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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Vedic and Mahajanapada period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Vedic_and_Mahajanapada_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Indian_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Indian_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Indian dynasties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Indian_dynasties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Indian dynasties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Indian_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaishunaga_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaishunaga_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shaishunaga dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaishunaga_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanda_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanda_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nanda dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanda_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maurya_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maurya_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Maurya Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maurya_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunga_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunga_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shunga Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunga_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Golden age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Golden_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Golden age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satavahana_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satavahana_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Satavahana dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satavahana_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahameghavahana_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahameghavahana_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mahameghavahana dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahameghavahana_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gupta dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Classical_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Classical_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Classical age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Classical_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Classical age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Classical_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Harsha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Harsha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Empire of Harsha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Harsha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chalukyas_and_Pallavas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chalukyas_and_Pallavas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Chalukyas and Pallavas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chalukyas_and_Pallavas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chola_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chola_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The Chola Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chola_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gurjar-Pratiharas,_Palas_and_Rashtrakutas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gurjar-Pratiharas,_Palas_and_Rashtrakutas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gurjar-Pratiharas,_Palas_and_Rashtrakutas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Sindh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_of_Sindh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Arab conquest of Sindh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Sindh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghaznavid_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghaznavid_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ghaznavid invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghaznavid_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Medieval era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Medieval_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Medieval era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Delhi Sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rajputs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rajputs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Rajputs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rajputs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muzaffarid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muzaffarid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Muzaffarid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muzaffarid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calicut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calicut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Calicut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calicut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Vijayanagara Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahom_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahom_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Ahom Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahom_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Marathas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Marathas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>The Marathas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Marathas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Jats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>The Jats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travancore_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travancore_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Travancore Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travancore_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysore_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysore_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Mysore Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysore_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Sikh Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Company_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Company rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Company_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The British Raj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_transition_and_the_Dominion_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_transition_and_the_Dominion_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-war transition and the Dominion of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_transition_and_the_Dominion_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Republic of India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republic_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republic of India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Major wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>First Indo-Pakistani war, 1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Polo,_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Polo,_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Operation Polo, 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Polo,_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_Goa,_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_Goa,_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Liberation of Goa, 1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_Goa,_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Indian_war,_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Indian_war,_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>Sino-Indian war, 1962</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Indian_war,_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.5</span> <span>Second Indo-Pakistani war, 1965</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Sino_Clash_of_1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Sino_Clash_of_1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Indo-Sino Clash of 1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Sino_Clash_of_1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Third Indo-Pakistani war, 1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siachen_war,_1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siachen_war,_1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Siachen war, 1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siachen_war,_1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargil_War,_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargil_War,_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Kargil War, 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargil_War,_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mizo_National_Front,_1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mizo_National_Front,_1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>The Mizo National Front, 1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mizo_National_Front,_1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chola_incident,_1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chola_incident,_1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>The Chola incident, 1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chola_incident,_1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star,_1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Blue_Star,_1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>Operation Blue Star, 1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Blue_Star,_1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka_mission,_1987–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka_mission,_1987–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.4</span> <span>Sri Lanka mission, 1987–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka_mission,_1987–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Cactus,_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Cactus,_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.5</span> <span>Operation Cactus, 1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Cactus,_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_Bangladesh–India_border_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_Bangladesh–India_border_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_Bangladesh–India_border_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missile_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missile_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Missile program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missile_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Nuclear program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_collaborations_with_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_collaborations_with_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Military collaborations with other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_collaborations_with_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_war_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_war_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Official war histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_war_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="भारत का सैन्य इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत का सैन्य इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_militare_dell%27India" title="Storia militare dell'India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia militare dell'India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय सैन्याचा इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय सैन्याचा इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="இந்திய படைத்துறையின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய படைத்துறையின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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exist)">native cavalry</a>, irregular horse and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Indian Army Corps of Engineers">Indian sapper and miner companies</a> raised by the three <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidencies of British India">British presidencies</a>. The Army of India was raised under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">presidency armies</a>, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> fought in both <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18.0em; border: 1px solid #aabaaa;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar,_Qutub_Minar,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Iron Pillar of Delhi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/100px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/150px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/200px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #cb4154;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in India"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History of science and<br />technology in the <br />Indian subcontinent</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bangladesh" title="Science and technology in Bangladesh">Science in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science in Pakistan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #cb4154;;padding-top: 0; color: white;"> By subject</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Measurement systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_India" title="Cartography of India">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing#In_India" title="History of printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in India">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_India" title="List of bridges in India">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval history of India">Navigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Template:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Template talk:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The armed forces succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_British_India" title="Category:Military of British India">military of British India</a> following <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">India's independence in 1947</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> fought <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani Wars">in all four wars against Pakistan</a>, and two wars against <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">1962</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">1967</a>. India also fought in the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> with Pakistan in 1999, the <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">highest altitude</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several United Nations peacekeeping operations, and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_in_Armor_(preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian warrior in Armor by Edwin Lord Weeks."><img alt="Indian warrior in Armor by Edwin Lord Weeks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg/83px-Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg/124px-Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg/166px-Man_in_Armor_%28preparatory_sketch_for_Entering_the_Mosque%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian warrior in Armor by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Edwin Lord Weeks</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1500–500 BCE."><img alt="Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1500–500 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg/51px-MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg/77px-MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg/103px-MET_2001_433_53_O.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1500–500 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ax_Blade_(Celt).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1500–1000 BCE."><img alt="Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1500–1000 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg/100px-Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg/150px-Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg/200px-Ax_Blade_%28Celt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1500–1000 BCE.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indus Valley Civilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fortified cities have been excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> with thick and tall <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">walls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banawali" title="Banawali">Banawali</a> is among the earliest sites in the world where moats have been discovered. These forts also feature square and round bastion and contain a citadel constructed at an elevated height.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites such as <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjo Daro">Mohenjo Daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a> exhibit some outstanding examples of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age Indian</a> fortifications with their thick tall walls, with the walls made of burned bricks at some places solid mud-brick embankment have been discovered which run for twenty five feet (7.5 meters) without reaching the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites such as <a href="/wiki/Desalpar_Gunthli" title="Desalpar Gunthli">Desalpar</a>, Dholavira's have yielded massive stone fortifications and the acropolis is extensively fortified with tall standing walls and furnished with ramparts and gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-asi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bow</a> was unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortugai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dholavira_gujarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Defensive wall of Dholavira, Gujarat, India, 2650 BCE."><img alt="Defensive wall of Dholavira, Gujarat, India, 2650 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dholavira_gujarat.jpg/200px-Dholavira_gujarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dholavira_gujarat.jpg/300px-Dholavira_gujarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dholavira_gujarat.jpg/400px-Dholavira_gujarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Defensive wall of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat, India">Gujarat, India</a>, 2650 BCE. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalibangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalibangan Fortification wall and square bastions, Rajasthan, India, 2500 BCE."><img alt="Kalibangan Fortification wall and square bastions, Rajasthan, India, 2500 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kalibangan.jpg/178px-Kalibangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kalibangan.jpg/266px-Kalibangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kalibangan.jpg/355px-Kalibangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a> Fortification wall and square bastions, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthan, India">Rajasthan, India</a>, 2500 BCE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Vedic_and_Mahajanapada_period">The Vedic and Mahajanapada period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Vedic and Mahajanapada period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/220px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/440px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>A Manuscript illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Battle of Kurukshetra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An excavation at <a href="/wiki/Sinauli_excavation_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinauli excavation site">Sinauli</a>'s necropolis has yielded copper swords, helmets and chariots, dating from 2000 to 1800 BC, which suggests the presence of a warrior <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> people who followed <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> in the region during the <a href="/wiki/Copper-Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-Bronze Age">Copper-Bronze Age</a> (2000 BC–1200 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic tribes">Rigvedic tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a> were led by their kings (<i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a></i>) and engaged in wars with each other and other tribes. They used <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> weapons and horse (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">ashva</a></i>) -drawn spoke-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">ratha</a></i>) described prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. The main share from the booty obtained during <a href="/wiki/Cattle_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle raid">cattle raids</a> and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>. The earliest of such battles is noted in <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ten_Kings" title="Battle of the Ten Kings">Battle of the Ten Kings</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and other associated texts dating to the post-Rigvedic (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>) <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilisation">Vedic period</a> (ca. 1100–500 BC) contain the earliest written references to armies in India. The earliest known application of <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> dates to this period; the animals are mentioned in several <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-history-of-india_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-of-india-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1,_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/220px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/330px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/440px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5709" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>Siege of <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a> the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Mallakas</a> by seven states’ chiefs and their armies for the possession of relics of Buddha after his death in 4th century BCE. Depiction of the battle on <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> stupa railing, 1st century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/220px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/330px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/440px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The two great epics of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, center on conflicts between the emerging <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. They discuss standing armies that used in war chariots, war elephants and even mythical flying machines (<i><a href="/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana">vimana</a></i>). The Ramayana describes in great detail the fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> describes various military techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Chakravyuha" title="Chakravyuha">Chakravyuha</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Indian_dynasties">The Indian dynasties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Indian dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Early Military history of India</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg/238px-Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg/357px-Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg/476px-Elephant_Sword_MET_DP350518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elephant_sword" title="Elephant sword">Elephant sword</a>, also called tusk swords, which are pairs of blades specially designed to be attached to elephant tusks.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaishunaga_dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shaishunaga dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and strengthened the military of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a> built a new fort at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, Magadha's new capital, to launch an attack on <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)">Licchavis</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> texts tell that he used two new weapons; <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a> and a covered <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">chariot</a> with swinging <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">mace</a> that has been compared<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to modern <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanda_dynasty">Nanda dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nanda dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a> originated from the region of Magadha in ancient India during the 4th century BC. At its greatest extent, the empire ruled by the Nanda dynasty extended from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east, to <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the west and as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya Range</a>. </p><p>In 327 BC <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> began his foray into Punjab. King <a href="/wiki/Ambhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambhi">Ambhi</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, surrendered the city to Alexander. Alexander fought an epic battle against the Indian king Porus in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of Hydaspes (326)</a>. Despite winning, Alexander decided to turn back and end his campaign due to pressure from his generals and troops who were tired and fatigued because of constant battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maurya_Empire">Maurya Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maurya Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, who served as an ambassador from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> built an army consisting of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, 9,000 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, and 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>. Chandragupta conquered much of Indian subcontinent, establishing an empire from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. He then defeated the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> to conquer the regions to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. He then turned south, taking over much of what is now Central India. His military was administered by six chairs, one for each of the four arms of the army (infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots), one chair for the navy, and one for logistics and supply. </p><p>Infantry at this time was most commonly armed with a <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and a single- or double-handed broadsword probably similar to the <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">khanda</a>. Other foot soldiers could be armed with a large animal hide tower shield and a spear or javelins. Cavalry carried lances. Elephants were mounted, sometimes allegedly with <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdahs</a>, which may be an Indian invention<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by archers or javelin throwers, with a <a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">mahout</a> around the animal's neck. Chariots by this time were in definite decline, but remained in the army due to their prestige. </p><p>In 185 BCE, the last <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Mauryan</a> emperor was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">General</a> of the Mauryan Armed Forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shunga_Empire">Shunga Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shunga Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shunga-Greek_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga-Greek War">Shunga-Greek War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/170px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/255px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg/340px-Sunga_horseman_Bharhut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="4454" /></a><figcaption>Shunga horseman, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>War and conflict characterized the Shunga period. They are known to have warred with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. </p><p>Extent of the Shunga Empire's wars with the Indo-Greek Kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period. From around 180 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a> conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorized to have advanced into the trans-Indus. The Indo-Greek <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to Pataliputra with other Indian rulers; however, very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign. The net result of these wars remains uncertain. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a> is recorded to have performed two <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> <a href="/wiki/Yagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagna">Yagnas</a> and Shunga imperial inscriptions have extended as far as <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>. Scriptures such as the Divyavadhana note that his rule extended even farther to <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, in the Punjab. Moreover, if it was lost, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> was regained by the Shungas around 100 BCE (or by other indigenous rulers: the Arjunayanas (area of Mathura) and Yaudheyas mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"), and during the 1st century BCE, the Trigartas, Audumbaras and finally the Kunindas also started to mint their own coins). Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Shunga in Northwestern India are also found in the Mālavikāgnimitram, a play by Kālidāsa which describes a battle between Greek cavalrymen and Vasumitra, the grandson of Pushyamitra, on the Indus river, in which the Indians defeated the Greeks and Pushyamitra successfully completed the Ashvamedha Yagna. </p><p>The Indo-Greeks and the Shungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic missions around 110 BCE, as indicated by the Heliodorus pillar, which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named Heliodorus, from the court of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas, to the court of the Shunga emperor Bhagabhadra at the site of Vidisha in central India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Golden_age">The Golden age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Golden age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical Indian texts on archery in particular and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian martial arts">martial arts</a> in general are known as <a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a>. Several classics of the genre date from this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satavahana_dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Satavahana dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/220px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/330px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/440px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Indian ship on lead coin of <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi</a>, testimony to the seafaring and naval capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a> family belonged to the Andhra-jati ("tribe") and was the first <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccanese</a> dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha (southern region). The Satavahanas (also called Andhra and Shalivahan) rose to power in modern <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, Andhra Pradesh and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> around 200 BCE and remained in power for about 400 years. Almost the whole of present-day <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, Chhattisgarh, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, Goa, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> came under Satavahana rule. Their first capital was <a href="/wiki/Koti_Lingala" class="mw-redirect" title="Koti Lingala">Koti Lingala</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a>, then called Pratishthan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a>, the dynasty's founder, conquered <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. His successor and brother <a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> (or Krishna) further extended his kingdom to the west and the south. He was succeeded by Satakarni I, who defeated the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga dynasty</a> of North India. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>, defeated the invading <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>. His empire extended up to Banavasi in the south, and included Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, west <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and Vidharbha. Later, Satavahana rulers lost some of these territories. Satavahana power revived briefly under <a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Yajna Sri Satakarni</a> but declined after his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahameghavahana_dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mahameghavahana dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a> was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Mauryan Empire. The third ruler of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81rab%C4%93%E1%B8%B7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Khārabēḷa">Khārabēḷa</a>, conquered much of India in a series of campaigns at the beginning of the common era. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa. Under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Yawadvipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas and the South Indian regions of Pandyan Empire and expanded Kaḷinga as far as the Ganges and the Kaveri. </p><p>The Kharavelan state had a formidable maritime empire with trading routes linking it to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo, Bali, Sumatra and Java. Colonists from Kalinga settled in Sri Lanka, Burma, as well as the Maldives and Maritime Southeast Asia. Even today Indians are referred to as Keling in Malaysia because of this. </p><p>The main source of information about Khārabeḷa is his famous seventeen line rock-cut Hātigumphā inscription in a cave in the Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. According to the inscription, he attacked Rajagriha in Magadha, thus defeating the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> retreat to Mathura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta_dynasty">Gupta dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gupta dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire#Military_organization" title="Gupta Empire">Military organisation of the Gupta Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/220px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/330px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg/440px-ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>An 8 gm gold coin featuring <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QtubIronPillar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/170px-QtubIronPillar.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/255px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/340px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_pillar_of_Delhi" title="Iron pillar of Delhi">iron pillar of Delhi</a>, erected by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> the Great after he defeated the Vahilakas.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Siva-Dhanur-veda</i> discusses the military of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. The Guptas relied less on armoured war elephants compared to previous Indian empires. The use of <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> had declined heavily by the time of the Guptas, as they had not proved very useful against the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and other invaders. Guptas used famously used cavalry archers, and it became the prestige arm of the military as evidenced by coinage. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> clad in mail armour and equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">maces</a> and lances would have used shock action to break the enemy line. </p><p>They also employed <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> similar to previous periods: Archers with a longbow composed of bamboo or metal and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head; iron shafts were used against armoured elephants. They also sometimes used fire arrows. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. The Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control regional waters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> seized the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ahichchhatra" title="Ahichchhatra">Ahichchhatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmavati_Pawaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavati Pawaya">Padmavati</a> early in his reign. Later, he took the Kota kingdom and attacked the tribes in <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malvas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arjunayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjunayana">Arjunayanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Maduras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhira tribe">Abhiras</a>. He also subjugated the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. By his death in 380, he had conquered over twenty kingdoms. </p><p>4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, credits <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in the East and West India, he proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasikas,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a> tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the west was in decline. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> faced with invading <a href="/wiki/Indo-Hephthalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">White Huns</a>, from the northwest. Skandagupta had warred against the Huns during the reign of his father, and was celebrated throughout the empire as a great warrior. He crushed the Huns invasion in 455, and managed to keep them at bay; however, the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Classical_age">The Classical age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Classical age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_of_Harsha">Empire of Harsha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Empire of Harsha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (606–647) ruled the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> covering northern India for over forty years. His father, a king of <a href="/wiki/Thaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaneswar">Thaneswar</a>, had gained prominence by successful wars against the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huns</a>. Harsha had plans to conquer the whole of India, and carried on wars for thirty years with considerable success. By 612 he had built up a vast army with which he conquered nearly all <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada river">Narmada river</a>. In 620 he invaded the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> but was repelled by <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chalukyas_and_Pallavas">The Chalukyas and Pallavas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Chalukyas and Pallavas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/170px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/255px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/340px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> inscription on a <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, 733–745 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> gained prominence. The <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> ruler Pulakeshin II's expansionism started with minor campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a> and others. He defeated the Pallava king <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman</a> and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a>. His greatest military success, the defeat of Harshavardhana (also known as Harsha), depleted his treasury, forcing him to end his expansionist campaigns. </p><p>The Pallava king <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhavarman">Narasimhavarman</a> vowed to avenge Mahendravarman's defeat by Pulakeshin II. He invaded <a href="/wiki/Vatapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatapi">Vatapi</a> with an army headed by his general Paranjothi. He defeated the Chalukyas, killing Pulakeshin II in 642. Clashes between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued for a century, until the Chalukya king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> won a decisive victory against the Pallavas in 740. The <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> overthrew the Chalukya empire in 750. During the 970s, <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a> and recovered most of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Empire">Chalukya Empire</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. The Chalukyas of this period are known as the Kalyani Chalukyas, as <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a> was their capital. They clashed intermittently with the <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chola_Empire">The Chola Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Chola Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> were the first rulers of the Indian subcontinent to maintain a navy and use it to expand their dominion overseas. <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya Chola</a> defeated the Pallavas and captured <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>. In the early 10th century the Chola king <a href="/wiki/Parantaka_I" title="Parantaka I">Parantaka I</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan">Pandyan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Rajasimha_II" title="Maravarman Rajasimha II">Maravarman Rajasimha II</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> defeated and killed Parantaka I's son <a href="/wiki/Rajaditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaditya">Rajaditya</a> in about 949. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uttama_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttama Chola">Uttama Chola</a> reigned 970–85. Inscriptions tell that at least from his time, Chola warriors wore waist coats of armour. Hence, one regiment was called <i>Niyayam-Uttama-Chola-tterinda-andalakattalar</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Which_lang" title="Template:Which lang"><span title="An editor could not identify the correct language for tagging this word or phrase. (April 2020)">what language is this?</span></a></i>]</sup> Paluvettaraiyar Maravan Kandanar served as a general under Uttama and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundara Chola">Sundara</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola">Rajaraja Chola</a> began his military career with the conquest of the Cheras in the <a href="/wiki/Kandalur_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandalur War">Kandalur War</a>. He captured the Pandya ruler Amara Bhujanga, the town of <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a>, and a part of Sri Lanka. In the 14th year of his reign (998–999) he conquered the <a href="/wiki/Gangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangas">Gangas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nolambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nolambas">Nolambas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a> and Eastern Mysore, Tadigaipadi, <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>, the Pandyas and the Chalukyas of the Deccan. During the next three years, he subdued <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> and the northern kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> with the help of his son <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>. Rajendra later completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, and marched across <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. He sent out <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia_campaign_of_Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I">a great naval expedition</a> that occupied parts of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. The Cholas were brought down by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> from the west and Pandyas from the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gurjar-Pratiharas,_Palas_and_Rashtrakutas"><span id="The_Gurjar-Pratiharas.2C_Palas_and_Rashtrakutas"></span>The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arab scholar Sulaiman described the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> as one of the four great kings of the world in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In middle of 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> under <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a> attacked and subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratiharas</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihir Bhoja</a>, the Pratiharas, and their allies defeated <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Pala" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Pala">Narayan Pala</a> after the death of Devapala. </p><p>There were many battles between the Gurjar Pratiharas under Bhoj and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> under <a href="/wiki/Krishna_II" title="Krishna II">Krishna II</a> with mixed results. When the Rashtrakuta king <a href="/wiki/Indra_III" title="Indra III">Indra III</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Kanauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanauj">Kanauj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a>, Mihir Bhoj's successor, fled; he later returned. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> wrote that in 915, during Mahipala's rule, the Pratiharas were at war with the Muslims in the west and the Rashtrakutas in the south, and that the Gurjar Pratiharas had four armies of about 80,000 men each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_of_Sindh">Arab conquest of Sindh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arab conquest of Sindh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 712, an Arab general, named Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. 31 December 695 – 18 July 715), attacked and conquered <a href="/wiki/Chach_of_Alor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chach of Alor">Sindh kingdom</a> which is mainly situated in Indus valley area (after partition, now in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>); by the time <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Dahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Dahir">Raja Dahir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a>, and this dynasty was at war with Arabs. Though they defeated several <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Arab invasions</a> before 712 CE, this time being deprived of local Buddhist people's support, Sindh was captured and the first step of Islamic foundation in India was created. <a href="/wiki/Chach_Nama" title="Chach Nama">Chach Nama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd" dir="rtl">چچ نامو</span>), written by Kàzí Ismáíl briefly discusses the events. However, the South Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> and the Pratiharas defeated the Arabs during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a> (738 CE) when they tried to move eastward. </p><p>Indian inscriptions confirm this invasion but record the Arab success only against the smaller states in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. They also record the defeat of the Arabs at two places. The southern army moving south into Gujarat was defeated at Navsari by the south Indian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> dynasty who sent his general <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulakeshin">Pulakeshin</a> to defeat the Arabs. The army that went east, reached Avanti whose ruler <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gurjara_Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara Pratihara">Gurjara Pratihara</a> utterly defeated the invaders. Arab forces failed to make any substantial gains in India and in the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a> (730 CE), their army was severely defeated by the Indian kings. As a result, Arabs' territory got restricted to <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghaznavid_invasion">Ghaznavid invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ghaznavid invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somnath_temple_ruins_(1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/150px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/225px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/300px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Somnath temple in ruins, 1869 CE.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somnath-current.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/150px-Somnath-current.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/225px-Somnath-current.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Somnath-current.jpg/300px-Somnath-current.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Front view of the present Somnath Temple.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> was first attacked by Muslim Turkic invader <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> and repeatedly demolished by successive Muslim invaders, each time being rebuilt by Hindu rulers.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the early 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> kingdom in the North-west frontier in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and his raids into northern India weakened the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara</a> kingdom, which was drastically reduced in size and came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Chandelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandelas">Chandelas</a>. Mahmud sacked some temples across northern India, including the temple at Somnath in Gujarat, but his permanent conquests were limited to the Punjab. The early 11th century also saw the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> king <a href="/wiki/Raja_Bhoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Bhoj">Raja Bhoj</a>, the Paramara ruler of <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Malwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ap_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ap-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghaznavids were later repulsed by many local Hindu dynasties in which <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chauhans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vigraharaja_IV" title="Vigraharaja IV">Vigraharaja IV</a> are known to have <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khetri" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khetri">played a crucial role</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Medieval_era">The Medieval era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Medieval era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg/170px-Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg/255px-Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg/340px-Group_of_Indian_Armoir_Weapons_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Group of Indian Armoir</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Delhi Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Military_history_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Military history of India">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>, repelled several invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zafar_Khan_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zafar Khan (General)">Zafar Khan</a>, a general serving <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, defeated the Mongols near <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a> in 1297. In 1299, Zafar Khan fought back a Mongol army of 200,000 soldiers but was killed in the process. The Sultanate declined after it faced <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq#Death_and_ensuing_collapse_of_the_empire" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">twofold resistance</a> one from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mewar" title="Kingdom of Mewar">Mewar dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Maharana_Hammir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharana Hammir">Maharana Hammir</a> and other from <a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> in south. Its last <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, who was presiding over a crumbling empire due to numerous internal rebellions and rise of powerful Mewari Rajput king <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a>, died fighting the forces of <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_battle_of_Panipat" class="mw-redirect" title="First battle of Panipat">first battle of Panipat</a> in 1526, ending the sultanate and paving the way for the foundation of the Mughal Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rajputs">The Rajputs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Rajputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:48px;max-width:48px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirti_stambha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kirti_stambha.jpg/46px-Kirti_stambha.jpg" decoding="async" width="46" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kirti_stambha.jpg/69px-Kirti_stambha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kirti_stambha.jpg/92px-Kirti_stambha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Stambh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirti Stambh">Kirti Stambh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chittorgarh_fort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chittorgarh_fort.JPG/215px-Chittorgarh_fort.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chittorgarh_fort.JPG/323px-Chittorgarh_fort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chittorgarh_fort.JPG/430px-Chittorgarh_fort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a> is the largest fort on the Indian subcontinent; it is one of the six <a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">Hill Forts of Rajasthan</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:51px;max-width:51px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Victory_tower.jpg/49px-Victory_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Victory_tower.jpg/74px-Victory_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Victory_tower.jpg/98px-Victory_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="4642" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Stambha">Vijay Stambha</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Military_history_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Military history of India">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a> led a combined Rajput army of 20,000 intending to defeat <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and capture Delhi. The Rajput army defeated the combined armies of Mughals and Afghans in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayana" title="Battle of Bayana">Battle of Bayana</a>. The Mughals had superior <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, which prevailed against the Rajput <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> yet Mughals won only when <a href="/wiki/Tomar_(Rajput_clan)" title="Tomar (Rajput clan)">Tomar</a> general betrayed Rana Sanga, resulting in his defeat by Babur at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanua" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khanua">Battle of Khanua</a> (16 March 1527). During the reign Rana Sanga's son Rana Udai Singh II, Babur's grandson <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Chittor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittor">Chittor</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Battle of Haldighati</a> (21 June 1576) between Akbar and <a href="/wiki/Rana_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Pratap Singh">Rana Pratap Singh</a>, the Mughal army of 80,000 was headed by a Rajput, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Man_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Man Singh">Raja Man Singh</a>, and Akbar's son <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Salim</a>. The Rajput army's strength was 20,000. Rana Pratap reluctantly retreated with the help of his estranged brother Shakti Singh. His legendary horse <a href="/wiki/Chetak_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetak (horse)">Chetak</a> was killed in the battle. Later, Rana Pratap organized a small army of <a href="/wiki/Bhil" title="Bhil">Bhil</a> tribals funded by a Jain businessman called Bhamashah and started a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against Akbar and won <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dewair_(1582)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dewair (1582)">Battle of Dewair (1582)</a>. He retook large parts of Mewar but could not retake Chittor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muzaffarid_dynasty">Muzaffarid dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Muzaffarid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Military_history_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Military history of India">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mandsaur" title="Siege of Mandsaur">Siege of Mandsaur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/170px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/255px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/340px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>The death of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Diu</a> in 1537.<sup id="cite_ref-Percival_14_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percival_14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan Muzaffar Shah I, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarid_dynasty_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat">Muzaffarid dynasty</a> in 1391. It expanded rapidly and peaked under <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Begada" title="Mahmud Begada">Sultan Mahmud I</a>, who lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu</a> to the Portuguese in 1509. The dynasty power was greatly reduced by <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga%27s_invasion_of_Gujarat" title="Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat">invasions</a> from Mewar under <a href="/wiki/Maharana_Sangram_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharana Sangram Singh">Maharana Sanga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calicut">Calicut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Calicut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a>, the small <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar (Northern Kerala)">Malabar</a>) welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a> in 1498 as traders but then fought several naval wars with Portugal in the 16th century. The office of Muslim naval chief in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> was known as the <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara_Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vijayanagara Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/250px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/375px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/500px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Gajashaala</i> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">elephant</a>'s stable, built by the Vijayanagar rulers for their <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian traveler Niccolo de Conti wrote of the Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> as the most powerful ruler of India in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1509, the <a href="/wiki/Bahamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamani">Bahamani</a> Sultan declared war against the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. His large coalition army was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> in a battle in which the Sultan was wounded. In 1510, Krishnadevaraya launched a counteroffensive against the Sultan at Kovelaconda; Yusuf Adil Shahi of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a> died in the battle. In 1512, Krishnadevaraya captured <a href="/wiki/Raichur" title="Raichur">Raichur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> after defeating Barid-i-Mamalik, the titular head of the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>, who escaped to <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>. Later, Bidar also fell to Krishnadevaraya, who restored the Bahmani Sultan to his throne under the terms of their peace treaty. </p><p>Between 1512 and 1514, Krishnadevaraya subjugated the Palaigar of <a href="/wiki/Ummattur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummattur">Ummattur</a>, who had rebelled against his brother. During this campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Kingdom">Gajapati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> attacked Vijayanagara and occupied two northeast provinces: <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kondavidu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondavidu">Kondavidu</a>. Krishnadevaraya recaptured these lands between 1513 and 1518. </p><p>On 26 January 1565, the neighboring kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmednagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golconda Sultanate">Golconda Sultanates</a> came together to treacherously defeat<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Vijayanagar decisively in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>. The surviving Vijaynagar forces fled with a large treasury to re-establish their headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Fort" title="Vellore Fort">Vellore Fort</a> in Tamil Nadu and <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Chandragiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupati (city)">Tirupathi</a>. It would be here that the British would seek a land grant to establish the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> Fort St. George in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>. </p><p>Later, the Vijayanagara's southern Telugu governors, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, became independent. They became the <a href="/wiki/Gingee_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingee Nayaks">Gingee Nayaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Gingee Fort</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore Nayaks">Tanjore Nayaks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Madurai">Nayaks of Madurai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahom_Kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ahom Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;">Ahom kingdom </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 258px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Ahom general Lachit Borphukan, known for his leadership in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat."><img alt="Statue of Ahom general Lachit Borphukan, known for his leadership in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg/116px-Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg/174px-Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg/232px-Lachit_Borphukan_and_His_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Ahom general <a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a>, known for his leadership in the 1671 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraighat" title="Battle of Saraighat">Battle of Saraighat</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_(1667).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone inscription marking the victory of the Ahoms over Mughals"><img alt="Stone inscription marking the victory of the Ahoms over Mughals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg/70px-Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg/106px-Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg/141px-Stone_inscription_marking_victory_of_the_Namjani_Borphukan_%281667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone inscription marking the victory of the Ahoms over Mughals</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahom_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom Kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a> (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religion.<sup id="cite_ref-google_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From thirteenth until seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg/220px-Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg/330px-Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg/440px-Cavalry_soldier_of_Mughal_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry soldier of Mughal Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, one of the states <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Islamic_Gunpowders" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Islamic Gunpowders">Age of the Islamic Gunpowders</a> began in 1526 with the overthrow of Ibrahim Lodi and encompassed most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Allied with the local rulers, it extended from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> basin in the south,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a territory of over 4 million km<sup>2</sup> (1.5 million sq mi) at its height. Its population at that time has been estimated at between 110 and 130 million.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1540, then <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, and forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Suris and their adviser, the Hindu emperor <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Vikramaditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hem Chandra Vikramaditya">Hem Chandra Vikramaditya</a>, also called Hemu, ruled North India from 1540 to 1556. Hemu established a 'Hindu' empire briefly from Delhi in 1556. </p><p> The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a> and ended with the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in 1707,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the empire was marked by centralized administration and active culture. Following 1725 the empire declined rapidly, weakened by wars of succession; famine and local revolts fueled by it; the growth of religious intolerance; the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>; and finally <a href="/wiki/British_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonialism">British colonialism</a>. The last Mughal emperor, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a>, whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Marathas">The Marathas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Marathas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;">The Marathas </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.4em;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 258px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maratha Helmet and Armor"><img alt="Maratha Helmet and Armor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/80px-Maratha_Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/120px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/160px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maratha Helmet and Armor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maratha Light Horseman"><img alt="Maratha Light Horseman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg/120px-Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg/180px-Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg/240px-Mahratta_Light_Horseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maratha Light Horseman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Holman,_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector,_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah,_India,_April_1755_(18th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A depiction of a British naval attack in 1755 against the Maratha Navy at Suvarnadurg.[28]"><img alt="A depiction of a British naval attack in 1755 against the Maratha Navy at Suvarnadurg.[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg/120px-Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg/180px-Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg/240px-Francis_Holman%2C_Commodore_James_in_the_Protector%2C_with_the_Revenge_and_the_grab_Bombay_in_the_bay_off_the_fort_at_Gheriah%2C_India%2C_April_1755_%2818th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A depiction of a British naval attack in 1755 against the Maratha Navy at <a href="/wiki/Suvarnadurg" title="Suvarnadurg">Suvarnadurg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Maratha"><img alt="Arms of Maratha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/120px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/180px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg/240px-Arms_of_Maratha_History_of_India_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Maratha</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1674, <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> carved an independent Maratha zone around <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, Maharashtra, from the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a> and, with that began the emergence of the Marathas as the most important power in India that filled the vacuum created by the decline of the Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shivaji established an effective civil and military administration. After a lifetime of conquest and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> with the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, Shivaji died in 1680, leaving behind a kingdom of great but ill-defined extent. This was followed by a period of instability ending with Aurangzeb's death. </p><p>Shivaji was the second king in Indian history to maintain an active navy. <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a>, the first Maratha naval chief under Shivaji's grandson <a href="/wiki/Shahuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahuji">Shahuji</a>, controlled illegal entries into Maratha territory by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> commercial ships on the Western coast of India in the early 18th century. He remained undefeated until his death in 1729.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the descendants of Shivaji continued to rule, the office of the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a>, or the prime minister, became the focus of Maratha power and patronage. The Peshwas were the effective rulers of the Maratha state and oversaw the period of greatest Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Maratha's defeat by an Afghan army at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> in 1761. The Marathas recovered their position as the dominant power in India by 1772 until the last Peshwa, <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a>, was defeated by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a>. With the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, no native power represented a threat for the British any longer.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the last Anglo-Maratha War marked the era of British paramountcy over India.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Marathas also developed a potent <i><b><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Navy</a></b></i> circa 1660s, which at its peak, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Savantwadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savantwadi">Savantwadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would engage in attacking the <a href="/wiki/Company_Rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Rule in India">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Siddi</a> Naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> dominated until around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jats">The Jats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Jats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharatpur_Fort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bharatpur_Fort.JPG/220px-Bharatpur_Fort.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bharatpur_Fort.JPG/330px-Bharatpur_Fort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bharatpur_Fort.JPG/440px-Bharatpur_Fort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur, Rajasthan</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Kingdom of Bharatpur</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a> in northern India in 1680 AD. The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Kingdom of Bharatpur</a> was a result of revolts by the <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a> living in the region around Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> against the imperial <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a>, a local Jat <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> of Mathura, lead the first of such revolts in 1669. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a> were defeated and Gokula was executed, the movement was not completely crushed and discontent continued to simmer. Under <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Maharaja Suraj Mal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Kingdom of Bharatpur</a> expanded to the present-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_district" title="Aligarh district">Aligarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_district" title="Bharatpur district">Bharatpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholpur_district" title="Dholpur district">Dholpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etawah_district" title="Etawah district">Etawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathras_district" title="Hathras district">Hathras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainpuri_district" title="Mainpuri district">Mainpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mewat_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewat district">Mewat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut_district" title="Meerut district">Meerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rewari_district" title="Rewari district">Rewari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travancore_Kingdom">Travancore Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Travancore Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/220px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/330px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG/440px-De_Lannoy_Surrender.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eustachius_De_Lannoy" title="Eustachius De Lannoy">Eustachius De Lannoy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> surrenders to Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Travancore">Kingdom of Travancore</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a>. (Depiction at <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram Palace</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> inherited the small feudal state of <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> in 1723 and built it into <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, one of the most powerful kingdoms in southern India. Marthanda Varma led the Travancore forces during the <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Dutch War">Travancore-Dutch War</a> of 1739–46, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a>. The defeat of the Dutch by Travancore is considered the earliest example of an organised power from Asia overcoming European military technology and tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Koshy1989_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koshy1989-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marthanda Varma went on to conquer most of the petty principalities of the native rulers who had allied with the Dutch against him. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>'s reign, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> invaded Travancore, but the commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas" title="Raja Kesavadas">Raja Kesavadas</a> led Travancore to victory despite being outnumbered. This attack resulted in a Travancore-British alliance against Tipu in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Velu_Thampi_Dalava" class="mw-redirect" title="Velu Thampi Dalava">Velu Thampi Dalawa</a>, the Dewan of Travancore, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">fought against the British Empire</a> but lost. Travancore became a British <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal</a> kingdom in 1805 following a treaty between Colonel Charles Macaulay and Dewan Velu Thampi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysore_Kingdom">Mysore Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mysore Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rockets</a> were developed by the Mysorean army of the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> in the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-r&ms_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r&ms-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the larger forces of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r&ms_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r&ms-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_warfare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting showing the Mysorean army fighting the British forces with Mysorean rockets, which used metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder.[38]"><img alt="A painting showing the Mysorean army fighting the British forces with Mysorean rockets, which used metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder.[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/180px-Rocket_warfare.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/270px-Rocket_warfare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rocket_warfare.jpg/360px-Rocket_warfare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting showing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysorean army</a> fighting the British forces with <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a>, which used metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mysorean soldier from India, using his Mysorean rocket as a flagstaff (Robert Home, 1793/4)."><img alt="A Mysorean soldier from India, using his Mysorean rocket as a flagstaff (Robert Home, 1793/4)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/43px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="43" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/65px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/86px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysorean</a> soldier from India, using his <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean rocket">Mysorean rocket</a> as a flagstaff (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Home" title="Robert Home">Robert Home</a>, 1793/4).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sikh Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;">Sikh Empire </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 258px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire."><img alt="Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg/78px-RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg/117px-RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg/156px-RanjitSingh_by_ManuSaluja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nihang Abchal Nagar, turban-wearing Sikh religious warriors with chakrams."><img alt="Nihang Abchal Nagar, turban-wearing Sikh religious warriors with chakrams." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg/89px-Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg/134px-Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg/178px-Sikhs_with_chakrams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a> Abchal Nagar</i>, turban-wearing Sikh religious warriors with <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">chakrams</a>. </div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> king of the sovereign country of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>. His father <a href="/wiki/Maha_Singh" title="Maha Singh">Maha Singh</a> led <a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukerchakia">Sukerchakia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misl</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a>. Born in 1780 in <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 12. He united the Sikh factions into the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> and took the title "<a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a>" on 13 April 1801, to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> was his capital from 1799. In 1802 he conquered <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, a holy city of the Sikh religion. In 1822 Ranjit Singh hired European mercenaries for the first time to train a part of his troops. He modernized his army, creating a military force whose power delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. The result was a powerful and heavily armed state. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a> in 1837 was a major setback for Ranjit Singh: his general <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a> was killed, the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> was established as the western limit of the Sikh Empire's influence. </p><p>Ranjit Singh died in 1839, and his empire crumbled under internal strife and poor governance by his heirs. On the east of his realm <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir">Gulab Singh</a> extended Sikh authority in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> until stopped by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">Sino-Sikh war</a> (1841–1842). After the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46), Punjab effectively ceased to be an independent state. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> annexed the Sikh Empire following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Company_rule">Company rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Company rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> was raised to guard the factories of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. Following the fall of French <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a> in 1793, this was divided into Presidency armies of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> in 1795. The Dutch trained the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> Brigade, the military of Travancore. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg/220px-The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg/330px-The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg/440px-The_capture_of_the_king_of_delhi_by_Captain_Hodson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>Capture of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> and his sons by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a> at Humayun's tomb on 20 September 1857.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, some units of the Bengal Native Infantry and Cavalry mutinied against the British East India Company. However, the rebels received less support than they had expected from members of the Bombay and Madras Armies. A number of atrocities were perpetrated by the rebels, most infamously at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Siege of Cawnpore</a>. The rebellion ultimately failed because of lack of resources and coordination among the rebels. During their suppression of the rebellion, the British carried out numerous reprisals, and the revolt was largely quashed by 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_Raj">The British Raj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The British Raj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;">British Rule </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 258px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombay Native Infantry"><img alt="Bombay Native Infantry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg/120px-29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg/180px-29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg/240px-29TH_BOMBAY_NATIVE_INFANTRY_on_Firing_Exercise_1885_Simkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombay Native Infantry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Members of a Nair brigade in the service of the British, as painted by the Swiss artist Paul Aimé Vallouy."><img alt="Members of a Nair brigade in the service of the British, as painted by the Swiss artist Paul Aimé Vallouy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg/120px-Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg/180px-Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg/240px-Members_of_a_Nair_brigade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Members of a Nair brigade in the service of the British, as painted by the Swiss artist Paul Aimé Vallouy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurkha Soldiers (1896). The centre figure wears the dark green dress uniform worn by all Gurkhas in British service, with certain regimental distinctions."><img alt="Gurkha Soldiers (1896). The centre figure wears the dark green dress uniform worn by all Gurkhas in British service, with certain regimental distinctions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg/119px-Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg/179px-Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg/238px-Gurkhas_NavyAndArmyIllustrated1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gurkha Soldiers (1896). The centre figure wears the dark green dress uniform worn by all Gurkhas in British service, with certain regimental distinctions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Group_in_Camp,_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="39th Garhwal Rifles in a camp."><img alt="39th Garhwal Rifles in a camp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg/120px-A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg/180px-A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg/240px-A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/39th_Garhwal_Rifles" title="39th Garhwal Rifles">39th Garhwal Rifles</a> in a camp.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the Sepoy Mutiny, British rule in India was reorganised under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, made up of areas directly administered by the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramountcy">paramountcy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>. Under terms of treaties with the Crown, these princely states were allowed some local autonomy in exchange for protection and representation in international affairs by the United Kingdom. The Raj included present-day India, Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p><p>After 1857, the Presidency armies were abolished in favour of a reconstituted British Indian Army under the control of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy</a>. Many units were disbanded or reorganised, and new units of Sikhs, Gurkhas, and irregular horsemen were introduced. The majority of the Madras Native Infantry and Cavalry had their class compositions changed to North Indian tribes, considered more "martial" than the darker, shorter "thambis" who made up the majority of the Madras Presidency Army. Indian sepoys were banned from serving as officers or in the artillery corps. Recruiting focused more on Sikhs and Gurkhas, whom the British viewed as loyal. New caste-based and religion-based regiments were formed. </p><p>The British Indian Army consisted of members of all the major religious groups in India: <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, Christians, and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. The number of Sikhs in the army grew steadily with time as British commanders came to believe they were more loyal and martial, an impression reinforced by their conduct during the Sepoy Mutiny. The Sikhs, for their part, aligned with the British to prevent a resurgence of Mughal rule; Sikhs had been persecuted under the Mughal Empire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> was established in 1932. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">Indian Army during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/220px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/330px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/440px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rajput_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Rajput Light Infantry">2nd Rajput Light Infantry</a> in action in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, over 800,000 volunteered for the army, and more than 400,000 volunteered for non-combat roles, compared with the pre-war annual recruitment of about 15,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army saw action on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> within a month of the start of the war, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a> where <a href="/wiki/Khudadad_Khan" title="Khudadad Khan">Khudadad Khan</a> became the first Indian to be awarded a <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>. After a year of front-line duty, sickness and casualties had reduced the Indian Corps to the point where it had to be withdrawn. Nearly 700,000 Indians fought the Turks in the Mesopotamian campaign. Indian formations were also sent to East Africa, Egypt, and Gallipoli.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg/220px-Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg/330px-Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg/440px-Indian_lancers_in_Haifa_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_Lancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur Lancers">Jodhpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_(Imperial_Service)_Cavalry_Brigade" title="15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade">Mysore</a> lancers march through <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian Army and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Troops" title="Imperial Service Troops">Imperial Service Troops</a> fought during the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign#Suez_Canal_Campaign_(1915–1916)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">defence of the Suez Canal</a> in 1915, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a> in 1916 and to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">Jerusalem</a> in 1917. Indian units <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Jordan Valley (1918)">occupied the Jordan Valley</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> they became the major force in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Mounted_Corps" title="Desert Mounted Corps">Desert Mounted Corps</a>' advance to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. Other divisions remained in India guarding the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier (military history)">North-West Frontier</a> and fulfilling internal security obligations. </p><p>One million Indian troops served abroad during the war. In total, 74,187 died,<sup id="cite_ref-CWrepdirect_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWrepdirect-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another 67,000 were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roughly 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan Wars</a> are commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/India_Gate" title="India Gate">India Gate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_divisions_in_World_War_II" title="List of Indian divisions in World War II">List of Indian divisions in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore,_1945_SE4636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg/200px-British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg/300px-British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg/400px-British_Reoccupation_of_Singapore%2C_1945_SE4636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a> landing craft enter bay at Singapore, 1944.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05,_Atlantikwall,_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sikh soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> guarding the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in France in March 1944. <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> initiated the legion's formation, and intended for it to serve as a liberation force for British-controlled India.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1939, the British Indian Army's strength was about 189,000, with about 3,000 British officers and 1,115 Indian officers. The army was expanded greatly to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: by 1945, the strength of the Army had risen to about 2.5 million, with about 34,500 British officers and 15,740 Indian officers. The Army took part in campaigns in France, East Africa, North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and Italy. Particularly significant contributions came in the campaigns in Abyssinia and North Africa, against the Italians; at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamain</a> and in Italy, against the Germans; and in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> against Japan. The army ultimately suffered 179,935 casualties: 24,338 killed, 64,354 wounded, 11,762 missing, and 79,481 taken [Prisoner of war]. </p><p>During the war, Indian nationalist expatriates in Southeast Asia and the Japanese Army formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) to fight for Indian independence from Britain. For manpower, it relied on the approximately 45,000 Indian troops of the Indian Army whom the Japanese captured when Singapore fell in February 1942. <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> was parachuted in to lead the INA in 1943, and he greatly expanded the INA to include the mainly Tamil civilian Indian community in Malaya. He also negotiated a combat role for the INA from the reluctant Japanese, who were more inclined to use it intelligence and propaganda work. In 1944, INA units participated in the Japanese Army's offensives against British positions in the Arakan and the Imphal Plain. Not being a military man Bose – or "Netaji" (<i>respected leader</i>) naively believed that Indian soldiers of the Indian Army who deployed against the INA would flock to its standard. But these Indian troops stood fIrm, and actually defeated the INA. Despite this, Bose insisted that the INA be given an independent sector on the Irrawaddy in February 1945. Despite the desperate efforts of some INA troops, their sector was overrun, and desertions became commonplace. Militarily, the INA was finished. After the war, however, it made a political impact, due to the British decision to publicly court-martial three INA commanders. This was a miscalculation, because Indian nationalist politicians, who had previously come out against the INA, now whipped up popular sentiment for the release of the INA accused. Realizing their error, the British acquiesced. In this way, the INA was another sign that the Raj's days were numbered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_transition_and_the_Dominion_of_India">Post-war transition and the Dominion of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-war transition and the Dominion of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the war in 1945, the Indian Army's officer corps included Indian Medical Service officer Hiraji Cursetji as its sole Indian major-general, one IMS brigadier, three Indian brigadiers in combatant arms and 220 other Indian officers in the temporary or acting ranks of colonel and lieutenant-colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 1945, the granting of regular commissions in the Indian Armed Forces was restricted to Indians, though provisions were made for the continued secondment of British officers for as long as was deemed necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Indian Navy Mutiny">Royal Indian Navy mutinied</a> on board ships and in shore establishments, which had an impact across India. By early 1947, all three branches of the Indian Armed Forces had undergone large-scale demobilisation of over 1.25 million service personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Indian independence now a certainty and with a new Labour government recently elected in the UK, the Indianization of the armed forces continued to progress, though by June 1947, two months before independence, the Indian Army had only 14 Indian officers at the rank of brigadier serving in combatant arms, with no Indian flag, general or air officers in the combat arms of the armed services.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_India">Republic of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Republic of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_wars">Major wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Major wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of India has fought four wars with Pakistan and one border war with China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1947"><span id="First_Indo-Pakistani_war.2C_1947"></span>First Indo-Pakistani war, 1947</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: First Indo-Pakistani war, 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/220px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/330px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/440px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Indian army in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>This is also called the <b>First Kashmir War</b>. The war started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the <a href="/wiki/Maharajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajah">Maharajah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Kashmir and Jammu</a> would accede to India. Following partition, states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>. Tribal forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharajah to sign the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Agreement to the accession</a> of the princely state to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> to get Indian military aid. The UN Security Council passed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_47" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 47">Resolution 47</a> on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Offl_Hist_1947_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offl_Hist_1947-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 379">: 379 </span></sup> India gained control of about two-thirds of the state (including <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of <span class="nowrap">Kashmir (<a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>).</span><sup id="cite_ref-South_Asia_in_World_Politics_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_in_World_Politics-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most neutral assessments, agree that India was the victor of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">war</a> as it was able to conquer about two-thirds of the Kashmir including <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-War_bellies:_the_critical_relationship_between_resolve_and_domestic_audiences_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_bellies:_the_critical_relationship_between_resolve_and_domestic_audiences-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Polo,_1948"><span id="Operation_Polo.2C_1948"></span>Operation Polo, 1948</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Operation Polo, 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Polo">Operation Polo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg/170px-Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg/255px-Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg/340px-Op_Polo_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/General_El_Edroos" class="mw-redirect" title="General El Edroos">El Edroos</a> (right) surrenders to Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joyanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri">Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war with Pakistan, India turned its attention to the independent <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>. India perceived the nearby independent Muslim state and potential Pakistani ally as a threat. In a five-day operation, India reconquered and annexed Hyderabad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation_of_Goa,_1961"><span id="Liberation_of_Goa.2C_1961"></span>Liberation of Goa, 1961</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Liberation of Goa, 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <p>In 1961 tension rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, which India claimed for itself. After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful, unarmed demonstration for union with India, the Indian government decided to reconquer. A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule was ended, and Goa was annexed by India. Portuguese losses were 34 killed, 57 wounded, and 3,306 captured. Indian losses were 22 killed and 51 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_K_C_Praval_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_K_C_Praval-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sino-Indian_war,_1962"><span id="Sino-Indian_war.2C_1962"></span>Sino-Indian war, 1962</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sino-Indian war, 1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></div> <p>India fought a month-long border war against China in 1962. Neither nation deployed air or naval resources during a conflict heavy with mountain combat. China ended the war by declaring a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew their forces to the pre-war positions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat prompted India to make major changes in its military. The Department of Defence Production was established to create an indigenous defence production base, which would be self-reliant and self-sufficient. Since 1962, 16 new ordnance factories have been built under the program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1965"><span id="Second_Indo-Pakistani_war.2C_1965"></span>Second Indo-Pakistani war, 1965</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Second Indo-Pakistani war, 1965"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg/220px-PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">Sabre</a> being shot down in combat by an Indian <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Gnat</a> in September 1965 as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Airforce">Indian aircraft</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This war started following Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a>, which was designed to infiltrate forces into <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though ruled to be militarily inconclusive, both India and Pakistan claimed victory. Most neutral assessments, however, agree that India had the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965#Assessment_of_losses" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USLib_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLib-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hagerty_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerty-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Pakistan lost more territory than it gained during the war and failed to achieve its goal of capturing Kashmir, many impartial observers have viewed the result as a defeat for Pakistan and an Indian <a href="/wiki/Strategic_victory" title="Strategic victory">strategic victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_of_Pakistan_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile_of_Pakistan-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speech_of_Bill_McCollum_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speech_of_Bill_McCollum-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Devin_T._Hagerty_p._26_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devin_T._Hagerty_p._26-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Sino_Clash_of_1967">Indo-Sino Clash of 1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Indo-Sino Clash of 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></div> <p>The 1967 Sino-Indian clash also known as the <a href="/wiki/Cho_La_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho La incident">Sino-Indian War of 1967</a> (1 – 10 October 1967) was a <a href="/wiki/Military_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflict">military conflict</a> between India and China in the Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>, then an Indian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. The Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> infiltrated Sikkim<sup id="cite_ref-Elleman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elleman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1 October 1967, but was repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> by 10 October. During the Cho La and <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathu La incident">Nathu La incidents</a>, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-Chengappa_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chengappa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Chinese casualties were 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Chengappa_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chengappa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssbmadeeasy.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssbmadeeasy.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the battle saw the Chinese Army forced to leave Sikkim after being defeated by Indian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoontrakul_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoontrakul-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirantis'_khukris_flash_at_Chola_in_1967_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirantis'_khukris_flash_at_Chola_in_1967-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Indo-Pakistani_war,_1971"><span id="Third_Indo-Pakistani_war.2C_1971"></span>Third Indo-Pakistani war, 1971</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Third Indo-Pakistani war, 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/260px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/390px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/520px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Pakistan's Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">instrument of surrender</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> on 16 December 1971, in the presence of India's <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Lt. Gen. Aurora</a>. Standing behind them are officers of India's Army, Navy and Air Force. The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 War</a> directly involved participation of all three arms of Indian Armed Forces.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussdiablo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/220px-Ussdiablo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/330px-Ussdiablo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/440px-Ussdiablo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a>, the Pakistani submarine which sank off during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Visakhapatnam coast.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg/162px-Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg/243px-Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg/324px-Mig21_pair_during_1971_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption> IAF <a href="/wiki/Mig_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Mig 21">Mig 21s</a> were used extensively in East Pakistan air operations. During the war, around 7 PAF fighter jets and one transport aircraft were shot down by Mig 21.</figcaption></figure> <p>This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle between Sheikh Mujib, Leader of East Pakistan and Yahya-Bhutto, leaders of West Pakistan brewing in erstwhile <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> culminating in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a>, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India intervened in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh liberation movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes,_2002_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes,_2002-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Daily_Star,_2011_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star,_2011-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a large scale <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">pre-emptive strike</a> by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. </p><p>Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around 5,795 square miles (15,010 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Shuja_Nawaz_2008_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuja_Nawaz_2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-https_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Pakistan territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">surrendered</a> to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_2006_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_2006-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Troubled_relations_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Troubled_relations-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siachen_war,_1984"><span id="Siachen_war.2C_1984"></span>Siachen war, 1984</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Siachen war, 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></div> <p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organising tourist expeditions on the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a>, disputed territory with India. Irked by this development, in April 1984 India initiated successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a> during which it gained control over all of the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a>. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Ridge</a> immediately west of the glacier—<a href="/wiki/Sia_La" title="Sia La">Sia La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilafond_La" title="Bilafond La">Bilafond La</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gyong_La" title="Gyong La">Gyong La</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wirsing_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirsing-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Child_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/TIME_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME magazine"><i>TIME</i> magazine</a>, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It still maintains a military base there.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful. The conflict ended with Indian Victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapur_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapur-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceasefire since 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kargil_War,_1999"><span id="Kargil_War.2C_1999"></span>Kargil War, 1999</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Kargil War, 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg/220px-IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg/330px-IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg/440px-IAF_Mirage_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mirage 2000s were used extensively in Kargil war and it changed the course of the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commonly known as the Kargil War, or Operation Vijay in India, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil district</a>. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.<sup id="cite_ref-VP_Malik_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VP_Malik-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dettman_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dettman-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistani economy</a> was weakened further.<sup id="cite_ref-Samina_Ahmed_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samina_Ahmed-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Light Infantry">Northern Light Infantry</a> suffered heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Summary_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summary-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianembassy_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianembassy-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_Sharif_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_Sharif-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kapur2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapur2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kargil_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kargil_war.jpg/220px-Kargil_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kargil_war.jpg/330px-Kargil_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Kargil_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption> Indian soldiers after winning a battle during the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased<sup id="cite_ref-Dettman_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dettman-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> finally came to end with a decisive Indian military and diplomatic victory.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Changes_Course:_Golden_Jubilee_to_Millennium_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Changes_Course:_Golden_Jubilee_to_Millennium-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-South_Asian_Security_and_International_Nuclear_Order_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Asian_Security_and_International_Nuclear_Order-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google6_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Religion_and_Politics_in_Comparative_Perspective:_The_One,_The_Few,_and_The_Many_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion_and_Politics_in_Comparative_Perspective:_The_One,_The_Few,_and_The_Many-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India's_emerging_security_strategy,_missile_defense,_and_arms_control_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India's_emerging_security_strategy,_missile_defense,_and_arms_control-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berlitz:_India_Pocket_Guide_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlitz:_India_Pocket_Guide-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wars,_Proxy-wars_and_Terrorism:_Post_Independent_India_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wars,_Proxy-wars_and_Terrorism:_Post_Independent_India-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_India-Pakistan_Military_Standoff:_Crisis_and_Escalation_in_South_Asia_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_India-Pakistan_Military_Standoff:_Crisis_and_Escalation_in_South_Asia-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India's_Nuclear_Bomb:_The_Impact_on_Global_Proliferation_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India's_Nuclear_Bomb:_The_Impact_on_Global_Proliferation-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_operations">Other operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Mizo_National_Front,_1966"><span id="The_Mizo_National_Front.2C_1966"></span>The Mizo National Front, 1966</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: The Mizo National Front, 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front_uprising" title="Mizo National Front uprising">Mizo National Front uprising</a></div> <p>In March 1966, <a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizo</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> declared independence and attacked government offices and military posts. The uprising was suppressed weeks later, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> was made a separate state of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Chola_incident,_1967"><span id="The_Chola_incident.2C_1967"></span>The Chola incident, 1967</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: The Chola incident, 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Sino-Indian skirmish known today as the <a href="/wiki/Chola_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola incident">Chola incident</a> took place in October 1967. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> made a brief incursion into <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> but retreated within 48 hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Blue_Star,_1984"><span id="Operation_Blue_Star.2C_1984"></span>Operation Blue Star, 1984</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Operation Blue Star, 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></div> <p>In June 1984, then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> ordered an attack on Sikh separatists belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a> who had holed up in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in Amritsar. The operation resulted in 500–1,500 civilian deaths and heavy damage to the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka_mission,_1987–1990"><span id="Sri_Lanka_mission.2C_1987.E2.80.931990"></span>Sri Lanka mission, 1987–1990</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka mission, 1987–1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War#Indian_involvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War § Indian involvement</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> (IPKF) carried out a mission in northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 1987–1990 to disarm the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Tigers">Tamil Tigers</a> per the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a>. It was a difficult battle for the Indian Army, which was not trained for an unconventional war. After losing approximately 1,200 in personnel and several T-72 tanks, India ultimately abandoned the mission in consultation with Sri Lankan government. In what was labeled as <i>Operation Pawan</i>, the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000 sorties to and within Sri Lanka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Cactus,_1988"><span id="Operation_Cactus.2C_1988"></span>Operation Cactus, 1988</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Operation Cactus, 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG/220px-IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG/330px-IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG/440px-IAF_IL-76_Hawaii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> transport aircraft of the model used to paradrop Indian troops in <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus">Operation Cactus</a></div> <p>In November 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> Government appealed India for military help against a mercenary invasion. On the night of 3 November, the Indian Air Force airlifted the Para Special forces from <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and flew them non-stop over 2,000 km to Maldives. The paracommandos landed at <a href="/wiki/Hulule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulule">Hulule</a>, secured the airfield, and restored government rule at <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a> within hours and without bloodshed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_Bangladesh–India_border_clashes"><span id="2001_Bangladesh.E2.80.93India_border_clashes"></span>2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border_clashes" title="2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes">2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes</a></div> <p>Also known as Bangladeshi-India border war, this brief war started on 15 April when Bangladeshis captured the disputed village of Pyrdiwah. The clashes lasted for about 5 days when the India and Bangladeshi forces took their original positions and the war ended in <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missile_program">Missile program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Missile program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akash_SAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Akash_SAM.jpg/220px-Akash_SAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Akash_SAM.jpg/330px-Akash_SAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Akash_SAM.jpg/440px-Akash_SAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>An Akash missile being test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), <a href="/wiki/Chandipur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandipur, India">Chandipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>India has well developed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> missile capabilities with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Program">Indian Space Program</a>. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (<a href="/wiki/IGMDP" class="mw-redirect" title="IGMDP">IGMDP</a>) was formed in 1983 with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in missile development and production. Presently it comprises six core missile programs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Agni missile">Agni ballistic missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithvi missile">Prithvi ballistic missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akash_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Akash missile">Akash surface-to-air missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishul_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trishul Missile">Trishul surface-to-air missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Missile">Nag anti-tank guided missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirbhay_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirbhay Missile">Nirbhay cruise missile</a></li></ul> <p>Currently the <a href="/wiki/DRDO" class="mw-redirect" title="DRDO">DRDO</a> is developing <a href="/wiki/Surya_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya (missile)">Surya (missile)</a>, an advanced series of <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a> that the government reports would have a range of more than 10,000 km. This would put its range on par with advanced missiles in the United States, Russia, and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India is the fourth country in the world to develop a successful<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> missile defence shield, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program">Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_program">Nuclear program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Nuclear program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShaktiBomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/ShaktiBomb.jpg/170px-ShaktiBomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/ShaktiBomb.jpg/255px-ShaktiBomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/ShaktiBomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><i>Shakti I</i>: a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear device">thermonuclear device</a> detonated on 11 May 1998 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a> tests. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear yield">nuclear yield</a> was reported to be 45 kt.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1974, India tested a nuclear weapon with a yield of up to 15 <a href="/wiki/Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kilotons</a>. The test was codenamed <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a>. On 11 and 13 May 1998, India conducted a total of five underground nuclear tests and declared itself a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with nuclear weapons">nuclear state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian military ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_active_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of active troops">second</a> in terms of number of troops after China. The paramilitary unit of the Republic of India is the world's largest paramilitary force at over one million strong. Eager to portray itself as a potential superpower, India began an intense phase of upgrading its armed forces in the late 1990s. India focuses on developing indigenous military equipment rather than relying on other countries for supplies. Most of the Indian naval ships and submarines, military armoured vehicles, missiles, and ammunition are indigenously designed and manufactured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_collaborations_with_other_countries">Military collaborations with other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Military collaborations with other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IA_T-90_in_action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IA_T-90_in_action.jpg/170px-IA_T-90_in_action.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IA_T-90_in_action.jpg/255px-IA_T-90_in_action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/IA_T-90_in_action.jpg/340px-IA_T-90_in_action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Indian <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> <i>Bhishma</i> tanks during a training exercise in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, Rajasthan. Note the two different turret armour arrays.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997, India agreed to participate in the development of Russia's "Prospective Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces" program. One of the primary objectives of the program was to develop a 5th generation <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Su-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-47">Su-47</a> prototype flew its first successful test flight in 1997. The <a href="/wiki/BrahMos" title="BrahMos">BrahMos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> cruise missile jointly developed with Russia, was successfully test fired in 2001. India is also collaborating with Israel to develop <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned Aerial Vehicle">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a>. </p><p>India has focused recently on purchasing the technology behind military equipment rather than equipment itself. Recent examples include purchases of <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30_MKI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi Su-30 MKI">Sukhoi Su-30 MKI</a> multi-role fighter aircraft and <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> main battle tanks from Russia and diesel-powered Scorpene submarines from France. In 2004, India purchased US$5.7 billion worth of military equipment from other countries, making it the developing world's leading arms purchaser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disasters">Disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 April 2000, ammunition worth <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3.93 billion</span> (US$47 million) was destroyed in a fire at the <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatpur, India">Bharatpur</a> ammunition depot. Another fire at the <a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a> sub-depot resulted in loss of ammo worth <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>280 million</span> (US$3.4 million). On 24 May 2001, another blaze at the Birdhwal sub-depot destroyed ammunition worth <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3.78 billion</span> (US$45 million). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's highest awards for military conduct in a time of war are, in descending order, the <a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vir_Chakra" title="Maha Vir Chakra">Maha Vir Chakra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vir_Chakra" title="Vir Chakra">Vir Chakra</a>. The peacetime equivalents are respectively the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka Chakra Award">Ashoka Chakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Chakra" title="Kirti Chakra">Kirti Chakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaurya_Chakra" title="Shaurya Chakra">Shaurya Chakra</a>. The latter two awards were formerly known as <i>Ashoka Chakra, Class II</i> and <i>Ashoka Chakra, Class III</i> respectively. The peacetime awards have occasionally been bestowed on civilians. For meritorious service, the awards are the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, the Athi Vishisht Seva Medal, and the Vishisht Seva Medal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Army Day">Indian Army Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="History of the Indian Navy">History of the Indian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_India_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of India during World War II">Military history of India during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of India">Military of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythological_wars" title="Hindu mythological wars">Ancient Hindu wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41432568">"The real enemy on the world's highest battlefield"</a>. 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+real+enemy+on+the+world%27s+highest+battlefield&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-41432568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19437/Agressive%20Architecture.pdf?sequence=1">"Aggressive architecture, Fortifications of the Indus valley in the Mature Harappan phase"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 31 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aggressive+architecture%2C+Fortifications+of+the+Indus+valley+in+the+Mature+Harappan+phase&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F19437%2FAgressive%2520Architecture.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-mythical-massacre-at-mohenjo-daro/">"Expedition Magazine | The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro"</a>. <i>www.penn.museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.penn.museum&rft.atitle=Expedition+Magazine+%7C+The+Mythical+Massacre+at+Mohenjo-Daro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Fthe-mythical-massacre-at-mohenjo-daro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903114242/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp">"Excavations-Dholavira"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp">the original</a> on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excavations-Dholavira&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA224"><i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079072" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079072"><bdi>9781576079072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781576079072&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opar.unior.it/749/1/Annali_1989_49_(f1)_J.E.Dayton.pdf">"The faience of the Indus civilization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>opar.unior.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opar.unior.it&rft.atitle=The+faience+of+the+Indus+civilization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopar.unior.it%2F749%2F1%2FAnnali_1989_49_%28f1%29_J.E.Dayton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sinauli-village-in-up-becomes-archaeological-hotpost-with-excavation-of-4000-year-old-chariots/story-KJwCpXlnMOftCICzLUdggM.html">"Sinauli village in UP becomes archaeological hotpost with excavation of 5000-year-old chariots"</a>. <i>hindustantimes</i>. 9 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindustantimes&rft.atitle=Sinauli+village+in+UP+becomes+archaeological+hotpost+with+excavation+of+5000-year-old+chariots&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fsinauli-village-in-up-becomes-archaeological-hotpost-with-excavation-of-4000-year-old-chariots%2Fstory-KJwCpXlnMOftCICzLUdggM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-of-india-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history-of-india_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222524/http://history-of-india.net/mahajanapadas.htm">"mahajanapadas.htm"</a>. history-of-india.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-india.net/mahajanapadas.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mahajanapadas.htm&rft.pub=history-of-india.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-india.net%2Fmahajanapadas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlingloff2014" class="citation book cs1">Schlingloff, Dieter (2014). <i>Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study</i>. Anthem Press. pp. 67 According to GR Sharma, rampart was built and provided with brick revetment between 1025 and 955 BC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783083497" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783083497"><bdi>978-1783083497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortified+Cities+of+Ancient+India%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=67+According+to+GR+Sharma%2C+rampart+was+built+and+provided+with+brick+revetment+between+1025+and+955+BC&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1783083497&rft.aulast=Schlingloff&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_R._Trautmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas R. Trautmann (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsMECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233"><i>Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26436-3"><bdi>978-0-226-26436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elephants+and+Kings%3A+An+Environmental+History&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26436-3&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Trautmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsMECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/3137724">1910,0403.26 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatariya" class="citation book cs1">Katariya, Adesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PWzBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi-Gurjar History, Article No 01</i></a>. Adesh Katariya. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+Yuezhi-Gurjar+History%2C+Article+No+01&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Adesh+Katariya&rft.aulast=Katariya&rft.aufirst=Adesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PWzBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandragupta II controlled the whole</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set) by P.N Chopra p.203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ap-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ap_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Merci, Kim Smith; James Leuck (1922). "Muslim conquest and the Rajputs". The Medieval History of India pg 67–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Percival_14-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Percival_14_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Holland_RoseArthur_Percival_NewtonErnest_Alfred_BeniansHenry_Dodwell1929" class="citation book cs1">John Holland Rose; Arthur Percival Newton; Ernest Alfred Benians; Henry Dodwell (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14+"><i>The Cambridge History of the British Empire</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1929&rft.au=John+Holland+Rose&rft.au=Arthur+Percival+Newton&rft.au=Ernest+Alfred+Benians&rft.au=Henry+Dodwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-08AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA14%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517222359/http://www.vijayanagara.org/html/Ele_Stables.html">"Vijayanagara Research Project::Elephant Stables"</a>. Vijayanagara.org. 9 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vijayanagara.org/html/ele_stables.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+Research+Project%3A%3AElephant+Stables&rft.pub=Vijayanagara.org&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vijayanagara.org%2Fhtml%2Fele_stables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, John Stewart Bowman p.271, (2013), Columbia University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11004-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11004-9">0-231-11004-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K A Nilakanta Shastri History of South India pg267 Quote: <i>"According to Shastri, the greatest factor was the betrayal of the Vijaynagara Army by two Muslim commanders (Gilani Brothers). At the critical point of the war, Muslim officers in the Vijayanagara army launched a subversive attack. Suddenly Rama Raya found himself surprised when the two Muslim divisions in his ranks turned against him"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ahom">"Ahom | people | Britannica.com"</a>. britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahom+%26%23124%3B+people+%26%23124%3B+Britannica.com&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAhom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen,_S.N.1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, S.N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA305"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.au=Sen%2C+S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia,_Y.2004" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC&pg=PA8"><i>Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822386162" title="Special:BookSources/9780822386162"><bdi>9780822386162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragmented+Memories%3A+Struggling+to+be+Tai-Ahom+in+India&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780822386162&rft.au=Saikia%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfSmsuO6QugC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash,_C.V.2007" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, C.V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWL1pa8TUFYC&pg=PA590"><i>Encyclopaedia of North-East India</i></a>. Vol. 2. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0704-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0704-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0704-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+North-East+India&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0704-5&rft.au=Prakash%2C+C.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWL1pa8TUFYC%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225145650/http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/">"Mughal Empire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/">the original</a> on 25 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mughal+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsun.menloschool.org%2F~sportman%2Fwesternstudies%2Ffirst%2F1718%2F2000%2Feblock%2Fmughal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F Richards, <i>The Mughal Empire</i>, Vol I.5, <i>New Cambridge History of India</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566037" title="Special:BookSources/0521566037">0521566037</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml">"Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Mughal+Empire+%281500s%2C+1600s%29&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fmughalempire_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_5.shtml">"Religions – Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Mughal+Empire+%281500s%2C+1600s%29&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fmughalempire_5.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biddulph, Colonel John. The Pirates of the Malibar and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago. London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986">"Regional states, c. 1700–1850"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+states%2C+c.+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2024-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F285248%2FIndia%2F46984%2FPolitical-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline%23toc46986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits,_C.2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA271"><i>A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</i></a>. Anthem. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft.au=Markovits%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia,_H.S.2001" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, H.S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ2F6BE6n2QC&pg=PA82"><i>Justice System and Mutinies in British India</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-372-3"><bdi>978-81-7100-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+System+and+Mutinies+in+British+India&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-372-3&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZ2F6BE6n2QC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridharan2000" class="citation book cs1">Sridharan, K (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&pg=PA43"><i>Sea: Our Saviour</i></a>. New Age International (P) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1245-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1245-9"><bdi>81-224-1245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea%3A+Our+Saviour&rft.pub=New+Age+International+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-224-1245-9&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PiwJF7V4EQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2010" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Yogesh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&pg=PA66"><i>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-00-9"><bdi>978-93-80607-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Histories%3A+Society+and+Ecology+in+Pre-modern+India&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-00-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Yogesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTTGWSme30YC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (1990). <i>Medieval India</i>. India: National Council for Educational Research and Training. pp. Chapter 18 p. 295, 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India&rft.place=India&rft.pages=Chapter+18+p.+295%2C+296&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Educational+Research+and+Training&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1977" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, J. N. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4HxwEACAAJ">"Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> (ed.). <i>The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha Supremacy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1067771105">1067771105</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disruption+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+The+Jats&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People.+Vol.+8%3A+The+Maratha+Supremacy&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1067771105&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddl4HxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koshy1989-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koshy1989_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._O._Koshy1989" class="citation book cs1">M. O. Koshy (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&pg=PA70"><i>The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 70–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-136-6"><bdi>978-81-7099-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Power+in+Kerala%2C+1729%E2%80%931758&rft.pages=70-&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-136-6&rft.au=M.+O.+Koshy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro8SLhyAc9AC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r&ms-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r&ms_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r&ms_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron the Mysoreans used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. The Mysoreans continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a> in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British." – Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), <i>rocket and missile</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missiles-mainstay-of-Paks-N-arsenal/articleshow/2966443.cms">"Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 21 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/india/27784965_1_cruise-missile-missile-program-hatf-viii">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Missiles+mainstay+of+Pak%27s+N-arsenal&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FMissiles-mainstay-of-Paks-N-arsenal%2Farticleshow%2F2966443.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2001-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation cs2">Marshall, P. J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PA50">"1783–1870: An expanding empire"</a>, in P. J. Marshall (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, p. 50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1783%E2%80%931870%3A+An+expanding+empire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00254-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pati, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgtrust.org/ind1.htm">"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War"</a>. Memorial Gates Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Participants+from+the+Indian+subcontinent+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Memorial+Gates+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgtrust.org%2Find1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWrepdirect-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWrepdirect_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220138/http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub">"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2007–2008 Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&submenuid=24&id=6&menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&menu=subsub">the original</a> on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission+Annual+Report+2007%E2%80%932008+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fdocument.asp%3Fmenuid%3D5%26submenuid%3D24%26id%3D6%26menuname%3D%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520Annual%2520report%26menu%3Dsubsub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumner, p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Officers For India: Beginning of Big Changes". <i>The Times</i>. 30 May 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Officers+For+India%3A+Beginning+of+Big+Changes&rft.date=1945-05-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Indian Forces: Gradual Elimination of European Officers". <i>The Times</i>. 23 October 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Forces%3A+Gradual+Elimination+of+European+Officers&rft.date=1945-10-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-02-05_048.pdf">"Million and a Quarter Demobilised From the Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Press Information Bureau of India – Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=Million+and+a+Quarter+Demobilised+From+the+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1947-02-05_048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"British Troops in India: Reported Plans For Withdrawal". <i>The Times</i>. 17 June 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=British+Troops+in+India%3A+Reported+Plans+For+Withdrawal&rft.date=1947-06-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offl_Hist_1947-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offl_Hist_1947_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadDharm_Pal1987" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, S.N.; Dharm Pal (1987). <i>History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948</i>. New Delhi: History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited). p. 418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Operations+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir+1947%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=History+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Government+of+India.+%28printed+at+Thomson+Press+%28India%29+Limited%29&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.au=Dharm+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Asia_in_World_Politics-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_Asia_in_World_Politics_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerty2005" class="citation book cs1">Hagerty, Devin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&pg=PA460"><i>South Asia in World Politics</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742525870" title="Special:BookSources/9780742525870"><bdi>9780742525870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780742525870&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJ6PZ7g3Yw0C%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit"><i>The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Kingfisher. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit/page/460">460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7534-5784-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7534-5784-9"><bdi>978-0-7534-5784-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Kingfisher&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7534-5784-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingfisherhistor00edit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcqAQAAIAAJ"><i>New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24-29</i></a>. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Defence+Quarterly%2C+Issues+24-29&rft.pub=New+Zealand.+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBcqAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Raju (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom"><i>Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8343-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-8343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Kashmir%3A+the+roots+of+conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Raju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperspectivesonka00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_bellies:_the_critical_relationship_between_resolve_and_domestic_audiences-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-War_bellies:_the_critical_relationship_between_resolve_and_domestic_audiences_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozek2008" class="citation book cs1">Brozek, Jason (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TP9XiqMu_BoC&pg=PA142"><i>War bellies: the critical relationship between resolve and domestic audiences</i></a>. University of Wisconsin—Madison. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-04475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-04475-1"><bdi>978-1-109-04475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+bellies%3A+the+critical+relationship+between+resolve+and+domestic+audiences&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%94Madison&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-109-04475-1&rft.aulast=Brozek&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTP9XiqMu_BoC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Global_Rise_of_Asian_Transformation:_Trends_and_Developments_in_Economic_Growth_Dynamics_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoontrakul2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41235-5"><bdi>978-1-137-41235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Rise+of+Asian+Transformation%3A+Trends+and+Developments+in+Economic+Growth+Dynamics&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-41235-5&rft.aulast=Hoontrakul&rft.aufirst=Pongsak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrKYBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html">"Goa's Freedom Movement"</a>. Goacom.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa%27s+Freedom+Movement&rft.pub=Goacom.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goacom.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhistory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_K_C_Praval-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_K_C_Praval_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraval2009" class="citation book cs1">Praval, Major K.C. (2009). <i>Indian Army after Independence</i>. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7"><bdi>978-1-935501-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Lancer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-935501-10-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=Major+K.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPuTjqaNOp8C&pg=PA439"><i>Encyclopedia of Conflict Since World War II</i></a>. Routledge. 1999. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-181-7"><bdi>978-1-57958-181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Conflict+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-181-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPuTjqaNOp8C%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon2008-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11"><i>Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-712-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Between+India+and+Pakistan%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-712-2&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLwOck15eboC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USLib-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USLib_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0152)">"Pakistan :: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, United States of America</i>. April 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Pakistan+%3A%3A+The+Indo-Pakistani+War+of+1965&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bpk0152%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagerty-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagerty_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerty2005" class="citation book cs1">Hagerty, Devin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3qChyrmIQC"><i>South Asia in World Politics</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2"><bdi>0-7425-2587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-2587-2&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dln3qChyrmIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2005" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/india00wolp_1"><i>India</i></a></span> (3rd ed. with a new preface. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/india00wolp_1/page/235">235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520246969" title="Special:BookSources/0520246969"><bdi>0520246969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=3rd+ed.+with+a+new+preface.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0520246969&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findia00wolp_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux1992" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C"><i>India and the United States : Estranged democracies, 1941–1991</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0788102796" title="Special:BookSources/0788102796"><bdi>0788102796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+United+States+%3A+Estranged+democracies%2C+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0788102796&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcylFXH9_z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: India had the better of the war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834413-2,00.html">"Asia: Silent Guns, Wary Combatants"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1 October 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Asia%3A+Silent+Guns%2C+Wary+Combatants&rft.date=1965-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C834413-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: India, by contrast, is still the big gainer in the war. Alternate link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html">https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Profile_of_Pakistan-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Profile_of_Pakistan_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm">"Pakistan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3453.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speech_of_Bill_McCollum-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speech_of_Bill_McCollum_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1994/940912.htm">Speech of Bill McCollum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140925/http://fas.org/news/pakistan/1994/940912.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> 12 September 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devin_T._Hagerty_p._26-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devin_T._Hagerty_p._26_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Asia in World Politics By Devin T. Hagerty, 2005 Rowman & Littlefield, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2">0-7425-2587-2</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elleman-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elleman_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_EllemanStephen_KotkinClive_Schofield2015" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Elleman; Stephen Kotkin; Clive Schofield (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317"><i>Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2766-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-2766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing%27s+Power+and+China%27s+Borders%3A+Twenty+Neighbors+in+Asia&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2766-7&rft.au=Bruce+Elleman&rft.au=Stephen+Kotkin&rft.au=Clive+Schofield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnDlcP6L8iEC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chengappa-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chengappa_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chengappa_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengappa2004" class="citation book cs1">Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiluAAAAMAAJ"><i>India-China relations: post conflict phase to post cold war period</i></a>. A.P.H. Pub. Corp. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-538-8"><bdi>978-81-7648-538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-China+relations%3A+post+conflict+phase+to+post+cold+war+period&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=A.P.H.+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-538-8&rft.aulast=Chengappa&rft.aufirst=Bidanda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra,_Keshav" class="citation thesis cs1">Mishra, Keshav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/30868/6/06_chapter%202.pdf"><i>Changing contours of India China relationship, 1963 1991 : a study in bilateral, regional and international perspectives</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F30868">10603/30868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Changing+contours+of+India+China+relationship%2C+1963+1991+%3A+a+study+in+bilateral%2C+regional+and+international+perspectives&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F30868&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Keshav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F30868%2F6%2F06_chapter%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssbmadeeasy.com-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssbmadeeasy.com_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssbmadeeasy.com/2014/09/india-china-relationships-reasons-for-frequent-boder-disputes-and-indian-response.html">"India-china Relationships: Reasons for China's Frequent Boder Intrusions & Options for Indian Response | SSBMADEEASY"</a>. ssbmadeeasy.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India-china+Relationships%3A+Reasons+for+China%27s+Frequent+Boder+Intrusions+%26+Options+for+Indian+Response+%26%23124%3B+SSBMADEEASY&rft.pub=ssbmadeeasy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssbmadeeasy.com%2F2014%2F09%2Findia-china-relationships-reasons-for-frequent-boder-disputes-and-indian-response.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoontrakul-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoontrakul_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoontrakul2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137412355" title="Special:BookSources/9781137412355"><bdi>9781137412355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Rise+of+Asian+Transformation%3A+Trends+and+Developments+in+Economic+Growth+Dynamics&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137412355&rft.aulast=Hoontrakul&rft.aufirst=Pongsak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrKYBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031350/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769">"50 years after Sino-Indian war"</a>. <i>Millennium Post</i>. 16 May 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium+Post&rft.atitle=50+years+after+Sino-Indian+war&rft.date=1975-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millenniumpost.in%2FNewsContent.aspx%3FNID%3D11769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirantis'_khukris_flash_at_Chola_in_1967-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirantis'_khukris_flash_at_Chola_in_1967_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160426133428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kirantis-khukris-flash-at-chola-in-1967/article1-1239765.aspx">"Kirantis' khukris flash at Chola in 1967"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 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Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8436-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8436-8"><bdi>0-7146-8436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seapower%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-8436-8&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcejlMRYNAAC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot,_Gillian_Beaumont2004" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot, Gillian Beaumont (28 September 2004). <i>A History of Pakistan and Its Origins</i>. 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Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Himalayas+War+at+the+Top+of+the+World&rft.date=1989-07-31&rft.aulast=Desmond%2FKashmir&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasen2002" class="citation news cs1">Easen, Nick (20 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/">"Siachen: The world's highest cold war"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Siachen%3A+The+world%27s+highest+cold+war&rft.date=2002-05-20&rft.aulast=Easen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Fsouth%2F05%2F20%2Fsiachen.kashmir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kapur_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, S. Paul (2007). <i>Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804755504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804755504"><bdi>978-0804755504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Deterrent%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+Proliferation+and+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804755504&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (14 August 2010). "Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp"><i>India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520271401" title="Special:BookSources/9780520271401"><bdi>9780520271401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Attempts+to+Resolve+the+Conflict&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Continued+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.isbn=9780520271401&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiapakistancon0000wolp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html">"Bitter Chill of Winter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>=</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books%3D&rft.atitle=Bitter+Chill+of+Winter&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv23%2Fn08%2Fali_01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_Ravi_Nanda1999" class="citation book cs1">Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). <i>Kargil: A Wake Up Call</i>. Vedams Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7095-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7095-074-0"><bdi>81-7095-074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kargil%3A+A+Wake+Up+Call&rft.pub=Vedams+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7095-074-0&rft.au=Colonel+Ravi+Nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm">Online summary of the Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VP_Malik-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VP_Malik_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12">Kargil: where defence met diplomacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12">Archived</a> 16 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – India's then <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army">Chief of Army Staff</a> VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a></i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html">The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118203713/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stanford Journal of International Relations; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102">Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102">Archived</a> 8 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Hosted on IPCS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dettman-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dettman_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dettman_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Dettman2001" class="citation book cs1">R. Dettman, Paul (2001). "Kargil War Operations". <i>India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973087" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973087"><bdi>9780275973087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kargil+War+Operations&rft.btitle=India+Changes+Course%3A+Golden+Jubilee+to+Millennium&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275973087&rft.aulast=R.+Dettman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samina_Ahmed-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samina_Ahmed_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html">Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804180723/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Belfer Center for International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryl_Lindsey_and_Alicia_Montgomery" class="citation web cs1">Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html">"Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff"</a>. <i>salon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27itat%3A+Pakistan+gets+a+new+sheriff&rft.au=Daryl+Lindsey+and+Alicia+Montgomery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F10%2F13%2Freacts%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summary-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Summary_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120658/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf">"War in Kargil – The CCC's summary on the war"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+in+Kargil+%E2%80%93+The+CCC%27s+summary+on+the+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccc.nps.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fkargil%2Fwar_in_kargil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html">Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."</a> (Belfer Center for International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm">"Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies"</a>. <i>rediff.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rediff.com&rft.atitle=Rediff+on+the+NeT%3A+Pakistan+refuses+to+take+even+officers%27+bodies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fjul%2F11karg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianembassy-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indianembassy_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html">"Press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"</a>. indianembassy.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release+issued+in+New+Delhi+regarding+bodies+of+two+Pakistan+Army+Officers&rft.pub=indianembassy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianembassy.org%2Fpic%2FPR_1999%2FJuly_1999%2FPR_July_15_1999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Herald (Pakistan)">The Herald (Pakistan)</a>, July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf">Online scanned version of the article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th&">Musharraf and the truth about Kargil</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> 25 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu_Sharif-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_Sharif_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm">"Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Over+4000+soldier%27s+killed+in+Kargil%3A+Sharif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2003%2F08%2F17%2Fstories%2F2003081702900800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kapur2_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, S. Paul (2007). <i>Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia</i> (23rd ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804755498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804755498"><bdi>978-0804755498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Deterrent%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+Proliferation+and+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804755498&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Changes_Course:_Golden_Jubilee_to_Millennium-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_Changes_Course:_Golden_Jubilee_to_Millennium_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Dettman2001" class="citation book cs1">R. Dettman, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8p19H4UwE_AC&pg=PA130">"Kargil "war" repercussions"</a>. <i>India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium</i> (first ed.). United states of America: Praeger Publishers. pp. 130, 131, 133, 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97308-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kargil+%22war%22+repercussions&rft.btitle=India+Changes+Course%3A+Golden+Jubilee+to+Millennium&rft.place=United+states+of+America&rft.pages=130%2C+131%2C+133%2C+153&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97308-7&rft.aulast=R.+Dettman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8p19H4UwE_AC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Asian_Security_and_International_Nuclear_Order-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_Asian_Security_and_International_Nuclear_Order_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarranza2009" class="citation book cs1">Carranza, Mario Esteban (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjtcVRsL4JIC&pg=PA82"><i>South Asian Security and International Nuclear Order</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. 82, 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7541-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-7541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Security+and+International+Nuclear+Order&rft.pages=82%2C+90&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7541-9&rft.aulast=Carranza&rft.aufirst=Mario+Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjtcVRsL4JIC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google6-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google6_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_S.P.Dasgupta,_S.2013" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, S.P.; Dasgupta, S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6f2opVxRGDcC&pg=PA2002"><i>Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization</i></a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2492-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-2492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+without+Aiming%3A+India%27s+Military+Modernization&rft.pages=2002&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2492-6&rft.au=Cohen%2C+S.P.&rft.au=Dasgupta%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6f2opVxRGDcC%26pg%3DPA2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_and_Politics_in_Comparative_Perspective:_The_One,_The_Few,_and_The_Many-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_and_Politics_in_Comparative_Perspective:_The_One,_The_Few,_and_The_Many_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Clyde (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HFq0eyEK4QC&pg=PA259"><i>Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, The Few, and The Many</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97308-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Comparative+Perspective%3A+The+One%2C+The+Few%2C+and+The+Many&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97308-7&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HFq0eyEK4QC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India's_emerging_security_strategy,_missile_defense,_and_arms_control-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India's_emerging_security_strategy,_missile_defense,_and_arms_control_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cA2ecrVgayoC&q=decisive+indian+victory+kargil"><i>India's emerging security strategy, missile defense, and arms control</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-8261-1"><bdi>978-1-4289-8261-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+emerging+security+strategy%2C+missile+defense%2C+and+arms+control&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-8261-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcA2ecrVgayoC%26q%3Ddecisive%2Bindian%2Bvictory%2Bkargil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlitz:_India_Pocket_Guide-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlitz:_India_Pocket_Guide_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlitz2013" class="citation book cs1">Berlitz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfkxBgAAQBAJ"><i>Berlitz: India Pocket Guide</i></a>. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78004-757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78004-757-7"><bdi>978-1-78004-757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlitz%3A+India+Pocket+Guide&rft.pub=Apa+Publications+%28UK%29+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78004-757-7&rft.au=Berlitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfkxBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wars,_Proxy-wars_and_Terrorism:_Post_Independent_India-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wars,_Proxy-wars_and_Terrorism:_Post_Independent_India_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC"><i>Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-890-7"><bdi>978-81-7099-890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars%2C+Proxy-wars+and+Terrorism%3A+Post+Independent+India&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-890-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYK0BhcgwaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_India-Pakistan_Military_Standoff:_Crisis_and_Escalation_in_South_Asia-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_India-Pakistan_Military_Standoff:_Crisis_and_Escalation_in_South_Asia_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Zachary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dXHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The India-Pakistan Military Standoff: Crisis and Escalation in South Asia</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10938-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10938-4"><bdi>978-0-230-10938-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India-Pakistan+Military+Standoff%3A+Crisis+and+Escalation+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10938-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dXHAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India's_Nuclear_Bomb:_The_Impact_on_Global_Proliferation-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India's_Nuclear_Bomb:_The_Impact_on_Global_Proliferation_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkovich2001" class="citation book cs1">Perkovich, George (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC&pg=PA479"><i>India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23210-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Nuclear+Bomb%3A+The+Impact+on+Global+Proliferation&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23210-5&rft.aulast=Perkovich&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDA9dUryS8EC%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=34262">"Development of Ballistic Missile Defence System: Year End Review"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence (India)</a>. 28 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Ballistic+Missile+Defence+System%3A+Year+End+Review&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+%28India%29&rft.date=2007-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Frelease%2Frelease.asp%3Frelid%3D34262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toi_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521000616/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA">"Forces gung-ho on N-arsenal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA">the original</a> on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Forces+gung-ho+on+N-arsenal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.timesofindia.com%2FRepository%2Fml.asp%3FRef%3DVE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2014" class="citation cs2">Grainger, John D. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0r3KAgAAQBAJ"><i>Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-80099-6"><bdi>978-1-317-80099-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seleukos+Nikator%3A+Constructing+a+Hellenistic+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-80099-6&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0r3KAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Kosmin, Paul J.</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0"><bdi>978-0-674-72882-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Elephant+Kings%3A+Space%2C+Territory%2C+and+Ideology+in+Seleucid+Empire&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72882-0&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UWdAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radha Kumud</a> (1988) [first published in 1966], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and his times</i></a> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3"><bdi>81-208-0433-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+his+times&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radha+Kumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Rehman, Abdur (January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229"><i>The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography</i></a> (Thesis). Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Last+Two+Dynasties+of+the+Sahis%3A+An+analysis+of+their+history%2C+archaeology%2C+coinage+and+palaeography&rft.inst=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1976-01&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Abdur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F11229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann2015" class="citation cs2">Trautmann, Thomas (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cIECgAAQBAJ"><i>Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26453-0"><bdi>978-0-226-26453-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elephants+and+Kings%3A+An+Environmental+History&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26453-0&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cIECgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatleyHeckel2011" class="citation cs2">Wheatley, Pat; Heckel, Waldemar (2011), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Commentary (Book 15)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQJTek1salEC"><i>Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus: Volume II</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927759-9"><bdi>978-0-19-927759-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Commentary+%28Book+15%29%22&rft.btitle=Justin%3A+Epitome+of+the+Philippic+History+of+Pompeius+Trogus%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927759-9&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Heckel%2C+Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQJTek1salEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cohen, Stephen P. and Sunil Dasgupta, eds. <i>Arming Without Aiming: India's Military Modernization</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Arming-Without-Aiming-Military-Modernization/dp/081570402X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Davis, Zachary S. <i>The India-Pakistan Military Standoff: Crisis and Escalation in South Asia</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/India-Pakistan-Military-Standoff-Escalation-Initiatives/dp/0230109381/">excerpt and text search</a>; focus on 2000–01 confrontation</li> <li>Deshpande, Anirudh. <i>British Military Policy in India, 1900–1945: Colonial Constraints and Declining Power</i> (2005)</li> <li>Holmes, James R. et al. <i>Indian Naval Strategy in the Twenty-first Century</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Indian-Naval-Strategy-Twenty-first-Century/dp/0415586003/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Khan, Iqtidar Alam. <i>Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India</i> (2004)</li> <li>Marston, Daniel P. and Chandar S. Sundaram. <i>A Military History of India and South Asia: From the East India Company to the Nuclear Era</i> (2006)</li> <li>Roy, Kaushik. <i>From Hydaspes to Kargil: A History of Warfare in India from 326 BC to AD 1999</i> (2004)</li> <li>Roy, Kaushik. <i>The Oxford Companion to Modern Warfare in India</i> (2009)</li> <li>Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh. <i>Military History of Medieval India</i> (2003)</li> <li>Subramaniam, Arjun. <i>India's Wars: A Military History, 1947–1971</i> (2017), 576 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-241-5">978-1-68247-241-5</a></li> <li>Sundaram, Chandar S., 'Warfare—South Asia', in W.H. McNeill and P. Stearns, eds., <i>The Berkshire Encyclopaedia of World History</i> 2005, vol. 5, pp. 1991–6, (2005)</li> <li>Sundaram, Chandar S., "A Paper Tiger: the Indian National Army in battle, 1944–1945", War & Society, 13(1), pp. 35–59 (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a> (1970). Military history of India. Bombay: Orient Longmans.</li> <li>Thapliyal, Uma Prasad. <i>Warfare in Ancient India: Organizational and Operational Dimensions</i> (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_war_histories">Official war histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Official war histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official war histories written by the History Division, Ministry of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123011951/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1962War/PDF/index.html">Sino-Indian war, 1962</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217085236/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/index.html">Indo-Pak war, 1965</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123012016/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1971War/PDF/index.html">Indo-Pak war, 1972</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_India&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military history of India">Military history of India</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705040629/http://acdis.illinois.edu/students/courses-current/focal-point-seminar/Cohen-India.html">The Irrelevance of India's Rise as a Military Power</a>- video of lecture by Stephen P. 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Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Serving generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Serving marshals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministry and<br />committees/councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Department of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Department of Defence Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands">Integrated Theatre Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Army Training Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></li> <li>Ranks and insignia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army ranks and insignia of India">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of India">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard#Rank_insignia" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Ranks" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India#Ranks_and_insignia" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and Decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation <i>Trident</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation <i>Cactus-Lilly</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External <br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">Operation <i>Parakram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Sino-Indian border skirmish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">Doklam standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation <i>Cactus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation <i>Raahat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation <i>Devi Shakti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Indo-Myanmar border strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Operation <i>Polo</i> (Hyderabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Operation <i>Vijay</i> (Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation <i>Blue Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation <i>Woodrose</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LOC surgical strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factory Board">Ordnance Factory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">List of equipment of the Indian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women in the Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Armed Forces Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">Indian Armed Forces rank flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_military_bands" title="Indian military bands">Indian military bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(India)" title="National War Memorial (India)">National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Jawan_Jyoti" title="Amar Jawan Jyoti">Amar Jawan Jyoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_India" title="Category:Military of India">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Army" title="Category:Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Navy" title="Category:Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Air_Force" title="Category:Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military history of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Military history of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia" title="Military history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Military history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bhutan" title="Military history of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iraq" title="Military history of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Laos" title="Military history of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Myanmar" title="Military history of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nepal" title="Military history of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Singapore" title="Military history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Syria" title="Military history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Military history of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> 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