ प्रोतोनया ल्याखँ नं व अणुया तत्त्व सीकेफै धाःसा न्युत्रोनया ल्याखँ नं <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="आइसोतोप (पौ मदु)">आइसोतोप</a> सीकेफै। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="इतिहास"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>इतिहास</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=1" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: इतिहास"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>मू पौतः: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="आणविक सिद्धान्त (पौ मदु)">आणविक सिद्धान्त</a> व <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अणुवाद (पौ मदु)">अणुवाद</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and can not be divided into any arbitrarily tiny or small quantities has been around for thousands of years. The earliest references to the concept of atoms date back to <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of India">ancient India</a> in the 6th century BCE. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (पौ मदु)">Nyaya</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (पौ मदु)">Vaisheshika</a> schools developed elaborate theories of how atoms combined into more complex objects (first in pairs, then trios of pairs). <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The references to atoms in West, emerge a century later by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucippus (पौ मदु)">Leucippus</a> whose student, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democritus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democritus (पौ मदु)">Democritus</a>, systemized his views. In around 450 <a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE (पौ मदु)">BCE</a>, Democritus coined the term <i>atomos</i>, which meant "uncuttable". Though both the Indian and Greek concepts of the atom were based purely on philosophy, modern science has retained the name coined by Democritus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE:A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/220px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/330px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/440px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Various atoms and molecules as depicted in <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dalton (पौ मदु)">John Dalton's</a> <i>A New System of Chemical Philosophy</i> (1808).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dalton (पौ मदु)">John Dalton</a> used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always reacted in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_multiple_proportions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of multiple proportions (पौ मदु)">simple proportions</a>, and why certain gases dissolved better in water than others. He proposed that each element consists of atoms of a single, unique type, and that these atoms could join to each other, to form compound chemical. </p><p>In 1827 a British botanist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Brown_(botanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Brown (botanist) (पौ मदु)">Robert Brown</a> used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water. He called their erratic motion "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownian_motion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownian motion (पौ मदु)">Brownian motion</a>". <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> would later demonstrate that this motion was due to the water molecules bombarding the grains. </p><p>In 1897, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JJ_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JJ Thomson (पौ मदु)">JJ Thomson</a>, through his work on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathode_rays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathode rays (पौ मदु)">cathode rays</a>, discovered the electron and its subatomic nature, which destroyed the concept of atoms as being indivisible units. Later, Thomson also discovered the existence of isotopes through his work on ionized gases. </p><p>Thomson believed that the electrons were distributed evenly throughout the atom, balanced by the presence of a uniform sea of positive charge. However, in 1909, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_foil_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold foil experiment (पौ मदु)">gold foil experiment</a> was interpreted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Rutherford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Rutherford (पौ मदु)">Ernest Rutherford</a> as suggesting that the positive charge of an atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherford model (पौ मदु)">Rutherford model</a>), with the electrons orbiting it like planets around a sun. In 1913, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niels Bohr (पौ मदु)">Niels Bohr</a> added <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> into this model, which now stated that the electrons were locked or confined into clearly defined orbits, and could jump between these, but could not freely spiral inward or outward in intermediate states. </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schrodinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schrodinger (पौ मदु)">Erwin Schrodinger</a>, using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_DeBroglie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis DeBroglie (पौ मदु)">Louis DeBroglie</a>'s 1924 proposal that all particles behave to an extent like waves, developed a mathematical model of the atom that described the electrons as three-dimensional waveforms, rather than point particles. A consequence of using waveforms to describe electrons, pointed out by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Heisenberg (पौ मदु)">Werner Heisenberg</a> a year later, is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at any point in time; this became known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncertainty_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncertainty principle (पौ मदु)">uncertainty principle</a>. In this concept, for any given value of position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum, and vice versa. Although this model was difficult to visually conceptualize, it was able to explain many observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms bigger than hydrogen. Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="उप-आणविक_वस्तुत"><span id=".E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA-.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A4"></span>उप-आणविक वस्तुत</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=2" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: उप-आणविक वस्तुत"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>मू पौ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="उप-आणविक पार्तिकल (पौ मदु)">उप-आणविक पार्तिकल</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>न्हापा न्हापा अणु धागु खँग्वः सैद्धान्तिक तवं तक्ले चिधंगु वस्तुयात जनाउ यायेत छ्य्‌ला तसां आःवया आधुनिक वैज्ञानिक परिक्षणं अणुया दुने नं <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="उप-आणविक पार्तिकल (पौ मदु)">उप-आणविक पार्तिकल</a> लुइकाहगु दु। उप-आणविक पार्तिकलत थ्व कथं दु: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="इलेक्त्रोन (पौ मदु)">इलेक्त्रोन</a>, which have a negative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric charge (पौ मदु)">charge</a>, a size which is so small as to be currently unmeasurable, and which are the least heavy (i.e., massive) of the three types of basic particles, with an mass of 9.11x10<sup>-31</sup>kg.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="प्रोतोन (पौ मदु)">प्रोतोन</a>, which have a positive charge, with a free mass about 1836 times more than electrons (mass of 1.67x10<sup>-27</sup>kg though binding energy changes can reduce this).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="न्युत्रोन (पौ मदु)">न्युत्रोन</a>, which have no charge, have a free mass about 1839 times the mass of electrons, and about the same physical size as protons (which is on the order of 2.5x10<sup>-15</sup> m in diameter, although the "surface" of a proton or neutron is not very sharply defined).</li></ul> <p>Protons and neutrons make up a dense, massive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic nucleus (पौ मदु)">atomic nucleus</a>, and are collectively called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleon (पौ मदु)">nucleons</a>. The electrons form the much larger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_cloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron cloud (पौ मदु)">electron cloud</a> surrounding the nucleus. Both protons and neutrons are themselves now thought to be composed of even more elementary particles, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarks (पौ मदु)">quarks</a>. </p><p>Atoms of the same <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical element">element</a> have the same number of protons (called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic number (पौ मदु)">atomic number</a>). Within a single element, the number of neutrons may vary, determining the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotope (पौ मदु)">isotope</a> of that element. The number of electrons associated with an atom is most easily changed, due to the lower energy of binding of electrons. The number of protons (and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus may also change, via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear fusion (पौ मदु)">nuclear fusion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_fission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear fission (पौ मदु)">nuclear fission</a>, bombardment by high energy subatomic particles or photons, or certain (but not all) types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioactive decay (पौ मदु)">radioactive decay</a>. In such processes which change the number of protons in a nucleus, the atom becomes an atom of a different chemical element. </p><p>Atoms are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric charge (पौ मदु)">electrically</a> neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons. Atoms which have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion (पौ मदु)">ions</a>. Electrons that are furthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms. By this mechanism atoms are able to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical bond (पौ मदु)">bond</a> into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecule (पौ मदु)">molecules</a> and other types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical compound (पौ मदु)">chemical compounds</a> like ionic and covalent network crystals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="अणु_व_मोलेक्युल"><span id=".E0.A4.85.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.81_.E0.A4.B5_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B2"></span>अणु व मोलेक्युल</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=3" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: अणु व मोलेक्युल"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE:Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG/250px-Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG/375px-Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanning_tunneling_microscope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanning tunneling microscope (पौ मदु)">scanning tunneling microscope</a> image clearly shows the individual atoms that make up this sheet of <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82" title="लुं">Au</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller index (पौ मदु)">100</a>) surface. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface_reconstruction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surface reconstruction (पौ मदु)">Reconstruction</a> causes the surface atoms to deviate from the bulk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystal structure (पौ मदु)">crystal structure</a> and arrange in columns several atoms wide with pits between them.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>मू पौ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="मोलेक्युलया इतिहास (पौ मदु)">मोलेक्युलया इतिहास</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>For gases and certain molecular liquids and solids (such as <a href="/wiki/Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar">sugar</a>), molecules are the smallest division of matter which retains chemical properties; however, there are also many solids and liquids which are made of atoms, but do not contain discrete molecules (such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt (chemistry) (पौ मदु)">salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, and liquid and solid <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metals</a>). Thus, while molecules are common on Earth (making up all of the atmosphere and most of the oceans), most of the mass of the Earth (much of the crust, and all of the mantle and core) is <i>not</i> made of identifiable molecules, but rather represents atomic matter in other networked arrangements, all of which lack the particular type of small-scale interrupted order (i.e., small, strongly-bound collections of atoms held to other collections of atoms by much weaker forces) that is associated with molecular matter. </p><p>Most molecules are made up of multiple atoms; for example, a molecule of water is a combination of two <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="हाइड्रोजन">hydrogen</a> atoms and one <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्सिजन">oxygen</a> atom. The term "molecule" in gases has been used as a synonym for the fundamental particles of the gas, whatever their structure. This definition results in a few types of gases (for example inert elements that do not form compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="नियोन">neon</a>), which has "molecules" consisting of only a single atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="अणुया_उत्त्पत्ति"><span id=".E0.A4.85.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>अणुया उत्त्पत्ति</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=4" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: अणुया उत्त्पत्ति"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>मू पौ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="न्युक्लियोसिन्थेसिस (पौ मदु)">न्युक्लियोसिन्थेसिस</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>The first nuclei, including most of the helium and all of the deuterium in the universe, were theoretically created during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_bang_nucleosynthesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big bang nucleosynthesis (पौ मदु)">big bang nucleosynthesis</a>, about 3 minutes after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_bang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big bang (पौ मदु)">big bang</a>. The first atoms were theoretically created 380,000 years after the big bang, an epoch called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the Big Bang (पौ मदु)">recombination</a>, when the universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei. Since then, atoms have been combined in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stars (पौ मदु)">stars</a> through the process of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear fusion (पौ मदु)">nuclear fusion</a> to generate atoms up to Iron. Some atoms such as <sup>6</sup>Li are generated in space through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_ray_spallation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic ray spallation (पौ मदु)">Cosmic ray spallation</a>. Elements heavier than Iron were generated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernovae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supernovae (पौ मदु)">supernovae</a> through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R-process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-process (पौ मदु)">r-process</a> and in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asymptotic_giant_branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asymptotic giant branch (पौ मदु)">AGB stars</a> through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-process (पौ मदु)">s-process</a>. Some elements, such as <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="लिड">lead</a>, formed largely through the radioactive decay of heavier elements. </p><p>Most of the atoms that currently make up the earth and all its inhabitants were present in their current form in the nebula that formed the solar system. The rest are the result of radioactive decay, and their relative proportion can be used to determine the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Age_of_the_earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Age of the earth (पौ मदु)">age of the earth</a> through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiometric_dating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiometric dating (पौ मदु)">radiometric dating</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिलियम">helium</a> on earth is a product of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-decay (पौ मदु)">alpha-decay</a>. </p><p>There are a few trace atoms on Earth that were not present at the beginning, nor are results of radioactive decay. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon-14 (पौ मदु)">Carbon-14</a> is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Some atoms on Earth have been artificially generated either deliberately or as by-products of nuclear reactors or explosions, including all the <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="टेक्नेसियम">technetium</a> on the earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_comparisons">Size comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=5" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: Size comparisons"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various analogies have been used to demonstrate the minuteness of the atom: </p> <ul><li>A human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.</li> <li>A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion atoms of oxygen (2 followed by 21 zeros, 2×10<sup>21</sup>) and twice as many hydrogen atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV (पौ मदु)">HIV</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virion (पौ मदु)">virion</a> is the width of 800 carbon atoms and contains about 100 million atoms total. An <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._coli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. coli (पौ मदु)">E. coli</a> bacterium contains perhaps 100 billion atoms, and a typical human cell roughly 100 trillion atoms.</li> <li>A speck of dust might contain 3x10<sup><small>12</small></sup> (3 trillion) atoms.</li> <li>If an apple is magnified to the size of the earth, then the atoms in the apple are approximately the size of the original apple.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="स्वयादिसँ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.81"></span>स्वयादिसँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=6" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: स्वयादिसँ"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="" style="background:transparent; 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Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/039102177X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-391-02177-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101013731/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/AtomicStructure/Atom-Theory-in-India.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20071101013731/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/AtomicStructure/Atom-Theory-in-India.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"> (2002) <i>Prentice Hall Science Explorer</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0130540919" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-054091-9</a>.</cite> Science textbook, Page 32: "There are 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that's 2 sextillion) atoms of oxygen in one drop of water—and twice as many atoms of hydrogen."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Richard Feynman (1995). <i>Six Easy Pieces</i>. The Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/9780140276664" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-027666-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol> <ul><li>Kenneth S. Krane, <i>Introductory Nuclear Physics</i> (1987)</li> <li>Atomic and cosmic model of ferman (1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813082529/http://ferman.topcities.com/atom_models.html">[१]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="पिनेया_स्वापू"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.82"></span>पिनेया स्वापू</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81&action=edit&section=8" title="खण्ड सम्पादन: पिनेया स्वापू"><span>सम्पादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikisource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikisource (पौ मदु)">Wikisource</a> has the text of <a href="https://new.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a> article <i><b><a href="https://new.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Atom" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Atom">Atom</a></b></i>. </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main Page">विकिमिडिया मंका</a> य् थ्व विषय नाप स्वापु दुगु मिडिया दु: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atom" class="extiw" title="commons:Atom">Atom</a></b></i> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204073653/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-07/atomic_size.htm">आणविक sizes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm">How Atoms Work</a></li> <li><a href="https://new.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics_Atom:The_Atom" class="extiw" title="b:FHSST Physics Atom:The Atom">Wikibooks FHSST Physics Atom:The Atom</a></li> <li><a href="https://new.wikibooks.org/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="extiw" title="b:Atomic structure">विकिसफू आणविक संरचना</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722164749/http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/basics/theatom.html">Science aid - atomic structure</a> A guide to the atom for teens.</li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quark (पौ मदु)">Quarks</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Up_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Up quark (पौ मदु)">u</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Down_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Down quark (पौ मदु)">d</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charm_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charm quark (पौ मदु)">c</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strange_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strange quark (पौ मदु)">s</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top quark (पौ मदु)">t</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bottom_quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bottom quark (पौ मदु)">b</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepton (पौ मदु)">Leptons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">e<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br /></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positron (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">e<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br /></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">μ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br /></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">μ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br /></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau_(particle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau (particle) (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">τ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">−<br /></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">τ<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">+<br /></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron neutrino (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ν<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />e</span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />e</span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muon_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muon neutrino (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ν<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />μ</span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />μ</span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau neutrino (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ν<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />τ</span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />τ</span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boson (पौ मदु)">Bosons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauge_boson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauge boson (पौ मदु)">Gauge</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">γ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gluon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">g</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=W_and_Z_bosons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W and Z bosons (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">W<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">±<br /></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Z</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost (पौ मदु)">Ghosts</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypothetical_particles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypothetical particles (पौ मदु)">Hypothetical</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superpartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superpartner (पौ मदु)">Superpartners</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaugino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaugino (पौ मदु)">Gauginos</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gluino (पौ मदु)">Gluino</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitino (पौ मदु)">Gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axino (पौ मदु)">Axino</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chargino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chargino (पौ मदु)">Chargino</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higgsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higgsino (पौ मदु)">Higgsino</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutralino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutralino (पौ मदु)">Neutralino</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfermion (पौ मदु)">Sfermion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axion (पौ मदु)">A<sup>0</sup></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilaton (पौ मदु)">Dilaton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graviton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graviton (पौ मदु)">G</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higgs_boson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higgs boson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.8em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;">0<br /></span></span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majoron (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">J</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_monopole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic monopole (पौ मदु)">m</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachyon (पौ मदु)">Tachyon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_and_Y_bosons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X and Y bosons (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">X</span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Y</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%27_and_Z%27_bosons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W' and Z' bosons (पौ मदु)">W' <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  Z'</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterile_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterile neutrino (पौ मदु)">Sterile neutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bound_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bound state (पौ मदु)">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadron (पौ मदु)">Hadrons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baryon (पौ मदु)">Baryons</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyperon (पौ मदु)">Hyperons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">N</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">p</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">n</span></a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta baryon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Δ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambda_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambda baryon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Λ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigma_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigma baryon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Σ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi baryon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ξ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega baryon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meson (पौ मदु)">Mesons</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarkonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarkonium (पौ मदु)">Quarkonia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">π</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rho_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rho meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ρ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">η</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_prime_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta prime meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">η′</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phi meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">φ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ω</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=J/%CF%88_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J/ψ meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">J/ψ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upsilon_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upsilon meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">ϒ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theta meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">θ</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaon (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">K</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">B</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=D_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">D</span></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T meson (पौ मदु)"><span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;">T</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic nucleus (पौ मदु)">Atomic nuclei</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom">Atoms</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diquark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diquark (पौ मदु)">Diquarks</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exotic_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exotic atom (पौ मदु)">Exotic atoms</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Positronium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positronium (पौ मदु)">Positronium</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muonium (पौ मदु)">Muonium</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onium (पौ मदु)">Onia</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superatom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superatom (पौ मदु)">Superatoms</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecule (पौ मदु)">Molecules</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%83:Hypothetical_composite_particles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पुचः:Hypothetical composite particles (पौ मदु)">Hypothetical</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exotic_hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exotic hadron (पौ मदु)">Exotic hadrons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exotic_baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exotic baryon (पौ मदु)">Exotic baryons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibaryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibaryon (पौ मदु)">Dibaryon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaquark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaquark (पौ मदु)">Pentaquark</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrmion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skyrmion (पौ मदु)">Skyrmion</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exotic_meson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exotic meson (पौ मदु)">Exotic mesons</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glueball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glueball (पौ मदु)">Glueball</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraquark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraquark (पौ मदु)">Tetraquark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesonic_molecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesonic molecule (पौ मदु)">Mesonic molecule</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeron (पौ मदु)">Pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasiparticle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasiparticle (पौ मदु)">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davydov_soliton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davydov soliton (पौ मदु)">Davydov soliton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exciton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exciton (पौ मदु)">Exciton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_hole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron hole (पौ मदु)">Hole</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnon (पौ मदु)">Magnon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonon (पौ मदु)">Phonon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmaron (पौ मदु)">Plasmaron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmon (पौ मदु)">Plasmon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polariton (पौ मदु)">Polariton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaron (पौ मदु)">Polaron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roton (पौ मदु)">Roton</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trion_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trion (physics) (पौ मदु)">Trion</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_particles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of particles (पौ मदु)">List of particles</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_quasiparticles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of quasiparticles (पौ मदु)">List of quasiparticles</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_baryons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of baryons (पौ मदु)">List of baryons</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mesons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mesons (पौ मदु)">List of mesons</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_particle_discoveries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of particle discoveries (पौ मदु)">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपिडिया:Books (पौ मदु)">Wikipedia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book:Hadronic_Matter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book:Hadronic Matter (पौ मदु)">Book:Hadronic Matter</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book:Particles of the Standard Model 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