CINXE.COM

کنچ - وکیپیڈیا

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pnb" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>کنچ - وکیپیڈیا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pnbwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9", "۰\t۱\t۲\t۳\t۴\t۵\t۶\t۷\t۸\t۹"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","جنوری","فروری","مارچ","اپریل","مئی","جون","جولائی","اگست","ستمبر","اکتوبر","نومبر","دسمبر"],"wgRequestId":"46d41fbf-21d2-4e60-8cb9-014250691acf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"کنچ","wgTitle":"کنچ","wgCurRevisionId":666367,"wgRevisionId":666367,"wgArticleId":7777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["شیشہ","مصری ایجادات","صنعتی سامان","سامان","مواد","بے شکل ٹھوس","صنعت"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pnb","wgPageContentLanguage":"pnb","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"کنچ","wgRelevantArticleId":7777,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pnb","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"pnb"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11469","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Edittools","ext.gadget.signit","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.userScriptSandbox","ext.gadget.OrphanCheck","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.prota","ext.gadget.HotCat","ext.gadget.incategory","ext.gadget.ExternalSearch","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pnb&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pnb&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pnb&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/1200px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1022"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/800px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="681"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/640px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="545"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="کنچ - وکیپیڈیا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pnb.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="سودھو" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="وکیپیڈیا (pnb)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pnb"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="وکیپیڈیا Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-کنچ rootpage-کنچ skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> پاندھ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%81" title="پہلے صفحے نوں ویکھو [z]" accesskey="z"><span>پہلا صفہ</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Random" title="کوئی صفحہ کھولو۔ [x]" accesskey="x"><span>رلواں صفحہ</span></a></li><li id="n-newarticlewizard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%88"><span>نواں آرٹیکل لِکھو</span></a></li><li id="n-allpages-desc" class="mw-list-item"><a href=""><span>سارے صفحے</span></a></li><li id="n-quick-list-desc" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9"><span>سریع لسٹ</span></a></li><li id="n-current-events-desc" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Current-events-url"><span>اج کل دیاں خبراں</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction-desc" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction-desc" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> تعامل </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="لبھن دی جگہ۔"><span>مدد</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%BE%DA%A9" title="پربندھ بارے ، تسیں کیہ کر سکدے او تے کنج کھوج سکدے او"><span>بیٹھک</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:RecentChanges" title="وکی تے نویاں تبدیلیاں۔ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>نویاں تبدیلیاں</span></a></li><li id="n-فائل-اپلوڈ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard"><span>فائل اپلوڈ</span></a></li><li id="n-contact-desc" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>رابطہ کرو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%81" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="وکیپیڈیا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-pnb.svg" style="width: 3.75em; height: 1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pnb.svg" width="70" height="15" style="width: 4.375em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="وکیپیڈیا وچ لبھو [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>کھوج</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="وکیپیڈیا وچ کھوجو" aria-label="وکیپیڈیا وچ کھوجو" autocapitalize="sentences" title="وکیپیڈیا وچ لبھو [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="خاص:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">کھوجو</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="نجی سند"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_pnb.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=pnb" class=""><span>دان کرو</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="ایہ تواڈے لئی چنگا اے جے تسیں کھاتہ کھولو تے لاگ ان ہوو؛ پر ایہ لازمی وی نئیں" class=""><span>کھاتہ بݨاؤ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UserLogin&amp;returnto=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="ایہ بہتر اے کہ لاگ ان ہو جاؤ، فیر وی ایہ لازمی نئیں۔ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>لاگ‌ ان کرو</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="نجی سند" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">نجی سند</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_pnb.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=pnb"><span>دان کرو</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribute</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="ایہ تواڈے لئی چنگا اے جے تسیں کھاتہ کھولو تے لاگ ان ہوو؛ پر ایہ لازمی وی نئیں"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کھاتہ بݨاؤ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UserLogin&amp;returnto=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="ایہ بہتر اے کہ لاگ ان ہو جاؤ، فیر وی ایہ لازمی نئیں۔ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>لاگ‌ ان کرو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:MyTalk" title="ایس آئی پی پتے دیاں تبدیلیاں تے گل بات [n]" accesskey="n"><span>گل بات</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-خام_اشیاء" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خام_اشیاء"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>خام اشیاء</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-خام_اشیاء-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-تریخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تریخ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>تریخ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-تریخ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-شیشے_دے_رنگ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#شیشے_دے_رنگ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>شیشے دے رنگ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-شیشے_دے_رنگ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-بورو_سلیکیٹ_گلاس" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#بورو_سلیکیٹ_گلاس"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>بورو سلیکیٹ گلاس</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-بورو_سلیکیٹ_گلاس-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-اینیلینگ_(Annealing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اینیلینگ_(Annealing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۵</span> <span>اینیلینگ (Annealing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اینیلینگ_(Annealing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ہور_دیکھو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ہور_دیکھو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۶</span> <span>ہور دیکھو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ہور_دیکھو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-یو_ٹیوب_اُتے_ویڈیو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#یو_ٹیوب_اُتے_ویڈیو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۷</span> <span>یو ٹیوب اُتے ویڈیو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-یو_ٹیوب_اُتے_ویڈیو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۸</span> <span>حوالے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">کنچ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ۱۴۶ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۴۶ بولیاں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="اک چنگا آرٹیکل"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%AD%E1%89%86" title="ብርጭቆ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብርጭቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زجاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زجاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%93%DC%98%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܓܘܓܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="جاج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ازاز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ازاز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidru" title="Vidru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vidru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ЦӀвер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀвер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Şüşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şüşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شوشه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوشه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Быяла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Быяла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelas" title="Gelas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gelas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%97klos" title="Stėklos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stėklos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шкло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beling" title="Beling – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Beling" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стъкло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъкло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A" title="কাচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwer" title="Gwer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Шэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vidre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ангали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ангали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95" title="شووشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شووشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Кантăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кантăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydr" title="Gwydr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwydr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF" title="Γυαλί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυαλί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93der" title="Vēder – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vēder" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrio" title="Vidrio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vidrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas" title="Klaas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira" title="Beira – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidriu" title="Vidriu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vidriu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="شیشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi" title="Lasi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iloilo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verre" title="Verre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Glääs – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Glääs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloine" title="Gloine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gloine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8r" title="Vèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavera" title="Itavera – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itavera" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraaja" title="Maraaja – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Maraaja" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA" title="זכוכית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכוכית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="कांच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8_(materyo)" title="Vè (materyo) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vè (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cveg" title="Üveg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üveg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ապակի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապակի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitre" title="Vitre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vitre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarming_(materiales)" title="Sarming (materiales) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sarming (materiales)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitro" title="Vitro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gler" title="Gler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetro" title="Vetro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ガラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamzukt" title="Tamzukt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamzukt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Абдж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Абдж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Әйнек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әйнек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಾಜು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="유리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweder" title="Gweder – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gweder" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Айнек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айнек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrum" title="Vitrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaas" title="Glaas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Glaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veddro" title="Veddro – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Veddro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipa" title="Scipa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scipa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9der" title="Véder – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Véder" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiklas" title="Stiklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stiklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stikls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaco" title="Kaco – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaco" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഫടികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഫടികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="काच – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6%C4%A1ie%C4%A1" title="Ħġieġ – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħġieġ" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrito" title="Vrito – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vrito" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A" title="काँच – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँच" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="खा (वस्तु) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खा (वस्तु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veire" title="Veire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Veire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3" title="Авг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Авг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਕੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szk%C5%82o" title="Szkło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%8A%DA%9A%D9%87" title="ښيښه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښيښه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vidro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ispillu" title="Q&#039;ispillu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q&#039;ispillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sticlă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стекло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стекло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Өстүөкүлэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өстүөкүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidru" title="Bidru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bidru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitru" title="Vitru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gless" title="Gless – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gless" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="شيشو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staklo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklo" title="Sklo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="اک چنگا آرٹیکل"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklo" title="Steklo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelqi" title="Qelqi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qelqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стакло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaca" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioo" title="Kioo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கண்ணாடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்ணாடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82)" title="గాజు (పదార్థం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాజు (పదార్థం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" title="แก้ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก้ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamin_(materyales)" title="Salamin (materyales) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salamin (materyales)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sio%CA%BBata" title="Sioʻata – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sioʻata" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam" title="Cam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пыяла – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пыяла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%95%D9%83" title="ئەينەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەينەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Скло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%81" title="شیشہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisha" title="Shisha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shisha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ro" title="Véro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Véro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6kol" title="Stökol – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stökol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh" title="Thủy tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaming" title="Salaming – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salaming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Шил – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шил" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96" title="גלאז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohliz" title="Bohliz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohliz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po-l%C3%AA" title="Po-lê – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Po-lê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玻璃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlaka" title="Inhlaka – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlaka" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بولیاں دے آپسی جوڑ لکھو" class="wbc-editpage">جوڑ سودھو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ناں تھاواں"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="مواد آلا صفحہ ویکھو [c]" accesskey="c"><span>صفحہ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA:%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="اس صفحے بارے گل بات (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>گل بات</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">پنجابی</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="نظارے"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86"><span>پڑھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سودھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=history" title="اس صفحے دا پرانا ورژن۔ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>تریخ دیکھو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="سند" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">سند</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">سند</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86"><span>پڑھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سودھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=history"><span>تریخ دیکھو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> عام </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:WhatLinksHere/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" title="اس نال جڑے سارے وکی صفحے۔ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ایتھے کیہہ جڑدا</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86" rel="nofollow" title="اس صفحے نال جڑے صفحیاں وچ نویاں تبدیلیاں [k]" accesskey="k"><span>رلدیاں ملدیاں تبدیلیاں</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=pnb" title="فائل چڑھاؤ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>فائل چڑھاؤ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:SpecialPages" title="سارے خاص صفحیاں دی اک لسٹ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>خاص صفحے</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;oldid=666367" title="اس صفحے دے اس ورژن نال پکا جوڑ"><span>پکا جوڑ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>صفحے بارے جاݨکاری</span></a></li><li id="n-اج-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-today.html"><span>اج دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="n-ہفتے-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-this-week.html"><span>ہفتے دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="n-مہینے-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-this-month.html"><span>مہینے دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CiteThisPage&amp;page=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;id=666367&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="اس صفحے دے حوالہ دے طریقہ دے بارے وچ معلومات"><span>ایس صفحے دا حوالہ دیو</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpnb.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25DA%2586"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpnb.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25DA%2586"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چھاپو یا باہر لو </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86"><span>کتاب بناؤ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF وجوں ڈاؤن لوڈ کرو</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;printable=yes" title="اس صفحے دا چھپن والا ورژن ویکھو [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چھاپݨ والا صفحہ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ہور منصوبےآں وچ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glass" hreflang="en"><span>ویکیمیڈیا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11469" title="ریپوزیٹری آئیٹم نال جوڑ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>وِکیڈیٹا تے مد</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="pnb" dir="rtl"><p><b>کنچ</b> یا <b>شیشہ</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="انگریزی زبان">انگریزی</a>: Glass)، بہت ساریاں وکھ وکھ چیزاں تو‏ں بنایا جا سکدا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ شیشے دیکھݨ وچ تقریباً اک جداں لگدے نيں مگر انہاں د‏‏ی خاصیتاں وچ کچھ فرق ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔<br />شیشے دے برتݨاں نو‏‏ں اکثر crystal ware &#8206; کہیا جاندا اے مگر ایہ شیشہ قلمی (crystaline) حالت وچ نئيں ہُندا۔ قلمی شیشہ quartz کہلاؤندا اے تے قدرتی طور اُتے پایا جاندا اے۔ کوارٹز وچ اکثر <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="سونا">سونے</a> دے ذرات وی موجود ہُندے نيں۔ </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/220px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/330px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/440px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="3006" /></a><figcaption>قدرتی شیشہ جو قلمی حالت وچ پایا جاندا اے تے کوارٹز کہلاؤندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ کرسٹل اوسی لیٹر بناؤن وچ استعمال ہُندا ا‏‏ے</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Roman_diatretglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roman_diatretglas.jpg/360px-Roman_diatretglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roman_diatretglas.jpg/540px-Roman_diatretglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roman_diatretglas.jpg/720px-Roman_diatretglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption>چوتھ‏ی صدی عیسوی دا اک رومی پیالا</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg/360px-Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="548" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg/540px-Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg/720px-Vase-craquele-Emile-Galle-vers-1880-decor-mante-religieuse-cigale-1301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>1880 وچ بنا شیشے دا گلدان جس د‏‏ی بیرونی سطح اُتے آرائشی درزاں نيں</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="خام_اشیاء"><span id=".D8.AE.D8.A7.D9.85_.D8.A7.D8.B4.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.A1"></span>خام اشیاء</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="حصہ لکھو: خام اشیاء"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>جے شیشہ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ریت">ریت</a> (سلیکون ڈائی آکسائڈ &#8206; SiO<sub>2</sub>) نو‏‏ں پگھلا ک‏ے بنایا جاوے تاں اس نو‏ں fused quartz کہندے نيں۔ ریت 2300 ڈگری سنٹی گریڈ تو‏ں وی ودھ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="درجہ حرارت">درجہ حرارت</a> اُتے پِگھلدی اے تے اِنّا بلند درجہ حرارت حاصل کرنا مشکل تے مہنگا پڑدا ا‏‏ے۔</li> <li>جے ریت وچ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="دھوبی سوڈا">دھوبی سوڈا</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سوڈیم کاربونیٹ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">سوڈیم کاربونیٹ</a> یا <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="پوٹاشیم کاربونیٹ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">پوٹاشیم کاربونیٹ</a>) ملیا ک‏ے آمیزے نو‏‏ں گرم کيتا جائے تاں ایہ 1500 ڈگری سنٹی گریڈ اُتے پِگھل کے soda glass بنا دیندا اے مگر اس طرحاں بنن والا شیشہ پانی وچ حل ہو جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایداں دے شیشے نو‏‏ں <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="واٹر گلاس (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">واٹر گلاس</a> یا liquid glass وی کہندے نيں۔ (ایداں دے آمیزے جو جلدی پِگھل جاݨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="دھاتی آمیزاں دا پگھلنا (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">ایوٹیکٹک</a> کہلاؤندے نيں)۔</li> <li>جے اس ریت تے سوڈے دے آمیزے وچ اَن بُجھیا چونا ( کیلشیئم آکسائڈ CaO۔ لائم) وی ملا دتا جاوے تاں اوہی شیشہ بن جاندا اے جو عام استعمال وچ نظر آندا اے تے جو <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="پاݨی">پاݨی</a> وچ حل نئيں ہُندا۔ جے اس آمیزے وچ ٹوٹے ہوئے کانچ دے ٹکڑے ملیا دتے جاواں تاں ایہ آمیزہ تے جلدی پگھل جاندا اے جس تو‏ں ایندھن د‏‏ی بچت ہُندی ا‏‏ے۔ پوری <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8F%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="دُنیا">دنیا</a> وچ بننے والے شیشے دا 90 فیصد ایہی سوڈا لائم گلاس ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ گلاس برتن بوتلاں کھڑکی دروازے آئینے عدسے ٹی وی سکرین تے دوسریاں بے شمار چیزاں بناؤن وچ کم آؤندا ا‏‏ے۔</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:RHSGlasshouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RHSGlasshouse.JPG/480px-RHSGlasshouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="480" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RHSGlasshouse.JPG/720px-RHSGlasshouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RHSGlasshouse.JPG/960px-RHSGlasshouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>شیشے تو‏ں بنا اک <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="گرین ہاؤس">گرین ہاؤس</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:CD-RW_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CD-RW_bottom.jpg/220px-CD-RW_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CD-RW_bottom.jpg/330px-CD-RW_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CD-RW_bottom.jpg/440px-CD-RW_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>ایسی CD تے DVD جنہاں اُتے بار بار لکھیا تے مٹایا جا سکدا اے، کیلکوجینائیڈ شیشے د‏‏ی اک تہ رکھدیاں نيں جو <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="لیزر">لیزر</a> تو‏ں قلمی یا غیر قلمی حالت وچ تبدیل د‏‏ی جا سکدی ا‏‏ے۔ اس تہ وچ چاندی، انڈیئم، اینٹیمنی تے ٹیلوریئم موجود ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:U_glass_with_black_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/220px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/330px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/440px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یورینیئم">یورینیئم</a> ملیا شیشہ الٹرا وائلیٹ روشنی وچ ہرے رنگ تو‏ں چمکتا اے جد کہ تھلے ستون دا عام شیشہ نئيں چمکدا</figcaption></figure> <p>گلاس برتن بوتلاں وغیرہ شیشے نو‏‏ں سانچے وچ ڈھال کر بنا ئی جاندیاں نيں۔ لیکن کھڑکی دروازےآں وچ لگنے والے شیشے کسی سانچے وچ ڈھال کر نئيں بنائے جاندے بلکہ اس مقصد دے لئی پگھلے ہوئے شیشے نو‏‏ں پگھلی ہوئی <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دھات">دھات</a> مثلا ٹن &#8206;<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="قلع (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">tin</a>&#8206; اُتے تیرنے دتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ ٹھنڈا ہوݨ اُتے گلاس شیٹ تیار ہو جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ گرم سرخ شیشے نو‏‏ں بیلن (رولر) دے درمیان تو‏ں گزار دے وی گلاس شیٹ بݨائی جا سکدی ا‏‏ے۔ </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Hubble_Space_Telescope_(27946391011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/480px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/720px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/960px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ہبل خلائی دوربین">ہبل خلائی دوربین</a> وچ شیشے دا عدسہ استعمال ہويا اے</figcaption></figure> <p>اگر <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ">کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ</a> نو‏‏ں atm 400,000 دے دباؤ دے تحت ٹھنڈا کيتا جاوے تاں ایہ وی شیشے وچ تبدیل ہو جاندی اے جس نو‏ں carbonia کہندے نيں۔ دباؤ ہٹتے ہی ایہ شیشہ فیر گیس وچ تبدیل ہو جاندا <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon dioxide">ا‏‏ے۔en:Carbon dioxide</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تریخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE"></span>تریخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="حصہ لکھو: تریخ"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>سرد آتش فشاں دے دہانے وچ پایا جانے والہ قدرتی شیشہ جسنو‏ں obsidian کہندے نيں پتھر دے زمانے وچ وی انسان دے زیر استعمال رہیا ا‏‏ے۔ انسان اس زمانے وچ اس د‏ی تیز دھار نو‏‏ں کٹنے دے اوزار دے طور اُتے استعمال کردا سی۔ چونکہ ایہ ہر جگہ دستیاب نئيں سی اس لئی اس د‏ی تجارت وی ہُندی سی </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Lipari-Obsidienne_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/220px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/330px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/440px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>قدرتی شیشہ obsidian جو ماضی وچ تیز دھار اوزار بناؤن لئی استعمال ہُندا سی</figcaption></figure> <p>سب تو‏ں پہلے انسان نے لگ بھگ 2500 سال پہلے از مسیح وچ عراق، شام یا مصر وچ شیشہ ایجاد کيتا۔ اس کم دے لئی ریت باآسانی دستیاب سی سفید پتھر (کیلشیم کاربونیٹ) نو‏‏ں گرم ک‏ر ک‏ے چونا حاصل ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ جلے ہوئے درختاں د‏‏ی راکھ نو‏‏ں پانی وچ حل ک‏ر ک‏ے سوڈا حاصل کيتا جا سکدا ا‏‏ے۔ تے انہاں ہی تن چیزاں تو‏ں شیشہ بندا ا‏‏ے۔ لیکن صدیاں تک شیشہ سازی دا فن اک راز رہیا جس د‏‏ی انتہائی راکھی کيتی جاندی سی تے جو صرف سینہ بہ سینہ اگلی نسل نو‏‏ں منتقل ہُندا سی۔ دور دراز دے جنہاں علاقےآں وچ شیشے د‏‏ی بنی ہوئی اشیاء د‏‏ی تجارت کرنا ممکن نہ سی اوتھ‏ے خام شیشے دے ڈلے (ingots) بھیجے جاندے سن جنہاں تو‏ں شیشے د‏‏ی مصنوعات مقامی سطح اُتے بنا لی جاندیاں سی لیکن شیشہ سازی دا بنیادی فن کسی نو‏‏ں نئيں سکھایا جاندا سی۔ </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/220px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/330px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/440px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86" title="برلن">برلن</a> دے عجائب گھر وچ موجود دو ہزار سال پرانا شیشے دا <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرتبان">مرتبان</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="شیشے_دے_رنگ"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8C.D8.B4.DB.92_.D8.AF.DB.92_.D8.B1.D9.86.DA.AF"></span>شیشے دے رنگ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="حصہ لکھو: شیشے دے رنگ"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>عام استعمال ہوݨ والے نامیا‏تی organic رنگ شیشہ نو‏‏ں رنگین بنانے دے لئی استعمال نئيں ہو سکدے کیونکہ اوہ بھٹھی دے درجہ حرارت اُتے تحلیل ہو جاندے نيں۔ وکھ وکھ دھاتاں د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں شیشے وچ وکھ وکھ رنگ آ جاندے نيں۔ مثلاً لوہے د‏‏ی کثافتاں تو‏ں شیشہ وچ ہلکا جہا ہرا رنگ آ جاندا اے جو موٹے شیشاں وچ نمایاں نظر آندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایہ ہرا پن دور کرنے دے لئی شیشے وچ manganese dioxide ملایا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ جے لوہے د‏‏ی مقدار ودھ ہو تے <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="کرومیم">کرومیم</a> وی موجود ہووے تاں شیشے دا رنگ گہرا ہرا ہو جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ لوہے تے <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DA%A9" title="گندھک">گندھک</a> د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں شیشے وچ ہلکے پیلے تو‏ں لے ک‏ے گہرے بھورے تک رنگ آ جاندے نيں۔ <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یورینیئم">یورینیم</a> ملی مٹی دو ہزار سال تو‏ں شیشے نو‏‏ں ہرا مائل پیلا رنگ دینے دے لئی استعمال ہُندی رہی ا‏‏ے۔ سؤݨ د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں شیشے دا رنگ گہرا <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="سرخ">سرخ</a> ہو جاندا اے ۔&#8206;<br /> کوبالٹ د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں شیشے دا رنگ نیلا ہو جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Cobaltpharmbottle1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cobaltpharmbottle1.jpg/220px-Cobaltpharmbottle1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Cobaltpharmbottle1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>کوبالٹ ملے شیشے د‏‏ی بوتل دا رنگ نیلا ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔</figcaption></figure> <p>9 فیصد <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نکل">نکل</a> آکسائڈ د‏‏ی موجودگی تو‏ں شیشے دا رنگ گہرا بنفشی نیلا ہو جاندا اے جس وچو‏ں نظر آنے والی روشنی نئيں گزر سکدی مگر <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="برقناطیسی ریڈی ایشن">الٹروائلیٹ</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86#بالائے_بنفشی_(_الٹرا_وائلیٹ_)" class="mw-redirect" title="برقناطیسی ریڈی ایشن">بالائے بنفشی</a>) تے <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="زیرسرخ">انفرا ریڈ</a> گزر سکدیاں نيں۔ ایہ شیشہ Wood's glass کہلاندا اے تے الٹروائلیٹ ٹیوب لائٹ بنانے وچ استعمال ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ ایسی ٹیوب لائٹ <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جراثیم">جراثیم</a> مارنے یا جعلی نوٹ شناخت کرنے دے لئی استعمال ہُندیاں نيں۔ </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Two_Tube_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Two_Tube_Lights.jpg/220px-Two_Tube_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Two_Tube_Lights.jpg/330px-Two_Tube_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Two_Tube_Lights.jpg/440px-Two_Tube_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>عام ٹیوب لائٹ (اُتے) تے اووڈز گلاس تو‏ں بنی الٹرا وائلیٹ ٹیوب لائٹ (تھلے)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/220px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/330px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/440px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>شفاف شیشے دا بنا بجلی دا بلب</figcaption></figure> <p>ایداں دے شیشے جنہاں وچ لوہا موجود ہو اوہ حرارت <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="زیرسرخ">infrared</a> جذب کردے نيں جد کہ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سیریئم (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">cerium</a> oxide د‏‏ی ملاوٹ والا شیشہ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86#بالائے_بنفشی_(_الٹرا_وائلیٹ_)" class="mw-redirect" title="برقناطیسی ریڈی ایشن">بالائے بنفشی</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B4%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="بالائے بنفشی">ultraviolet</a> شعاواں نو‏‏ں جذب کردا اے جو جانداراں دے لئی نقصاندہ ہُندیاں نيں۔ </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Fibreoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/240px-Fibreoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>شیشے تو‏ں بنے آپٹکل فائبر (optical fibre) دا گچھہ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/220px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/330px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/440px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>پرانے وقتاں وچ استعمال ہوݨ والی شیشے د‏‏ی <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%8C" title="گھڑی">گھڑی</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="بورو_سلیکیٹ_گلاس"><span id=".D8.A8.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.88_.D8.B3.D9.84.DB.8C.DA.A9.DB.8C.D9.B9_.DA.AF.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3"></span>بورو سلیکیٹ گلاس</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="حصہ لکھو: بورو سلیکیٹ گلاس"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Pyrex_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pyrex_dish.jpg/220px-Pyrex_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pyrex_dish.jpg/330px-Pyrex_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pyrex_dish.jpg/440px-Pyrex_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>پائریکس برانڈ د‏‏ی شیشے د‏‏ی ڈش۔</figcaption></figure> <p>اس قسم دے شیشے وچ 76 فیصد ریت، 13 فیصد بورک آکسائیڈ اورباقی ایلومینم آکسائیڈ تے سوڈیئم آکسائیڈ ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ بورک آکسائیڈ (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) د‏‏ی موجودگی د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ایسا شیشہ بلند تر درجہ حرارت جر لیندا اے، گرم کرنے اُتے کم پھیلدا اے تے تیزاب تو‏ں کم متاثر ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ جو شیشے گرم کرنے اُتے ودھ پھیلدے نيں اُنہاں دے تڑک جانے دا امکان ودھ ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ ماضی وچ کورننگ کمپنی دے Pyrex برانڈ د‏‏ی اشیاء بوروسلیکیٹ شیشہ تو‏ں بݨائی جاندی سی لیکن ہن ایہ ٹیمپرڈ شیشے تو‏ں بݨائی جاندیاں نيں۔<br /> تجربہ گاہ وچ استعمال ہوݨ والے شیشے دے برتن بوروسلیکیٹ شیشے تو‏ں بنے ہوئے ہُندے نيں تے براہ راست <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%81" title="شعلہ">شعلے</a> د‏‏ی آنچ جر لیندے نيں جدو‏ں کہ عام شیشہ شعلے اُتے تڑک جاندا ا‏‏ے۔<br /> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیلیفورنیا">کیلیفورنیا</a> د‏‏ی <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%81" title="رصد گاہ">رصد گاہ</a> (Palomar Observatory) د‏‏ی <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین">دوربین</a> وچ استعمال ہوݨ والا 200 انچ قطر دا 14.5ٹن وزنی <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="آئینہ">آئینہ</a> بوروسلیکیٹ شیشے تو‏ں ہی بنایا گیا سی تاکہ گرمی سردی د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں دوربین د‏‏ی تصویر لینے د‏‏ی صلاحیت متاثر نہ ہوئے۔ ڈھلائی دے بعد اسنو‏ں آہستہ آہستہ ٹھنڈا کرنے وچ اک سال لگ گیا سی۔1948ء تو‏ں 1976ء تک ایہ دنیا د‏‏ی سب تو‏ں وڈی بصری دوربین سی تے ہن تک زیر استعمال ا‏‏ے۔ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="اینیلینگ_(Annealing)"><span id=".D8.A7.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.8C.D9.84.DB.8C.D9.86.DA.AF_.28Annealing.29"></span>اینیلینگ (Annealing)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="حصہ لکھو: اینیلینگ (Annealing)"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg/220px-2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg/330px-2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg/440px-2008-05-30_Glass_table_with_chairs_on_patio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>شیشے د‏‏ی میز دا شیشہ اینیلننگ تو‏ں مضبوط ہو جاندا ا‏‏ے۔</figcaption></figure> <p>اگر شیشہ بھٹی تو‏ں نکلنے دے بعد تیزی تو‏ں ٹھنڈا ہوئے تاں اس دے اندر کھچاؤ (stresses) باقی رہ جاندا اے جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ایسا شیشہ معمولی سی چوٹ لگنے یا گرم یا سرد ہوݨ اُتے ٹُٹ جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ کدی کدی تاں ایسا شیشہ بغیر کسی چوٹ دے خود بخود ٹُٹ جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ شیشے وچو‏ں ایہ خامی ختم کرنے دے لئی شیشے نو‏‏ں اینیلنگ ٹمپریچر تک دوبارہ گرم کيتا جاندا اے، کچھ دیر تک ايس‏ے ٹمپریچر اُتے رکھیا جاندا اے تے فیر آہستہ آہستہ ٹھنڈا ہوݨ دتا جاندا ا‏‏ے۔ اکثر شیشاں دا اینیلنگ ٹمپریچر454 – 482&#160;°C ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔ اس ٹمپریچر اُتے شیشہ بھانويں ٹھوس ہی ہُندا اے مگر اس دے اندر ایٹم اپنی جگہ تبدیل کرن دے قابل ہو جاندے نيں جس د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں اندرونی کھچاؤ د‏‏یاں قُوتاں ختم ہو جاندیاں نيں۔ ایسا شیشہ کئی گُݨا ودھ مضبوط ہُندا ا‏‏ے۔<br /> شیشہ جِنّا ودھ موٹا ہُندا اے اسنو‏ں اینیلینگ دے لئی اِنّی ہی ودھ دیر تک اینیلنگ ٹمپریچر اُتے گرم رکھنا پیندا ا‏‏ے۔<br /> اینیلنگ ٹمپریچر نو‏‏ں stress-relief point یا annealing point وی کہندے نيں۔ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ہور_دیکھو"><span id=".DB.81.D9.88.D8.B1_.D8.AF.DB.8C.DA.A9.DA.BE.D9.88"></span>ہور دیکھو</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="حصہ لکھو: ہور دیکھو"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8F%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="زُجاج الاسلامیہ">اسلامی شیشہ سازی</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="یو_ٹیوب_اُتے_ویڈیو"><span id=".DB.8C.D9.88_.D9.B9.DB.8C.D9.88.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.8F.D8.AA.DB.92_.D9.88.DB.8C.DA.88.DB.8C.D9.88"></span>یو ٹیوب اُتے ویڈیو</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="حصہ لکھو: یو ٹیوب اُتے ویڈیو"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMLlstn09f0">جدید بوتل سازی</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDyeiePort0">شیشہ د‏‏ی چادر سازی</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njF_E527mVk">شیشہ گری</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالے"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.92"></span>حوالے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="حصہ لکھو: حوالے"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="&#123;&#123;# گزینه: &#124; small= font-size:small; &#124; below= font-size:smaller; &#125;&#125;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=tellurium+in+writeable+cd&amp;client=firefox-b-ab&amp;tbm=isch&amp;tbo=u&amp;source=univ&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjxgdDlgr_dAhUHHxoKHbhgCeEQsAR6BAgBEAE&amp;biw=1266&amp;bih=674#imgrc=O0Bht8-6ynteNM:">CD-RW</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7d9797f5d‐rbdnt Cached time: 20241120033811 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.044 seconds Real time usage: 0.071 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 208/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 599/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3.755 1 سانچہ:حوالے 100.00% 3.755 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key pnbwiki:pcache:idhash:7777-0!canonical and timestamp 20241120033811 and revision id 666367. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=کنچ&amp;oldid=666367">https://pnb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=کنچ&amp;oldid=666367</a>" توں لیا</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Categories" title="خاص:Categories">گٹھاں</a>: ؜<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="گٹھ:شیشہ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">شیشہ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گٹھ:مصری ایجادات">مصری ایجادات</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="گٹھ:صنعتی سامان (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">صنعتی سامان</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گٹھ:سامان">سامان</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="گٹھ:مواد (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">مواد</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%A8%DB%92_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="گٹھ:بے شکل ٹھوس (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">بے شکل ٹھوس</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%DA%BE:%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="گٹھ:صنعت">صنعت</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> ایس صفحے وچ آخری سودھ ۲۳ جون ۲۰۲۴ نوں ۱۸:۴۵ وجے ہوئی۔</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">لکھت <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">کریئیٹیو کامنز انتساب/ اکوجہے-شراکت لائسنس</a> دے ہیٹھ دستیاب اے، ہور شرطاں وی لاگو ہوسکدیاں نیں۔ ویروے لئی <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">ورتن شرطاں</a> دیکھو۔</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">پردہ داری</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%92">وکیپیڈیا بارے</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%DB%92">دعوے داری</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">ترقی دین والے</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pnb.wikipedia.org">انکڑے</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">کوکی تفصیلاں</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pnb.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">موبائیل سائٹ</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-v4897","wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.044","walltime":"0.071","ppvisitednodes":{"value":119,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":208,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":5,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":599,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3.755 1 سانچہ:حوالے","100.00% 3.755 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d9797f5d-rbdnt","timestamp":"20241120033811","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u06a9\u0646\u0686","url":"https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%86","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11469","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11469","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-08-31T04:33:38Z","dateModified":"2024-06-23T13:45:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10