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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Abandonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Roman_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Roman_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-Roman history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Roman_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Roman history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Roman_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gildas_and_Bede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gildas_and_Bede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gildas and Bede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gildas_and_Bede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grim's_Dyke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grim's_Dyke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grim's Dyke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grim's_Dyke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scottish renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>World Heritage status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Modern Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_the_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_the_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mapping the wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_the_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonine Wall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الجدار الأنطوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجدار الأنطوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вал Антаніна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вал Антаніна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Антонинов вал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антонинов вал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moger_Antoninus" title="Moger Antoninus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moger Antoninus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_d%27Anton%C3%AD" title="Mur d'Antoní – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mur d'Antoní" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin%C5%AFv_val" title="Antoninův val – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antoninův val" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Antoninus" title="Mur Antoninus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Antoninus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninusmuren" title="Antoninusmuren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antoninusmuren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninuswall" title="Antoninuswall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antoninuswall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_Antonino" title="Muro de Antonino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muro de Antonino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_Antonino" title="Muro de Antonino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muro de Antonino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninoren_Harresia" title="Antoninoren Harresia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antoninoren Harresia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار آنتونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار آنتونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_d%27Antonin" title="Mur d'Antonin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mur d'Antonin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muorre_fan_Antoninus" title="Muorre fan Antoninus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Muorre fan Antoninus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_Antonine" title="Balla Antonine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Balla Antonine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_Antonine" title="Balla Antonine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Balla Antonine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralla_de_Antonino" title="Muralla de Antonino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muralla de Antonino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%BD" title="안토니누스 방벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안토니누스 방벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninov_zid" title="Antoninov zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antoninov zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallo_Antonino" title="Vallo Antonino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vallo Antonino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="חומת אנטונינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומת אנטונינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ანტონინეს კედელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონინეს კედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonija_valnis" title="Antonija valnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antonija valnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_siena" title="Antonino siena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antonino siena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_fala" title="Antoninus fala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antoninus fala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Антонинов ѕид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антонинов ѕид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="അന്റോണൈൻ കോട്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്റോണൈൻ കോട്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="الجدار الانطونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجدار الانطونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антонины хана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антонины хана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muur_van_Antoninus" title="Muur van Antoninus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muur van Antoninus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="アントニヌスの長城 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニヌスの長城" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_antoninske_mur" title="Den antoninske mur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den antoninske mur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_antoninske_muren" title="Den antoninske muren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den antoninske muren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_devori" title="Antonin devori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antonin devori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%82_Antonina" title="Wał Antonina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wał Antonina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha_de_Antonino" title="Muralha de Antonino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muralha de Antonino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidul_lui_Antoninus" title="Zidul lui Antoninus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zidul lui Antoninus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вал Антонина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вал Антонина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antonine Wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninov_zid" title="Antoninov zid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antoninov zid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Антонинов зид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антонинов зид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninov_zid" title="Antoninov zid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antoninov zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninuksen_valli" title="Antoninuksen valli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antoninuksen valli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_mur" title="Antoninus mur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antoninus mur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Duvar%C4%B1" 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for this location"><span class="latitude">55°58′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°04′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.967°N 4.067°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.967; -4.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defensive fortification in Roman Britain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Antonine Wall</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/250px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/375px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/500px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="995" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of the Antonine Wall in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antonine_Wall&params=55.967_N_4.067_W_source:dewiki_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°58′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°04′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.967°N 4.067°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.967; -4.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">39 miles (63 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 142</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 <small>(32nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontiers_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers of the Roman Empire">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430">430</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/100px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/150px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/200px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="234" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Military of ancient Rome">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military of ancient Rome</a> <div style="font-size:70%;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">753 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">AD 476</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structural history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_army_unit_types" title="List of Roman army unit types">Unit types and ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a 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arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;"> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy and tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls" title="Ancient Roman defensive walls">Walls</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Britannicus" title="Limes Britannicus">Limes Britannicus</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonine Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb_Limes" title="Alb Limes">Alb Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautertal_Limes" title="Lautertal Limes">Lauter Valley Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Lower Germanic Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Limes" title="Main Limes">Main Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald_Limes" title="Neckar-Odenwald Limes">Neckar-Odenwald Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes" title="Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes">Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetterau_Limes" title="Wetterau Limes">Wetterau Limes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Iller%E2%80%93Rhine_Limes" title="Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes">Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norican_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Norican Limes">Norican Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Claustra_Alpium_Iuliarum" title="Claustra Alpium Iuliarum">Claustra Alpium Iuliarum</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Limes Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Limes Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_Wall" title="Anastasian Wall">Anastasian Wall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Limes Sarmatiae</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Mauretaniae" title="Limes Mauretaniae">Limes Mauretaniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Antonine Wall</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Vallum Antonini</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> on stone foundations, built by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> across what is now the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>. Built some twenty years after <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> to the south, and intended to supersede it, while it was garrisoned it was the northernmost frontier barrier of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It spanned approximately 63 kilometres (39 miles) and was about 3 metres (10 feet) high and 5 metres (16 feet) wide. <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a> scans have been carried out to establish the length of the wall and the Roman distance units used.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security was bolstered by a deep <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a> on the northern side. It is thought that there was a wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> on top of the turf. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain in the second century AD. Its ruins are less evident than those of the better-known and longer Hadrian's Wall to the south, primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away, unlike its stone-built southern predecessor. </p><p>Construction began in AD 142 at the order of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. Estimates of how long it took to complete vary widely, with six and twelve years most commonly proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antoninus Pius never visited Britain, unlike his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. Pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> probably led Antoninus to send the empire's troops further north. The Antonine Wall was protected by 16 forts with small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Way_(Antonine_Wall)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Way (Antonine Wall) (page does not exist)">Military Way</a>. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the Caledonians with decorative slabs, twenty of which survive. The wall was abandoned only eight years after completion, and the garrisons relocated rearward to Hadrian's Wall. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are visible. Many of these have come under the care of <a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg/290px-Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg/435px-Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg/580px-Antoninus_Wall_near_Bar_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Antonine Wall near <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a> showing ditch</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_construction">Location and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg/290px-Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg/435px-Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg/580px-Antonine_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Stone foundation of the Wall in <a href="/wiki/Bearsden" title="Bearsden">Bearsden</a>, Glasgow</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> ordered the construction of the Antonine Wall around 142.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Quintus Lollius Urbicus</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> at the time, initially supervised the effort, which may have taken as long as twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wall stretches 63 kilometres (39 miles) from <a href="/wiki/Old_Kilpatrick" title="Old Kilpatrick">Old Kilpatrick</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carriden_House" title="Carriden House">Carriden</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>. The wall was intended to extend Roman territory and dominance by replacing <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> 160 kilometres (100 miles) to the south, as the frontier of <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></i>. But while the Romans did establish <a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">forts and temporary camps further north</a> of the Antonine Wall in order to protect their routes to northern Britain, they did not conquer the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>, and the Antonine Wall suffered many attacks. The Romans called the land north of the wall <i><a href="/wiki/Caledonia_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonia (Roman)">Caledonia</a></i>, though in some contexts the term may refer to the whole area north of Hadrian's Wall. The land north of the Antonine Wall became known as Albany after the settlement of the Gaels in the 6th century. </p><p>The Antonine Wall was shorter than Hadrian's Wall and built of <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a> on a stone foundation, but it was still an impressive achievement. It was also a simpler fortification than Hadrian's Wall insofar as it did not have a subsidiary ditch system (<a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a>) behind it to the south. As built, the wall was typically a bank, about three metres (10 feet) high, made of layered turves and occasionally earth with a wide <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditch</a> on the north side, and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">military way</a> on the south.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone foundations and wing walls of the original forts on the Antonine Wall demonstrate that the original plan was to build a stone wall similar to Hadrian's Wall, but this was quickly amended.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans initially planned to build forts every 10 kilometres (6 miles), but this was soon revised to every 3.3 kilometres (2 miles), resulting in a total of nineteen forts along the wall. The best preserved but also one of the smallest forts is <a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle_Fort" title="Rough Castle Fort">Rough Castle Fort</a>. In addition to the forts, there are at least nine smaller fortlets, very likely on Roman mile spacings, which formed part of the original scheme, some of which were later replaced by forts.<sup id="cite_ref-L.Keppie,_Scotland's_Roman_Remains_1986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.Keppie,_Scotland's_Roman_Remains_1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most visible fortlet is Kinneil, at the eastern end of the Wall, near Bo'ness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was once a remarkable Roman structure within sight of the Antonine Wall at <a href="/wiki/Stenhousemuir" title="Stenhousemuir">Stenhousemuir</a>, which took its name from the Roman "stone house". This was <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_O%27on" title="Arthur's O'on">Arthur's O'on</a>, a circular stone domed monument or <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>, which might have been a temple, or a <a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion"><i>tropaeum</i></a>, a victory monument. It was demolished for its stone in 1743, though a replica exists at <a href="/wiki/Penicuik_House" title="Penicuik House">Penicuik House</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Antonine wall with forts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg/440px-Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg/660px-Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg/880px-Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Forts and <i>Fortlets</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with the Antonine Wall<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from west to east: <a href="/wiki/Bishopton,_Renfrewshire" title="Bishopton, Renfrewshire">Bishopton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Kilpatrick" title="Old Kilpatrick">Old Kilpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duntocher" title="Duntocher">Duntocher</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cleddans" title="Cleddans">Cleddans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Castlehill_Fort" title="Castlehill Fort">Castlehill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bearsden" title="Bearsden">Bearsden</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Summerston" title="Summerston">Summerston</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Balmuildy" title="Balmuildy">Balmuildy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Plantation" title="Wilderness Plantation">Wilderness Plantation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cadder" title="Cadder">Cadder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Bridge,_Kirkintilloch" title="Glasgow Bridge, Kirkintilloch">Glasgow Bridge</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkintilloch" title="Kirkintilloch">Kirkintilloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auchendavy" title="Auchendavy">Auchendavy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croy_Hill" title="Croy Hill">Croy Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerwood" title="Westerwood">Westerwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castlecary" title="Castlecary">Castlecary</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seabegs_Wood" title="Seabegs Wood">Seabegs</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Castle">Rough Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelon" title="Camelon">Camelon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Watling_Lodge" title="Watling Lodge">Watling Lodge</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumrills" title="Mumrills">Mumrills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inveravon" title="Inveravon">Inveravon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kinneil_House" title="Kinneil House">Kinneil</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Carriden_House" title="Carriden House">Carriden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg/350px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg/525px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg/700px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bridgeness_Slab" title="Bridgeness Slab">Bridgeness Slab</a> – the easternmost distance slab</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the line of the Wall itself there are a number of coastal forts both in the East (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Inveresk" title="Inveresk">Inveresk</a>) and West (Outerwards and Lurg Moor), which should be considered as outposts and/or supply bases to the Wall itself. In addition a number of forts farther north were brought back into service in the <a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a> area, including <a href="/wiki/Ardoch_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardoch fort">Ardoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strageath" title="Strageath">Strageath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_(Perth)" title="Bertha (Perth)">Bertha (Perth)</a><sup id="cite_ref-L.Keppie,_Scotland's_Roman_Remains_1986_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.Keppie,_Scotland's_Roman_Remains_1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably Dalginross and Cargill.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png/350px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png/525px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png/700px-Romanwallinscotl00macduoft_raw_0387.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>RIB 2193. Distance Slab of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Second Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Macdonald_(archaeologist)" title="George Macdonald (archaeologist)">George MacDonald</a> calls it no. 6 in the 2nd edition of his book <i>The Roman Wall in Scotland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald1934_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald1934-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373–376">: 373–376 </span></sup> He says it was found near the farm at <a href="/wiki/Summerston" title="Summerston">Summerston</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Kelvin" title="River Kelvin">Kelvin</a>. It has been scanned and a video produced.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Recent research by Glasgow University has shown that the distance stones, stone sculptures unique to the Antonine Wall which were embedded in the wall to mark the lengths built by each legion, were brightly painted unlike their present bare appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stones are preserved in the university's <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Collection" title="Hunterian Collection">museum</a> and are said to be the best-preserved examples of statuary from any Roman frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the slabs have been analysed by various techniques including portable <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> (pXRF). Tiny remnants of paint have been detected by <a href="/wiki/Surface-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a> (SERS). Several of the distance slabs have been scanned and 3-D videos produced. There are plans to reproduce the slabs, both digitally and in real physical copies, with their authentic colours.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgeness_Slab" title="Bridgeness Slab">Bridgeness Slab</a> has already been made and can be found in <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a>. It is also expected that lottery funding will allow replicas of distance markers to be placed along the length of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonine_wall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="swale with wall foundation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonine_wall.JPG/290px-Antonine_wall.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Antonine_wall.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The Antonine Wall, looking east, from <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a> between <a href="/wiki/Twechar" title="Twechar">Twechar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croy,_North_Lanarkshire" title="Croy, North Lanarkshire">Croy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment">Abandonment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abandonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wall was abandoned within two decades of completion<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in 162, and over time may have reached an accommodation with the <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> tribes of the area, whom they may have fostered as possible <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer states</a> which would later become <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">"The Old North"</a>. After a series of attacks in 197, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> arrived in Scotland in 208, and campaigned against the Maeatae (based in the central Midland Valley on either side of the Firth of Clyde – Firth of Forth line) and the Caledonians to their north.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he carried out substantial work on Hadrian's Wall at the time, there is no evidence of any attention being paid to the remains of the Antonine Wall during the campaigns of 208–210.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References in Late Roman sources to <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Severus" title="Wall of Severus">Severus' wall-building activities</a> led to later scholars like <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> mistaking references to the Antonine Wall for ones to <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall#After_Hadrian" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Roman_history">Post-Roman history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Roman history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the centuries that the Antonine Wall has lain abandoned, it has influenced culture between the Forth and the Clyde.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gildas_and_Bede">Gildas and Bede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gildas and Bede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing in 730, <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a></i>, mistakenly ascribes the construction of the Antonine Wall to the Britons in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People/Book_1#5" class="extiw" title="s:Ecclesiastical History of the English People/Book 1"><i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> 1.12</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The islanders built the wall which they had been told to raise, not of stone, since they had no workmen capable of such a work, but of sods, which made it of no use. Nevertheless, they carried it for many miles between the two bays or inlets of the sea of which we have spoken; to the end that where the protection of the water was wanting, they might use the rampart to defend their borders from the irruptions of the enemies. Of the work there erected, that is, of a rampart of great breadth and height, there are evident remains to be seen at this day. It begins at about two miles' distance from the monastery of Aebbercurnig [Abercorn], west of it, at a place called in the Pictish language Peanfahel, but in the English tongue, Penneltun [Kinneil], and running westward, ends near the city of Aicluith [Dumbarton].<sup id="cite_ref-HEch12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEch12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bede associated Gildas's turf wall with the Antonine Wall. As for Hadrian's Wall, Bede again follows Gildas: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[the departing Romans] thinking that it might be some help to the allies [Britons], whom they were forced to abandon, constructed a strong stone wall from sea to sea, in a straight line between the towns that had been there built for fear of the enemy, where Severus also had formerly built a rampart.<sup id="cite_ref-HEch12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEch12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bede obviously identified Gildas's stone wall as Hadrian's Wall, but he sets its construction in the 5th century rather than the 120s, and does not mention Hadrian. And he would appear to have believed that the ditch-and-mound barrier known as the <a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a> (just to the south of, and contemporary with, Hadrian's Wall) was the rampart constructed by Severus. Many centuries would pass before just who built what became apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grim's_Dyke"><span id="Grim.27s_Dyke"></span>Grim's Dyke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grim's Dyke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> histories, such as the chronicles of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a>, the wall is called <i>Gryme's dyke</i>. Fordun says that the name came from the grandfather of the imaginary king Eugenius son of Farquahar. This evolved over time into Graham's dyke<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a name still found in <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a> at the wall's eastern end – and then linked with <a href="/wiki/Clan_Graham" title="Clan Graham">Clan Graham</a>. Of note is that Graeme in some parts of Scotland is a nickname for the devil, and Gryme's Dyke would thus be the Devil's Dyke, mirroring the name of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> in Southern Germany often called 'Teufelsmauer'. Grímr and Grim are bynames for <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wodan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodan">Wodan</a>, who might be credited with the wish to build earthworks in unreasonably short periods of time. This name is the same one found as <a href="/wiki/Grim%27s_Ditch" title="Grim's Ditch">Grim's Ditch</a> several times in England in connection with early ramparts: for example, near <a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire" title="Wallingford, Oxfordshire">Wallingford</a>, Oxfordshire or between <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a> (Herts) and <a href="/wiki/Bradenham,_Buckinghamshire" title="Bradenham, Buckinghamshire">Bradenham</a> (Bucks). </p><p>Other names used by antiquarians include the Wall of Pius and the Antonine Vallum, after Antoninus Pius.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> in Book II of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i> (1590) alludes to the Wall, misattributing it to Constantine II.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a> in his 1527 <i>History of Scotland</i> called it the "wall of <a href="/wiki/Abercorn" title="Abercorn">Abercorn</a>", repeating the story that it had been destroyed by Graham.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_renaissance">Scottish renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scottish renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renaissance patrons in the 16th century, including <a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_5th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal">George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal</a>, who were exposed to the world of international scholarship through diplomacy, began to collect antiquities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earl Marischal set a stone from the Antonine Wall in the walls of <a href="/wiki/Dunnotar_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunnotar Castle">Dunnotar Castle</a> and had it painted and gilded, probably by Andrew Melville of <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone is now at the <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery">Hunterian Museum</a> in Glasgow and residual paint traces probably remaining from its later reuse have been analysed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_status">World Heritage status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World Heritage status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="near infrared photograph of Roman fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg/220px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg/330px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg/440px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_of_Kinneil_Roman_Fortlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>An infrared aerial photograph of Kinneil Roman Fortlet, near <a href="/wiki/Bo%27ness" title="Bo'ness">Bo'ness</a> at the eastern end of the Antonine Wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>The UK government's nomination of the Antonine Wall for <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage status</a> to the international conservation body <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> was first officially announced in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been backed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> since 2005<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Scotland's then Culture Minister <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ferguson" title="Patricia Ferguson">Patricia Ferguson</a> since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the UK's official nomination in late January 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSPs</a> were called to support the bid anew in May 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antonine Wall was listed as an extension to the World Heritage Site "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" on 7 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Antonine Wall is mentioned in the text, it does not appear on UNESCO's map of world heritage properties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Preservation">Modern Preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several individual sites along the line of the wall are in the care of <a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. These are at: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill Fort</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearsden#Roman" title="Bearsden">Bearsden Bath House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlecary" title="Castlecary">Castlecary</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croy_Hill" title="Croy Hill">Croy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullatur" title="Dullatur">Dullatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Castle">Rough Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabegs_Wood" title="Seabegs Wood">Seabegs Wood</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Lodge" title="Watling Lodge">Watling Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwood" title="Westerwood">Westerwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a></li></ul> </div> <p>All sites are unmanned and open at all reasonable times.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapping_the_wall">Mapping the wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mapping the wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first capable effort to systematically map the Antonine Wall was undertaken in 1764 by <a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>. He provided accurate and detailed drawings of its remains, and where the wall has been destroyed by later development, his maps and drawings are now the only reliable record of it. In the 19th century, the Ordnance Survey showed the visible traces of the wall in some detail on its first and second edition maps at 25-inch and 6-inch scales,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no attempt was made at that date to undertake archaeological work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Macdonald_(archaeologist)" title="George Macdonald (archaeologist)">Sir George Macdonald</a> carried out systematic work on the wall that was published in 1911<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald1911_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald1911-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in an expanded second edition in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald1934_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald1934-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work provided the basis for a large-scale (25-inch) folio produced by the Ordnance Survey in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Linge_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linge-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ordnance Survey produced a revised folio in 1954–1957, and then carried out a complete re-survey in 1979–80.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also published a smaller scale map of the Wall, at 1:25,000 in 1969. Further mapping activity was carried out to support the nomination of the Wall as a World Heritage Site<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern computer techniques like using <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a> can now map the wall in 3-dimensions which makes it much easier to study for example how visible forts and fortlets were to their fellow soldiers along the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Maps of the Wall</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Roy's plan of Camelon Roman Station and the adjacent section of the Wall, published 1793."><img alt="Camelon Roman Station and the Antonine Wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg/113px-William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg/170px-William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg/226px-William_Roy_Plate_XXIX_Roman_Station_Camelon_Antonine_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="4821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a>'s plan of <a href="/wiki/Camelon" title="Camelon">Camelon</a> Roman Station and the adjacent section of the Wall, published 1793.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall,_Published_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the OS 25-inch map of 1897, showing a section of the Antonine Wall between Rough Castle and Camelon"><img alt="Part of the Antonine Wall in 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg/240px-Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg/360px-Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg/480px-Ordnance_Survey_part_of_25-inch_Sheet_XXX.2_Falkirk_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4605" data-file-height="1621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the OS 25-inch map of 1897, showing a section of the Antonine Wall between <a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Castle">Rough Castle</a> and Camelon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall,_Published_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ordnance Survey Map of the Antonine Wall, published 1969."><img alt="The Antonine Wall in 1969." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg/213px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg/319px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg/426px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_the_Antonine_Wall%2C_Published_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12242" data-file-height="9784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ordnance Survey Map of the Antonine Wall, published 1969.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Antonine_Wall,_Rome%27s_final_frontier,_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG/310px-The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG/465px-The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG/620px-The_Antonine_Wall%2C_Rome%27s_final_frontier%2C_the_Hunterian_Museum..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Finds from the Antonine Wall in the <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery">Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery</a> in Glasgow.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Scotland" title="Banknotes of Scotland">Banknotes of Scotland</a> (featured on design)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museums_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museums of Scotland">National Museums of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridgeness_Slab" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bridgeness Slab">The Bridgeness Slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium (Newstead)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonine_Wall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrakowka2018" class="citation web cs1">Krakowka, Kathryn (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/meticulous-metric-survey-of-the-antonine-wall.htm">"Meticulous metric survey of the Antonine Wall"</a>. <i>Current Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antonine+Wall&rft.atitle=The+Antonine+Wall+Management+Plan+2014%E2%80%9319&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antoninewall.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F494733_283836_Antonine_Wall_MP_WEB_20131125134011.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonine+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Anne S. (1960) <i>The Antonine Wall</i>. Glasgow Archaeological Society. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breeze, David J. (2006) <i>The Antonine Wall</i>. Edinburgh. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Roman+wall+heritage+bid+backing&rft.date=2005-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2F4090692.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonine+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/5100616.stm">"World Heritage bid hope for wall"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Template:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Scotland" title="List of bays of Scotland">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Border</a> <ul><li>Historic: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Footpaths_in_Scotland" title="Category:Footpaths in Scotland">Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Great_Trails" title="Scotland's Great Trails">Great Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Coastal_Way" title="Scottish Coastal Way">Coastal Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Scotland" title="Extreme points of Scotland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Scotland" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Scotland">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Scotland" title="List of geological faults of Scotland">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Scotland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Scotland" title="Category:Meadows in Scotland">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Moorlands of Scotland">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains in Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Scotland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Scotland">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain rescue in Scotland">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Scotland" title="List of rivers of Scotland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Scotland" title="Category:Springs of Scotland">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Wetlands of Scotland">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_breeds" title="List of Scottish breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Scotland" title="National parks of Scotland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_scenic_area_(Scotland)" title="National scenic area (Scotland)">National scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National nature reserves in Scotland">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Scotland" title="List of Ramsar sites in Scotland">Ramsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Scotland" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland">Conservation areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Land use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic counties of Scotland">Historic counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Scotland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communities in Scotland">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Scotland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Scotland">capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Scotland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Scotland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Scotland" title="Category:Lists of places in Scotland">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_place_names_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish place names in other countries">In other countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Scottish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations in the United States with a Scottish name">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Scotland" title="Land reform in Scotland">Land Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Category:Geography of Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography of Scotland">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonine Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Template:Scotland during the Roman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Template talk:Scotland during the Roman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland during the Roman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicalydones" title="Dicalydones">Dicalydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Verturians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius (83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnswark_Hill" title="Burnswark Hill">Burnswark Hill (140)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93211)" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)">Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy (367-69)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilicho%27s_Pictish_War" title="Stilicho's Pictish War">Pictish War (398)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caledonian fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennachie" title="Bennachie">Bennachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Castle_Broch" title="Bow Castle Broch">Bow Castle Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deers_Den" title="Deers Den">Deers Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edin%27s_Hall_Broch" title="Edin's Hall Broch">Edin's Hall Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leckie_Broch" title="Leckie Broch">Leckie Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnata_Castra" title="Pinnata Castra">Pinnata Castra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rispain_Camp" title="Rispain Camp">Rispain Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubers_Law" title="Rubers Law">Rubers Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwoodlee_Broch" title="Torwoodlee Broch">Torwoodlee Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_Loch" title="Walls Loch">Walls Loch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caledonians & Picts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentocoxos" title="Argentocoxos">Argentocoxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipoig" title="Vipoig">Vipoig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canutulachama" title="Canutulachama">Canutulachama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradech" title="Uradech">Uradech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II_Duberr_of_the_Picts" title="Gartnait II Duberr of the Picts">Gartnait II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonine Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auchendavy" title="Auchendavy">Auchendavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmuildy" title="Balmuildy">Balmuildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hill_Fort" title="Bar Hill Fort">Bar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlehill_Fort" title="Castlehill Fort">Castlehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleddans" title="Cleddans">Cleddans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croy_Hill" title="Croy Hill">Croy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumrills" title="Mumrills">Mumrills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Castle_Fort" title="Rough Castle Fort">Rough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabegs_Wood" title="Seabegs Wood">Seabegs Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Lodge" title="Watling Lodge">Watling Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwood" title="Westerwood">Westerwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Plantation" title="Wilderness Plantation">Wilderness Plantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricolan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardoch_Roman_Fort" title="Ardoch Roman Fort">Ardoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battledykes" title="Battledykes">Battledykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_(Perth)" title="Bertha (Perth)">Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnfield" title="Burnfield">Burnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelon" title="Camelon">Camelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deers_Den" title="Deers Den">Deers Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumquhassle" title="Drumquhassle">Drumquhassle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durno" title="Durno">Durno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbank" title="Glenbank">Glenbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenlochar" title="Glenlochar">Glenlochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverquharity" title="Inverquharity">Inverquharity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandykes" title="Normandykes">Normandykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raedykes" title="Raedykes">Raedykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strageath" title="Strageath">Strageath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ythan_Wells" title="Ythan Wells">Ythan Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Severan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hill_Roman_Camps" title="Black Hill Roman Camps">Black Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpow_Roman_Fort" title="Carpow Roman Fort">Carpow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramond_Roman_Fort" title="Cramond Roman Fort">Cramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiryfold" title="Muiryfold">Muiryfold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blatobulgium" title="Blatobulgium">Blatobulgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothwellhaugh_Roman_Fort" title="Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort">Bothwellhaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Greg" title="Castle Greg">Castle Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elginhaugh" title="Elginhaugh">Elginhaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inveresk_Roman_Fort" title="Inveresk Roman Fort">Inveresk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennymuir_Roman_camps" title="Pennymuir Roman camps">Pennymuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellie" title="Bellie">Bellie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomshill" title="Thomshill">Thomshill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balnageith" title="Balnageith">Balnageith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Galcantray" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Galcantray">Easter Galcantray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures & artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_O%27on" title="Arthur's O'on">Arthur's O'on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeness_Slab" title="Bridgeness Slab">Bridgeness Slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramond_Lioness" title="Cramond Lioness">Cramond Lioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Cerialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Urbicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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