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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_petroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_petroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contemporary petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Populations east of the Afanasievans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populations_east_of_the_Afanasievans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoepidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoepidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paleoepidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleoepidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_links_to_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_links_to_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Possible links to other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_links_to_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Successors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shirenzigou_culture_(410-190_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirenzigou_culture_(410-190_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Shirenzigou culture (410-190 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirenzigou_culture_(410-190_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afanasievo culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88" title="أفاناسيفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفاناسيفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasyev_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Afanasyev mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afanasyev mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আফানাসেভো সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফানাসেভো সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афанасьеўская археалагічная культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афанасьеўская археалагічная культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афанасиевска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афанасиевска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasjevsk%C3%A1_kultura" title="Afanasjevská kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afanasjevská kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanassjewo-Kultur" title="Afanassjewo-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afanassjewo-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Afan%C3%A1sievo" title="Cultura de Afanásievo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Afanásievo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanaseva_kulturo" title="Afanaseva kulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afanaseva kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88" title="فرهنگ آفاناسیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ آفاناسیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_d%27Afanasievo" title="Culture d'Afanasievo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture d'Afanasievo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%82%98%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90%EB%B3%B4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="아파나시에보 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파나시에보 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%87%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Աֆանասևյան մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆանասևյան մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_di_Afanasevo" title="Cultura di Afanasevo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura di Afanasevo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="აფანასევოს კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფანასევოს კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Афанасьев мәдениеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Афанасьев мәдениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Афанасьев маданияты – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Афанасьев маданияты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasjevo_kult%C5%ABra" title="Afanasjevo kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afanasjevo kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_Afanasevo" title="Cultur Afanasevo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur Afanasevo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanaszjev%C3%B3i_kult%C3%BAra" title="Afanaszjevói kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afanaszjevói kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афанасиевска култура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Афанасиевска култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Афанасьевийн соёл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Афанасьевийн соёл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasjevocultuur" title="Afanasjevocultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afanasjevocultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="アファナシェヴォ文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アファナシェヴォ文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasjevokulturen" title="Afanasjevokulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afanasjevokulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasyevo_madaniyati" title="Afanasyevo madaniyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afanasyevo madaniyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_afanasjewska" title="Kultura afanasjewska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura afanasjewska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афанасьевская культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афанасьевская культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasevon_kulttuuri" title="Afanasevon kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afanasevon kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasiyevo_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Afanasiyevo kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afanasiyevo kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Афанасьев культуразы – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Афанасьев культуразы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афанасіївська культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афанасіївська культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Afanasievo" title="Văn hóa 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Siberia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Afanasievo culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Afanasievo culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Afanasievo culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png/300px-Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png/450px-Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png/600px-Map_of_Afanasievo_Culture.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_3000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 3000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-3000</span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.491%;left:71.203%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shatar Chuluu"><img alt="Shatar Chuluu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/3px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/5px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/6px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="l0">Shatar Chuluu</div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.214%;left:71.203%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Altan Sandal"><img alt="Altan Sandal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/3px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/5px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/6px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="l0">Altan Sandal</div></div> <div class="od notheme" style="top:19.466%;left:61.932%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Afanasieva Gora"><img alt="Afanasieva Gora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/5px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/6px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div><div class="l0">Afanasieva Gora</div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.086%;left:58.763%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ukok Plateau"><img alt="Ukok Plateau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/3px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/5px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/6px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="l0">Ukok Plateau</div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.009%;left:58.779%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ürümqi"><img alt="Ürümqi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/3px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/5px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/6px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="l0">Ürümqi</div></div><div id="annotation_46x93" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:93px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_73x90" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Proto-<br />Elamite</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x85" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:85px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EBLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_282x75" style="position:absolute; left:282px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jeul-<br />mun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x95" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x30" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:30px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Corded Ware<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x40" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Yamnaya<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x65" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Kura-<br />Araxes</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x37" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:37px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Afanasievo<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x27" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:27px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Botai<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x27" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bolshemys_culture" title="Bolshemys culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Bolshemys<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x67" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:67px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarazm<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x40" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Ancient<br />Northeast Asians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Hongshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x75" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Long-<br />shan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_253x75" style="position:absolute; left:253px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Dawen-<br />kou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_260x93" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:93px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Liang-<br />zhu</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_206x73" style="position:absolute; left:206px; top:73px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Majia-<br />yao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x100" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Qujia-<br />ling</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x105" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EARLY<br />DYNASTIC<br />EGYPT</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Afanasievo culture and contemporary polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span>.<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_red_dot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/8px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/12px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/16px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span>: Original site of Gora Afanasieva, <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a> Afanasievo burials.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/8px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/12px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/16px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (Tuqiu) Afanasievo burials.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> also had Afanasievo burials and close genetic connection.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/8px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/12px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg/16px-Yellow_Dots_Golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span>: Afanasievo burials at Altan Sandal and <a href="/wiki/File:Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor,_central_Mongolia.jpg" title="File:Slab burial built of uprooted deer stones at the site of Shatar Chuluu in Bayankhongor, central Mongolia.jpg">Shatar Chuluu</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CJ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHRL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_sites_in_Western_Mongolia.png" title="File:Afanasievo sites in Western Mongolia.png"><i>Afanasievo sites in Mongolia</i></a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Afanasevo culture; Afanasevans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Siberia">South Siberia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">3300 BCE — 2500 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gora Afanasieva (<a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakol_culture" title="Karakol culture">Karakol culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Afanasievo culture</b>, or <b>Afanasevo culture</b> (<b>Afanasevan culture</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Афанасьевская культура</span> <i>Afanas'yevskaya</i> kul'tura), is an early <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of south <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, occupying the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Hollow" title="Minusinsk Hollow">Minusinsk Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">eneolithic</a> era, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300 to 2500 BCE. It is named after a nearby mountain, Gora Afanasieva (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Гора Афанасьева</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Afanasiev's mountain') in what is now <a href="/wiki/Bogradsky_District" title="Bogradsky District">Bogradsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, first excavated by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Teploukhov" title="Sergei Teploukhov">Sergei Teploukhov</a> in 1920-1929.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afanasievo burials have been found as far as Shatar Chuluu in central <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, confirming a further expansion about 1,500 km beyond the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CJ_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afanasievo culture is now considered as an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistory of Western and Central Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a> the Afanasevan population was descended from people who migrated c. 3700–3300 BCE across the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> from the pre-<a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Repin_culture" title="Repin culture">Repin culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony2010,_p=305-310_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony2010,_p=305-310-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered as "intrusive from the west", in respect to previous local Siberian cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Anthony, "The Afanasievo culture migration to the Altai was carried out by people with a Repin-type material culture, probably from the middle Volga-Ural region."<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony2010,_p=305-310_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony2010,_p=305-310-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study by F. Zhang and others found that early <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> from the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE were unrelated to the Afanasevians, and came from a genetically isolated population derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a>, that had borrowed agricultural and pastoral practices from neighboring peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangNing2021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangNing2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its geographical location and dating, Anthony and earlier scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Klejn" title="Leo Klejn">Leo Klejn</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a> have linked the Afanasevans to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony2010,_p=264–265,_308_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony2010,_p=264–265,_308-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MalloryMair2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalloryMair2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afanasievan ancestry persisted in <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> at least until the second half of the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangNing2021_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangNing2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou culture</a> (410–190 BC), just northeast of the Tarim Basin, also appears to have been derived from the Afanasievans, which, in addition to linguistics, further reinforces an Afanasievo hypothesis for the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_sites">Archaeological sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_(403,2_%D0%BC),_view_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg/121px-Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg/182px-Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg/242px-Gora_Afanasieva_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28403%2C2_%D0%BC%29%2C_view_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gora Afanasieva (<a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hermitage_Museum_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermitage_Museum-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg/121px-Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg/182px-Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg/242px-Ukok_Plateau_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor,_central_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg/138px-Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg/207px-Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg/276px-Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor%2C_central_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="2090" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shatar Chuluu<br />(Central <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_kurgan_(Khuurai_gobi_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg/275px-Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg/413px-Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg/550px-Afanasievo_kurgan_%28Khuurai_gobi_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg/109px-Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg/164px-Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg/218px-Afanasievo_burial_in_kurgan_Khuurai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="3130" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Afanasyevo burial at <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khuurai_Gobi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khuurai Gobi">Khuurai Gobi 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, circa 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The first Afanasievo archaeological site was found near the mountain of Gora Afanasieva (<a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a>). It was excavated in 1920-1929 by Russian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Teploukhov" title="Sergei Teploukhov">Sergei Teploukhov</a>, and the newly discovered culture was named after the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Afanasievo site was on the first floodplain terrace of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei river">Yenisei river</a> near Gora Afanasieva, 1 km to the southeast from the village of Bateni-Yarki, and is now submerged in the flood zone of the <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Reservoir" title="Krasnoyarsk Reservoir">Krasnoyarsk Reservoir</a> since 1960-67.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermitage_Museum_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermitage_Museum-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other Afanasievo sites were found in the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as far south as the area around <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (Tuqiu), near the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the area of <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area from the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> is the main area of Afanasievo occupation, but recently, Afanasievo burials were found as far east as Altan Sandal and <a href="/wiki/File:Slab_burial_built_of_uprooted_deer_stones_at_the_site_of_Shatar_Chuluu_in_Bayankhongor,_central_Mongolia.jpg" title="File:Slab burial built of uprooted deer stones at the site of Shatar Chuluu in Bayankhongor, central Mongolia.jpg">Shatar Chuluu</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, confirming an eastward expansion about 1,500 km beyond the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and beyond the previously known area of occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-CJ_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHRL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional archaeological understanding tended to date the Afanasievo culture at around 2500–2000 BC. However <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon</a> gave dates as early as 3705 BC on wooden tools and 2874 BC on human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest of these dates have now been rejected, giving a date of around 3300 BC for the start of the culture, and 2500 BC for its termination.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:453px;max-width:453px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg/451px-Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg" decoding="async" width="451" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg/677px-Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg/902px-Carbon_dating_of_Afanasievo_burials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Carbon dating of Afanasievo burials.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_(Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates,_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/333px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/500px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/666px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg/220px-Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg/330px-Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg/440px-Afanasievo_display_translation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Afanasievo culture display in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Altai_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of the Altai Republic">National Museum of the Altai Republic</a> (translated)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mass graves were not usual for this culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afanasievo cemeteries include both single and small collective burials with the deceased usually flexed on their back in a pit. The burial pits are arranged in rectangular, sometimes circular, enclosures marked by stone walls. It has been argued that the burials represent family burial plots with four or five enclosures constituting the local social group. </p><p>The Afanasievo economy included <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>. Horse remains, either wild or domestic, have also been found. The Afanasievo people became the first food-producers in the area. Tools were manufactured from stone (axes, arrowheads), bone (fish-hooks, points) and antler. Among the antler pieces are objects that have been identified as possible cheek-pieces for horses. Artistic representations of wheeled vehicles found in the area has been attributed to the Afanasievo culture. Ornaments of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afanasievans are now considered as the earliest herders of East Asia, who were instrumental in the establishment of the long tradition of pastorialism in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rise also corresponds with the appareance of domesticated sheep, goats, and cattle, which marks the earliest spread of Near Eastern domesticated animals and pastoralism to Inner Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also introduced the initial practice of copper and bronze metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afanasievo burials include metal artifacts in copper, bronze (awls, knives), gold and silver, as well the remains of disassembled carts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WTT_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTT-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afanasievos may have used cattle-drawn wagons, as did Yamnaya communities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1172px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afanasievo ceramic vessels, National Museum of the Altai Republic"><img alt="Afanasievo ceramic vessels, National Museum of the Altai Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Afanasievo_ceramic_vessels_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4418" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afanasievo ceramic vessels, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Altai_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of the Altai Republic">National Museum of the Altai Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_utensils_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afanasievo utensils, National Museum of the Altai Republic"><img alt="Afanasievo utensils, National Museum of the Altai Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Afanasievo_utensils_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afanasievo utensils, National Museum of the Altai Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_bronze_Age,_bronze_knife_and_awl,_3000_BCE,_Khuurai_Gobi,_Western_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze knife and bronze awl from the Afanasievo burial of Khuurai Gobi,[36][37] Bayan-Ölgii Province, 3000 BCE. National Museum of Mongolia.[38]"><img alt="Bronze knife and bronze awl from the Afanasievo burial of Khuurai Gobi,[36][37] Bayan-Ölgii Province, 3000 BCE. National Museum of Mongolia.[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg/122px-Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg/184px-Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg/245px-Early_bronze_Age%2C_bronze_knife_and_awl%2C_3000_BCE%2C_Khuurai_Gobi%2C_Western_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze knife and bronze awl from the Afanasievo burial of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khuurai_Gobi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khuurai Gobi">Khuurai Gobi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a>, 3000 BCE. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mongolia" title="National Museum of Mongolia">National Museum of Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_culture_metalwork,_ceramics_and_burials.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Afanasievo metalwork, ceramics and burials"><img alt="Afanasievo metalwork, ceramics and burials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png/145px-Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png/218px-Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png/291px-Afanasievo_culture_metalwork%2C_ceramics_and_burials.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Afanasievo metalwork, ceramics and burials</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_petroglyphs">Contemporary petroglyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary petroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Petroglyphs of animals are associated to the area and period of the Afanasievo culture and share similarities with petroglyphs found in western and central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age,_3000_BC,_Domesticating_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic"><img alt="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg/200px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg/300px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg/400px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Domesticating_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="3253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Altai_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of the Altai Republic">National Museum of the Altai Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age,_3000_BC,_Hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Övörkhangai Province, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic"><img alt="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Övörkhangai Province, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg/152px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg/228px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg/303px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="4058" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96v%C3%B6rkhangai_Province" title="Övörkhangai Province">Övörkhangai Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Altai_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of the Altai Republic">National Museum of the Altai Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age,_3000_BC,_Hunting_(35326419780).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic"><img alt="Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, Mongolia. National Museum of the Altai Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg/154px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg/231px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg/309px-Bronze_Age%2C_3000_BC%2C_Hunting_%2835326419780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="3755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animal hunting, 3000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Altai_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of the Altai Republic">National Museum of the Altai Republic</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:402px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:400px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Migration of Yamnaya-related people, according to Anthony (2007),[41] 2017;[42] Narasimhan et al. (2019);[43] Nordqvist and Heyd (2020):[44] * 3000 BC: Initial eastward migration initiating the Afanasievo culture, possibly Proto-Tocharian. * 2900 BC: North-westward migrations carrying Corded Ware culture, transforming into Bell Beaker; according to Anthony, westward migration west of Carpatians into Hungary as Yamnaya, transforming into Bell Beaker, possibly ancestral to Italo-Celtic (disputed). * 2700 BC: Second eastward migration starting east of Carpatian mountains as Corded Ware, transforming into Fatyanovo-Balanova (2800 BCE) -> Abashevo (2200 BCE)-> Sintashta (2100-1900 BCE)-> Andronovo (1900-1700 BCE) -> Indo-Aryans."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/400px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/600px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/800px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_255x14" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:14px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#FF4500;">Afanasievo<br />culture</span></div> <div id="annotation_210x105" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#FF4500;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_175x78" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:78px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/400px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/600px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg/800px-Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya-related_migrations.jpg" title="File:Yamnaya-related migrations.jpg"> </a></div>Migration of Yamnaya-related people, according to Anthony (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narasimhan et al. (2019);<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nordqvist and Heyd (2020):<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <ul><li>3000 BC: Initial eastward migration initiating the Afanasievo culture, possibly <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tocharian">Proto-Tocharian</a>.</li> <li>2900 BC: North-westward migrations carrying <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, transforming into <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker">Bell Beaker</a>; according to Anthony, westward migration west of Carpatians into Hungary as Yamnaya, transforming into <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker">Bell Beaker</a>, possibly ancestral to <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a> (disputed).</li> <li>2700 BC: Second eastward migration starting east of Carpatian mountains as Corded Ware, transforming into <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo-Balanova</a> (2800 BCE) -> <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo</a> (2200 BCE)-> <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a> (2100-1900 BCE)-> <a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a> (1900-1700 BCE) -> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a>.</li></ul></div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_individual,_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg/220px-Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg/330px-Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg/440px-Afanasievo_individual%2C_Bertek-33_Kurgan_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Afanasievo individual, Bertek-33, Kurgan 3, <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The analysis of the full genome of Afanasievo individuals has shown that they were genetically very close to the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya population</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mathieson2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathieson2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afanasievo and Yamnaya populations were much more similar to each other than to groups geographically located between the two (which unlike Afanasievo samples carried a large amount of ancestry from eastern Siberian hunter-gatherers). This indicates that the Afanasievo culture was brought to the Altai region via migration from the western Eurasian steppe, which occurred with little admixture from local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Altai mountains, steppe-derived Afanasievo ancestry spread to the east into Mongolia and to the south into <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. The Yamnaya-related lineages and ancestry in Afanasievo disappeared in the course of the Bronze Age in the Altai region and Mongolia, being replaced by the migrating populations from the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> arriving from the west. In <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>, Afanasievo-related ancestry persisted at least into the late first millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afanasievo people, accompanied by their pastoralist technologies, are one of the major foreign contributors to the genetic profile of the modern northwestern Chinese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Previously cited a preprint (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_haplogroups">Paternal haplogroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paternal haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genetic closeness of the Yamnaya and Afanasievo populations is also mirrored in the <a href="/wiki/Uniparental_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniparental marker">uniparental</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>, especially in the predominance of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimhan2019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_haplogroups">Maternal haplogroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maternal haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study analyzed the maternal haplogroups of 7 Afanasievo specimens. 71% belonged to West Eurasian maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup R (mtDNA)">R</a>, while 29% belonged to the East Eurasian maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populations_east_of_the_Afanasievans">Populations east of the Afanasievans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Populations east of the Afanasievans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afanasievo burials are recorded as far as central Mongolia, at the sites of Altan Sandal and Shatar Chuluu.<sup id="cite_ref-CJ_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHRL_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To their east, in the modern area of eastern Mongolia and beyond, resided Neolithic cultures of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a>, probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asians</a>, who were the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a> of eastern Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoepidemiology">Paleoepidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paleoepidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Afanasevo Gora, two strains of <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> have been extracted from human teeth. One is dated 2909–2679 BCE; the other, 2887–2677 BCE. Both are from the same (mass) grave of seven people, and are presumed near-contemporary.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strain's genes express <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a>, which triggers the human immune response; so it was not a bubonic plague.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_links_to_other_cultures">Possible links to other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possible links to other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png/330px-PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png/495px-PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png/660px-PC_Analysis_Afanasievo.png 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Genetic proximity of the Afanasievo culture (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#008000"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#008000;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) with ancient (color) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail).<sup id="cite_ref-ZhangNing2021_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhangNing2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png/330px-Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png/495px-Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png/660px-Admixture_proportions_of_Afanasievo_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Admixture proportions of Afanasievo populations. They combined <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter Gatherer">Eastern Hunter Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#00bfff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> EHG), <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#228b22"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#228B22;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> CHG) and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian Neolithic</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffa500"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFA500;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) ancestry, and were almost identical with <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its numerous traits attributed to the early Indo-Europeans, like metal-use, horses and wheeled vehicles, and cultural relations with <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> steppe cultures, the Afanasevans are believed to have been Indo-European-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were genetically similar to the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> populations of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021256–261,_Fig.2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021256–261,_Fig.2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic studies have demonstrated a discontinuity between Afanasievo and the succeeding Siberian-originating <a href="/wiki/Okunevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okunevo culture">Okunevo culture</a>, as well as genetic differences between Afanasievo and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genomic study published in 2021 found that the population of earliest Tarim Basin cultures (the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>) had high levels of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> ancestry and no connection with Afanasievo populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous scholars have suggested that the Afanasievo culture may be responsible for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JR375_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR375-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keay_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, contacts between the Afanasievo culture and the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> are considered for the transmission of bronze technology.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afanasievo culture may also display cultural borrowings from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a> culture (c. 4000 BCE), particularly in the area of painted pottery, suggesting influence from the Far East, specifically from Neolithic China, on the Afanasievo culture and other cultural complexes in the Middle Yenisei region.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and to the southeast, Afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a> for some time, as some of their burials are contemporary and some of the artifacts of the burials coincide.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the north, the Afanasievo culture was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a>, which is considered as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian peoples">Paleosiberian</a> local non-Indo-European forest culture into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Okunev culture nevertheless displays influences from the earlier Afanasievo culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was subsequently occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk cultures</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Central_Asian_Arts-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_Stone_Age_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Stone_Age-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allentoft et al. (2015) confirmed that the Afanasevo culture was replaced by the second wave of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis#Central_Asia" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> during late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andronovo_culture_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andronovo_culture-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andronovo population was found to be genetically related, but clearly distinct from the Afanasievo population.<sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars propose the Afanasievo culture as the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, who lived on the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China) in the first millennium AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a> are believed to have become extinct during the 9th century AD. The Indo-European speaking Tocharian peoples of the Tarim city-states then intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a>, whose Old Uyghur language spread through the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shirenzigou_culture_(410-190_BCE)"><span id="Shirenzigou_culture_.28410-190_BCE.29"></span>Shirenzigou culture (410-190 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shirenzigou culture (410-190 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirenzigou_panorama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/220px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/330px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/440px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Surroundings of the Shirenzigou archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Barkol_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkol County">Barkol County</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou culture</a></div> <p>Genetic studies on Iron Age individuals of the <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirenzigou">Shirenzigou</a> site dated to circa 200 BCE have shown a fairly balanced admixture between the West Eurasian and East Eurasian genetic pools.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Eurasian component was <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a>-related, while the East Eurasian component was Northeast Asian-related. The Yamnaya component suggest a strong probability that the Shirenzigou populations were derived from the Afanasievo culture to the north, and spoke an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CN_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reinforces an Afanasievo hypothesis for the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, often called the "Steppe hypotheses", rather than an hypotheses favouring <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> origins, the "Bactrian Oasis hypotheses".<sup id="cite_ref-CN_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_Afanasievo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Timeline_Afanasievo.png/220px-Timeline_Afanasievo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Timeline_Afanasievo.png/330px-Timeline_Afanasievo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Timeline_Afanasievo.png/440px-Timeline_Afanasievo.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of Afanasievo and later cultures in western and central Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allentoft et al. (2015) sampled four females from the Afanasievo culture, two individuals carried mtDNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">haplogroup J2a2a</a>, one carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2c1a2</a>, and one carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5a1a1</a>. Narasimhan et al. (2019) analyzed the remains of 24 individuals ascribed to the Afanasievo culture. Of the 14 samples of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> extracted, 10 belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1a1a2a2</a>, 1 to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1a1a2a</a>, and 3 belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q1a2</a>. The <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> samples belonged to subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a> (particularly of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a>), along with <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andronovo_culture-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andronovo_culture_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Allentoft and coauthors (2015): "Afanasievo culture persisted in central Asia and, perhaps, Mongolia and China until they themselves were replaced by fierce warriors in chariots called the Sintashta (also known as the Andronovo culture)".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSvyatkoMalloryMurphyPolyakov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727134342/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2/S0033822200033798a.pdf/div-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf">"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 243–273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Radcb..51..243S">2009Radcb..51..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200033798">10.1017/S0033822200033798</a>. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+and+a+Review+of+the+Chronology+of+Prehistoric+Populations+from+the+Minusinsk+Basin%2C+Southern+Siberia%2C+Russia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-273&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200033798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Radcb..51..243S&rft.aulast=Svyatko&rft.aufirst=Svetlana+V&rft.au=Mallory%2C+James+P&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen+M&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+Andrey+V&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Paula+J&rft.au=Schulting%2C+Rick+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2%2FS0033822200033798a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilipenkoTrapezovCherdantsevPilipenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pilipenko, A. S.; Trapezov, R. O.; Cherdantsev, S. V.; Pilipenko, I. V.; Zhuravlev, A. A.; Pristyazhnyuk, M. S.; Molodin, V. I. (31 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.146-154">"The Paleogenetic Study of Bertek-33, an Afanasyevo Cemetery on the Ukok Plateau, the Altai Mountains"</a>. <i>Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 146–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17746%2F1563-0110.2020.48.4.146-154">10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.146-154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1563-0110">1563-0110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+%26+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=The+Paleogenetic+Study+of+Bertek-33%2C+an+Afanasyevo+Cemetery+on+the+Ukok+Plateau%2C+the+Altai+Mountains&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=146-154&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17746%2F1563-0110.2020.48.4.146-154&rft.issn=1563-0110&rft.aulast=Pilipenko&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Trapezov%2C+R.+O.&rft.au=Cherdantsev%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Pilipenko%2C+I.+V.&rft.au=Zhuravlev%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Pristyazhnyuk%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Molodin%2C+V.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17746%2F1563-0110.2020.48.4.146-154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Prehistory_of_the_Silk_Road_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmina2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuzmina, E. E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FzANyya1BEC&pg=PA95"><i>The Prehistory of the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4041-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-4041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4041-2&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FzANyya1BEC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumani_Dupuy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Doumani Dupuy, Paula N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02872-1">"The unexpected ancestry of Inner Asian mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 204–206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.599..204D">2021Natur.599..204D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02872-1">10.1038/d41586-021-02872-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34707262">34707262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240072156">240072156</a>. <q>Afanasievo cemeteries have been found in the Dzungarian Basin, and Zhang and co-workers found that individuals from some Dzungarian cemeteries share a close genetic relationship to west Eurasian (Afanasievo) populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+ancestry+of+Inner+Asian+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=204-206&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02872-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240072156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34707262&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.599..204D&rft.aulast=Doumani+Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Paula+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-021-02872-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJ_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <q>Although the majority of Afanasievo burials reported to date are located in the Altai mountains and Upper Yenisei regions, the Early Bronze Age (EBA) site of Shatar Chuluu in the southern Khangai Mountains of central Mongolia has yielded Afanasievo-style graves with proteomic evidence of ruminant milk consumption (Wilkin et al., 2020a) and a western Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroup (Rogers et al., 2020). Analyzing two of these individuals (Afanasievo_Mongolia, 3112–2917 cal. BCE), we find that their genetic profiles are indistinguishable from that of published Afanasievo individuals from the Yenisei region (Allentoft et al., 2015; Narasimhan et al., 2019) (Figure 2; Figure S5C; Table S5B), and thus these two Afanasievo individuals confirm that the EBA expansion of Western Steppe herders (WSH) extended a further 1,500 km eastward beyond the Altai into the heart of central Mongolia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHRL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHRL_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHRL_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHRL_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoneychurchRogersAmartuvshinDiimaajav2021" class="citation journal cs1">Honeychurch, William; 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90.963965</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allentoft_2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allentoft_2015_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoft2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/123456789/13155/2/nature14507.pdf">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>522</b> (7555). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F13155%2F2%2Fnature14507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadetskaya,_E.Polyakov,_A.Stepanova,_N.2014" class="citation book cs1">Vadetskaya, E.; 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P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964982" title="Special:BookSources/1884964982"><bdi>1884964982</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1884964982&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony2010,_p=264–265,_308-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony2010,_p=264–265,_308_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 264–265, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400831104" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400831104"><bdi>978-1400831104</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=264-265%2C+308&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1400831104&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FDqf415wqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalloryMair2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MalloryMair2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. 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London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1"><bdi>0-500-05101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-500-05101-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Klejn" title="Leo Klejn">Клейн Л. С.</a></i> Миграция тохаров в свете археологии // Stratum plus. Т. 2. С. 178—187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CN_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CN_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNingWangGaoYang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ning, Chao; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Gao, Shizhu; Yang, Yang; Zhang, Xue; Wu, Xiyan; Zhang, Fan; Nie, Zhongzhi; Tang, Yunpeng; Robbeets, Martine; Ma, Jian; Krause, Johannes; Cui, Yinqiu (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.044">"Ancient Genomes Reveal Yamnaya-Related Ancestry and a Potential Source of Indo-European Speakers in Iron Age Tianshan"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (15): 2526–2532.e4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2526N">2019CBio...29E2526N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.044">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31353181">31353181</a>. <q>Our results suggest that the Yamnaya and/or Afanasievo-related ancestry expanded further south through the Dzungarian Basin into the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang since at least the second millennium BCE and thus support the "Steppe hypothesis" for the early peopling of Xinjiang.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+Genomes+Reveal+Yamnaya-Related+Ancestry+and+a+Potential+Source+of+Indo-European+Speakers+in+Iron+Age+Tianshan&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2526-2532.e4&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.044&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31353181&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2526N&rft.aulast=Ning&rft.aufirst=Chao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Gao%2C+Shizhu&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xue&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiyan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fan&rft.au=Nie%2C+Zhongzhi&rft.au=Tang%2C+Yunpeng&rft.au=Robbeets%2C+Martine&rft.au=Ma%2C+Jian&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Cui%2C+Yinqiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D">21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <q>Afanasievo (3150-2750 BCE). (...) The burial mounds at Khuurai Gobi 1 and Ulaankhus (Bayan-Ulgii province, western Mongolia; not sampled in this study) exhibit typical Afanasievo architectural features.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarinner2022" class="citation web cs1">Warinner, Christina (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmond.mpg.de/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.17617/3.MNIWUP">"Dataset for "A dynamic 6,000-year genetic history of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Hermitage Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hermitage&rft.atitle=Afanasievo+site+Digital+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hermitage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeoglobus.sfu-kras.ru%2Fen%2Fmonument%2Fmogilnik-afanasevo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvyatkoMalloryMurphyPolyakov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727134342/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2/S0033822200033798a.pdf/div-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf">"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 243–273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Radcb..51..243S">2009Radcb..51..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200033798">10.1017/S0033822200033798</a>. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+and+a+Review+of+the+Chronology+of+Prehistoric+Populations+from+the+Minusinsk+Basin%2C+Southern+Siberia%2C+Russia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-273&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200033798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Radcb..51..243S&rft.aulast=Svyatko&rft.aufirst=Svetlana+V&rft.au=Mallory%2C+James+P&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen+M&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+Andrey+V&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Paula+J&rft.au=Schulting%2C+Rick+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2%2FS0033822200033798a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Afanasievo_sites_in_Western_Mongolia.png" title="File:Afanasievo sites in Western Mongolia.png"><i>Afanasievo sites in Mongolia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvyatko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Svyatko, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qub.academia.edu/EileenMurphy/Papers/607411/New_radiocarbon_dates_and_a_review_of_the_chronology_of_prehistoric_populations_from_the_Minusinsk_Basin_Southern_Siberia_Russia">"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>2009</b> (1): 243–273 & appendix I p.266. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Radcb..51..243S">2009Radcb..51..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200033798">10.1017/S0033822200033798</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+and+a+Review+of+the+Chronology+of+Prehistoric+Populations+from+the+Minusinsk+Basin%2C+Southern+Siberia%2C+Russia&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-273+%26+appendix+I+p.266&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200033798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Radcb..51..243S&rft.aulast=Svyatko&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqub.academia.edu%2FEileenMurphy%2FPapers%2F607411%2FNew_radiocarbon_dates_and_a_review_of_the_chronology_of_prehistoric_populations_from_the_Minusinsk_Basin_Southern_Siberia_Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, D. W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jolr.ru/files/(104)jlr2013-9(1-21).pdf">"Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>9</b>: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-090105">10.31826/jlr-2013-090105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688206">212688206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Two+IE+phylogenies%2C+three+PIE+migrations%2C+and+four+kinds+of+steppe+pastoralism&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-090105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jolr.ru%2Ffiles%2F%28104%29jlr2013-9%281-21%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, William (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834239">"Radiocarbon dating and cultural dynamics across Mongolia's early pastoral transition"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>14</b> (11): e0224241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1424241T">2019PLoSO..1424241T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0224241">10.1371/journal.pone.0224241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834239">6834239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31693700">31693700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+dating+and+cultural+dynamics+across+Mongolia%27s+early+pastoral+transition&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e0224241&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6834239%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1424241T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31693700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0224241&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6834239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvyatkoMalloryMurphyPolyakov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727134342/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2/S0033822200033798a.pdf/div-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf">"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 243–273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Radcb..51..243S">2009Radcb..51..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200033798">10.1017/S0033822200033798</a>. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+and+a+Review+of+the+Chronology+of+Prehistoric+Populations+from+the+Minusinsk+Basin%2C+Southern+Siberia%2C+Russia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-273&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200033798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Radcb..51..243S&rft.aulast=Svyatko&rft.aufirst=Svetlana+V&rft.au=Mallory%2C+James+P&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen+M&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+Andrey+V&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Paula+J&rft.au=Schulting%2C+Rick+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2%2FS0033822200033798a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, S15-16. These samples are marked "RISE509" and "RISE511".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FA_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FA_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoneychurchRogersAmartuvshinDiimaajav2021" class="citation journal cs1">Honeychurch, William; Rogers, Leland; Amartuvshin, Chunag; Diimaajav, Erdenebaatar; Erdene-Ochir, Nasan-Ochir; Hall, Mark E.; Hrivnyak, Michelle (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264">"The earliest herders of East Asia: Examining Afanasievo entry to Central Mongolia"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>26</b>: 100264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264">10.1016/j.ara.2021.100264</a></span>. <q>The Afanasievo world reportedly overlaps the borders of five nations including two countries of East Asia: Mongolia and China. Across these several regions, the first appearance of domestic herd animals (sheep, goat, cattle) and the initial practice of copper and bronze metallurgy are associated with Afanasievo communities. Since mobile pastoralism has long been a significant part of the Mongolian cultural tradition the question of when, where, and how Afanasievo groups entered Mongolia is of extreme interest to archaeologists.(...) We argue that the impact of Afanasievo entry into East Asia was a transformative process but must be understood in the context of significant innovations made by East Asian indigenous communities, eventually leading to a unique form of eastern steppe pastoralism in Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=The+earliest+herders+of+East+Asia%3A+Examining+Afanasievo+entry+to+Central+Mongolia&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=100264&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264&rft.aulast=Honeychurch&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Leland&rft.au=Amartuvshin%2C+Chunag&rft.au=Diimaajav%2C+Erdenebaatar&rft.au=Erdene-Ochir%2C+Nasan-Ochir&rft.au=Hall%2C+Mark+E.&rft.au=Hrivnyak%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ara.2021.100264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermesTishkinKosintsevStepanova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hermes, Taylor R.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Makarewicz, Cheryl A. (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226720301781">"Mitochondrial DNA of domesticated sheep confirms pastoralist component of Afanasievo subsistence economy in the Altai Mountains (3300–2900 cal BC)"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>24</b>: 100232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2020.100232">10.1016/j.ara.2020.100232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-2267">2352-2267</a>. <q>The emergence of the Afanasievo culture in the Altai Mountains appears to have coincided with the arrival of domesticated sheep, goats, and cattle. (...) This research provides an important chronological point of reference for the earliest spread of Near Eastern domesticated animals to Inner Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+of+domesticated+sheep+confirms+pastoralist+component+of+Afanasievo+subsistence+economy+in+the+Altai+Mountains+%283300%E2%80%932900+cal+BC%29&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=100232&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2020.100232&rft.issn=2352-2267&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.aufirst=Taylor+R.&rft.au=Tishkin%2C+Alexey+A.&rft.au=Kosintsev%2C+Pavel+A.&rft.au=Stepanova%2C+Nadezhda+F.&rft.au=Krause-Kyora%2C+Ben&rft.au=Makarewicz%2C+Cheryl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS2352226720301781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <q>In addition to domestic animal remains, Afanasievo burial mounds contain egg-shaped pottery vessels, and sometimes include metal artifacts (from copper, gold, and silver) and apparent deconstructed cart objects (Kovalev and Erdenebaatar, 2009).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovalev, A. A., and Erdenebaatar, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/discovery-of-new-cultures-of-the-bronze-age-in-mongolia.html?page=1">Discovery of new cultures of the Bronze Age in Mongolia according to the data obtained by the international Central Asian archaeological expedition</a>. In Bemmann, J., Parzinger, H., Pohl, E., and Tseveendorzh, D. (eds.), Current Archaeological Research in Mongolia, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, pp. 149–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTT-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WTT_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorClarkBayarsaikhanTuvshinjargal2020" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Clark, Julia; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Tuvshinjargal, Tumurbaatar; Jobe, Jessica Thompson; Fitzhugh, William; Kortum, Richard; Spengler, Robert N.; Shnaider, Svetlana; Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Hart, Isaac; Case, Nicholas; Wilkin, Shevan; Hendy, Jessica; Thuering, Ulrike; Miller, Bryan; Miller, Alicia R. Ventresca; Picin, Andrea; Vanwezer, Nils; Irmer, Franziska; Brown, Samantha; Abdykanova, Aida; Shultz, Daniel R.; Pham, Victoria; Bunce, Michael; Douka, Katerina; Jones, Emily Lena; Boivin, Nicole (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6976682">"Early Pastoral Economies and Herding Transitions in Eastern Eurasia"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.1001T">2020NatSR..10.1001T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-57735-y">10.1038/s41598-020-57735-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0005-8939-1">21.11116/0000-0005-8939-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6976682">6976682</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31969593">31969593</a>. <q>The earliest circumstantial evidence for herding lifeways in Mongolia can be traced to ca. 3000 BCE, when burials attributed to the Afanasievo cultural horizon can be found in some areas of western and central Mongolia. These tombs contain the remains of disassembled carts as well as sheep and cattle bones, findings that has been drawn upon to infer that western animal domesticates were likely introduced to the Eastern Steppes of Mongolia at this time, although some scholars suggest that domestic sheep may have already been present in some areas of northern China as early as ca. 3700 BCE. Petroglyphs depicting tethered cattle, cattle carts, and horses have been found depicted on stones used to construct ritual and funerary sites from the Middle Bronze Age Chemurchek culture in western Mongolia and at least one of these features, dated to the early second millennium BCE, contains equine skeletal remains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Early+Pastoral+Economies+and+Herding+Transitions+in+Eastern+Eurasia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1001&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6976682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.1001T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-57735-y&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31969593&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0005-8939-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=William+Timothy+Treal&rft.au=Clark%2C+Julia&rft.au=Bayarsaikhan%2C+Jamsranjav&rft.au=Tuvshinjargal%2C+Tumurbaatar&rft.au=Jobe%2C+Jessica+Thompson&rft.au=Fitzhugh%2C+William&rft.au=Kortum%2C+Richard&rft.au=Spengler%2C+Robert+N.&rft.au=Shnaider%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Seersholm%2C+Frederik+Valeur&rft.au=Hart%2C+Isaac&rft.au=Case%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft.au=Hendy%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Thuering%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryan&rft.au=Miller%2C+Alicia+R.+Ventresca&rft.au=Picin%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Vanwezer%2C+Nils&rft.au=Irmer%2C+Franziska&rft.au=Brown%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Abdykanova%2C+Aida&rft.au=Shultz%2C+Daniel+R.&rft.au=Pham%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Bunce%2C+Michael&rft.au=Douka%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Jones%2C+Emily+Lena&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6976682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoneychurch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Honeychurch, William (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264">"The earliest herders of East Asia: Examining Afanasievo entry to Central Mongolia"</a>. <i>Archaeological Research in Asia</i>. <b>26</b>: 100264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264">10.1016/j.ara.2021.100264</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-2267">2352-2267</a>. <q>Yamnaya herding communities and their cattle-drawn wagons (c.3300-2600 BC) are associated with Afanasievo groups based on clear similarities...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=The+earliest+herders+of+East+Asia%3A+Examining+Afanasievo+entry+to+Central+Mongolia&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=100264&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2021.100264&rft.issn=2352-2267&rft.aulast=Honeychurch&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ara.2021.100264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <q>Migrating Yamnaya/Afanasievo steppe herders, equipped with carts and domestic livestock (Kovalev and Erdenebaatar, 2009), appear to have first...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <q>Afanasievo (3150-2750 BCE). (...) The burial mounds at Khuurai Gobi 1 and Ulaankhus (Bayan-Ulgii province, western Mongolia; not sampled in this study) exhibit typical Afanasievo architectural features.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinduffSunCaoLiu2018" class="citation book cs1">Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death on the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4"><bdi>978-1-108-41861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+its+Eurasian+Neighbors%3A+Artifacts%2C+Identity+and+Death+on+the+Frontier%2C+3000%E2%80%93700+BCE&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41861-4&rft.aulast=Linduff&rft.aufirst=Katheryn+M.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yan&rft.au=Cao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuanqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeo4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Bronze_Age_Artifacts_(35583007011).jpg" title="File:Early Bronze Age Artifacts (35583007011).jpg">National Museum of Mongolia, museum notice</a> (Items 2 and 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustinová2018" class="citation journal cs1">Augustinová, Anna (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40176529">"IBEXES ON BLACK STONES: NEW PETROGLYPHS IN SURKHANDARYA (South Uzbekistan)"</a>. <i>Art of the Orient</i>. <b>7</b>: 83–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15804%2Faoto201805">10.15804/aoto201805</a></span>. <q>Yet another analogy comes from the more distant region—Ukok Plateau in the Altai Mountains—the stylistic similarity is obvious and in the context of the nomadic societies that cover long distances, it is not incomprehensible. Here, depicted goats and ibexes, similar to those in the piedmonts of the Kugitang, have been dated to the south Siberian Late Bronze Age, represented in the area by the Afanasievo culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=IBEXES+ON+BLACK+STONES%3A+NEW+PETROGLYPHS+IN+SURKHANDARYA+%28South+Uzbekistan%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=83-96&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15804%2Faoto201805&rft.aulast=Augustinov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40176529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiklashevich2003" class="citation book cs1">Miklashevich, Elena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockart-studies.ru/pdf/miklashevich_e._news%20of%20the%20world%20i.pdf"><i>"Rock art research in North and Central Asia, 1990-1995" in Rock Art Studies: News of the World 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxbow books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842170878" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842170878"><bdi>978-1842170878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Rock+art+research+in+North+and+Central+Asia%2C+1990-1995%22+in+Rock+Art+Studies%3A+News+of+the+World+2&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxbow+books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1842170878&rft.aulast=Miklashevich&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frockart-studies.ru%2Fpdf%2Fmiklashevich_e._news%2520of%2520the%2520world%2520i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W. (2007), <i>The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+The+Wheel+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2017" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35405459">"Archaeology and Language: Why Archaeologists Care About the Indo-European Problem"</a>, in Crabtree, P.J.; Bogucki, P. (eds.), <i>European Archaeology as Anthropology: Essays in Memory of Bernard Wailes</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Language%3A+Why+Archaeologists+Care+About+the+Indo-European+Problem&rft.btitle=European+Archaeology+as+Anthropology%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Bernard+Wailes&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35405459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>365</b> (6457). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordgvistHeyd2020" class="citation cs2">Nordgvist; Heyd (2020), "The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context", <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>, <b>86</b>: 65–93, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fppr.2020.9">10.1017/ppr.2020.9</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228923806">228923806</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Child+of+the+Wider+Corded+Ware+Family%3A+Russian+Fatyanovo+Culture+in+Context&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=65-93&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fppr.2020.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228923806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nordgvist&rft.au=Heyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathieson2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathieson2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain (23 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>528</b> (7583). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 499–503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.528..499M">2015Natur.528..499M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16152">10.1038/nature16152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">4918750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595274">26595274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+patterns+of+selection+in+230+ancient+Eurasians&rft.volume=528&rft.issue=7583&rft.pages=499-503&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26595274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.528..499M&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narasimhan2019-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimhan2019_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>365</b> (6457). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F292581">10.1101/292581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F292581%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhan2019, Supplementary Information, p. 235: "Based on the PCA and ADMIXTURE plots, we observe that the individuals from Kanai_MBA, Okunevo_BA.AG, and Central_Steppe_EMBA.SG are genetically homogenous, and as expected based on the geography, more closely related to ESHGs than to WSHGs. In contrast to these individuals, individuals from the Afanasievo culture appear to be genetically similar to those from the western Steppe, consistent with the hypothesis of population movement from the west to the east that leapfrogged the intervening groups with primarily ancestry related to Central_Steppe_EMBA."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangNing2021">Zhang & Ning 2021</a>: "Taken together, these results indicate that the early dispersal of the Afanasievo herders into Dzungaria was accompanied by a substantial level of genetic mixing with local autochthonous populations, a pattern distinct from that of the initial formation of the Afanasievo culture in southern Siberia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangYehPopovZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander N.; Zhang, Hu-Qin; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Sirak, Kendra; Cheronet, Olivia; Kovalev, Alexey; Rohland, Nadin; Kim, Alexander M.; Mallick, Swapan (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7993749">"Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>591</b> (7850): 413–419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.591..413W">2021Natur.591..413W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03336-2">10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7993749">7993749</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33618348">33618348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genomic+insights+into+the+formation+of+human+populations+in+East+Asia&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=7850&rft.pages=413-419&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7993749%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.591..413W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33618348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03336-2&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Yeh%2C+Hui-Yuan&rft.au=Popov%2C+Alexander+N.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hu-Qin&rft.au=Matsumura%2C+Hirofumi&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Kim%2C+Alexander+M.&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7993749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span> "Beginning in the Middle Bronze Age, there is no compelling evidence in the Mongolian time transect data for a persistence of the Yamnaya-derived lineages that spread with Afanasievo. Instead the Yamnaya-related ancestry can only be modelled as deriving from a later spread related to people of the Middle to Late Bronze Age Sintashta and Andronovo horizons who were themselves a mixture of ~2/3 Yamnaya-related and 1/3 European farmer-related ancestry4,5,6. The Sintashta-related ancestry is detected in proportions of 0–57% in groups from this time onward, with substantial proportions of Sintashta-related ancestry only in western Mongolia (Figure 3, Online Table 25). For all these groups, qpAdm ancestry models pass with Afanasievo in the outgroups while models with Afanasievo as the source and Sintashta in the outgroups are all rejected (Figure 3, Online Table 25)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hollard, Clémence (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23607">"New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>167</b> (1): 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23607">10.1002/ajpa.23607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900529">29900529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205337212">205337212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=New+genetic+evidence+of+affinities+and+discontinuities+between+bronze+age+Siberian+populations&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205337212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29900529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23607&rft.aulast=Hollard&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fajpa.23607&file=ajpa23607-sup-0001-suppinfo1.docx">Supporting Information document 1</a> for uniparental haplogroup details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGantulga2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/PMAS/article/view/1507/1677">"Ties between steppe and peninsula: Comparative perspective of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Мongolia and Кorea"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>60</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Mongolian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ties+between+steppe+and+peninsula%3A+Comparative+perspective+of+the+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Ages+of+%D0%9Congolia+and+%D0%9Aorea&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Gantulga&rft.aufirst=Jamiyan-Ombo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mongoliajol.info%2Findex.php%2FPMAS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1507%2F1677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft.au=Taylor%2C+William+Timothy+Treal&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryan+K.&rft.au=Bemmann%2C+Jan+H.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Raphaela&rft.au=Chiovelli%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Knolle%2C+Florian&rft.au=Ulziibayar%2C+Sodnom&rft.au=Khatanbaatar%2C+Dorjpurev&rft.au=Erdenebaatar%2C+Diimaajav&rft.au=Erdenebat%2C+Ulambayar&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Ayudai&rft.au=Ankhsanaa%2C+Ganbold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangReinholdKalmykov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6360191">"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10..590W">2019NatCo..10..590W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-08220-8">10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6360191">6360191</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30713341">30713341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+genome-wide+data+from+a+3000-year+interval+in+the+Caucasus+corresponds+with+eco-geographic+regions&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=590&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6360191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10..590W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30713341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-08220-8&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Reinhold%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Kalmykov%2C+Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6360191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021256–261,_Fig.2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021256–261,_Fig.2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangNing2021">Zhang & Ning 2021</a>, pp. 256–261, Fig.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollardZvénigoroskyKovalevKiryushin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hollard, Clémence; et al. (2018). "New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations". <i>Am J Phys Anthropol</i>. <b>167</b> (1): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23607">10.1002/ajpa.23607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900529">29900529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205337212">205337212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Phys+Anthropol&rft.atitle=New+genetic+evidence+of+affinities+and+discontinuities+between+bronze+age+Siberian+populations&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-107&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205337212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29900529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23607&rft.aulast=Hollard&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mence&rft.au=Zv%C3%A9nigorosky%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kiryushin%2C+Yurii&rft.au=Tishkin%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Lazaretov%2C+Igor&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Ludes%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Keyser%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangNing2021_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangNing2021">Zhang & Ning 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR375-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JR375_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315991114">"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>91</b> (356): 375–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276">10.15184/aqy.2016.276</a>. <q>The development of several key technologies in China —bronze and iron metallurgy and horse-drawn chariots— arose out of the relations of central China, of the Erlitou period (c. 1700–1500 BC), the Shang (c.1500–1046 BC) and the Zhou (1046–771 BC) dynasties, with their neighbours in the steppe. Intermediaries in these exchanges were disparate groups in a broad border area of relatively high land around the heart of China, the Central Plains. The societies of central China were already so advanced that, when these foreign innovations were adopted, they were transformed within highly organised social and cultural systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=China+and+the+steppe%3A+reception+and+resistance&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=356&rft.pages=375-388&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315991114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C"><i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760605"><bdi>978-1780760605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1780760605&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyglkwD7pKV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keay_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (1 October 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465015801"><i>China: A History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465020027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465020027"><bdi>978-0465020027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0465020027&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780465015801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJIANJUN2003" class="citation journal cs1">JIANJUN, MEI (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3098/Mei-China-central-asia-bronze-age.pdf">"Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>. <b>121</b>: 1–39. <q>the argument for possible Afanasievo-Xinjiang contact based on the finds at the Gumugou cemetery in the north-eastern rim of the Tarim basin would seem reasonable and needs to be kept open for the future archaeological finds. In other words, the possibility for the dispersal of early copperbased metallurgy from the Eurasian steppe into Xinjiang and further east to Gansu cannot be excluded at present and will have to be considered when further archaeological evidence becomes available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Cultural+Interaction+between+China+and+Central+Asia+during+the+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=JIANJUN&rft.aufirst=MEI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2F3098%2FMei-China-central-asia-bronze-age.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wan, Xiang (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1086939">"Early development of bronze metallurgy in Eastern Eurasia"</a>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>213</b>: 4–5. <q>The metal-using Afanasievo culture is probably the origin of bronze metallurgy in Northwest China." (...) "Therefore it is conspicuous that one of the earliest bronze cultures in China, the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a>, might well have borrowed its bronze metallurgy from the Steppe, via Siba, <a href="/wiki/Tianshanbeilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianshanbeilu">Tianshanbeilu</a>, and cultures in the Altai region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Early+development+of+bronze+metallurgy+in+Eastern+Eurasia&rft.volume=213&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1086939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiselov_(Киселёв)1962" class="citation book cs1">Kiselov (Киселёв), С.В. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kronk.spb.ru/library/kiselov-sv-1962b.htm"><i>Study of the Minusinsk stone sculptures (К изучению минусинских каменных изваяний)</i></a>. Historical and archaeological collection ( Историко-археологический сборник). pp. 53–61. <q>During the excavations of the world-famous Yanshao [Yangshao] culture site near the village of Banpo near Xi'an, among numerous painted vessels, two large open bowls with paintings were found, especially important for comparison with images of masks from the Minusinsk-Khakass basin. Inside these bowls are painted masks that are strikingly similar to Minusinsk ones. They are distinguished by a horizontal division of the face into three zones, the presence of horns and a triangular figure above the head, as well as triangles on the chin (Fig. 2 ). Such coincidences can hardly be explained by mere chance. Even a few years before the discoveries in Ban-po, I had to pay attention to a number of features that bring the Eneolithic Afanasiev culture of the middle Yenisei closer to the culture of painted ceramics of Northern China. Apparently, the finds in Ban-po once again confirm these observations. At the same time, the noted finds and comparisons show that the appearance of images, so characteristic of the ancient stone sculptures of the middle Yenisei, not only goes back to the deep antiquity of the pre-Afanasiev time, but is apparently associated with the complex world of symbolic images of the Far East, now known from monuments of the Neolithic of Ancient China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+the+Minusinsk+stone+sculptures+%28%D0%9A+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%29&rft.pages=53-61&rft.pub=Historical+and+archaeological+collection+%28+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%29&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Kiselov+%28%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1.%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkronk.spb.ru%2Flibrary%2Fkiselov-sv-1962b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"</a>. <i>Region - Educational Research and Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234007445">234007445</a>. <q>The early cultural exchanges between the East and the West are mainly reflected in several aspects: first, in the late Neolithic period of painted pottery culture, the Yangshao culture (5000-3000 BC) from the Central Plains spreadwestward, which had a great impact on Majiayao culture (3000-2000 BC), and then continued to spread to Xinjiang and Central Asia through the transition of Hexi corridor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Region+-+Educational+Research+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Spread+and+Integration+of+Painted+pottery+Art+along+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234007445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32629%252FRERR.V3I1.242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovalev, A. A., and Erdenebaatar, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/discovery-of-new-cultures-of-the-bronze-age-in-mongolia.html?page=1">Discovery of new cultures of the Bronze Age in Mongolia according to the data obtained by the international Central Asian archaeological expedition</a>. In Bemmann, J., Parzinger, H., Pohl, E., and Tseveendorzh, D. (eds.), Current Archaeological Research in Mongolia, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, p.158: "Two 14C-dates that have come from the charcoal found in the earliest (ritual) pit of Chemurchek barrow No. 2 appeared to be in the same period as the four radiocarbon dates from the charcoal in the fi lling of the burial pit of barrow No. 1 that belongs to the Afanasievo culture. It may indicate that during the earliest period of existence of the Chemurchek culture, its population in the Altai region maybe coexisted with population of the Afanasievo culture. A pillar, erected at the eastern side of an Afanasievo culture barrow (Fig. 1.1), as well as the finding of a bone arrowhead (Fig. 1.4), which is similar to arrowheads from Kulala Ula 1 and Kara Tumsik barrows (Fig. 2.10,12), also confirm this proposition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Central_Asian_Arts-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102325/Central-Asian-arts/13969/Altaic-tribes">"Central Asian Arts: Neolithic and Metal Age cultures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (company)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+Arts%3A+Neolithic+and+Metal+Age+cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F102325%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2F13969%2FAltaic-tribes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Stone_Age-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Stone_Age_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567232/Stone-Age/52383/European-cultures">"Stone Age: European cultures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (company)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Stone+Age%3A+European+cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F567232%2FStone-Age%2F52383%2FEuropean-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasievo_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bjørn, Rasmus (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>4</b>: E23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16">10.1017/ehs.2022.16</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">10432883</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37599704">37599704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248358873">248358873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Indo-European+loanwords+and+exchange+in+Bronze+Age+Central+and+East+Asia%3A+Six+new+perspectives+on+prehistoric+exchange+in+the+Eastern+Steppe+Zone&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=E23&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248358873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37599704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>H. P. Francfort, <i>The Archeology of Protohistoric Central Asia and the Problems of Identifying Indo-European and Uralic-Speaking populations</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/14/14-934.html">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312143953/http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/14/14-934.html">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) in : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ephe_0000-0001_2001_num_17_1_10969">Persée 2003: Archéologie de l'Asie intérieure de l'âge du bronze à l'âge du fer</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2012" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, Antohny (2 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2r6_BAAAQBAJ"><i>Siberia: A Cultural History</i></a>. Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908493378" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908493378"><bdi>978-1908493378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siberia%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1908493378&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Antohny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2r6_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hollard, C. (1 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(14)00116-1/fulltext">"Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Forensic_Sciences" title="Journal of Forensic Sciences">Journal of Forensic Sciences</a></i>. <b>12</b>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Forensic_Sciences" title="American Academy of Forensic Sciences">American Academy of Forensic Sciences</a>: 199–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2014.05.012">10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25016250">25016250</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Strong+genetic+admixture+in+the+Altai+at+the+Middle+Bronze+Age+revealed+by+uniparental+and+ancestry+informative+markers&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=199-207&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2014.05.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25016250&rft.aulast=Hollard&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsigenetics.com%2Farticle%2FS1872-4973%2814%2900116-1%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozshin1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kozshin, P (1970). "O psaliach is afanasievskih mogil". <i>Sovetskaya Archeologiya</i>. <b>4</b>: 189–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sovetskaya+Archeologiya&rft.atitle=O+psaliach+is+afanasievskih+mogil&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=189-93&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kozshin&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Einführung in die Ethnologie Zentralasiens</i> Marion Linska, Andrea Handl, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek (2003) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030827012358/http://members.chello.at/suedtirolerplatz/ethnologie/gesamtversionzas1_7.doc">.doc version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrot2019" class="citation journal cs1">Peyrot, Michaël (2019). "The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence". <i>Indo-European Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b>: 72–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-00701007">10.1163/22125892-00701007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F139205">1887/139205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213924514">213924514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+deviant+typological+profile+of+the+Tocharian+branch+of+Indo-European+may+be+due+to+Uralic+substrate+influence&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=72-121&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F139205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213924514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22125892-00701007&rft.aulast=Peyrot&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (1 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243041" title="Special:BookSources/0521243041"><bdi>0521243041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990-03-01&rft.isbn=0521243041&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarries2022" class="citation journal cs1">Warries, Abel Radu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-bja10022">"Towards a new comparison of the pre-Proto-Tocharian and pre-Proto-Samoyed vowel systems"</a>. <i>Indo-European Linguistics</i>. <b>10</b>: 169–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-bja10022">10.1163/22125892-bja10022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3664957">1887/3664957</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255173460">255173460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Towards+a+new+comparison+of+the+pre-Proto-Tocharian+and+pre-Proto-Samoyed+vowel+systems&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=169-213&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3664957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255173460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22125892-bja10022&rft.aulast=Warries&rft.aufirst=Abel+Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22125892-bja10022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Zvelebil" title="Marek Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Marek</a> (13 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_48AAAAIAAJ"><i>Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521268680" title="Special:BookSources/0521268680"><bdi>0521268680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunters+in+Transition%3A+Mesolithic+Societies+of+Temperate+Eurasia+and+Their+Transition+to+Farming&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986-11-13&rft.isbn=0521268680&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_48AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfanasievo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Afanasievo_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> 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