CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kaca - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"accf74ed-5801-47fe-bde9-643e3e4eb315","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kaca","wgTitle":"Kaca","wgCurRevisionId":26777382,"wgRevisionId":26777382,"wgArticleId":3130,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Galat CS1: ISBN","Kaca","Bahan kemasan","Bahan patung"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kaca","wgRelevantArticleId":3130,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11469","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg/1200px-Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg/960px-Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kaca - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kaca rootpage-Kaca skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kaca" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kaca" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kaca" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kaca" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pemakaian_kaca_di_kehidupan_sehari-hari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemakaian_kaca_di_kehidupan_sehari-hari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pemakaian kaca di kehidupan sehari-hari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pemakaian_kaca_di_kehidupan_sehari-hari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pemakaian kaca di kehidupan sehari-hari</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pemakaian_kaca_di_kehidupan_sehari-hari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaca_las" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaca_las"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kaca las</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaca_las-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kacamata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kacamata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kacamata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kacamata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peralatan_optik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peralatan_optik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Peralatan optik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peralatan_optik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partisi_kaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partisi_kaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Partisi kaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partisi_kaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pintu_Kaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pintu_Kaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pintu Kaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pintu_Kaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanopi_Kaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanopi_Kaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kanopi Kaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanopi_Kaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinding_tirai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinding_tirai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Dinding tirai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinding_tirai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 149 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%AD%E1%89%86" title="ብርጭቆ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብርጭቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زجاج – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زجاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%93%DC%98%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="جاج – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ازاز – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ازاز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidru" title="Vidru – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vidru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ЦӀвер – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀвер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Şüşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şüşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شوشه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوشه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быяла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Быяла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelas" title="Gelas – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gelas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%97klos" title="Stėklos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stėklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beling" title="Beling – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Beling" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стъкло – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъкло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A" title="কাচ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwer" title="Gwer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Шэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ангали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ангали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95" title="شووشە – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شووشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Кантăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кантăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydr" title="Gwydr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwydr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF" title="Γυαλί – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυαλί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93der" title="Vēder – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vēder" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrio" title="Vidrio – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vidrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas" title="Klaas – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira" title="Beira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriu" title="Vidriu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vidriu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شیشه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi" title="Lasi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iloilo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verre" title="Verre – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Glääs – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Glääs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloine" title="Gloine – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gloine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8r" title="Vèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavera" title="Itavera – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itavera" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraaja" title="Maraaja – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Maraaja" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA" title="זכוכית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכוכית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="कांच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8_(materyo)" title="Vè (materyo) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vè (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cveg" title="Üveg – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üveg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ապակի – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապակի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitre" title="Vitre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vitre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarming_(materiales)" title="Sarming (materiales) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sarming (materiales)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gler" title="Gler – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetro" title="Vetro – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ガラス – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მინა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamzukt" title="Tamzukt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamzukt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Абдж – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Абдж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Әйнек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әйнек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಾಜು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="유리 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%A7" title="Стеклӧ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Стеклӧ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweder" title="Gweder – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gweder" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Айнек – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айнек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrum" title="Vitrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddro" title="Veddro – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Veddro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipa" title="Scipa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scipa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9der" title="Véder – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Véder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklas" title="Stiklas – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stikls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaco" title="Kaco – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaco" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഫടികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഫടികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="काच – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6%C4%A1ie%C4%A1" title="Ħġieġ – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħġieġ" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖန် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrito" title="Vrito – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vrito" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A" title="काँच – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँच" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="खा (वस्तु) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खा (वस्तु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veire" title="Veire – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Veire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3" title="Авг – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Авг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਕੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szk%C5%82o" title="Szkło – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9der" title="Véder – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Véder" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="کنچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%8A%DA%9A%D9%87" title="ښيښه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښيښه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ispillu" title="Q'ispillu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'ispillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sticlă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стекло – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стекло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Өстүөкүлэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өстүөкүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidru" title="Bidru – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bidru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitru" title="Vitru – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gless" title="Gless – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gless" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="شيشو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklo" title="Steklo – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelqi" title="Qelqi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qelqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioo" title="Kioo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%89%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%8D" title="ꠉꠦꠟꠣꠍ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠉꠦꠟꠣꠍ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கண்ணாடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்ணாடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82)" title="గాజు (పదార్థం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాజు (పదార్థం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" title="แก้ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก้ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamin_(materyales)" title="Salamin (materyales) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salamin (materyales)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sio%CA%BBata" title="Sioʻata – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sioʻata" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пыяла – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пыяла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%95%D9%83" title="ئەينەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەينەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%81" title="شیشہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisha" title="Shisha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shisha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ro" title="Véro – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Véro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6kol" title="Stökol – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stökol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh" title="Thủy tinh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaming" title="Salaming – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salaming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96" title="גלאז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohliz" title="Bohliz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohliz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po-l%C3%AA" title="Po-lê – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Po-lê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlaka" title="Inhlaka – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlaka" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaca" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kaca" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaca"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaca"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kaca" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kaca" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&oldid=26777382" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kaca&id=26777382&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaca"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaca"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kaca"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kaca&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glass" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg/250px-Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg/330px-Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg/500px-Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Kaca dengan pola sarang lebah</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kaca</b> berasal dari bahan yang bersifat cair namun memiliki kepadatan tinggi, dan <a href="/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur">struktur</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a>-atom di dalamnya tidak membentuk suatu jalinan yang beraturan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a>, atau biasa disebut <a href="/wiki/Gelas" class="mw-disambig" title="Gelas">gelas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca kebanyakan dibuat dari <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>), campuran batu pasir dengan <a href="/wiki/Fluks" title="Fluks">fluks</a> yang menghasilkan kekentalan dan titik leleh yang tidak terlalu tinggi, untuk kemudian dicampur lagi dengan bahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilisator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilisator (halaman belum tersedia)">stabilisator</a> supaya kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaca <a href="/wiki/Jendela" title="Jendela">jendela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampu" title="Lampu">lampu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Botol" title="Botol">botol</a>, tergolong sebagai kaca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodalime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodalime (halaman belum tersedia)">sodalime</a> yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Fluks" title="Fluks">fluks</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soda (halaman belum tersedia)">soda</a>, (Na<sub>2</sub>O) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilisator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilisator (halaman belum tersedia)">stabilisator</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lime (halaman belum tersedia)">lime</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tanah_liat" title="Tanah liat">tanah liat</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapur" title="Kapur">kapur</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CaO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CaO (halaman belum tersedia)">CaO</a>) dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnesia" title="Magnesia">magnesia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MgO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MgO (halaman belum tersedia)">MgO</a> yang sedikit dicampur dengan <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenis kaca yang tahan panas adalah kaca <a href="/wiki/Borosilikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Borosilikat">borosilikat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca ini terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron_oksida" class="mw-disambig" title="Boron oksida">boron oksida</a> (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soda (halaman belum tersedia)">soda</a> yang mempunyai titik leleh yang tinggi dan tidak mudah pecah jika dipanaskan,<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> karena <a href="/wiki/Koefisien" title="Koefisien">koefisien</a> muainya amat kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca seperti ini biasa disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pireks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pireks (halaman belum tersedia)">pireks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a> yang dileburkan atau <a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">kuarsa</a> yang melebur sendiri, dan 99,9% <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a> mempunyai titik leleh sebesar 1.580 °C, koefisien muai yang rendah, tembus <a href="/wiki/Radiasi" title="Radiasi">radiasi</a> ultraungu dan <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warna hijau pada kaca berfungsi untuk menunjukkan adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionfero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionfero (halaman belum tersedia)">ionfero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warna ini dapat dihilangkan dengan menambahkan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_nitrat" title="Natrium nitrat">natrium nitrat</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mangan_dioksida" title="Mangan dioksida">mangan dioksida</a> pada tahap pembuatan.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk membuat kaca berwarna biru kita dapat menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> oksida, ungu dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangan_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangan oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">mangan oksida</a>, juga merah emas atau selen, kuning dengan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> oksida atau petak, cokelat dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionfero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionfero (halaman belum tersedia)">ionfero</a>, hitam dengan <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> oksida atau campuran unsur oksida lain (<a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca susu diciptakan dari salah satu atau hasil campuran dari <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida">fluorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsen_trioksida" title="Arsen trioksida">arsen trioksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> oksida, <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> oksida, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> fosfat.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca aman adalah kaca yang tahan terhadap benturan.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaca ini terbuat dari dua lapis kaca yang direkatkan satu sama lainnya menggunakan lapisan tipis dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seluosa_asetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seluosa asetat (halaman belum tersedia)">selulosa asetat</a> atau bahan <a href="/wiki/Plastik" title="Plastik">plastik</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemakaian_kaca_di_kehidupan_sehari-hari">Pemakaian kaca di kehidupan sehari-hari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Pemakaian kaca di kehidupan sehari-hari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemakaian kaca di kehidupan sehari-hari"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaca_las">Kaca las</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kaca las" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kaca las"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/220px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/330px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg/440px-GMAW.welding.af.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Pengelas memakai kaca las</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaca ini berfungsi untuk melindungi area wajah ketika seseorang sedang mengelas.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terutama pada kegiatan pengelasan <a href="/wiki/Listrik" title="Listrik">listrik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara keseluruhan kacanya berwarna gelap, karena kaca ini harus dapat meng<a href="/w/index.php?title=Absorbsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absorbsi (halaman belum tersedia)">absorbsi</a> semua sinar <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraungu" title="Ultraungu">ultraungu</a>, sebagian besar sinar lainnya yang dapat menyebabkan penyilauan.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam melindungi kaca gelap dari percikan <a href="/wiki/Api" title="Api">api</a> <a href="/wiki/Las" title="Las">las</a>, terdapat kaca pelindung yang bening yang dipasang di bagian luar kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk las <a href="/wiki/Listrik" title="Listrik">listrik</a>, alat ini menjadi bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topeng_las&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topeng las (halaman belum tersedia)">topeng las</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helm_las&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helm las (halaman belum tersedia)">helm las</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kacamata">Kacamata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Kacamata" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kacamata"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adalah alat optik yang dikenakan pada area mata yang berfungsi sebagai lensa dan membantu perbaikan pada kelainan-kelainan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refraksi_mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refraksi mata (halaman belum tersedia)">refraksi mata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelainan tersebut terjadi karena daya pembiasan mata yang kurang, dengan bola mata yang lebih pendek, atau pembiasan mata yang terlalu kuat, dengan bola mata yang lebih panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kacamata dapat dibedakan dari beberapa jenisnya, yaitu kacamata dengan lensa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cembung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cembung (halaman belum tersedia)">cembung</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Positif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positif (halaman belum tersedia)">positif</a>) untuk penderita rabun dekat (<a href="/wiki/Hipermetropi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipermetropi">hipermetropi</a>), kacamata dengan <a href="/wiki/Lensa" title="Lensa">lensa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cekung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cekung (halaman belum tersedia)">cekung</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Negatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negatif (halaman belum tersedia)">negatif</a>) untuk penderita rabun jauh (<a href="/wiki/Miopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miopia">miopia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengguna kacamata yang berusia di atas 10 tahun, memerlukan kacamata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifokus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifokus (halaman belum tersedia)">bifokus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kacamata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifokus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifokus (halaman belum tersedia)">bifokus</a> ialah kacamata berlensa ganda, dengan lensa atas untuk melihat jauh, dan lensa bawah untuk melihat dekat.<sup id="cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peralatan_optik">Peralatan optik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Peralatan optik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peralatan optik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaca secara meluas banyak dipakai karena komposisinya yang bersifat transparan dan dapat ditembus cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Fund_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fund-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sifat dari polikristalin, secara bertentangan, tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk menghantarkan cahaya. Kristal, dalam bentuk yang terpisah mungkin transparan, tetapi butiran-butiran pembatas dari kristal tersebut mampu merefleksikan atau memancarkan cahaya dan menghasilkan refleksi yang menyebar. Kaca tidak mengandung bagian internal yang berasosiasi dengan butiran pembatas pada polikristal dan tidak mampu memancarkan cahaya sebagaimana polikristalin. Permukaan kaca sering kali lembut, karena semenjak tahap pembentukannya, molekul dari cairan yang didinginkan tidak dipaksa untuk membuang kristal dengan kondisi geometris yang kasar dan dapat mengikuti tekanan permukaan, sehingga secara mikroskopis menjadi lembut. Bahan-bahan tersebut yang membuat kebeningan kaca dapat bertahan meskipun beberapa bagian dari kaca dapat menyerap cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-O_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partisi_kaca">Partisi kaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Partisi kaca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Partisi kaca"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pemasangan kaca juga dipakai untuk bangunan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sifat kaca yang transparan dan tembus cahaya sangat penting sebagai sirkulasi sinar matahari, serta memperluas pandangan terhadap area luar bagi orang di dalam bangunan. Contoh penggunaan kaca untuk bangunan, antara lain dapat berupa partisi yang digunakan sebagai pembagi atau penyekat sebuah ruangan. Pemakaian kaca untuk penyekat ruangan memiliki banyak manfaat bagi sebuah bangunan. Beberapa manfaat partisi kaca adalah tidak membebani struktur, lebih hemat biaya dibandingkan dengan pembuatan tembok, mudah untuk dibongkar-pasang secara berulang menyesuaikan kebutuhan, dan banyak lainnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pintu_Kaca">Pintu Kaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pintu Kaca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pintu Kaca"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaca yang transparan juga digunakan sebagai salah satu bagian dari bangunan untuk memajangkan isi di dalam ruangan. Banyak bangunan perkantoran dan mall menggunakan pintu kaca yang memiliki bukaan seperti pintu kayu, yaitu bukaan dengan model diayun atau digeser. Bahkan, pintu kamar mandi pun sudah banyak yang menggunakan material kaca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanopi_Kaca">Kanopi Kaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kanopi Kaca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kanopi Kaca"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kanopi kaca dimanfaatkan agar sirkulasi sinar matahari cukup untuk sebuah ruangan, dengan cara memposisikan kaca sebagai atap atau plafon. Biasanya, kanopi kaca diterapkan pada garasi mobil, <i>void</i> rumah, dan atap kaca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinding_tirai">Dinding tirai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Dinding tirai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dinding tirai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dinding_tirai_(arsitektur)" title="Dinding tirai (arsitektur)">Dinding tirai</a> adalah pemasangan kaca untuk <a href="/wiki/Fasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasad">muka bangunan</a>. Pemakaian kaca pada wajah bangunan contohnya adalah untuk memajang isi dalam bangunan, seperti pada ruang pamer dan <i>dealer</i> mobil. Selain murah dari segi biaya, penggunaan dinding tirai juga membuat bangunan terlihat mengikuti kecenderungan kekinian dan menjadi ikonik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaca&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ensikloindo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensikloindo_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shadily, Hassan (1984). <i>Ensiklopedi Indonesia Volume 3</i>. Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve. hlm. 1614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedi+Indonesia+Volume+3&rft.pages=1614&rft.pub=Ichtiar+Baru-Van+Hoeve&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Shadily&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKaca" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fund-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fund_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">W. Barsoum, Michel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofce0000bars_m6r3"><i>Fundamental of ceramics (2 ed.)</i></a>. Bristol-IOP. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7503-0902-4." title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7503-0902-4.">0-7503-0902-4.</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: invalid character <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+of+ceramics+%282+ed.%29&rft.pub=Bristol-IOP.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7503-0902-4&rft.aulast=W.+Barsoum&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofce0000bars_m6r3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKaca" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Donald R. Uhlmann; Norbert J. Kreidl, ed. (1991). <i>Optical properties of glass</i>. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-944904-35-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-944904-35-1">0-944904-35-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+properties+of+glass&rft.place=Westerville%2C+OH&rft.pub=American+Ceramic+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-944904-35-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKaca" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaca&oldid=26777382">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaca&oldid=26777382</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kaca" title="Kategori:Kaca">Kaca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahan_kemasan" title="Kategori:Bahan kemasan">Bahan kemasan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahan_patung" title="Kategori:Bahan patung">Bahan patung</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_ISBN" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: ISBN">Galat CS1: ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 10 Januari 2025, pukul 22.00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaca&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaca</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>149 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Bagian baru</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bc974d44c-bkfrj","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.086","walltime":"0.108","ppvisitednodes":{"value":464,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":4355,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":68,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":10059,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 54.715 1 Templat:Reflist","100.00% 54.715 1 -total"," 69.24% 37.884 3 Templat:Cite_book"," 2.13% 1.164 1 Templat:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.019","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1561785,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-mq4k9","timestamp":"20250402063029","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kaca","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaca","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11469","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11469","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-07T00:32:14Z","dateModified":"2025-01-10T22:00:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Glasbausteine_Wabenmuster.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>