CINXE.COM
South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk - allAfrica.com
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 7 ]><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js ie ie6 lte6 lte7 lte8 lte9" lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js ie ie7 lte7 lte8 lte9" lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js ie ie8 lte8 lte9" lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9 ]><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js ie ie9 lte9" lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 9 ]><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js" lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if !IE]><!--><html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Webpage" class="no-js" lang="en"><!--<![endif]--> <head> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn01.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn01.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn02.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn02.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn04.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn04.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn05.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn05.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn06.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn06.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn07.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn07.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn08.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn08.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn09.allafrica.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn09.allafrica.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://clickiocmp.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://clickiocmp.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://s.clickiocdn.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://s.clickiocdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link as="script" href="https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js?v=2025011000" rel="preload"> <link as="script" href="https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/bootstrap/3.3.7/bootstrap.min.js?v=2025011000" rel="preload"> <link as="script" href="https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/application.min.js?v=2025011000" rel="preload"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Day 1 on the Klip River: Selby to Riverlea"> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-square.png"> <meta itemprop="name" content="South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk"> <meta name="description" content="Day 1 on the Klip River: Selby to Riverlea"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="3xuju9s7i37gmaj9exdgd1abrykiyb"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bGxG4qeN9up-gMXKjsgylykqjVrzxLjg1rQrP3K-rJk"> <meta name="keywords" content="Africa, news, politics, economy, trade, business, sports, current events, travel, South Africa, Southern Africa, Environment, Oceans and Rivers"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="72401C28AAAC95E8D3FF1881A90F2C4D"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Day 1 on the Klip River: Selby to Riverlea"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-square.png"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@allafrica"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-06T06:45:53+0000"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-06T06:45:53+0000"> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/allafrica"> <meta property="article:section" content="News"> <meta property="article:tag" content="South Africa"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Southern Africa"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Environment"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Oceans and Rivers"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="100369188719"> <meta property="fb:pages" content="98946450029"> <meta property="og:description" content="Day 1 on the Klip River: Selby to Riverlea"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-square.png"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="allAfrica.com"> <meta property="og:title" content="South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://allafrica.com/stories/202411060034.html"> <style> .carousel-container.uninitialized,.carousel-container.initializing{visibility:hidden;height:0;overflow: hidden;} .carousel-container.initialized{visibility:visible;} .operamini .carousel-single .carousel-container.uninitialized{visibility:visible;height:auto;} .operamini .owl-carousel-wrapper .owl-carousel-container .owl-carousel{display: block;} .operamini .owl-carousel-wrapper .owl-carousel-container .owl-carousel .item + .item{display:none;} </style> <style> div.ad-container.pixel-ad{width:1px;height:1px;}div.ad-container.photoessay{width:300px;height:250px;float:none;}.superleaderboard-a > div > iframe{display:block;margin:0 auto;}.container.subnav{min-height:6px;background-color:#fff;}div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{margin:0 auto;}.container.subnav .row.ads,.column.main .section.ads,.ad-container.gpt-ad.pixel-a,.ad-container.gpt-ad.pixel-b{display:none;}.outer-ad-container,.ad-container{line-height:0;font-size:0;}body.aans.view .story-body .gpt-outer-ad-container{display:block;float:none;padding:0;margin:0 auto;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::before,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::after{content:"";display:block;border-color:#d2d2d2;border-style:solid;border-width:0;padding:0;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::before{font-family:"Proxima Nova",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:10px;min-height:10px;line-height:1;text-align:center;color:#999;padding:7.5px 0 7.5px;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::before{margin:25px auto 0;border-top-width:1px;}:lang(en) body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::before{content:"Advertisement - Continue Reading Below";}:lang(fr) body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::before{content:"Publicité - Continuer la lecture ci-dessous";}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .outer-ad-container::after{height:0;margin:0 auto 25px;padding-bottom:25px;border-bottom-width:1px;}.column.main .section.ads.center-a{display:block;}.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{margin:0 auto;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body div.ad-container.inread-ad,.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{width:125px;height:125px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{display:none;}.column.aside div.ad-container,div.ad-container.right-ad,div.ad-container.center-ad,div.ad-container.right{float:none;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;margin-bottom:35px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-b{margin-top:35px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:125px;height:125px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 200px){body.aans.view .column.main .story-body div.ad-container.inread-ad,.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{width:200px;height:200px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:200px;height:200px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 280px){body.aans.view .column.main .story-body div.ad-container.inread-ad,.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{width:250px;height:250px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:250px;height:250px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 320px){.container.subnav .row.ads{display:block;}.container.subnav .row.ads .ad-container{margin-top:35px;margin-bottom:35px;}.container.subnav div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{width:320px;min-height:250px;margin:0 auto;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:initial;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body div.ad-container.inread-ad,.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{width:300px;min-height:250px;max-height:600px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:300px;height:250px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 360px){body.aans.view .column.main .story-body div.ad-container.inread-ad,.column.main div.ad-container.center-ad{width:336px;height:280px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:336px;height:280px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){.column.main .section.ads{display:block;}div.ad-container.banner-ad{width:468px;height:60px;margin:0 auto;}div.ad-container.banner-ad{width:468px;height:60px;}.container.subnav div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{min-width:initial;min-height:initial;width:468px;height:60px;overflow:hidden;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){.container.subnav div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{width:970px;min-width:initial;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:initial;}.container.subnav div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{height:250px;}.container.subnav div.ad-container.superleaderboard-ad{display:-webkit-box;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;align-items:center;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{display:block;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-ad{width:300px;height:250px;}.column.aside div.ad-container.right-a{height:600px;}}ins{text-decoration:none;} </style> <style> @font-face{font-family:'FontAwesome';src:url(https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.eot?v=4.7.0);src:url(https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.eot?#iefix&v=4.7.0) format('embedded-opentype'),url(https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0) format('woff2'),url(https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.woff?v=4.7.0) format('woff'),url(https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.ttf?v=4.7.0) format('truetype'),url(https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/fonts/font-awesome/4.7.0/fontawesome-webfont.svg?v=4.7.0#fontawesomeregular) format('svg');font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;}.fa{display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;font-size:inherit;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;}.fa-search:before{content:"\f002";}.fa-envelope-o:before{content:"\f003";}.fa-remove:before,.fa-close:before,.fa-times:before{content:"\f00d";}.fa-arrow-left:before{content:"\f060";}.fa-twitter-square:before{content:"\f081";}.fa-facebook-square:before{content:"\f082";}.fa-linkedin-square:before{content:"\f08c";}.fa-angle-double-left:before{content:"\f100";}.fa-angle-double-right:before{content:"\f101";}.fa-rss-square:before{content:"\f143";}.fa-user-o:before{content:"\f2c0";}.fa-telegram:before{content:"\f2c6";}.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;} .col-tn-1,.col-tn-2,.col-tn-3,.col-tn-4,.col-tn-5,.col-tn-6,.col-tn-7,.col-tn-8,.col-tn-9,.col-tn-10,.col-tn-11,.col-tn-12,.col-xxs-1,.col-xxs-2,.col-xxs-3,.col-xxs-4,.col-xxs-5,.col-xxs-6,.col-xxs-7,.col-xxs-8,.col-xxs-9,.col-xxs-10,.col-xxs-11,.col-xxs-12{min-height:1px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;position:relative;}.col-tn-1,.col-tn-2,.col-tn-3,.col-tn-4,.col-tn-5,.col-tn-6,.col-tn-7,.col-tn-8,.col-tn-9,.col-tn-10,.col-tn-11,.col-tn-12{float:left;}.col-tn-12{width:100%;}.col-tn-6{width:50%;} html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,section,summary{display:block;}a{background-color:transparent;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}h1{margin:.67em 0;font-size:2em;}img{border:0;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{margin:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;}button{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer;}input{line-height:normal;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}table{border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;}td,th{padding:0;}*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;}*:before,*:after{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;}html{font-size:10px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}body{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.42857143;color:#333;background-color:#fff;}input,button,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}a{color:#337ab7;text-decoration:none;}img{vertical-align:middle;}.img-responsive,.thumbnail > img,.thumbnail a > img,.carousel-inner > .item > img,.carousel-inner > .item > a > img{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto;}.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;}[role="button"]{cursor:pointer;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit;}h1,.h1,h2,.h2,h3,.h3{margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:10px;}h4,.h4,h5,.h5,h6,.h6{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}h1,.h1{font-size:36px;}h2,.h2{font-size:30px;}h4,.h4{font-size:18px;}p{margin:0 0 10px;}ul,ol{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:10px;}ul ul,ol ul,ul ol,ol ol{margin-bottom:0;}.container{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;}@media (min-width: 768px){.container{width:750px;}}@media (min-width: 992px){.container{width:970px;}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.container{width:1170px;}}.row{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px;}.col-xs-1,.col-sm-1,.col-md-1,.col-lg-1,.col-xs-2,.col-sm-2,.col-md-2,.col-lg-2,.col-xs-3,.col-sm-3,.col-md-3,.col-lg-3,.col-xs-4,.col-sm-4,.col-md-4,.col-lg-4,.col-xs-5,.col-sm-5,.col-md-5,.col-lg-5,.col-xs-6,.col-sm-6,.col-md-6,.col-lg-6,.col-xs-7,.col-sm-7,.col-md-7,.col-lg-7,.col-xs-8,.col-sm-8,.col-md-8,.col-lg-8,.col-xs-9,.col-sm-9,.col-md-9,.col-lg-9,.col-xs-10,.col-sm-10,.col-md-10,.col-lg-10,.col-xs-11,.col-sm-11,.col-md-11,.col-lg-11,.col-xs-12,.col-sm-12,.col-md-12,.col-lg-12{position:relative;min-height:1px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.col-xs-1,.col-xs-2,.col-xs-3,.col-xs-4,.col-xs-5,.col-xs-6,.col-xs-7,.col-xs-8,.col-xs-9,.col-xs-10,.col-xs-11,.col-xs-12{float:left;}.col-xs-12{width:100%;}.col-xs-6{width:50%;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.col-sm-1,.col-sm-2,.col-sm-3,.col-sm-4,.col-sm-5,.col-sm-6,.col-sm-7,.col-sm-8,.col-sm-9,.col-sm-10,.col-sm-11,.col-sm-12{float:left;}.col-sm-8{width:66.66666667%;}.col-sm-7{width:58.33333333%;}.col-sm-6{width:50%;}.col-sm-5{width:41.66666667%;}.col-sm-4{width:33.33333333%;}}table{background-color:transparent;}label{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:bold;}input[type="radio"],input[type="checkbox"]{margin:4px 0 0;margin-top:1px \9;line-height:normal;}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;height:34px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.42857143;color:#555;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075);-webkit-transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,-webkit-box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;-o-transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;}.form-control::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#999;}.radio input[type="radio"],.radio-inline input[type="radio"],.checkbox input[type="checkbox"],.checkbox-inline input[type="checkbox"]{position:absolute;margin-top:4px \9;margin-left:-20px;}.radio-inline,.checkbox-inline{position:relative;display:inline-block;padding-left:20px;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:normal;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;}.radio-inline + .radio-inline,.checkbox-inline + .checkbox-inline{margin-top:0;margin-left:10px;}.btn{display:inline-block;padding:6px 12px;margin-bottom:0;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.42857143;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-ms-touch-action:manipulation;touch-action:manipulation;cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-image:none;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;}.btn:active,.btn.active{background-image:none;outline:0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);box-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);}.btn-default{color:#333;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;}.btn-default:active,.btn-default.active,.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default{color:#333;background-color:#e6e6e6;border-color:#adadad;}.btn-default:active,.btn-default.active,.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default{background-image:none;}.btn-success{color:#fff;background-color:#5cb85c;border-color:#4cae4c;}.btn-sm,.btn-group-sm > .btn{padding:5px 10px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:3px;}.fade{opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .15s linear;-o-transition:opacity .15s linear;transition:opacity .15s linear;}.collapse{display:none;}.collapse.in{display:block;}.collapsing{position:relative;height:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease;-o-transition-timing-function:ease;transition-timing-function:ease;-webkit-transition-duration:.35s;-o-transition-duration:.35s;transition-duration:.35s;-webkit-transition-property:height,visibility;-o-transition-property:height,visibility;transition-property:height,visibility;}.btn-group,.btn-group-vertical{position:relative;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.btn-group > .btn,.btn-group-vertical > .btn{position:relative;float:left;}.btn-group > .btn:hover,.btn-group-vertical > .btn:hover,.btn-group > .btn:focus,.btn-group-vertical > .btn:focus,.btn-group > .btn:active,.btn-group-vertical > .btn:active,.btn-group > .btn.active,.btn-group-vertical > .btn.active{z-index:2;}.btn-group .btn + .btn,.btn-group .btn + .btn-group,.btn-group .btn-group + .btn,.btn-group .btn-group + .btn-group{margin-left:-1px;}.btn-group > .btn:first-child{margin-left:0;}.btn-group > .btn:first-child:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;}.btn-group > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child),.btn-group > .dropdown-toggle:not(:first-child){border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;}.input-group{position:relative;display:table;border-collapse:separate;}.input-group .form-control{position:relative;z-index:2;float:left;width:100%;margin-bottom:0;}.input-group-sm > .form-control,.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn{height:30px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;border-radius:3px;}.input-group-addon,.input-group-btn,.input-group .form-control{display:table-cell;}.input-group-addon,.input-group-btn{width:1%;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;}.input-group .form-control:first-child,.input-group-addon:first-child,.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn,.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group > .btn,.input-group-btn:first-child > .dropdown-toggle,.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group:not(:last-child) > .btn{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;}.input-group .form-control:last-child,.input-group-addon:last-child,.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group > .btn,.input-group-btn:last-child > .dropdown-toggle,.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn:not(:first-child),.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group:not(:first-child) > .btn{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;}.input-group-btn{position:relative;font-size:0;white-space:nowrap;}.input-group-btn > .btn{position:relative;}.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group{z-index:2;margin-left:-1px;}.navbar-btn{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;}.navbar-btn.btn-sm{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.alert{padding:15px;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;}.alert-success{color:#3c763d;background-color:#dff0d8;border-color:#d6e9c6;}.alert-danger{color:#a94442;background-color:#f2dede;border-color:#ebccd1;}.close{float:right;font-size:21px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;filter:alpha(opacity=20);opacity:.2;}button.close{-webkit-appearance:none;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;}.modal{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1050;display:none;overflow:hidden;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;outline:0;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.dl-horizontal dd:before,.dl-horizontal dd:after,.container:before,.container:after,.container-fluid:before,.container-fluid:after,.row:before,.row:after,.form-horizontal .form-group:before,.form-horizontal .form-group:after,.btn-toolbar:before,.btn-toolbar:after,.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:before,.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:after,.nav:before,.nav:after,.navbar:before,.navbar:after,.navbar-header:before,.navbar-header:after,.navbar-collapse:before,.navbar-collapse:after,.pager:before,.pager:after,.panel-body:before,.panel-body:after,.modal-header:before,.modal-header:after,.modal-footer:before,.modal-footer:after{display:table;content:" ";}.clearfix:after,.dl-horizontal dd:after,.container:after,.container-fluid:after,.row:after,.form-horizontal .form-group:after,.btn-toolbar:after,.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:after,.nav:after,.navbar:after,.navbar-header:after,.navbar-collapse:after,.pager:after,.panel-body:after,.modal-header:after,.modal-footer:after{clear:both;} html,body,div,span,object,iframe,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,blockquote,pre,abbr,address,cite,code,del,dfn,em,img,ins,kbd,q,samp,small,strong,sub,sup,var,b,i,dl,dt,dd,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,mark,table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,.canvas,.details,.figure,.masthead,.hgroup,.menu,.nav,.section,.summary,.time,.audio,.video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;vertical-align:baseline;background-color:transparent;}.details,.figure,.masthead,.hgroup,.menu,.nav,.section{display:block;}a{margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;background:transparent;}a.external.external-icon::after{vertical-align:baseline;font-size:65%;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;margin-left:.5rem;content:'\f08e';font-family:FontAwesome;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;font-variant:normal;text-rendering:auto;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}input,select{vertical-align:middle;}body{background-color:#f4f4f4;color:#333;font-family:"Arial","Liberation Sans",sans-serif;font-size:13px;}a{color:#10579f;text-decoration:none;}h1,h2{font-size:16px;}body > .container,body > .sticky-masthead > .container{overflow:hidden;}body > .container.mid,body > .container.bottom{background-color:#fff;}@media (min-width: 1200px){body > .container,body > .sticky-masthead > .container{width:1170px;}body{min-width:1170px;}}body.aans.view.sponsored .column.main,body.aans.view.sponsored .column.aside{margin-top:20px;}.container.mid .column.main,.container.mid .column.aside{margin-top:15px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){.container.mid .column.main,.container.mid .column.aside{margin-top:20px;}}.container.mid .column.main{z-index:2;}body > .container{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;}.widget-label{color:#333333;line-height:1;display:inline-block;}a.widget-label:after,a.cell-label:after,a.item-label:after{content:"\f101";font-family:FontAwesome;font-size:90%;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;display:inline-block;font-variant:normal;text-rendering:auto;margin-left:.25em;}.row.no-gutter{margin-right:0;margin-left:0;}.row.no-gutter > [class*="col-"]{padding-right:0;padding-left:0;}.container.mid{position:relative;z-index:1;}body.sponsored .premium-partner-attribution{font-size:75%;font-style:italic;}.column.aside{display:none;}.column.aside.flexible{display:block;}.column.aside div.mid-flex,.column.aside div.bottom-anchor,.column.aside .section.related-links{display:none;}.column.aside .section{border-top:5px solid #656565;margin-bottom:35px;}.column.aside .section h1,.column.aside .section h2{text-transform:uppercase;}.column.aside .section.headlines h1,.column.aside .section.headlines h2{margin:5px 0 20px 5px;font-size:20px;}.aside .section.headlines{margin:0 auto;margin-bottom:75px;}.aside .section.headlines{margin-bottom:25px;}.column.aside .section.headlines > .content{padding:8px 0 0;overflow:hidden;max-height:292px;position:relative;}body.aans.view.sponsored .aside .section.headlines.publisher-headlines.sponsored > .content{max-height:none;}.aside .section.headlines > .content:after{background:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);background-image:linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );background-image:-moz-linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );content:"";display:block;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:30px;pointer-events:none;z-index:1;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories{list-style-type:none;}ul.stories > li .location{color:#333;}ul.stories > li > a{display:block;}.section.headlines.spotlight-box ul.stories > li,.section.box.headlines ul.stories > li{padding:0 0 4px 0;}.section.box.headlines ul.stories > li > a{padding:4px 9px;}ul.stories > li .kind-of-story,ul.stories > li .location,ul.stories > li .summary{color:#333;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories > li,.column.main .section.headlines.two-column ul.stories > li{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;font-size:13px;line-height:150%;}.landing .section h1 a:after,.interior .section h1 a:after,.interior .section h2 a:after{content:"»";font-weight:normal;display:inline-block;margin:-5px 0 0 6px;}.section h2{margin-bottom:4px;}body.aans.view h2.headline,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text{background-color:#fff;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.01);}body.aans.view.sponsored .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text strong.subhead{font-size:130%;}.column.aside .focus.featured.photo-row{border-top-width:0;font-size:14px;}.container.bottom .focus.trending.photo-row .widget-label,.column.aside .focus.featured.photo-row .widget-label{font-size:175%;text-transform:uppercase;}.column.aside .focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item{margin-top:25px;}.focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item > a > .teaser{width:95%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.column.aside .focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item > a > .teaser{margin-top:12px;}.focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item > a > .teaser > .headline{font-weight:600;}.focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item > a img{margin-bottom:8px;}.focus.featured.photo-row .items > .item > a img.img-responsive.lazy{width:100%;}.section{overflow:hidden;}.credit{font-style:italic;}.credit a,.aside .credit{color:#999;}.section.box.headlines ul.stories li{list-style-type:none;line-height:18px;margin-bottom:7px;}.location{font-weight:bold;}.bottom .notes{margin-top:15px;border-top:4px solid #656565;}.notes .note{color:#666;font-size:11px;line-height:130%;margin-top:12px;}.notes .note:last-child{margin-bottom:12px;}ul.stories{clear:both;overflow:hidden;}body.aans.view .column.main .caption-and-credit{font-size:90%;padding-right:1%;padding-left:1%;}body.aans.view .column.main .caption-and-credit a{color:#333;}body.aans.view .column.main .caption-and-credit .credit{font-style:italic;text-align:right;}body.aans.view .column.main h2.headline,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text{background-color:#fff;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.01);}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date{margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date::after{content:'';display:block;clear:both;}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication-date{font-size:10px;text-transform:uppercase;float:right;}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication{float:left;}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication .publisher-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:600;font-style:italic;}body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication .publisher-logo{background-image:none;background-color:transparent;padding:0;text-indent:0;display:inline;box-sizing:content-box;}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication .publisher-logo{display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%;text-indent:-99999px;}}body.aans.view .column.main h2.headline{font-size:150%;margin-bottom:12px;font-weight:700;}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){body.aans.view .column.main h2.headline{font-size:160%;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){body.aans.view .column.main h2.headline{font-size:180%;}}body.aans.view .column.main .kindofstory,body.aans.view .column.main .byline{display:block;font-size:85%;margin-bottom:10px;}body.aans.view .column.main .figure.story-header{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;}body.aans.view .column.main .figure.story-header.picture img,body.aans.view .column.main .figure.story-header.profile img,body.aans.view .column.main .figure.story-header.photoessay img,body.aans.view .column.main .figure.story-header.video > .video-container{margin:1%;max-width:98%;box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.506);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.506);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.506);}body.aans.view .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .story-footer-link p{margin-bottom:.75em;line-height:1.5;}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){body.aans.view .column.main .story-body li,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .story-footer-link p{font-size:15px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){body.aans.view .column.main .story-body li body.aans.view .column.main .story-body p.story-body-text,body.aans.view .column.main .story-body .story-footer-link p{font-size:17px;}}.aans.view .column.main .tags.full-border{border:1px solid #dddddd;margin-top:12px;padding:10px 15px;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded{font-size:75%;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded .tags-label,.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded ul li{float:left;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded .tags-label{padding-top:4px;padding-bottom:4px;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded ul li{display:inline-block;margin-left:15px;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded ul li > a{transition:all 0.2s;color:#333333;display:block;font-weight:500;padding:3px 10px;border:1px solid #dddddd;border-radius:2px;}.aans.view .column.main .tags.rounded ul li::before{content:none;}body.aans.view .column.main .story-footer-link .publisher-url,body.aans.view .column.main .story-footer-link .source-url{font-weight:bold;}body.aans.view .column.main .copyright-notice{border-style:solid;border-color:#dddddd;border-width:1px 0;font-size:80%;padding:10px 0;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation{border-style:solid;border-color:#dddddd;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next{font-weight:600;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next .prev-next-label{margin-top:7px;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next .headline{margin-bottom:7px;color:#333333;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.prev{text-align:left;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.prev i.fa{margin-right:5px;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.next{text-align:right;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.next i.fa{margin-left:5px;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.active .prev-next-label{color:#c41313;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next.inactive .prev-next-label{color:#dddddd;}.aans.view .column.main .cross-story-navigation .prev-next a{display:block;}label{display:block;font-weight:bold;line-height:21px;}body > .container.footer{background:#2c2c2c url(https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/bg-footer.png) 0 0 repeat-x;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;color:#ddd;overflow:hidden;}body > .container.footer a{color:#ddd;}body > .container.footer .legal{text-align:center;}body > .container.footer .colophon,body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links{margin-top:15px;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links{max-width:220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}body > .container.footer .colophon p{padding:0;margin-bottom:7px;}body > .container.footer .legal{margin-top:15px;}body > .container.footer .legal > ul,body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .site-links{list-style-type:none;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .connect,body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .site-links li{margin-top:12px;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .site-links li:first-child{margin-top:0;}body > .container.footer .trademark{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:50px;}body > .container.footer ul.site-links > li > a{background-color:#444;display:block;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px;font-weight:bold;padding:5px 9px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:80%;line-height:1;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .donate{background-color:#a40a0a;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .newsletter-signup-trigger{cursor:pointer;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links ul.site-links > li > a > i.fa{display:none;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download{display:none;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .connect{color:#ddd;text-decoration:none;}:lang(en) body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .connect{font-size:20px;}:lang(fr) body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .connect{font-size:22px;}.container.bottom .spotlight-grid{margin-top:17px;}.story-navigation-arrow{display:none;}@media only screen and (min-width: 235px){.story-navigation-arrow{display:block !important;overflow:hidden;background-color:#fcfcfc;opacity:.7;transition:all 1s ease-in-out .7s;border-color:#ccc;border-style:solid;cursor:pointer;height:60px;position:fixed;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);width:190px;}.story-navigation-arrow.next{border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;border-width:1px 0 1px 1px;right:-162px;}.story-navigation-arrow .arrow{position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);}.story-navigation-arrow .arrow .icon{width:15px;height:15px;text-indent:-9999px;background-position:center center;background-size:cover;background-color:transparent;}.story-navigation-arrow.next .arrow{left:5px;}.story-navigation-arrow.next .arrow .icon{background-image:url(https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/arrowhead-right.png);}.story-navigation-arrow .item{transition:opacity 1s ease-in-out 1s;opacity:1;line-height:125%;color:#333;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;height:100%;position:relative;}.story-navigation-arrow .item > .content{position:absolute;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);}.story-navigation-arrow.next .item > .content{left:28px;padding-right:8px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){.story-navigation-arrow{height:80px;width:245px;}.story-navigation-arrow.next{right:-210px;}.story-navigation-arrow .arrow .icon{width:20px;height:20px;}.story-navigation-arrow.next .arrow{left:8px;}.story-navigation-arrow.next .item > .content{left:35px;padding-right:10px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 320px){body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download{display:block;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div > a{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div > a > img{width:100%;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.google-play-download > a{float:right;width:163px;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.app-store-download > a{float:left;width:calc( ( 43px / 40 * 140 ) + 1px );padding:10px;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 360px){body > .container.footer .legal > ul > li{display:inline-block;}body > .container.footer .legal > ul > li:before{content:"// ";margin-left:.5em;margin-right:.5em;}body > .container.footer .legal > ul > li:first-child:before{content:"";display:none;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .site-links{text-align:left;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links ul.site-links > li > a > i.fa{display:inline-block;margin-right:4px;width:1em;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.google-play-download > a,body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.app-store-download > a{float:none;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.app-store-download > a{width:163px;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div > a{margin:0 auto;}.column.aside .section.headlines h2{margin:5px 0 20px 0;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories > li,.column.main .section.headlines.two-column ul.stories > li{width:50%;float:left;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories > li:nth-child(even),.column.main .section.headlines.two-column ul.stories > li:nth-child(even){float:right;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories > li:nth-child(odd),.column.main .section.headlines.two-column ul.stories > li:nth-child(odd){clear:both;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){body > .container.footer .colophon p{padding-left:51px;background:url(https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-gray.png) 0 0 no-repeat;}body > .container.footer .colophon p,body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links .site-links{padding-top:16px;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.google-play-download > a{float:right;}body > .container.footer .rss-and-site-links div.app-download > div.app-store-download > a{float:left;width:calc( ( 43px / 40 * 140 ) + 1px );}.ad-container.gpt-ad.pixel-a,.ad-container.gpt-ad.pixel-b{display:block;}.logo a,.utility .search{margin-bottom:0;}.column.aside{display:block;}.column.aside.flexible{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;}.column.aside div.mid-flex,.column.aside div.bottom-anchor,.column.aside .section.related-links{display:block;}.column.aside div.top-anchor > div,.column.aside div.bottom-anchor > div{overflow:hidden;}body.aans.view .column.main,body.aans.view .column.aside.flexible{min-height:1655px;}.column.aside .section.headlines h1,.column.aside .section.headlines h2{margin:0 0 14px 0;font-size:16px;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories li{width:100%;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories li,.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories li:nth-child(even){float:none;}.column.aside .section.headlines ul.stories li:nth-child(odd){clear:none;}.column.aside.flexible .mid-flex{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;}.column.aside.flexible .top-anchor{overflow:hidden;}.column.aside.flexible .bottom-anchor{background-color:#fff;bottom:0;position:absolute;left:15px;right:15px;}.column.aside.flexible .bottom-anchor:before{background:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);background-image:linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );background-image:-moz-linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient( rgba(255,255,255,0) 0,#fff 75%,#fff 100% );content:"";display:block;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-50px;height:50px;pointer-events:none;z-index:1;}} </style> <style> .container.content-area-top { background-color: #fff; } </style> <script> const ___reqID="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx".replace(/[xy]/g,function(c){var r=16*Math.random()|0,v;return("x"==c?r:3&r|8).toString(16)}); var JDEV={logging:{logToServer:function(){var logEventObject=Object.assign({_class:"info",_tag:"none",_location:location.href,_browser:navigator.userAgent,___reqID:___reqID,__time:(new Date()).toISOString()},arguments[0]);var arr=["_class","_tag"];for(var i=0;i<arr.length;i++){var key=arr[i];logEventObject[key]="["+logEventObject[key].toUpperCase()+"]"}var keys=Object.keys(logEventObject);keys.sort();var postData=keys.map(function(key){return encodeURIComponent(key)+"="+encodeURIComponent(logEventObject[key])}).join("&");try{var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;xhr.open("POST","/functions/jdev-logger.json",true);xhr.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XMLHttpRequest");xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");xhr.send(postData)}catch(e){console.log(e)}}}};; window.onerror = function (message, source, line, col, error) { try{ JDEV.logging.logToServer( { _tag: 'window.onerror', message: message, source: source, line: line, col: col, error: error } ); console.error( error ); } catch (e) {} return true; } </script> <script> window._ready = window._ready || { 'push': function (el) { (_ready.q = _ready.q || []).push(el); } }; var __aaVerbose = new RegExp("(^|\\s)is-dev(\\s|$)").test( document.getElementsByTagName("html")[0].getAttribute("class") ); function logError(e){JDEV.logging.logToServer({_tag:"logError",message:e.message,stack:e.stack});if(__aaVerbose&&window["console"]&&console.error)console.error(e)} function ready(fn){function eventCallback(){try{fn()}catch(error){try{JDEV.logging.logToServer({_tag:"ready",error:error});console.error(error)}catch(e){}}}if("interactive"===document.readyState||"complete"===document.readyState)window.setTimeout(eventCallback);else if(document.addEventListener)document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",eventCallback,false);else if(document.attachEvent)document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){if("interactive"===document.readyState)eventCallback()});else try{JDEV.logging.logToServer({_tag:"ready",message:"unhandled ready condition"});console.error(error)}catch(e){}} var eventToolsQueue = []; </script> <script> var doLoadAds = true; var doLoadTracking = true; var doLoadSocial = true; var requestNonPersonalizedAds = true; </script> <script> !function(){"use strict";var t;(function(t){t.t=function(){for(var t,e,n="__tcfapiLocator",r=[],i=window;i;){try{if(i.frames[n]){t=i;break}}catch(t){}if(i===window.top)break;i=i.parent}t||(function t(){var e=i.document,r=!!i.frames[n];if(!r)if(e.body){var a=e.createElement("iframe");a.style.cssText="display:none",a.name=n,e.body.appendChild(a)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!r}(),i.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),i=0;i<t;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];if(!n.length)return r;if("setGdprApplies"===n[0])n.length>3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0));else if("ping"===n[0]){var a={gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"};"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2](a)}else r.push(n)},i.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,n={};try{n=e?JSON.parse(t.data):t.data}catch(t){}var r=n.i;r&&window.__tcfapi(r.command,r.version,(function(n,i){var a={o:{returnValue:n,s:i,u:r.u}};e&&(a=JSON.stringify(a)),t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(a,"*")}),r.p)}),!1))}}(t={t:{}}),t.t)()}(); </script> <script> var clickioConsentCallback = { fired: false, consentState: 'UNSET', }; (window.__lxG__consent__= window.__lxG__consent__||{}).consentCallback = function(consentState) { // EEA user, consent interface shown, cmp loaded, user has not decided yet if ( consentState === -1 ) return; if ( clickioConsentCallback.fired ) return; clickioConsentCallback.fired = true; clickioConsentCallback.consentState = consentState; }; </script> <script async src="//clickiocmp.com/t/consent_215885.js"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5P8RKMB865', {"categories":["environmen","oceans","southafric","southernaf"],"gurl_command":"view","gurl_doc_id":"202411060034","gurl_doctype":"aans","gurl_publisher_key":"AllAfrica_Publisher|editorial|00011119","is_grouped":"F","is_sponsored":"F","item_age":116,"site_language":"en"}); gtag("config", "UA-60795794-1", {}); // GroundUpTracker </script> <script> // initialize FB settings var FBIsLoaded = false; window.__FBAppId = '100369188719'; </script> <script> // initialize GPT objects window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; // initialize in-house objects window.slots = {}; window.mappings = {}; </script> <script> loadjs=function(){var h=function(){},c={},u={},f={};function o(e,n){if(e){var r=f[e];if(u[e]=n,r)for(;r.length;)r[0](e,n),r.splice(0,1)}}function l(e,n){e.call&&(e={success:e}),n.length?(e.error||h)(n):(e.success||h)(e)}function d(r,t,s,i){var c,o,e=document,n=s.async,u=(s.numRetries||0)+1,f=s.before||h,l=r.replace(/[\?|#].*$/,""),a=r.replace(/^(css|img)!/,"");i=i||0,/(^css!|\.css$)/.test(l)?((o=e.createElement("link")).rel="stylesheet",o.href=a,(c="hideFocus"in o)&&o.relList&&(c=0,o.rel="preload",o.as="style")):/(^img!|\.(png|gif|jpg|svg)$)/.test(l)?(o=e.createElement("img")).src=a:((o=e.createElement("script")).src=r,o.async=void 0===n||n),!(o.onload=o.onerror=o.onbeforeload=function(e){var n=e.type[0];if(c)try{o.sheet.cssText.length||(n="e")}catch(e){18!=e.code&&(n="e")}if("e"==n){if((i+=1)<u)return d(r,t,s,i)}else if("preload"==o.rel&&"style"==o.as)return o.rel="stylesheet";t(r,n,e.defaultPrevented)})!==f(r,o)&&e.head.appendChild(o)}function r(e,n,r){var t,s;if(n&&n.trim&&(t=n),s=(t?r:n)||{},t){if(t in c)throw"LoadJS";c[t]=!0}function i(n,r){!function(e,t,n){var r,s,i=(e=e.push?e:[e]).length,c=i,o=[];for(r=function(e,n,r){if("e"==n&&o.push(e),"b"==n){if(!r)return;o.push(e)}--i||t(o)},s=0;s<c;s++)d(e[s],r,n)}(e,function(e){l(s,e),n&&l({success:n,error:r},e),o(t,e)},s)}if(s.returnPromise)return new Promise(i);i()}return r.ready=function(e,n){return function(e,r){e=e.push?e:[e];var n,t,s,i=[],c=e.length,o=c;for(n=function(e,n){n.length&&i.push(e),--o||r(i)};c--;)t=e[c],(s=u[t])?n(t,s):(f[t]=f[t]||[]).push(n)}(e,function(e){l(n,e)}),r},r.done=function(e){o(e,[])},r.reset=function(){c={},u={},f={}},r.isDefined=function(e){return e in c},r}(); </script> <script> function _wb(queryForm){function qps(params){if(0===Object.keys(params).length)return"";params._u=window.location.href;params._r=window.frames.top.document.referrer;params._n=new Number(Math.floor(9999999999*Math.random())+1);var keys=Object.keys(params);keys.sort();return"?"+keys.map(function(key){return encodeURIComponent(key)+"="+encodeURIComponent(params[key])}).join("&")}"object"==typeof queryForm&&Object.keys(queryForm).length>0&&(new Image(1,1).src="https://allafrica.com/_wb"+qps(queryForm))} </script> <script> "use strict"; function loadJSSuccessCallback (bundle) { if ( typeof( loadJSSuccessCallbacks[bundle] ) !== 'function' ) return; loadJSSuccessCallbacks[bundle](); } function fireLoadJSBundle (bundle) { if ( typeof( loadJSBundles[bundle] ) !== 'function' ) return; loadJSBundles[bundle](); } var loadJSSuccessCallbacks = { social: function () { let nodeList = document.querySelectorAll('.sticky-panel-container > .sticky-panel'); for (let i = 0; i < nodeList.length; i++) { let node = nodeList[i]; if ( ! isHidden( node ) ) continue; node.style.display = ''; } }, 'cmp': function () { if ( clickioConsentCallback.fired && clickioConsentCallback.consentState !== 'UNSET' ) { return triggerConsentAction({ consentState: clickioConsentCallback.consentState, }); } // end if fired (window.__lxG__consent__= window.__lxG__consent__||{}).consentCallback = function( consentState ) { // EEA user, consent interface shown, cmp loaded, user has not decided yet if ( consentState === -1 ) return; clickioConsentCallback.fired = true; clickioConsentCallback.consentState = consentState; return triggerConsentAction({ consentState: consentState, }); }; // close consentCallback }, 'analytics': function () { fireLoadJSBundle('events'); }, 'events': function () { try{initEventTools();}catch(e){logError(e);} }, 'lazyload': function () { const images = document.querySelectorAll('img.lazy'); lazyload(images,{rootMargin:"200px 0px"}); }, 'header': function(){ fireLoadJSBundle('cmp'); }, }; var loadJSBundles = { 'analytics': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'analytics' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5P8RKMB865"], 'analytics', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'analytics' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'clickio': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'clickio' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://s.clickiocdn.com/t/215885/360_light.js"], 'clickio', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'clickio' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'cmp': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'cmp' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/js/header-cmp-functions.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/js/header-ad-functions.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'cmp', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'cmp' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'events': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'events' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/event-tools.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'events', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'events' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'gpt': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'gpt' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"], 'gpt', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'gpt' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'header': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'header' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/js/header.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'header', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'header' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'lazyload': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'lazyload' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/js/lazyload/2.0.0/lazyload.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'lazyload', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'lazyload' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'queue': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'queue' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/js/queue.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'queue', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'queue' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'social': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'social' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/facebook.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/js/twitter.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'social', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'social' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, 'trackers': function () { if ( loadjs.isDefined( 'trackers' ) ) return false; loadjs( ["https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/js/quantcast.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/js/comscore.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/js/cxense.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'trackers', { success: function() { loadJSSuccessCallback( 'trackers' ); }, numRetries: 3, }); }, }; </script> <title>South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk - allAfrica.com</title> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/favicon.ico"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202411060034.html"> <link media="print" type="text/css" href="https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/css/bootstrap/3.3.7/bootstrap-xxs-tn.min.css?v=2025011000" rel="stylesheet" onload="this.media='all'; this.onload=null;"> <link media="print" type="text/css" href="https://cdn02.allafrica.com/static/css/bootstrap/3.3.7/bootstrap.min.css?v=2025011000" rel="stylesheet" onload="this.media='all'; this.onload=null;"> <link media="print" type="text/css" href="https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/css/font-awesome/4.7.0/font-awesome.min.css?v=2025011000" rel="stylesheet" onload="this.media='all'; this.onload=null;"> <link media="print" type="text/css" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/css/screen.min.css?v=2025011000" rel="stylesheet" onload="this.media='all'; this.onload=null;"> <link media="print" type="text/css" href="https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/css/print.min.css?v=2025011000" rel="stylesheet" onload="this.media='print'; this.onload=null;"> <script><!-- if ( top != self ) { top.location.replace(location.href); } --></script> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { mappings['InreadA'] = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([510,0], [[480,320],[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([370,0], [[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([350,0], [[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([0,0], [[300,600],[300,250]]).build(); mappings['RightA'] = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([768,0], [[336,280],[320,480],[300,1050],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]]).addSize([370,0], [[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([350,0], [[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([0,0], [[300,600],[300,250]]).build(); mappings['RightB'] = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([768,0], [[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]]).addSize([370,0], [[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([350,0], [[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]).addSize([0,0], [[300,600],[300,250]]).build(); slots['InreadA'] = googletag.defineSlot("/1001373/AllAfrica_InreadA", [[480,320],[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]], "div-gpt-async-ad-inread-a").defineSizeMapping(mappings['InreadA']).addService(googletag.pubads()); slots['RightA'] = googletag.defineSlot("/1001373/AllAfrica_RightA", [[336,280],[320,480],[300,1050],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]], "div-gpt-async-ad-right-a").defineSizeMapping(mappings['RightA']).addService(googletag.pubads()); slots['RightB'] = googletag.defineSlot("/1001373/AllAfrica_RightB", [[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]], "div-gpt-async-ad-right-b").defineSizeMapping(mappings['RightB']).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("Categories",["Environment","Oceans and Rivers","South Africa","Southern Africa"]).setTargeting("Command",["view"]).setTargeting("Doctype",["aans"]).setTargeting("Id",["202411060034"]).setTargeting("Index",["post"]).setTargeting("IsGrouped",["F"]).setTargeting("IsPopular",["F"]).setTargeting("IsSponsored",["F"]).setTargeting("Language",["english"]).setTargeting("NativeEnabled",["F"]).setTargeting("PageType",["Articles"]).setTargeting("PublisherKey",["AllAfrica_Publisher|editorial|00011119"]).setTargeting("Store",["post"]); // with disableInitialLoad(), in order to render ads we must call display(), in fetchDFPAds() and refresh(), in fireDFP() googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().setCentering(true); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script> var _qevents = _qevents || []; _qevents.push( { qacct:"p-e1eaCwfv4zVTI"} ); </script> <!-- Begin comScore Tag --> <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "13865518" }); </script> <!-- End comScore Tag --> <!-- cXense script begin --> <script> var cX = cX || {}; cX.callQueue = cX.callQueue || []; cX.callQueue.push(['setSiteId', '9222314110563703887']); cX.callQueue.push(['sendPageViewEvent']); </script> <!-- cXense script end --> </head> <body class="interior story aans view"> <nav id="nav-sidebar" aria-expanded="false" class="uninitialized" data-source="https://allafrica.com/includes/html/nav/sidebar-nav.html" ></nav> <style> @media screen{#nav-sidebar{width:250px;position:fixed;top:0;left:-260px;bottom:1vh;z-index:1031;transition:all 0.3s;overflow-y:auto;box-shadow:3px 3px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}#nav-sidebar.active{left:0;}#nav-sidebar .nav-sidebar-content{background:#fff;color:#333;position:relative;padding:7px 22px 7px;min-height:100%;}#nav-sidebar .language-switch{padding-left:12px;}#nav-sidebar i.dismiss{display:block;width:35px;height:35px;color:#777;line-height:35px;text-align:center;float:right;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s;-o-transition:all 0.3s;transition:all 0.3s;}#nav-sidebar i.dismiss:active,#nav-sidebar i.dismiss:focus,#nav-sidebar i.dismiss:hover{background:#efefef;color:#333;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu{margin-top:7px;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu,#nav-sidebar ul.submenu{list-style-type:none;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu > li.divider,#nav-sidebar ul.submenu > li.divider{height:1px;margin:9px 0;overflow:hidden;background-color:#e5e5e5;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu > li > a,#nav-sidebar ul.submenu > li > a{padding:10px;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu > li > a{padding-left:15px;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu > li > ul.submenu > li > a{padding-left:25px;}#nav-sidebar ul.menu > li > ul.submenu > li > ul.submenu > li > a{padding-left:35px;}#nav-sidebar a{color:#777;}#nav-sidebar a,#nav-sidebar a:hover,#nav-sidebar a:focus{color:inherit;text-decoration:none;transition:all 0.3s;display:block;}#nav-sidebar a:active,#nav-sidebar a:focus,#nav-sidebar a:hover{color:#333;background-color:#efefef;font-weight:500;}#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger{position:relative;color:#333;background-color:#efefef;}#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger.collapsed{color:#777;background-color:#fff;}#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger.collapsed:active,#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger.collapsed:focus,#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger.collapsed:hover{color:#333;background-color:#efefef;}#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger::after{display:block;position:absolute;right:20px;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;content:'\f0d7';font-family:FontAwesome;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;font-variant:normal;text-rendering:auto;}#nav-sidebar a.submenu-trigger.collapsed::after{content:'\f0da';}#nav-sidebar form.search{margin-bottom:12px;}} </style> <div id="sticky-masthead-scroll-tracker"></div> <div id="sticky-masthead" class="sticky-masthead fixed-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <nav class="nav-corner-logo"> <div class="logo"> <div class="ar-outer"> <div class="ar-inner"> <a href="/">AllAfrica</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="top-right-button-container"> <div class="btn-group-vertical"> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn active" href="/">English <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn" href="https://fr.allafrica.com/">En Français</a> </div> <ul> <li> <a class="navbar-link nav-sidebar-toggle" href="/misc/sitemap/categories.html" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn my-account" href="/commerce/user/manage/"> <span class="sr-only">My Account</span> <i class="fa fa-user-o"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="nav-center-logo"> <div class="top-left-button-container"> <a class="navbar-link nav-sidebar-toggle" href="/misc/sitemap/categories.html" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </a> </div> <div class="logo"> <div class="ar-outer"> <div class="ar-inner"> <a href="/">AllAfrica</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="top-right-button-container"> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn my-account" href="/commerce/user/manage/"> <span class="sr-only">My Account</span> <i class="fa fa-user-o"></i> </a> <div class="btn-group language-switching"> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn active" href="/">English <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a> <a class="navbar-link btn btn-sm btn-default navbar-btn" href="https://fr.allafrica.com/">En Français</a> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div><!--/.container--> </div> <script> if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'sticky-masthead' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/sticky-masthead.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'sticky-masthead', { async: true, }); } </script> <style> body{padding-top:50px;}.sticky-masthead{background-color:#f4f4f4;position:relative;right:0;left:0;box-shadow:0 0 5px 1px #888;}.sticky-masthead.fixed-top{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:100;}.sticky-masthead .top-left-button-container{float:left;}.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container{float:right;}#sticky-masthead-scroll-tracker{position:absolute;top:6px;height:1px;width:1px;}.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container > ul,.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container > .btn-group,.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container > .btn-group-vertical,.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container > .navbar-btn{float:right;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo{display:none;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .top-right-button-container{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .top-right-button-container .navbar-btn{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .top-right-button-container .nav-sidebar-toggle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:3px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .top-right-button-container > ul{list-style-type:none;float:right;display:inline-block;position:relative;margin-left:3px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .top-right-button-container > ul > li{line-height:0;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .top-right-button-container .navbar-btn.my-account{margin-left:3px;}.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle{display:inline-block;margin-right:3px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar{display:block;background-color:#333;width:20px;height:3px;border-radius:1px;}.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar+.icon-bar{margin-top:3px;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-link{color:#777;}.sticky-masthead .btn:hover .navbar-link,.sticky-masthead .btn:active .navbar-link,.sticky-masthead .btn:focus .navbar-link{color:#333;font-weight:500;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn{font-size:10px;padding:1px 5px;line-height:1.5;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn i.fa{line-height:inherit;display:block;}.sticky-masthead .logo{}.sticky-masthead .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;}.sticky-masthead .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner a{background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;text-indent:-9999px;width:100%;height:100%;display:block;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .logo,.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{float:left;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .logo{width:38px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:22px;margin-left:3%;}.operamini .sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:20px;margin-left:2px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .logo .ar-outer,.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo .ar-outer{width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:100%;position:relative;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner a,.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner a{background-image:url(https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-128x128.png);}.sticky-masthead .logo{margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 235px){body{padding-top:35px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-corner-logo{display:none;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo{display:block;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 280px){.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:25%;float:left;margin-left:5%;margin-right:0;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo .ar-outer{padding-bottom:37.61468%;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner a{background-image:url(https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo.png);}}@media only screen and (min-width: 320px){.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{margin-left:10%;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 380px){body{padding-top:45px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{margin-left:15%;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px){body{padding-top:55px;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn{font-size:11px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{margin-left:25%;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 560px){body{padding-top:60px;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn{font-size:12px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{margin-left:30%;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){body{padding-top:95px;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn,.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar,.sticky-masthead .logo,.sticky-masthead .logo .ar-outer .ar-inner a{-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;-o-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;}.sticky-masthead .top-left-button-container,.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container{position:absolute;top:0;}.sticky-masthead .top-left-button-container{left:15px;}.sticky-masthead .top-right-button-container{right:15px;}.sticky-masthead .navbar-btn{padding:5px 10px;font-size:12px;}.sticky-masthead.small .navbar-btn{padding:1px 5px;}.sticky-masthead.medium .navbar-btn{padding:3px 7px;}.sticky-masthead.large .navbar-btn{padding:5px 10px;}.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar{width:24px;height:4px;border-radius:2px;}.sticky-masthead .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar+.icon-bar{margin-top:5px;}.sticky-masthead.small .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar{width:20px;height:3px;border-radius:1px;}.sticky-masthead.small .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar+.icon-bar{margin-top:3px;}.sticky-masthead.medium .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar{width:22px;height:4px;border-radius:2px;}.sticky-masthead.medium .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar+.icon-bar{margin-top:4px;}.sticky-masthead.large .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar{width:24px;height:4px;border-radius:2px;}.sticky-masthead.large .nav-sidebar-toggle .icon-bar+.icon-bar{margin-top:5px;}.sticky-masthead nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:218px;float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.sticky-masthead.small nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:130px;}.sticky-masthead.medium nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:175px;}.sticky-masthead.large nav.nav-center-logo .logo{width:218px;}} </style> <div class="container subnav"> </div><!--/.container.subnav--> <div class="container mid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12 col-sm-8 column main"> <script> ready( function () { _wb({"_l":"en","azr":0,"_t":"access","uaz":0,"uan":0}); } ); </script> <h2 class="headline">South Africa: Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk</h2> <!-- AddToAny BEGIN --> <div class="sharebar solid top a2a_kit a2a_default_style uninitialized" data-a2a-title='Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk' data-a2a-url='https://allafrica.com/stories/202411060034.html'> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a> <a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a> <a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"></a> <a class="a2a_button_flipboard"></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"></a> <a class="a2a_button_reddit"></a> <a class="a2a_button_email"></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a> </div> <!-- AddToAny END --> <style> @media print{body.aans.view .column.main .sharebar.solid{display:none !important;}}.sharebar.solid{margin:8px 15px;min-height:calc( 24px + ( 2 * 4px ) );}.sharebar.solid a{margin:4px 0;}@media screen and ( min-width: 768px ){.sharebar.solid{margin:12px 15px;min-height:calc( 32px + ( 2 * 7px ) );}.sharebar.solid a{margin:7px 0;}} </style> <div class="publisher-and-date"> <div class="publication-date"> 6 November 2024</div> <div class="publication"> <a href="http://www.groundup.org.za" target="_blank" title="Visit GroundUp (Cape Town)" data-img-src="https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/images/publishers/minibanners/groundup180.png"> <div class="publisher-name publisher-id-00011119" data-img-src="https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/images/publishers/minibanners/groundup180.png"> GroundUp (Cape Town) </div> </a> </div><!--/.publication--> </div><!--/.publisher-and-date--> <style> @media print, screen and (min-width: 480px) { body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication .publisher-logo.publisher-id-00011119 { background-image: url('https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/images/publishers/minibanners/groundup180.png'); } } </style> <script> ready(function(){ "use strict"; // technically we only expect one node, but attachClickTracking() requires a nodeList const nodeList = document.querySelectorAll('body.aans.view .column.main .publisher-and-date .publication'); const found = nodeList.length; if (document.querySelector('html.is-dev') && found!==1) { console.error(`invalid number of elements found for publisher name/logo: ${found}`); } nodeList.forEach(node => { const container = node.querySelector('.publisher-name'); if (document.querySelector('html.is-dev') && !container) { console.error('no publisher name/logo container found'); } const imgSrc = container.dataset.imgSrc; let selectors = { 'a': 'Name' }; // load publisher mininbanner, if available if ( imgSrc ) { const bgImg = new Image; bgImg.onload = function(){ container.style.width = bgImg.width+'px'; container.style.height = bgImg.height+'px'; container.classList.add('publisher-logo'); // check whether or not we have a background image, which will // be dependent on our CSS media query const style = getComputedStyle(container); if (style.backgroundImage!=="none") selectors = { 'a': 'Logo' }; // cannot be easily consolidated with the below because this is // triggered within a callback eventToolsQueue.push(function(){ attachClickTracking( 'AANS View Publisher Header', nodeList, selectors ); }); }; bgImg.src=imgSrc; } else { eventToolsQueue.push(function(){ attachClickTracking( 'AANS View Publisher Header', nodeList, selectors ); }); } }); }); </script> <cite class="byline">By Sean Christie</cite> <div class="story-body"> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="11"><em> Day 1 on the Klip River: Selby to Riverlea </em></p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="80">As the magnitude of Johannesburg's water crisis becomes clear, water authorities are beginning to look at what it would take to use water from alternative sources, including the water running in Joburg's own rivers. To gauge the feasibility of this, GroundUp took a three day walk along Johannesburg's Klip River. On the first day, our guides were Andrew Barker, development consultant and Chairperson of KlipSA (Klipriviersberg Sustainability Association) and Johannes Khoele, Head of Security for iProp (formerly Rand Mine Properties).</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="61">The Klip River has many sources. One is a stream that begins under the roads and buildings of Newtown at the southern end of the city centre, emerging above ground next to Albertina Sisulu road where Fordsburg meets Selby. In this amnesiac city (Johannesburg's archives have been variously lost, destroyed, disordered) the name of the stream has been all but forgotten.</p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="inread-a-container" class="outer-ad-container gpt-outer-ad-container gpt-inread-outer-ad-container inread-a-container"> <!-- Display Google Publisher Tag Asynchronous Ad for 'AllAfrica_InreadA' --> <div id="div-gpt-async-ad-inread-a" data-dfp-ad-unit="InreadA" data-dfp-network="1001373" data-dfp-sizes="[[480,320],[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250]]" class="ad-container gpt-ad inread-ad gpt-inread-ad inread-a activated fetched"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.display('div-gpt-async-ad-inread-a');}); </script> </div><!--/.ad-container.gpt-ad.inread-ad.gpt-inread-ad.inread-a.activated.fetched--> <!--End of AllAfrica_InreadA--> </div><!--/.outer-ad-container.gpt-outer-ad-container.gpt-inread-outer-ad-container.inread-a-container--> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="61">City authorities refer merely to the Robinson Canal, the concrete channel in which the water flows. In a few surviving accounts from Johannesburg's first decade, reference is made to the Fordspruit, a stream running out of Fordsburg - this is almost certainly the same stream. On some old mine maps, it is referred to as the Russell Stream, or Russell's Stream.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="40">This would be the start of our walk. It should have been possible, at the end of a rainless winter, to walk inside the canal, along the elevated edges, but milky brown water filled the invert from wall to wall.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="41">"Very little of that is river water, it's mostly treated water that has leaked out of Johannesburg's pipes," said Andrew Barker. This was no exaggeration. The water loss from Johannesburg's water reticulation systems, referred to as non-revenue water, is approaching 50%.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="55">Barker added, "We go to all of the trouble and expense of treating water and pumping it uphill from the Vaal Dam, only to lose half of it through broken pipes and reservoirs. Here it is returning to the Vaal in the Klip, completely fouled. A nice round-trip, ultimately paid for by me and thee."</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="93">The quality of the water running in the spruit is probably as bad as it has ever been, but it has been pretty bad for quite some time. Historian Charles van Onselen <a href="https://www.loot.co.za/product/new-babylon-new-nineveh/lxzb-357-g2a0?srsltid=AfmBOop4O3Q1NZtcUKPjxJxZz26oK3utLkiLHxHTm8zgHGDHrUmso61t">noted</a> that the Amawasha of the early 20th century -- the Zulu washermen who laundered the clothes of the city's white population -- used the Fordspruit and other city streams. The entrepreneurial spirit of the Amawasha notwithstanding, the washing pits were appalling mires, from which "a mixture of decomposing soap and mud" would emit "a constant stream of foul-smelling gas bubbles".</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="81">Even before this, during the great drought of 1895, the spruit appears to have been in trouble, with one account describing how people "<a href="https://blankbooks.co.za/obz/2001594-johannesburg-one-hundred-years.html">for who even a drought was an insufficient excuse for not taking a bath,</a>" would walk to a pool in nearby Booysen's Reserve to bathe "in evil-smelling water, filled with leeches and abounding in snakes". As this was a Sunday activity, the bathers were nicknamed the "Sadducees", and the pool came to be called "The Pool of Siloam".</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="47">We followed the canal on a well-trodden path, and soon came to a camp of zinc and plyboard shacks. Some of the residents came out and asked to be considered for jobs, mistaking our reflective jackets for official attire. "We have no work here," one man complained.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="41">The De Villiers Graaff Motorway embankment rose in front of us, its golden sands deeply fissured by water run-off. From the top, Barker, a city planner by profession, explained how the landscape to the south of Johannesburg has changed over time.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="95">"Before there was a city here, this area was notable for its wetlands and spruits. After gold was discovered in 1886, several mines were established in these river valleys. Stream courses were altered, dams were built and in some cases mine dumps were sited in wetlands. The area's hydrology became increasingly hidden and anonymous," said Barker, who added that in recent decades it is the historical mining infrastructure - "the shaft openings and the headgears, the head offices and the company golf courses" - that have been disappearing, as mining areas are rehabilitated and developed.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="57">We crossed 12 lanes of Crown Interchange traffic and descended on the other side to a small homestead surrounded by freeways and mine dumps. Johannes Khoele, in his 70s but still running marathons, warned us to watch out for dogs: "SAPS [police] doesn't even know this place exists, so the people here look after themselves," he said.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="23">Barker had a good name for anonymous slips of land like this: "City planners call it SLOAP - space left over after planning."</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="92">The canal was broader now, so we climbed in and entered the horseshoe-shaped mouths of the tunnels that go under the Pat Mbatha bus lane. Inside, the water deepened until it seemed it would go over the tops of our gumboots. A chunk of Styrofoam was turning in a vortex, presumably created by a sinkhole. It sucked in and popped up again, sucked in and popped up, like something being tugged from below by a powerful animal. We hastily climbed out on the far side, next to a cascading spill of sewage.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="19">"I'm telling you, no eyes have seen this place in years," said Khoele, documenting the scene with his phone.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="26">It was easier walking beside the bus lane. We passed the derelict Robinson sub-station. On our left, an electricity pylon was missing one of its legs.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="57">"Taken off with a handheld grinder, all for a loaf of bread," said Khoele, taking a picture. A mix of plastics and organic junk had backed up behind a weir in the canal, forming a floating carpet that stretched for hundreds of metres. Beyond this the stream went down some falls into stacked pillows of stinking foam.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="64">We hopped back into the canal and entered the squashed segmental tunnel that goes under the Soweto-Westgate railway line, emerging in Ophirton Industria, where outflow pipes from some of the workshops had dribbled blue and red paint down the stone canal walls. There must have been a Tipu tree growing nearby because orangey-yellow blossoms lay among tyres, bricks and other features of the canal-bottom.</p> <div id="in-article-p-mid"></div> <div id="aans-body-mid"></div> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="44">We came to the convergence point of the Robinson and the Kliprivier Drive canals, and the combined strength of the two streams pressed our gumboots in. Under Spring Street we went, over Lake Street, and continued our walk through a copse of invasive Toon.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="37">The canal looped us back to the De Villiers Graaff motorway, where the mouth of the canal tunnel was blocked by netted tree branches. We again scaled the embankment, crossing to the other side between speeding cars.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="47">In front of us the stream, now free of the canal, ran alongside a large area of open land, extending about a kilometre down to Crownwood road. The ground had been flayed by excavators, and tipper trucks were criss-crossing it, depositing loads of wet mud in rows.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="85">Barker explained that the area is known as the Crown Valley, so-called because Crown Mines' No.5 Shaft and processing plant had been located here, on the edge of a large wetland. Years of dust from the crushing action of the plant's stamps had buried the wetland under metres of gold-bearing silt, and it is this valuable soil that is now being scraped up and carted off for processing on behalf of Ergo mines, as part of larger silt removal initiative called the Valley Silts Project.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="12">"It's a bit like gold panning, on an industrial scale," Barker said.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="36">To cross the worksite, we had to navigate between pools ringed with orange and white salts. Rubber pipes running out of these fed water, under the power of generators, to gold concentrating tables further up slope.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="38">"Zama Zamas," said Khoele, not without distaste. The (illegal) artisanal miners were taking their soil directly from the mining company's silt mounds, and it was all happening in the full view of the drivers of the dump trucks.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="33">Khoele said, "They leave each other alone. In fact, you could say they co-operate - some syndicates are allowed to work in the area, on the understanding that they keep other syndicates out."</p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="newsletter-signup inread collapse w-background w-background-color blue" aria-expanded="false" data-campaign="Newsletter Signup InRead English v1" > <div class="inread-container"> <div class="row header"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <button type="button" class="close tracked" data-target=".newsletter-signup.inread.collapse.w-background.w-background-color.blue" data-toggle="collapse" data-event-label="Clicked X" aria-label="Close" > <i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Close</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="row body"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <img class="logo img-responsive" src="https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-128x128.png" /> <div class="cta"> <h4 class="cta-title">Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters</h4> <p class="cta-text">Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row newsletter-signup-form-container"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <form role="form" method="post" action="#" class="newsletter-signup-form"> <div class="mailings-selector"> <div class="mailings"> <input type="hidden" name="mailings[type]" value="user-selected"> <label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Checkbox" checked name="mailings[values][]" value="latest:en">Top Headlines</label><label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Checkbox" checked name="mailings[values][]" value="southafrica:en">South Africa</label><label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Checkbox" checked name="mailings[values][]" value="environment:en">Environment</label><label class="checkbox-inline"><input type="checkbox" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Checkbox" checked name="mailings[values][]" value="oceans:en">Oceans</label> </div> </div> <div class="subscriber-info input-group input-group-sm" for="email"> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="email" placeholder="someone@example.com" required maxlength="128"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success btn-sign-up tracked" data-event-label="Submitted Form" data-enabled-text="Submit" data-disabled-text="Sending..." > Submit </button> </span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Newsletter Signup InRead English v1"> <input type="hidden" name="_type" value="newsletter-signup"> <input type="hidden" name="_time" value="1740909857" /> <input type="hidden" name="_uuid" value="AAAAFVNhbHRlZF9fnqxTURzZ3zk46LnxFQ9BEOGfi0g3JiHydjaeJ3+pZG7XmLNl0SvUhWU7GOt7wHoCeB6bpIWJykg=" /> </form> <p class="privacy-notice">By submitting above, you agree to <a href="/misc/info/privacy.html" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Privacy" target="_blank">our privacy policy</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row messages"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <div class="message success alert alert-success" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-check-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Success! </h4> <p>Almost finished...</p><p>We need to confirm your email address.</p><p>To complete the process, please follow the instructions in the email we just sent you.</p> </div> <div class="message error returned-error alert alert-danger" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Error! </h4> <div class="returned-errors"></div> </div> <div class="message error generic-error alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Error! </h4> <p>There was a problem processing your submission. Please try again later.</p> </div> </div> </div><!--/.row--> </div> </div> <script> _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'newsletter-signup-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/jquery.serialize-object.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/newsletter-signup.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/css/newsletter-signup.min.css?v=2025011000"], 'newsletter-signup-assets', { async: true, }); } // the newsletter widget calls storageAllowed(), which is imported with // the cmp bundle. passing an array of bundle names to loadjs triggers // the callback only after all of the listed bundles have fired. loadjs.ready( [ 'cmp', 'js-cookie', 'events', 'newsletter-signup-assets' ], function() { $('.newsletter-signup.inread.collapse.w-background.w-background-color.blue').newsletterInRead({ maxShowCount: 10, maxCloseCount: 3, maxSuccessCount: 1, }); }); }); </script> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="11">From Crownwood bridge, the view downstream was one of dense bush.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="33">"Let's take the road," said Khoele, and for the next 30 minutes we walked the hard shoulder of the Soweto Highway, tracking a line of half-fallen street light columns, all missing their luminaires.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="23">"This city is eating itself," he said, leading us back into the river valley, following a jeep track through a wood of eucalyptus.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="53">Ahead of us on the road was a bakkie, parked next to a dam that had once served as the water source for the old Bricko factory and quarry. Three men with axes in their hands stood around it. The area around their vehicle was a mess of wood chips and trampled grass.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="44">"I've told you not to collect here," Khoele bawled, bearing down on the men with his camera, taking pictures of their faces and the vehicle's plates. He explained that the men were in the business of supplying pizza restaurants all over Johannesburg with wood.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="24">We continued along the jeep track but found that our feet were sticking in the sandy soil. One of Khoele's gumboots sucked clean off.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="28">It wasn't sewage, or a water leak, and it wasn't a spring. Khoele sighed and snapped some pictures of the porridge-like pools that had formed in the road.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="81">"It's vegetable oil," he said, and pointed upslope at a series of parked tanker trucks on the property of Gauteng Oil and Cake Mill. We hopped between pools of yellow and white gunk all the way to the edge of Nasrec Road, where Khoele declared, "This is as far as our property goes, and this is as far as I go." He sat on the culvert, removed his gumboots, and called one of his employees to come and pick him up.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="19">On the other side of the road, seemingly built into the yellow slopes of a slimes dam, was Riverlea.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="17">"If you're going to experience any major problems, it will probably be on this section," said Khoele.</p> <p class="story-body-text" data-para-word-count="16">This is the first in a three-part series on the Klip River. Tomorrow: Riverlea to Soweto</p> <div id="aans-body-end"></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="story-footer-link"> <p><em>Read the <a class="source-url" href="https://www.groundup.org.za/article/walking-joburgs-biggest-baddest-river-gold-dust-and-gunk/" target="_blank"><strong>original article</strong></a> on <a class="publisher-url" href="http://www.groundup.org.za" title="Visit GroundUp" target="_blank"><strong>GroundUp</strong></a>.</em></p> </div><!--/.story-footer-link--> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="in-article-bottom"></div> </div><!--/.story-body--> <div class="row uninitialized" id="more-on-this-carousel"></div><!--/#more-on-this-carousel--> <script> "use strict"; _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! ( 'IntersectionObserver' in window ) ) return; let carouselObserver = new IntersectionObserver( function ( entries, self ) { entries.forEach(entry => { if (!entry.isIntersecting) return; if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'owl-carousel-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/css/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.css?v=2025011000","https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/css/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.theme.default.min.css?v=2025011000","https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/css/carousels-screen.min.css?v=2025011000"], 'owl-carousel-assets', { async: true, }); } if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'more-on-this-carousel-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/main/more-on-this-carousel.js?v=2025011000"], 'more-on-this-carousel-assets', { async: true, }); } loadjs.ready( 'more-on-this-carousel-assets', function() { $( entry.target ).moreOnThisCarousel( {"url":"https://allafrica.com/includes/html/main/more-on-this-carousel.html","doc_key":"AllAfrica_NewsStory|post|202411060034"} ); self.unobserve( entry.target ); }); }); }, { rootMargin: "200px 0px" } ); const carousel = document.getElementById('more-on-this-carousel'); carouselObserver.observe(carousel) }); </script> <div class="tags rounded full-border" data-click-event-action='AANS View Tags Between'> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <span class="tags-label">Tagged:</span> <ul> <li><a href="/southafrica/">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/southernafrica/">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/environment/">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/oceans/">Oceans</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- AddToAny BEGIN --> <div class="sharebar solid bottom a2a_kit a2a_default_style uninitialized" data-a2a-title='Walking Joburg's Biggest, Baddest River - Gold Dust and Gunk' data-a2a-url='https://allafrica.com/stories/202411060034.html'> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a> <a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a> <a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"></a> <a class="a2a_button_flipboard"></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"></a> <a class="a2a_button_reddit"></a> <a class="a2a_button_email"></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a> </div> <!-- AddToAny END --> <style> @media print{body.aans.view .column.main .sharebar.solid{display:none !important;}}.sharebar.solid{margin:8px 15px;min-height:calc( 24px + ( 2 * 4px ) );}.sharebar.solid a{margin:4px 0;}@media screen and ( min-width: 768px ){.sharebar.solid{margin:12px 15px;min-height:calc( 32px + ( 2 * 7px ) );}.sharebar.solid a{margin:7px 0;}} </style> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <div class="copyright-notice"> <a href="https://allafrica.com/misc/info/copyright.html">Copyright</a> © 2024 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.groundup.org.za">GroundUp</a>. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media (<a href="/">allAfrica.com</a>). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, <a href="https://allafrica.com/view/publisher/editorial/editorial/id/00011119.html">click here.</a> </div><!--/.copyright-notice--> </div> </div> </div><!--/.column.main--> <div class="col-tn-12 col-sm-4 column aside flexible"> <div id="right-top-anchor" class="top-anchor"> <div id="right-a-container" class="outer-ad-container gpt-outer-ad-container gpt-right-outer-ad-container right-a-container" style="display:none;"> <!-- Display Google Publisher Tag Asynchronous Ad for 'AllAfrica_RightA' --> <div id="div-gpt-async-ad-right-a" data-dfp-ad-unit="RightA" data-dfp-network="1001373" data-dfp-sizes="[[336,280],[320,480],[300,1050],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]]" class="ad-container gpt-ad right-ad gpt-right-ad right-a inactive"> </div><!--/.ad-container.gpt-ad.right-ad.gpt-right-ad.right-a.inactive--> <!--End of AllAfrica_RightA--> </div><!--/.outer-ad-container.gpt-outer-ad-container.gpt-right-outer-ad-container.right-a-container--> <div id="top-headlines-container" class="uninitialized" data-assets='["https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/aside/category-headlines.min.js?v=2025011000"]' data-category='southafrica' data-rows='16' data-url='https://allafrica.com/includes/html/aside/category-headlines.html'></div><!-- /#top-headlines-container --> <div id="sponsored-headlines-container" class="uninitialized" data-assets='["https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/aside/category-sponsored-headlines.min.js?v=2025011000"]' data-category='southafrica' data-sponsored_type='section' data-url='https://allafrica.com/includes/html/aside/category-sponsored-headlines.html'></div><!-- /#sponsored-headlines-container --> </div><!-- /#right-top-anchor --> <div id="right-mid-flex" class="mid-flex"> <div id="tf-container" class="uninitialized" data-assets='["https://cdn06.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/aside/tf.min.js?v=2025011000"]' data-category='southafrica' data-max_photos='25' data-url='https://allafrica.com/includes/html/aside/category-tf.html' style="display:none;"></div><!-- /#tf-container --> </div><!--/#right-mid-flex--> <div id="right-bottom-anchor" class="bottom-anchor"> <div id="right-b-container" class="outer-ad-container gpt-outer-ad-container gpt-right-outer-ad-container right-b-container" style="display:none;"> <!-- Display Google Publisher Tag Asynchronous Ad for 'AllAfrica_RightB' --> <div id="div-gpt-async-ad-right-b" data-dfp-ad-unit="RightB" data-dfp-network="1001373" data-dfp-sizes="[[336,280],[320,480],[300,600],[300,250],[160,600],[120,600]]" class="ad-container gpt-ad right-ad gpt-right-ad right-b inactive"> </div><!--/.ad-container.gpt-ad.right-ad.gpt-right-ad.right-b.inactive--> <!--End of AllAfrica_RightB--> </div><!--/.outer-ad-container.gpt-outer-ad-container.gpt-right-outer-ad-container.right-b-container--> <div id="publisher-headlines-container" class="uninitialized" data-assets='["https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/aside/publisher-headlines.min.js?v=2025011000"]' data-more_link='0' data-publisher_key='AllAfrica_Publisher|editorial|00011119' data-rows='16' data-show_slug='1' data-url='https://allafrica.com/includes/html/aside/publisher-headlines.html'></div><!-- /#publisher-headlines-container --> </div><!--/#right-bottom-anchor--> </div><!--/.column.aside.flexible--> </div><!--/.row--> </div><!--/.container.mid--> <div class="container bottom"> <div class="row uninitialized" id="footer-most-read"></div><!--/#footer-most-read--> <script> "use strict"; _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! ( 'IntersectionObserver' in window ) ) return; let mostReadObserver = new IntersectionObserver( function ( entries, self ) { entries.forEach(entry => { if (!entry.isIntersecting) return; if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'owl-carousel-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/css/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.css?v=2025011000","https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/css/jquery/owl-carousel/2.3.4/owl.theme.default.min.css?v=2025011000","https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/css/carousels-screen.min.css?v=2025011000"], 'owl-carousel-assets', { async: true, }); } if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'footer-most-read-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn03.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/footer/most-read.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'footer-most-read-assets', { async: true, }); } loadjs.ready( 'footer-most-read-assets', function() { $( entry.target ).footerMostRead( {"url":"https://allafrica.com/includes/html/footer/most-read.html"} ); }); self.unobserve( entry.target ); }); }, { rootMargin: "200px 0px" } ); const element = document.getElementById('footer-most-read'); mostReadObserver.observe(element) }); </script> <div class="uninitialized" id="footer-trending-tf"></div><!--/#footer-trending-tf--> <script> "use strict"; _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! ( 'IntersectionObserver' in window ) ) return; let trendingTFObserver = new IntersectionObserver( function ( entries, self ) { entries.forEach(entry => { if (!entry.isIntersecting) return; if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'footer-trending-tf-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn04.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/footer/trending-tf.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'footer-trending-tf-assets', { async: true, }); } loadjs.ready( 'footer-trending-tf-assets', function() { $( entry.target ).footerTrendingTF( {"url":"https://allafrica.com/includes/html/footer/trending-tf.html"} ); }); self.unobserve( entry.target ); }); }, { rootMargin: "200px 0px" } ); const element = document.getElementById('footer-trending-tf'); trendingTFObserver.observe(element) }); </script> <div class="row no-gutter spotlight-grid uninitialized" id="footer-spotlight-grid"></div> <script> "use strict"; _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! ( 'IntersectionObserver' in window ) ) return; let spotlightGridObserver = new IntersectionObserver( function ( entries, self ) { entries.forEach(entry => { if (!entry.isIntersecting) return; if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'spotlight-grid-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/includes/spotlight-grid.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'spotlight-grid-assets', { async: true, }); } loadjs.ready( 'spotlight-grid-assets', function() { $( entry.target ).spotlightGrid( {"supplement":["health","legalaffairs","pregnancy","io","climate","stockmarkets","coronavirus","agribusiness","business","gameparks","ecotourism","governance","construction","middleeastandafrica","arts","labour","wildlife","sustainable","nepad","women","peacekeeping","asiaaustraliaandafrica","music","worldcup","manufacturing","petroleum","trade","agoa","corruption","travel","ict","humanrights","urbanissues","usafrica","environment","armsandarmies","capitalflows","refugees","soccer","europeandafrica","education","polio","ebola","science","nutrition","water","oceans","transport","children","aid","aids","athletics","ncds","debt","externalrelations","tuberculosis","commodities","malaria","mining","banking","land","privatization","currencies","conflict","migration","media","infrastructure","agriculture","religion","olympics","latinamericaandafrica","company","energy","investment","terrorism","sport","innovation","books","ngo"],"sent":[],"url":"https://allafrica.com/includes/html/partials/spotlight-grid-cell.html"} ); }); self.unobserve( entry.target ); }); }, { rootMargin: "200px 0px" } ); const element = document.getElementById('footer-spotlight-grid'); spotlightGridObserver.observe(element) }); </script> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <div class="notes"> <p class="note aggregation">AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than <a href="/list/publisher/editorial/editorial/type/pub.html">110 news organizations</a> and over <a href="/list/publisher/editorial/editorial/type/reg.html">500 other institutions and individuals</a>, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.</p> <p class="note original">Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are <a href="/inhouse/">produced or commissioned by AllAfrica</a>. To address comments or complaints, please <a href="/misc/forms/general.html">Contact us</a>.</p> </div><!--/.notes--> </div> </div> </div><!--/.container.bottom--> <div class="container footer" id="standard-footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12 col-xs-6 col-sm-7 colophon"> <p> AllAfrica is a voice of, by and about Africa - aggregating, producing and distributing 500 news and information items daily from over 110 African news organizations and our own reporters to an African and global public. We operate from Cape Town, Dakar, Abuja, Johannesburg, Nairobi and Washington DC. </p> </div><!--/.colophon--> <div class="col-tn-12 col-xs-6 col-sm-5"> <div class="rss-and-site-links"> <ul class="site-links click-tracking" data-click-event-action="Footer Site Links" > <li> <a href="/commerce/contribute/" class="donate tracked" data-click-event-label="Donate" >Support our work</a> </li> <li> <a class="newsletter-signup-trigger tracked" style="display:none;" data-toggle="modal" data-target=".newsletter-signup.modal.footer-and-connect-button-target" data-click-event-label="Newsletter Signup" > <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Sign up for our newsletter </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://partners.allafrica.com/" class="external for-advertisers tracked" data-click-event-label="For Advertisers" >For Advertisers</a> </li> <li> <a class="subscribe tracked" href="/misc/info/subscribe/" data-click-event-label="Subscribe" >Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> <div class="click-tracking connect" data-click-event-action="Footer Connect Widget" > <a data-click-event-label="Facebook" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://www.facebook.com/allafrica" title="Follow us on Facebook" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a data-click-event-label="Twitter" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://twitter.com/allafrica" title="Follow us on Twitter" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-twitter-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a data-click-event-label="Telegram" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://t.me/allafrica" title="Join us on Telegram" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-telegram" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a data-click-event-label="LinkedIn" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/allafrica/" title="Follow us on Linkedin" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a data-click-event-label="WhatsApp" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaIdDi8Bqbr263erhw1K" title="Follow us on WhatsApp" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a><a data-click-event-label="RSS" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; width: calc( 100% / 6 );" href="https://allafrica.com/misc/tools/rss.html" title="Subscribe to AllAfrica via RSS" class="tracked" > <i class="fa fa-rss-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> <div class="app-download row no-gutter"> <div class="google-play-download col-tn-6 col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <a class="external" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.allafrica.app"> <img alt="Get it on Google Play" src="https://play.google.com/intl/en_us/badges/static/images/badges/en_badge_web_generic.png" /> </a> </div><!--/.google-play-download--> <div class="app-store-download col-tn-6 col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <a class="external" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/allafrica/id1571102510?itsct=apps_box_badge&itscg=30200"> <img src="https://tools.applemediaservices.com/api/badges/download-on-the-app-store/black/en-us?size=250x83&releaseDate=1624233600&h=f04eb423ff27f558a97f439f3a3cd400" alt="Download on the App Store"> </a> </div><!--/.app-store-download--> </div> </div><!--/.rss-and-site-links--> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12 legal"> <ul> <li class="copy"><a href="/misc/info/copyright.html">© 2025 AllAfrica</a></li> <li class="privacy"><a href="/misc/info/privacy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="contact"><a href="/misc/forms/general.html">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="contact"><a href="/misc/info/about.html">About Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-tn-12 trademark"> AllAfrica - All the Time </div><!--/.trademark--> </div> </div><!--/.container.footer--> <div class="newsletter-signup modal fade footer-and-connect-button-target" role="dialog" aria-expanded="false" data-campaign="Newsletter Signup Footer Button English v1" data-trigger=".container.footer .rss-and-site-links .newsletter-signup-trigger, .column.aside .section.connect .newsletter-signup-trigger" > <div class="modal-dialog"> <!-- Modal content--> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row header"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <button type="button" class="close tracked" data-dismiss="modal" data-event-label="Clicked X" aria-label="Close" > <i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Close</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="row body"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <img class="logo img-responsive" src="https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/aa-logo-rgba-no-text-128x128.png" /> <div class="cta"> <h4 class="cta-title">Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters</h4> <p class="cta-text">Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row newsletter-signup-form-container"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <form role="form" method="post" action="#" class="newsletter-signup-form"> <div class="mailings-selector"> <div class="mailings"> <input type="hidden" name="mailings[type]" value="hidden"> <input type="hidden" name="mailings[values][]" value="latest:en"> </div> </div> <div class="subscriber-info input-group input-group-sm" for="email"> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="email" placeholder="someone@example.com" required maxlength="128"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success btn-sign-up tracked" data-event-label="Submitted Form" data-enabled-text="Submit" data-disabled-text="Sending..." > Submit </button> </span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Newsletter Signup Footer Button English v1"> <input type="hidden" name="_type" value="newsletter-signup"> <input type="hidden" name="_time" value="1740909857" /> <input type="hidden" name="_uuid" value="AAAAFVNhbHRlZF9fQlLMxIRGY4UjwIZ+LU+KJ2ROk3Cv7ZMq5UhJdO98KPJ47V1uu0IbNy5LQ4WFaVsKwTOCN7+JMvk=" /> </form> <p class="privacy-notice">By submitting above, you agree to <a href="/misc/info/privacy.html" class="tracked" data-event-label="Clicked Privacy" target="_blank">our privacy policy</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row messages"> <div class="col-tn-12"> <div class="message success alert alert-success" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-check-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Success! </h4> <p>Almost finished...</p><p>We need to confirm your email address.</p><p>To complete the process, please follow the instructions in the email we just sent you.</p> </div> <div class="message error returned-error alert alert-danger" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Error! </h4> <div class="returned-errors"></div> </div> <div class="message error generic-error alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display:none;"> <h4> <i class="fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> Error! </h4> <p>There was a problem processing your submission. Please try again later.</p> </div> </div> </div><!--/.row--> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> _ready.push(function($) { if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'newsletter-signup-assets' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/jquery.serialize-object.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/newsletter-signup.min.js?v=2025011000","https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/css/newsletter-signup.min.css?v=2025011000"], 'newsletter-signup-assets', { async: true, }); } // the newsletter widget calls storageAllowed(), which is imported with // the cmp bundle. passing an array of bundle names to loadjs triggers // the callback only after all of the listed bundles have fired. loadjs.ready( [ 'cmp', 'js-cookie', 'events', 'newsletter-signup-assets' ], function() { $('.newsletter-signup.modal.fade.footer-and-connect-button-target').newsletterModal({ maxShowCount: 10, maxCloseCount: 3, maxSuccessCount: 1, }); }); }); </script> <script> _ready.push( function($) { prepareExternalLinks(); }); </script> <style> .section.headlines.spotlight-box ul.stories > li .source, .section.box.headlines ul.stories > li .source, .column.main .section.date-browse ul.stories > li .source { margin-left: .5em; white-space: nowrap; } ul.stories > li > a .more { font-weight: bold; margin-left: 7px; font-size: 110%; line-height: 150%; } .section.top-news ul.stories > li .summary { margin: 8px 0; } </style> <style> ul.stories > li > a.premium-post-item { background-color: #F3F3F3; } ul.stories > li > a.premium-post-item:hover { background-color: #F0F0F0; } ul.stories > li a.premium-post-flag { padding: 0 !important; } ul.stories > li .premium-post-flag { width: 22px; height: 22px; } .section.box.headlines ul.stories > li span.premium-post-flag { width: 20px; height: 20px; } ul.stories > li .premium-post-flag { float: right; margin-left: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; background-color: transparent; } ul.stories > li .premium-post-flag .sprite { background-image: url('https://cdn09.allafrica.com/static/images/structure/sponsored-sprites.png'); background-position: 0 0; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 0 !important; background-size: cover; } ul.stories > li a.premium-post-flag { margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 4px; } .section.box.headlines ul.stories > li span.premium-post-flag { margin-top: 2px; margin-right: -5px; } </style> <noscript> <div style="display: none;"> <img src="https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-e1eaCwfv4zVTI.gif" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript> <!-- Begin comScore Tag --> <noscript> <img src="https://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=13865518&cv=2.0&cj=1" alt="" /> </noscript> <!-- End comScore Tag --> <!-- cXense script begin --> <div id="cX-root" style="display:none"></div> <!-- cXense script end --> <div id="pixel-container"> </div><!--/#pixel-container--> <script> ready( function () { _wb({"_t":"read","_l":"en","pi":"00011119","dt":"aans","di":"202411060034","ds":"post","c":["southafrica","oceans","environment","southernafrica"]}); } ); </script> <script> function my_addtoany_onready() { a2a.init(); $('.sharebar.solid.uninitialized').removeClass('uninitialized'); _ready.push(function() { var $parents = $('body.view .column.main .sharebar.solid.top, body.view .column.main .sharebar.solid.bottom'); $parents.each(function(i, el) { var $body = $('body'), $parent = $(el), $children = $parent.find( '> a' ), eventAction = 'Share Bar' selectors = {}; if ( $body.hasClass('.aans.view') ) { eventAction = 'AANS View ' + eventAction; } else if ( $body.hasClass('.topical-focus.view') ) { eventAction = 'Group View ' + eventAction; } else if ( $body.hasClass('.resources.view') ) { eventAction = 'Resource View ' + eventAction; } if ( $parent.hasClass( 'top' ) ) { eventAction += ' Top'; } else if ( $parent.hasClass( 'bottom' ) ) { eventAction += ' Bottom'; } $children.each(function(j, el) { var $child = $(el), childClasses = new String( $child.attr( 'class' ) || '' ).split( ' ' ), service, selectorClass; if ( ! childClasses.length ) return true; // continue $.each( childClasses, function(k, childClass){ if ( childClass.match( /^a2a_button_/ ) ) { selectorClass = 'a.' + childClass; service = childClass.replace( /^a2a_button_/, '' ); return false; // break } else if ( childClass === 'a2a_dd' ) { selectorClass = 'a.' + childClass; service = 'More Button'; return false; // break } }); if ( ! service ) return true; // continue if ( service === 'linkedin' ) service = 'LinkedIn' ; if ( service === 'whatsapp' ) service = 'WhatsApp'; if ( service === 'telegram' ) service = 'Telegram'; service = service.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + service.slice(1); selectors[selectorClass] = service; }); if ( $.isEmptyObject( selectors ) ) return true; // continue const nodeList = $parent.get(); attachClickTracking( eventAction, nodeList, selectors ); }); }); } var a2a_config = a2a_config || {}; a2a_config.templates = a2a_config.templates || {}; a2a_config.callbacks = a2a_config.callbacks || []; a2a_config.callbacks.push({ ready: my_addtoany_onready, }); a2a_config.onclick = 1; a2a_config.orientation = 'up'; a2a_config.prioritize = ["facebook","twitter","whatsapp","flipboard","linkedin","reddit","telegram","delicious","stumbleupon"]; a2a_config.locale = "en"; a2a_config.templates.twitter = { via: 'allafrica', }; window.loadA2A = function () { var a2aHeight = 24; if ( $(document).width() >= 768 ) { a2aHeight = 32; } $('div.a2a_kit').addClass('a2a_kit_size_' + a2aHeight); var a = document.createElement('script'); a.type = 'text/javascript'; a.async = true; a.src = '//static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(a, s); }; </script> <script> ready(function(){ fireLoadJSBundle('header'); }); ready(function(){ if ( ! loadjs.isDefined( 'js-cookie' ) ) { loadjs( ["https://cdn08.allafrica.com/static/js/js-cookie/3.0.1/js.cookie.min.js?v=2025011000"], 'js-cookie', { async: true, }); } }); </script> <script src="https://cdn07.allafrica.com/static/js/jquery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js?v=2025011000"></script> <script src="https://cdn05.allafrica.com/static/js/bootstrap/3.3.7/bootstrap.min.js?v=2025011000"></script> <script src="https://cdn01.allafrica.com/static/js/application.min.js?v=2025011000"></script> </body> </html>