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id="toc-Glacial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Glacial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hafit_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafit_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hafit period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafit_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age:_Umm_Al_Nar_and_Wadi_Suq_Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age:_Umm_Al_Nar_and_Wadi_Suq_Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bronze Age: Umm Al Nar and Wadi Suq Cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age:_Umm_Al_Nar_and_Wadi_Suq_Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mleiha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mleiha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mleiha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mleiha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mleiha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mleiha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Oman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advent of Islam and the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Western coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_and_Persian_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_and_Persian_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Northern and Persian coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_and_Persian_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearling_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearling_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pearling culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearling_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_pearling_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_pearling_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Decline of the pearling industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_pearling_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_empire:_19th_-_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_empire:_19th_-_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>British empire: 19th - 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_empire:_19th_-_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British empire: 19th - 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_empire:_19th_-_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819_and_General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819_and_General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and General Maritime Treaty of 1820</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819_and_General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetual_Maritime_Truce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetual_Maritime_Truce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Perpetual Maritime Truce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetual_Maritime_Truce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Exclusive Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trucial_States_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trucial_States_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Trucial States affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trucial_States_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Discovery of oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buraimi_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buraimi_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Buraimi dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buraimi_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_union:_1960_-_1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_union:_1960_-_1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Independence and union: 1960 - 1971</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_and_union:_1960_-_1971-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence and union: 1960 - 1971 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_union:_1960_-_1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>British withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_of_nine_emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_of_nine_emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Federation of nine emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_of_nine_emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_the_union_1971–1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_the_union_1971–1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Declaration of the union 1971–1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_the_union_1971–1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000–2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>2000–2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>2020-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United Arab Emirates</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الإمارات العربية المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الإمارات العربية المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%8F%C6%8F_tarixi" title="BƏƏ tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="BƏƏ tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাতের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাতের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_dels_Emirats_%C3%80rabs_Units" title="Història dels Emirats Àrabs Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història dels Emirats Àrabs Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Vereinigten_Arabischen_Emirate" title="Geschichte der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Historia de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تاریخ امارات متحده عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ امارات متحده عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_%C3%89mirats_arabes_unis" title="Histoire des Émirats arabes unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Émirats arabes unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Unionita_Araba_Emirii" title="Historio di Unionita Araba Emirii – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Unionita Araba Emirii" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_Emirati_Arabi_Uniti" title="Storia degli Emirati Arabi Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli Emirati Arabi Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה של איחוד האמירויות הערביות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של איחוד האמירויות הערביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არაბთა გაერთიანებული საამიროების ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბთა გაერთიანებული საამიროების ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Falme_za_Kiarabu" title="Historia ya Falme za Kiarabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Falme za Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Arab%C5%B3_Emyrat%C5%B3_istorija" title="Jungtinių Arabų Emyratų istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Arabų Emyratų istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li 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Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E9%A6%96%E9%95%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アラブ首長国連邦の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ首長国連邦の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%80%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د متحـده عربي اماراتو تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحـده عربي اماراتو 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Bronze Age</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Archaeological sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashoosh" title="Al-Ashoosh">Al Ashoosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sufouh_Archaeological_Site" title="Al Sufouh Archaeological Site">Al Sufouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hili_Archaeological_Park" title="Hili Archaeological Park">Hili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruq_Al_Hadid" title="Saruq Al Hadid">Saruq Al Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimal" title="Shimal">Shimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abraq" title="Tell Abraq">Tell Abraq</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Iron Age</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Archaeological sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Thuqeibah" title="Al Thuqeibah">Al Thuqeibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidaa_Bint_Saud" title="Bidaa Bint Saud">Bidaa Bint Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muweilah" title="Muweilah">Muweilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seih_Al_Harf" title="Seih Al Harf">Seih Al Harf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Oasis" title="Qattara Oasis">Qattara Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumailah,_UAE" title="Rumailah, UAE">Rumailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruq_Al_Hadid" title="Saruq Al Hadid">Saruq Al Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimal" title="Shimal">Shimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abraq" title="Tell Abraq">Tell Abraq</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-Islamic Era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazun_(Sasanian_province)" title="Mazun (Sasanian province)">Sasanian rule</a></li> <li>Archaeological sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Islamic Era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Battle of Dibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(Ras_Al_Khaimah)" title="Kush (Ras Al Khaimah)">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julfar" title="Julfar">Julfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumeirah_Archaeological_Site" title="Jumeirah Archaeological Site">Jumeirah Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimal" title="Shimal">Shimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Sur" title="Wadi Sur">Wadi Sur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial Era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn#Portuguese_occupation_(1624-1648_CE)" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Portuguese Dibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan#History" title="Khor Fakkan">Portuguese Khor Fakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah_(city)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Al Khaimah (city)">Julfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Maritime_Truce" title="Perpetual Maritime Truce">Perpetual Maritime Truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalba#Trucial_state" title="Kalba">Trucial Kalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buraimi_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi Dispute">Buraimi Dispute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_rise_and_fall_of_the_pearling_industry">Pearling industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute">Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_Abu_Musa_and_the_Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Emirati parliamentary election">First parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9319_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–19 Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_takeover_of_Socotra" class="mw-redirect" title="United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra">Socotra dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#BB9C22; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_the_UAE" title="List of ancient settlements in the UAE">Ancient settlements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates" title="Portal:United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template:History of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template talk:History of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey,_Persia,_Arabia,_Balochistan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg/311px-United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="311" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg/467px-United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg/622px-United_Arab_Emirates._1870_Johnson_Map_of_Turkey%2C_Persia%2C_Arabia%2C_Balochistan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>1870 map of the Trucial Coast</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WELLSTED(1838)_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg/300px-WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg/450px-WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg/599px-WELLSTED%281838%29_p1.027_MAP_OF_OMAN_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="4768" /></a><figcaption>1838 Map of Oman, showing the peninsula that would become, in 1971, the United Arab Emirates</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (the UAE or the Emirates) is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">eastern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> located on the southeastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the northwestern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>. The UAE consists of seven emirates and was founded on 2 December 1971 as a federation, after UK armed forces left the region. Six of the seven <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">emirates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a>) declared their union on 2 December 1971. The seventh, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Khaimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al Khaimah">Ras al Khaimah</a>, joined the federation on 10 February 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven sheikdoms were formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">truce treaties</a> established with the British in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artifacts uncovered in the UAE show a history of human habitation, transmigration and trade spanning over 125,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was previously home to the <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan people</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, who traded with both coastal towns and bronze miners and smelters from the interior. A rich history of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Harappan</a> culture of the Indus Valley is also evidenced by finds of jewelry and other items and there is also extensive early evidence of trade with Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">three defined Iron Ages</a> and the subsequent Hellenistic period, the area remained an important coastal trading <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the response of <a href="/wiki/Al_Azd" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azd">Al Azd</a> tribe to the message of <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammed">Muhammed</a>, the area became <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamised</a> in the 7th century, a position consolidated by the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda Wars</a> and the bloody and definitive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Battle of Dibba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic era saw the area emerge once again as an important centre for trade, centred particularly around the ports of <a href="/wiki/Julfar" title="Julfar">Julfar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These, linked to the vast Eastern Arab trading network that centred around the <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Kingdom of Hormuz</a>, formed an important link in the Arab monopoly of trade between the East and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Islamic era, a number of small trading ports developed alongside the development of <i>bustan</i> agriculture in inland oases such as <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Oasis" title="Liwa Oasis">Liwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaid" title="Dhaid">Dhaid</a> and tribal bedouin society co-existed with settled populations in the coastal areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of incursions and battles took place along the coast when the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, invaded the area and disrupted the Arab trade networks, triggering a decline in trade and a rise in regional conflict following the fragmentation of Hormuzi authority. Subsequent conflicts between the maritime communities of the Trucial Coast and the British led to the sacking of Ras Al Khaimah by British forces in 1809 and again in 1819, which resulted in the first of a number of British treaties with the Trucial Rulers in 1820. These treaties, starting with the <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a>, led to peace and prosperity along the coast and supported a lively trade in high quality natural pearls as well as a resurgence in other regional trade. A further treaty of 1892 devolved external relations to the British in return for protectorate status. </p><p>A British decision, taken in early 1968, to withdraw from its involvement in the Trucial States, led to the decision to found a Federation. This was agreed between two of the most influential Trucial Rulers, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a> of Abu Dhabi and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum">Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum</a> of Dubai. The two invited other Trucial Rulers to join the Federation. At one stage it seemed likely Bahrain and Qatar would also join the Union of Arab Emirates, but both eventually decided on independence. </p><p>Today, the UAE is a modern, oil exporting country with a highly diversified economy, with Dubai in particular developing into a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> and a hub for tourism, retail, and finance,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> home to the world's tallest building, and largest man-made seaport. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg/220px-Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg/330px-Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg/440px-Restored_Hafit_period_beehive_tomb_at_Jebel_Hafit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A Hafit era 'beehive' tomb at <a href="/wiki/Mezyad,_Al-Ain" title="Mezyad, Al-Ain">Mezyad</a><sup id="cite_ref-GPB_2007–2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPB_2007–2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DCTAD2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCTAD2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet_Desert_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Hafeet Desert Park">Jebel Hafeet Desert Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DCTAD2018Culture_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCTAD2018Culture-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain_Region" title="Al Ain Region">Eastern Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011 primitive hand-axes, as well as several kinds of scrapers and perforators, were excavated at the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Faya" title="Jebel Faya">Jebel Faya</a> archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates. These tools resemble the types used by <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern humans">early modern humans</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. Through the technique of <a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">thermoluminescence dating</a> the artefacts were placed at 125,000 years old. This forms some of the earliest evidence of modern humans found anywhere outside Africa and implies modern humans left Africa much earlier than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of these discoveries has been preserved alongside finds of later cultures, including tombs and other finds from the <a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period">Hafit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">Iron Age</a>, Hellenistic and Islamic periods, at Sharjah's <a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha Archaeological Centre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacial_period">Glacial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Glacial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial maximum period</a>, 68,000 to 8000 BCE, Eastern Arabia is thought to have been uninhabitable. Finds from the Stone Age Arabian Bifacial and <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> cultures (including knapped stone arrow and axe heads as well as Ubaid pottery) show human habitation in the area from 5000 to 3100 BCE and define a linkage between the human settlements of the Gulf and those of Mesopotamia. The archaeological record shows that Arabian Bifacial/Ubaid period came to an abrupt end in eastern Arabia and the Oman peninsula at 3800 BC, just after the phase of lake lowering and onset of dune reactivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Baynunah_Formation" title="Baynunah Formation">area of Baynunah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al_Dhafra,_Abu_Dhabi" title="Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi">western region</a> of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>-slaughter site dating to about 6,000 years ago has been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-DCTAD2017_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCTAD2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hafit_period">Hafit period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hafit period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period">Hafit period</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period">Hafit period</a> followed a fallow period in the archaeological record of the west coast of the Emirates, known as the 'Dark Millennium', likely triggered by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Uerpmann2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uerpmann2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-emergence of human habitation, the Hafit period was named after extensive finds of burials of distinctive beehive shaped tombs in the mountainous area of Jebel Hafeet in <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain_Region" title="Al Ain Region">Al Ain Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continued links to Mesopotamia are evidenced by finds of <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a> pottery. The period defines early Bronze Age human settlement in the United Arab Emirates and Oman in the period from 3,200 to 2,600 BC. Hafit period tombs and remains have also been located across the UAE and Oman in sites such as <a href="/wiki/Bidaa_Bint_Saud" title="Bidaa Bint Saud">Bidaa bint Saud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Al-Buhais" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Al-Buhais">Jebel Buhais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Buraimi_Governorate" title="Al Buraimi Governorate">Buraimi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_al2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_al2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age:_Umm_Al_Nar_and_Wadi_Suq_Cultures">Bronze Age: Umm Al Nar and Wadi Suq Cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age: Umm Al Nar and Wadi Suq Cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg/220px-Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg/330px-Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg/440px-Umm_Al_Nar_Cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Decorated stone cup from <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Nar_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Nar culture">Umm Al Nar site</a>, Abu Dhabi on display at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi" title="Louvre Abu Dhabi">Louvre Abu Dhabi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg/220px-Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg/330px-Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg/440px-Mleiha_Umm_an-Nar_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Umm al-Nar tomb at <a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Emirate of Sharjah</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar</a> (also known as Umm an-Nar) was a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture variously defined by archaeologists as existing around 2600 to 2000 BCE in the area of the modern-day UAE and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. The etymology derives from the island of the same name which lies adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key site is well protected, but its location between a refinery and a sensitive military area means public access is currently restricted. The UAE authorities are working to improve public access to the site, and plan to make this part of the Abu Dhabi cultural locations. One element of the Umm Al Nar culture is circular tombs typically characterized by well fitted stones in the outer wall and multiple human remains within.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Umm Al Nar culture covers some six centuries (2600-2000 BCE), and includes further extensive evidence both of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> kingdoms as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley</a>. The increasing sophistication of the Umm Al Nar people included the domestication of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a>, which dominated the region from 2000 to 1300 BC. Key archaeological sites pointing to major trading cities extant during both periods exist on both the Western and Eastern coasts of the UAE and in Oman, including Dalma, Umm Al Nar, <a href="/wiki/Al_Sufouh_Archaeological_Site" title="Al Sufouh Archaeological Site">Sufouh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed Dur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abraq" title="Tell Abraq">Tell Abraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a>. The burial sites at both <a href="/wiki/Shimal" title="Shimal">Shimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seih_Al_Harf" title="Seih Al Harf">Seih Al Harf</a> in Ras Al Khaimah show evidence of transitional Umm Al Nar to Wadi Suq burials. </p><p>The domestication of camels and other animals took place during the Wadi Suq era (2000-1300 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to increased inland settlement and the cultivation of diverse crops, including the date palm. Increasingly sophisticated metallurgy, pottery and stone carving led to more sophisticated weaponry and other implements even as evidence of strong trading links with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> dwindled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/150px-Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/225px-Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/300px-Gold_Jewellery_from_Suruq_Al_Hadid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Gold jewellery from <a href="/wiki/Saruq_Al_Hadid" title="Saruq Al Hadid">Saruq Al Hadid</a> archaeological site</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1,200 BC to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive Iron Ages (Iron Age 1, 1200-1000 BC; Iron Age II, 1000-600 BC and Iron Age III 600-300 BC) and the Hellenistic Mleiha period (300 BC onward), the area was variously occupied by <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> and other forces and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat"><i>falaj</i></a> irrigation system. Early finds of <i>aflaj</i>, particularly those around the desert city of Al Ain, have been cited as the earliest evidence of the construction of these waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important Iron Age centres in the UAE have rendered an unusual richness in finds to archaeologists, particularly the spectacular metallurgical centre of <a href="/wiki/Saruq_Al_Hadid" title="Saruq Al Hadid">Saruq Al Hadid</a> in what is today Dubai. Other important Iron Age settlements in the country include <a href="/wiki/Al_Thuqeibah" title="Al Thuqeibah">Al Thuqeibah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidaa_Bint_Saud" title="Bidaa Bint Saud">Bidaa bint Saud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abraq" title="Tell Abraq">Tell Abraq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mleiha">Mleiha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mleiha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 300 BC, archaeological evidence shows the remains of a large city, with its capital inside present day Sharjah, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha</a>. The city seems to begin with non-permanent structures making up the majority of buildings. However, monumental <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> built out of stone and <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mud-brick</a> were erected, suggesting that the occupants were able to build permanent structures, but willingly lived a nomadic lifestyle. The architecture of these monumental tombs share features with other <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic</a> sites in Arabia, such as <a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw" title="Qaryat al-Faw">Qaryat Al Faw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Hegra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, which could suggest a shared culture throughout Arabia which began in Mleiha.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cer%C3%A1mica_(50389458293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg/220px-Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg/330px-Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg/440px-Cer%C3%A1mica_%2850389458293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A Greek statue from a tomb, the figure is offering a bird.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many large buildings were found at the Mleiha site, including multiple forts, palaces, homes and tombs. The site of Mleiha also seems to be deeply connected with the nearby ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a>. The city of Ed-Dur may have been a port town under the rule of inland Mleiha, and would have been the main site of naval trade and commerce. Various artifacts from outside of Mleiha show it was a central part of an ancient trade route. Rhodian wine amphora and Greek style coins show significant Hellenistic influence in the region. The city royals would also speak Greek, however, most of the population would read and write in South Arabian, or Aramaic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mleiha_bronze_roman_era_statue_of_a_griffin_third_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mleiha_bronze_roman_era_statue_of_a_griffin_third_century_BC.jpg/220px-Mleiha_bronze_roman_era_statue_of_a_griffin_third_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Mleiha_bronze_roman_era_statue_of_a_griffin_third_century_BC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Roman Statue of a Griffin found in Mleiha</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Oman">Kingdom of Oman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Oman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg/220px-Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg/330px-Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg/440px-Mleiha_bilingual_funerary_inscription_south_arabian_aramaic_3rd_century_bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual Funerary Inscription. South Arabian and Aramaic script. 3rd Century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Memorial and tomb of ʿAmud son of Gurr son of ʿAli, inspector of the king of Oman, which built over him his sonʿAmud son of ʿAmud son of Gurr, inspector of the king of Oman... </p><p> —Funerary Tablet, from the Tomb of Amud, 215 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Funerary inscriptions from the mid 2nd century BC state the presence of a major kingdom in Mleiha, with the name “Uman”. This kingdom is considered to be the first ever nation of Oman, and it encompassed much of modern-day UAE and the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. This kingdom is mentioned by Greek writers <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> as <i>Omana</i>. Furthermore, local coins have been minted in Mleiha. The coinage in Mleiha mixes Hellenistic and Arabian features. Moreover, the coins are under the name Abiel, the ruling dynasty in the kingdom of Oman. Large palace complexes were built for the ruling class, however after the 3rd century AD the entire site appears to be abandoned and this seems to mark the fall of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advent_of_Islam_and_the_Middle_Ages">Advent of Islam and the Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advent of Islam and the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam in the United Arab Emirates</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Battle of Dibba</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Hafeet" title="Jebel Hafeet">Hafit</a> {<a href="/wiki/Tuwwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwwam">Tuwwam</a>} abounds in <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">palm</a> trees; it lies in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Al-Hajar</a> {<a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al Hasa</a>}, and the mosque is in the <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">markets</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Dibba" title="Dibba">Dibba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julfar" title="Julfar">Julfar</a>, both in the direction of the Hajar, are close to the sea ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al-Muqaddasi</a>, 985 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton2016_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/220px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/330px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg/440px-The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent c. 620, under <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of envoys from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 632 heralded the conversion of the region to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. After Muhammad's death, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">one of the major battles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_Wars" title="Ridda Wars">Ridda Wars</a> was fought at <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba</a>, to the east coast of the present-day Emirates. The defeat of the non-Muslims, including <a href="/wiki/Laqit_bin_Malik_Al-Azdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi">Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi</a>, in this battle resulted in the triumph of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton2016_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over many centuries, Julfar became a wealthy port and pearling centre from which dhows travelled throughout the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton2016_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century">The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg/220px-Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg/330px-Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg/440px-Suwaidi_pearls_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Pearls from <a href="/wiki/Rams_(Ras_Al_Khaimah)" title="Rams (Ras Al Khaimah)">Rams</a>. The pearling industry was the main driver of the economy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/220px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/330px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/440px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese colonies in Arabia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forte_de_doba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/220px-Forte_de_doba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/330px-Forte_de_doba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/440px-Forte_de_doba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_de_Doba" class="extiw" title="pt:Forte de Doba">Doba Fort</a>, a fort built by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a> in 1620.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg/220px-Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg/330px-Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg/440px-Corfac%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Portuguese Fortress Khor Fakkan (Corfacão) in 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The pearling industry was part of the main economy of the coastal communities across <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> and thrived in the relative calm at sea, providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf. In total, about two to three thousand local ships were involved in the seasonal extraction of pearls from communities across the Gulf. The annual income was over half million curzados (old Portuguese currency) and workers at Julfar and surrounding areas were paid in pearls instead of cash.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, some 4,500 pearling boats were operating from Gulf ports in an industry employing over 74,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_coast">Western coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main centers of pearling extended from Bida (Doha) to Dubai. The main season was in <a href="/wiki/Dalma_(island)" title="Dalma (island)">Dalma</a>, and was referred to as <i>al-ghaws al-kabir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغوص الكبير</span> <i>The Great Dive</i>). The huge rise in demand by the expanding Indian and European market led to the exploitation of more distant banks such as the areas in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The enlargement of the international merchant network turned it into an integrated industry and enforced the central power of the local rulers. Fleets remained at sea from June to late September and every able bodied male joined the fleet. Pearling provided 80% of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Khalifa_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan</a> (Known as Zayed the Great) revenues, allowing him to distribute largesse and gave him great influence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_and_Persian_coast">Northern and Persian coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northern and Persian coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> took over the taxation system which existed in the northern coast and was collected by the Sultan of Hormuz from 1523 to 1622 and continued to gain revenue from it up to the second decade of the 18th century. The Portuguese employed a system of issuing navigation permits (called <i>Cartazes</i>) and the payment of taxes (called <i>Magumbayas</i>). Centers for the distribution of the permits and collection of taxes were in ports from <a href="/wiki/Julfar" title="Julfar">Julfar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a>. On the Persian coast, the Portuguese did the same to the Arabs from <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar Kong</a> up to the southwest coast of Iran. Any ship sailing without the possession of a Portuguese license was liable to be captured by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese Armada</a>. Fear of the Armada's cannons created a naval subjugation and maritime control.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearling_culture">Pearling culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pearling culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the pearling season, which was from June to September, thousands of local ships would gather at a fixed place with necessary provisions to last for up to three months at sea and a day of commencement would be agreed on. On that day, great celebrations were held along with the customary observance of religious rites and the tradition of charming sharks so that they would not harm the divers. The ships would then disperse on a clear, windless day when the sea was calm.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each ship carried divers who then dived to the bottom of the sea to gather pearls. In order to enable the divers to reach the bottom, two heavy stones were tied to the diver's feet and a chord to his waist. The chord end was held in the hands of those who were to pull him out. When the bag of pearls became full, the diver would signal to be pulled out with those who pulled having to remain alert to avoid the diver dying from a lack of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_pearling_industry">Decline of the pearling industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decline of the pearling industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearl</a>, initially regarded as a wonder and shown at expos and other fairs,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started to be produced in commercial quantities in the late 1920s. The influx of inexpensive, high quality pearls onto world markets took place alongside the economic impact of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The result on the Gulf's pearl markets was devastating. In 1929, 60 of Dubai's pearling boats (in 1907 there were 335 boats operating out of the port) stayed in port throughout the season.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complex system of financing that underpinned the pearling industry, the relationship between owners, pearl merchants, <i>nakhudas</i> (captains) and divers and pullers fell apart and left an increasingly large number of working men in the town facing destitution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pearling industry <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">used slave labour</a>, and in the 1930s, a record number of slaves approached the British Agent seeking manumission, a reflection of the parlous state of the pearling fleet and its owners.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_empire:_19th_-_20th_century">British empire: 19th - 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British empire: 19th - 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Piracy in the Persian Gulf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%28%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_-_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Khalifa_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan">Zayed the First</a> (1835–1909)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman attempts</a> to expand their sphere of influence into the Indian Ocean failed<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it was <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the early 16th century following <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s route of exploration that resulted in the sacking of many coastal towns by the Portuguese. Following this conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> a seafaring tribe based on the Northern Peninsula and Lingeh on the Iranian coast, dominated the waterways of the Southern Gulf until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British ships</a>, which came into conflict with the incumbents.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, the region was known to the British as the "<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Al Qasimi (to the British 'Joasmee') raiders based there harassed the <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> industry despite (or perhaps because of) British navy patrols in the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. A number of conflicts took place, notable between 1809 and 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf campaign of 1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack,_1809_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/280px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/420px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/560px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting the sacking of the coastal town and port of Ras Al Khaimah in 1809.</figcaption></figure> <p>After years of incidents where British shipping had fallen foul of the aggressive Al Qasimi, with the first incidents taking place under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Saqr_bin_Rashid_Al_Qasimi" title="Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi">Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi</a> in 1797, an expeditionary force embarked for Ras Al Khaimah in 1809, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a>. This campaign led to the signing of a peace treaty between the British and Hussan Bin Rahmah, the Al Qasimi leader. This broke down in 1815. <a href="/wiki/John_Gordon_Lorimer_(civil_servant)" title="John Gordon Lorimer (civil servant)">J. G. Lorimer</a> contends that after the dissolution of the arrangement, the Al Qasimi "now indulged in a carnival of maritime lawlessness, to which even their own previous record presented no parallel".<sup id="cite_ref-qdl1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qdl1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an additional year of recurring attacks, at the end of 1818 Hassan bin Rahmah made conciliatory overtures to Bombay and was "sternly rejected." Naval resources commanded by the Al Qasimi during this period were estimated at 60 large boats headquartered in Ras Al Khaimah, carrying from 80 to 300 men each, as well as 40 smaller vessels housed in other nearby ports.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819_and_General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and General Maritime Treaty of 1820</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and General Maritime Treaty of 1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg/280px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg/420px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg/560px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="/wiki/Laft" title="Laft">Laft</a> under attack by British forces in December 1809.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/General_Treaty_for_the_Cessation_of_Plunder_and_Piracy_by_Land_and_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikisource:General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea">General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In November 1819, the British embarked on an expedition against the Al Qasimi, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grant (British Army officer)">William Keir Grant</a>, voyaging to Ras Al Khaimah with a platoon of 3,000 soldiers supported by a number of warships, including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Liverpool_(1814)" title="HMS Liverpool (1814)">HMS <i>Liverpool</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Curlew_(1812)" title="HMS Curlew (1812)"><i>Curlew</i></a>. The British extended an offer to <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman">Said bin Sultan of Muscat</a> in which he would be made ruler of the Pirate Coast if he agreed to assist the British in their expedition. Obligingly, he sent a force of 600 men and two ships.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the fall of Ras Al Khaimah and the final surrender of <a href="/wiki/Dhayah_Fort" title="Dhayah Fort">Dhayah Fort</a>, the British established a garrison in Ras Al Khaimah of 800 <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> and artillery, before visiting <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah_Al_Hamra" title="Al Jazirah Al Hamra">Jazirat Al Hamra</a>, which was found to be deserted. They went on to destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Qawain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Heera" title="Al Heera">Fasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hail" title="Abu Hail">Abu Hail</a>, and Dubai. Ten vessels that had taken shelter in Bahrain were also destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of the campaign, the next year, a peace treaty was signed with all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_separate_Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of separate Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">sheikhs</a> of the coastal communities, the <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a>. </p><p>The 1820 treaty was followed by the 1847 'Engagement to Prohibit Exportation of Slaves From Africa on board of Vessels Belonging to Bahrain and to the Trucial States and the Allow Right of Search of April–May 1847'.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, some of the smaller Sheikhdoms had been subsumed by their larger neighbours and signatories were Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr of Ras Al Khaimah; Sheikh Maktoum of Dubai; Sheikh Abdulaziz of Ajman, Sheikh Abdullah bin Rashid of Umm Al Quwain and Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnoun of Abu Dhabi. </p><p>The treaty only granted protection to British vessels and did not prevent coastal wars between tribes. As a result, raids continued intermittently until 1835, when the sheikhs agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea for a period of one year. The truce was renewed every year until 1853. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perpetual_Maritime_Truce">Perpetual Maritime Truce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Perpetual Maritime Truce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Maritime_Truce" title="Perpetual Maritime Truce">Perpetual Maritime Truce</a></div> <p>In 1853, the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 4 May 1853 prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by Abdulla bin Rashid of Umm Al Quwain; Hamed bin Rashid of Ajman; Saeed bin Butti of Dubai; Saeed bin Tahnoun ('Chief of the Beniyas') and Sultan bin Saqr ('Chief of the Joasmees').<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further engagement for the suppression of the slave trade was signed in 1856 and then in 1864, the 'Additional Article to the Maritime Truce Providing for the Protection of the Telegraph Line and Stations, Dated 1864'. An agreement regarding the treatment of absconding debtors followed in June 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_Agreement">Exclusive Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exclusive Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signed in 1892, the 'Exclusive Agreement' bound the Rulers not to enter into 'any agreement or correspondence with any Power other than the British Government' and that without British assent, they would not 'consent to the residence within my territory of the agent of any other government' and that they would not 'cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation any part of my territory, save to the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trucial_States_affairs">Trucial States affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trucial States affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_(1968%E2%80%931971).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Trucial_States_%281968%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Significantly, the treaties with the British were maritime in nature and the Trucial Rulers were free to manage their internal affairs, although they often brought the British (and their naval firepower) to bear on their frequent disputes. This was particularly the case where disputes involved indebtedness to British and Indian nationals. </p><p>During the late 19th and early 20th-century a number of changes occurred to the status of various <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirates</a>, for instance emirates such as Rams and Zyah (now part of Ras Al Khaimah) were signatories to the original 1819 treaty but not recognised by the British as <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">trucial states</a> in their own right, while the emirate of <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a>, today one of the seven emirates that comprise the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, was not recognised as a Trucial State until 1952. Kalba, recognised as a Trucial State by the British in 1936 is today part of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">emirate of Sharjah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1930's, the British refrained from interfering in the internal affairs of the Trucial Sheikdoms as long as the peace was kept in contrast to their policy in Oman where they were concerned on maintaining stability of Oman's Sultanate and were eager to maintain their airbase in <a href="/wiki/Masirah_Island" title="Masirah Island">Masirah Island</a>. According to a British official: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They could fight each other as much as they liked by land, and we did not hesitate to recognize a ruler who had acquired power by murder. The construction of an airport at Sharjah and the grant of oil concessions to an oil company forced us to modify this policy to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_oil">Discovery of oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Discovery of oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, the first <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil company</a> teams carried out preliminary surveys. An onshore concession was granted to Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) in 1939, and an offshore concession to D'Arcy Exploration Ltd in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploration concessions were limited to British companies only following the conclusion of agreements with the Trucial Sheikhs and British government. Management of the Trucial Coast moved from the British Government in Bombay to the Foreign Office in London in 1947, with Indian independence. The Political Resident in the Gulf headed the small team responsible for liaison with the Trucial Sheikhs and was based in Bushire until 1946, when his office was moved to Bahrain. Day-to-day management of affairs was carried out by the 'Native Agent', a post established with the 1820 treaty and abolished in 1949. This agent was bolstered by a British Political Officer based in Sharjah, from 1937 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil was discovered under an old pearling bed in the Persian Gulf, Umm Shaif, in 1958, and in the desert at Murban in 1960. The first cargo of crude was exported from Jabel Dhanna in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1962. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum" title="Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum">Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum</a>, the ruler of Dubai, was also able to use oil revenues to improve his people's quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buraimi_dispute">Buraimi dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Buraimi dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buraimi_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi Dispute">Buraimi Dispute</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trucial_Oman_Scouts" title="Trucial Oman Scouts">Trucial Oman Scouts</a></div> <p>In 1952 a group of some 80 Saudi Arabian guards, 40 of whom were armed, led by the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a>, Turki Abdullah al Otaishan, crossed Abu Dhabi territory and occupied <a href="/wiki/Hamasa" title="Hamasa">Hamasa</a>, one of three Omani villages in the Oasis, claiming it as part of the eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The Sulṭan of Muscat and Imam of Oman gathered their forces to expel the Saudis but were persuaded by the British Government to exercise restraint pending attempts to settle the dispute by arbitration. A British military build-up took place, leading to the implementation of a standstill agreement and the referral of the dispute to an international arbitration tribunal. In 1955 arbitration proceedings began in Geneva only to collapse when the British arbitrator, <a href="/wiki/Reader_Bullard" title="Reader Bullard">Sir Reader Bullard</a>, objected to Saudi Arabian attempts to influence the tribunal and withdrew. A few weeks later, the Saudi party was forcibly ejected from Hamasa by the Trucial Oman Levies.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute was finally settled in 1974 by an agreement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1974)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1974)">Treaty of Jeddah</a>, between Sheikh Zayed (then President of the UAE) and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_and_union:_1960_-_1971">Independence and union: 1960 - 1971</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Independence and union: 1960 - 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1960s, oil was discovered in Abu Dhabi, an event that led to quick unification calls made by UAE sheikdoms. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan became ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966, and the British started losing their oil investments and contracts to U.S. <a href="/wiki/List_of_petroleum_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of petroleum companies">oil companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British had earlier started a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. They formed the Trucial States Council,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Adi_Bitar" title="Adi Bitar">Adi Bitar</a>, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum's legal advisor, as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the council. This council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_withdrawal">British withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: British withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> had come to the conclusion that it could no longer afford to govern what is now the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much deliberation took place in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British parliament</a>, with a number of MPs arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> would not be able to defend the Trucial Sheikhdoms. Denis Healey, who, at the time, was the UK <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a>, reported that the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> were severely overextended, and in some respects, dangerously under-equipped to defend the Sheikhdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 January 1968, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> announced the decision to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms which had been, together with <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, under British protection.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British decision to withdraw was reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton2016_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region faced a host of serious local and regional problems. There were Iranian claims over Bahrain and other islands in the Gulf, territorial disputes between Qatar and Bahrain over <a href="/wiki/Zubarah" title="Zubarah">Zubarah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buraimi_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi Dispute">Buraimi dispute</a> was still unresolved between Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and Oman. On the issue of the shah of Iran's intentions, there are conflicting views: Abdullah Omran Taryam states that Iran was contemplating the occupation of Bahrain and other islands in the Gulf, while Alvandi Roham writes that the shah had no intention of using force to resolve the Bahrain question and was seeking a “package deal” with Great Britain over the Tunb Islands and Abu Musa, which was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rulers of the emirates believed that Britain's continued presence constituted a real guarantee of the region's safety, and some genuinely wanted Britain not to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this in mind, days after the British announcement to withdraw, Sheikh Zayed tried to persuade them to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay in full the costs of keeping British armed forces in the Emirates. However, the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government rebuffed the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TEN_Guide_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEN_Guide-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_of_nine_emirates">Federation of nine emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Federation of nine emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">History of Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">History of Qatar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationFederationofArabEmirates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/LocationFederationofArabEmirates.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of Arab emirates, which includes modern-day Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg/220px-Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg/330px-Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg/440px-Gulf_emirate_leaders_meet_to_discuss_union_plans_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>The first conference on the Gulf federation in Abu Dhabi, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>After Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Roberts,_Baron_Goronwy-Roberts" title="Goronwy Roberts, Baron Goronwy-Roberts">Goronwy Roberts</a> informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a federation of Arab emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-TEN_Guide_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEN_Guide-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federation was first proposed in February 1968 when the rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai met in the desert location of Argoub El Sedirah, and agreed on the principle of Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They announced their intention to form a coalition, extending an invitation to other <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf states</a> to join. Later that month, in a summit meeting attended by the rulers of Bahrain, Qatar and the Trucial Coast, the government of Qatar proposed the formation of a federation of Arab emirates to be governed by a higher council composed of nine rulers. This proposal was accepted and a declaration of union was approved.<sup id="cite_ref-zahlan_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zahlan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were, however, several disagreements between the rulers on matters such as the location of the capital, the drafting of the constitution and the distribution of ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-zahlan_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zahlan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further political issues surfaced as a result of Bahrain attempting to impose a leading role in the nine-state union, as well as the emergence of a number of differences between the rulers of the Trucial Coast, Bahrain and Qatar, the latter two being in a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf">long-running dispute</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a>. While Dubai's ruler, Sheikh Rashid, had a strong connection to the Qatari ruling family, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a> of his daughter with the son of the Qatari emir,<sup id="cite_ref-zahlan2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zahlan2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relationship between Abu Dhabi and Dubai (also cemented by intermarriage, Rashid's wife was a member of Abu Dhabi's ruling family<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was to endure the break-up of the talks with both Bahrain and Qatar. Overall, there were only four meetings between the nine rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-zahlan2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zahlan2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last such meeting, which took place in Abu Dhabi, saw <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a> elected as the first president of the federation. There were stalemates on numerous issues during the meeting, including the position of vice-president, the defense of the federation, and whether a constitution was required.<sup id="cite_ref-zahlan2_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zahlan2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the meeting, the Political Agent in Abu Dhabi revealed the British government's interests in the outcome of the session, prompting Qatar to withdraw from the federation apparently over what it perceived as foreign interference in internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine-emirate federation was consequently disbanded despite efforts by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Britain to reinvigorate discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahrain became independent in August 1971, and Qatar in September 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_the_union_1971–1972"><span id="Declaration_of_the_union_1971.E2.80.931972"></span>Declaration of the union 1971–1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Declaration of the union 1971–1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/220px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/330px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/440px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Historic photo depicting the first hoisting of the United Arab Emirates flag by the rulers of the emirates at The Union House, Dubai on 2 December 1971.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum,_Dubai,_UAE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg/260px-Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg/390px-Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg/520px-Meeting_Room_where_UAE_unification_treaty_was_signed_-_Etihad_Museum%2C_Dubai%2C_UAE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10150" data-file-height="3678" /></a><figcaption>The meeting room where the first constitution was signed on 2 December 1971 in Dubai. Today it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Etihad_Museum" title="Etihad Museum">Etihad Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 and 30 November 1971, a contingent of the Iranian army supported by the Iranian naval forces <a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_Abu_Musa_and_the_Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs">occupied the islands of Abu Musa and the Lesser and Greater Tunbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tunb">Greater Tunb</a>, 6 policemen clashed with approximately 2,000 Iranian troops and in the ensuing skirmish 4 Ras Al Khaimah policemen and 3 Iranian soldiers were killed. The Iranian troops then demolished the police station, the school, and a number of houses, and forced the natives to leave the island. The deceased were buried on the island while the residents were put on fishing boats and expelled to Ras Al Khaimah.<sup id="cite_ref-T_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TN_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Iranian Navy">Imperial Iranian Navy</a> seized the islands with little resistance from the tiny Arab police force stationed there.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Greater Tunb in 1971 was 150.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first soldier killed on Greater Tunb was Salem Suhail bin Khamis who was shot and killed after he refused to lower the Ras Al Khaimah flag. The death of the 20 year-old bin Khamis is marked as the date of the first martyr in the United Arab Emirates and November 30 is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_Day" title="Commemoration Day">Commemoration Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TN_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Sharjah</a> was forced to agree to negotiate for Iranian troops to occupy <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a>. His options were either to negotiate to save part of the territory or forego the restoration of the remaining part of the island for good.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971, the Trucial States became independent sheikhdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-TEN_Guide_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEN_Guide-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four more Trucial states (Ajman, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah) joined Abu Dhabi and Dubai in signing the UAE's founding treaty, with a draft constitution in place drafted in record time to meet the 2 December 1971 deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that date, at the Dubai Guesthouse (now known as Union House), the emirates agreed to enter into a union to be called the United Arab Emirates. <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a> joined in February 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 January 1972, the former deposed ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Saqr_bin_Sultan_Al_Qasimi" title="Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi">Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi</a>, with an armed group supported by Ras Al Khaimah forced his way into the palace of Sharjah's ruler Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Mohammed_Al_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi">Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi</a>, occupied it, and demanded to be recognized as the sole ruler of Sharjah. Saqr had been deposed in 1965 by the British because he supported and received assistance from the Arab League, which Britain objected to at the time. He saw the opportunity to make a comeback as the British had terminated their commitments to the Trucial States. The incident led to <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">UAE defence force</a> mobilising for the first time. In a joint action this force and the Abu Dhabi defence force, together with popular resistance in Sharjah, managed to bring the situation under control and to cut the lines of supplies from Ras Al-Khaimah. After the palace was besieged, Ṣaqr surrendered with his group to the federal authorities. However, Sharjah's ruler Sheikh Khalid had already been killed in the palace. The incident was a direct attack on the authority of a member emirate of the UAE and the murder of a ruler and Supreme Council member and it constituted a test for the new union at a time when the wound caused by the occupation of the three islands had not yet healed. On 25 January 1972, the ruling family in Sharjah met to choose a new ruler for the emirate, and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Muhammad_Al-Qasimi" title="Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi">Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi</a>, the brother of the late ruler, was unanimously chosen to succeed him. The Supreme Council met in emergency session to consider the situation, and besides issuing an obituary of Sheikh Khālid, officially proclaimed the accession.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The move to form a union took place at a time of unprecedented instability in the region, with a border dispute that resulted 22 deaths in Kalba, and a coup in Sharjah in January 1972. The <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Ali_Al_Thani" title="Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani">then emir of Qatar</a> was deposed by his cousin in February 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/170px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/255px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/340px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="5740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a>, the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">tallest structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">building</a> since its <a href="/wiki/Topping_out" title="Topping out">topping out</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-CTBUHdb_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBUHdb-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2010"><span id="2000.E2.80.932010"></span>2000–2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2000–2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg/220px-Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg/330px-Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg/440px-Hazza_Al_Mansouri_in_front_of_the_Soyuz_spacecraft_simulator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hazza_Al_Mansouri" title="Hazza Al Mansouri">Hazza Al Mansouri</a>, the first Emirati Astronaut who launched aboard the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">Soyuz MS-15</a> spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on 25 September 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">terrorist attacks</a> on the United States, the UAE was identified as a major <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> in transferring money to the hijackers. The nation immediately cooperated with the United States, freezing accounts tied to suspected terrorists and strongly clamping down on <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country had already signed a <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">military defence</a> agreement with the United States in 1994 and one with France in 1977. </p><p>The UAE supported <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operations</a> from the United States and other coalition nations engaged in the invasion of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) as well as operations supporting the Global <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Dhafra_Air_Base" title="Al Dhafra Air Base">Al Dhafra Air Base</a>, located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also supported Allied operations during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Persian Gulf War">1991 Persian Gulf War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch" title="Operation Northern Watch">Operation Northern Watch</a>. </p><p>On 2 November 2004, the UAE's first president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. His eldest son, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>, succeeded him as ruler of Abu Dhabi. In accordance with the constitution, the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president. Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Crown Prince Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a> assumed both roles. </p><p>In March 2006, the United States forced the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Ports_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai Ports World">Dubai Ports World</a> to relinquish control of terminals at six major American ports. Critics of the ports deal feared an increased risk of terrorist attack, saying the UAE had been home to two of the 9/11 hijackers.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2006, the UAE prepared for its first election to determine half the members of UAE's <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a> from 450 candidates. However, only 7000 Emirati citizens, less than 1% of the Emirati population, were given the right to vote in the election. The exact manner of selection was opaque. Notably, women were included in the electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2011, the Middle East saw a number of pro-democratic uprisings, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. The UAE saw comparatively little unrest, but did face one high-profile case in which five political activists were arrested on charges of breaking United Arab Emirates law of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> by insulting heads of state, namely UAE president Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, vice president Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Abu Dhabi crown prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan through running an anti-government website that express anti-government views.<sup id="cite_ref-AI1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial of the <a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a> attracted international publicity and protest from a number of human rights groups,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, which named the five men <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AI1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defendants were convicted and given two- to three-year prison sentences on 27 November 2011. </p><p>On 25 September 2019, <a href="/wiki/Hazza_Al_Mansouri" title="Hazza Al Mansouri">Hazza Al Mansouri</a> launched aboard the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">Soyuz MS-15</a> spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, where he stayed for eight days, becoming the first Emirati in space.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020-present">2020-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2020-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png/220px-Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png/330px-Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png/440px-Mars_-_August_30_2021_-_Flickr_-_Kevin_M._Gill.png 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> taken by the <i><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope Probe</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first confirmed <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> case in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> was announced on 29 January 2020. It was the first country in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to report a confirmed case.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the United Arab Emirates launched the <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">United Arab Emirates Space Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncrewed">uncrewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The Hope probe was launched on 19 July 2020, and went into orbit around Mars on 9 February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February 2021, the United Arab Emirates became the first Arab country and the fifth country to reach Mars and the second country to successfully enter Mars' orbit on its first try after India. In April 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported an updated global map of Mars based on images from the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Mars_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Mars Mission">Hope spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2020s, the UAE began overhauling its criminal and civil laws. It legalized alcohol, stopped allowing lighter punishments for <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a>, enacted harsher punishments for <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, allowed foreigners to follow their home country family laws for marriage and inheritance rather than local <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, reduced penalties for drugs, reduced penalties for having a child while unmarried, and allowed unmarried couples to live together. Economic changes have allowed foreigners to own businesses without a UAE partner, and at the beginning of 2022 moved to a Saturday-Sunday <a href="/wiki/Weekend" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend">weekend</a> with Friday as a working half-day.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homosexuality remained illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and though a new 21+ age rating will allow uncensored movies to be shown,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a> was a <a href="/wiki/World_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="World Expo">World Expo</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, in the United Arab Emirates, from 1 October 2021 to 31 March 2022. Originally scheduled for 20 October 2020 to 10 April 2021, it was postponed due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being postponed, organizers kept the name Expo 2020 for <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a> purposes. The event had recorded more than 24 million visits in its six months.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UAE moved its Friday-Saturday weekend to Saturday-Sunday in a landmark reform that came into force on January 1, 2022. The new system was rolled out across all government entities and most firms in the private sector followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Future" title="Museum of the Future">Museum of the Future</a> was inagurated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Federal government of the United Arab Emirates">Government of the United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of the date was officially made because 22 February 2022 is a <a href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindrome</a> date.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a landmark devoted to innovative and futuristic technologies located in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 May 2022, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> was elected as the UAE's president after the death of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a> was the first mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre</a> (MBRSC) sent a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> named Rashid to the Moon aboard <a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a> lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenstein_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenstein-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was launched on 11 December 2022 on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> rocket,<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenstein_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenstein-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rover attempted to land in <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(crater)" title="Atlas (crater)">Atlas crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Victor_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victor-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 April 2023, seconds before an attempted landing, communication with the Hakuto-R lander was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Victor_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victor-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ispace team confirmed that the spacecraft had crashed into the Moon and was thus destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History of the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dubai" title="History of Dubai">History of Dubai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dubai" title="Timeline of Dubai">Timeline of Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="History of Ras Al Khaimah">History of Ras Al Khaimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">History of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Timeline of Abu Dhabi">Timeline of Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates">Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the United Arab Emirates">List of presidents of the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates">List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Documentation_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Documentation and Research">National Center for Documentation and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">Politics of the United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2018/12/07/how-was-the-uae-founded">"How was the UAE founded?"</a>. <i>euronews</i>. 2018-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=Digging+in+the+Land+of+Magan+-+Archaeology+Magazine+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F9705%2Fabstracts%2Fmagan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharjaharchaeology.com/tell-abraq/">"Tell Abraq"</a>. <i>sharjaharchaeology.com</i>. Sharjah Directorate of Antiquities & Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sharjaharchaeology.com&rft.atitle=Tell+Abraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharjaharchaeology.com%2Ftell-abraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United Arab Emirates: a new perspective</i>. Abed, Ibrahim., Hellyer, Peter. 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London: Allen & Unwin. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0049530054" title="Special:BookSources/0049530054"><bdi>0049530054</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152680">152680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trucial+States&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152680&rft.isbn=0049530054&rft.aulast=Donald.&rft.aufirst=Hawley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7827484">"The UAE in Early Islamic History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+UAE+in+Early+Islamic+History&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7827484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1994" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Struan (1994). <i>The silk and spice routes, cultures and civilizations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mezyad+Desert+Park&rft.pub=Gustafson+Porter+%2B+Bowman&rft.date=2007%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gp-b.com%2Fmezyad-desert-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCTAD2017-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCTAD2017_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCTAD2017_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcaabudhabi.ae/DataFolder/reports/2017%20Annual%20report%20-%20EN.pdf">"Annual Report 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Department_of_Culture_%26_Tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism">Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi</a></i>, vol. 1: Culture, pp. 28–119, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807235514/https://tcaabudhabi.ae/DataFolder/reports/2017%20Annual%20report%20-%20EN.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Culture+and+Tourism+%E2%80%93+Abu+Dhabi&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2017&rft.volume=1%3A+Culture&rft.pages=28-119&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcaabudhabi.ae%2FDataFolder%2Freports%2F2017%2520Annual%2520report%2520-%2520EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCTAD2018Culture-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCTAD2018Culture_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcaabudhabi.ae/datafolder/files/2018-annual-reports/Culture_English-compressed.pdf">"Annual Report 2018 – Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Department_of_Culture_%26_Tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism">Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi</a></i>, vol. 1, p. 117, 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506074429/https://tcaabudhabi.ae/datafolder/files/2018-annual-reports/Culture_English-compressed.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Culture+and+Tourism+%E2%80%93+Abu+Dhabi&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2018+%E2%80%93+Culture&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcaabudhabi.ae%2Fdatafolder%2Ffiles%2F2018-annual-reports%2FCulture_English-compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Adrian G.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214744/http://www.gulfnexus.org/articles/geo/2006a%20Parker%20et%20al.pdf">"A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quaternary Research</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 465–476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006QuRes..66..465P">2006QuRes..66..465P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2006.07.001">10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140158532">140158532</a>. 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London: Reaktion Books. pp. 178–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780235806" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780235806"><bdi>978-1780235806</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202704/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oxfDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liwa&rft.atitle=From+Liwa+to+Abu+Dhabi&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2009-06&rft.issn=1729-9039&rft.aulast=C.+Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.na.ae%2Fen%2Fpdfviewer.aspx%3Fpath%3D%252Fen%252FImages%252FLIWA01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722125747/https://www.mikimoto.com/en/about-us/history.html">"MIKIMOTO History | About MIKIMOTO | MIKIMOTO"</a>. <i>MIKIMOTO | Jewelry, Pearl, Diamond</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikimoto.com/en/about-us/history.html">the original</a> on 2018-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIKIMOTO+%7C+Jewelry%2C+Pearl%2C+Diamond&rft.atitle=MIKIMOTO+History+%7C+About+MIKIMOTO+%7C+MIKIMOTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikimoto.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Graeme (1999). <i>Father of Dubai</i>. Media Prima. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+of+Dubai&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Media+Prima&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-OttomanEmpire.html">"Ottoman Empire - History of Ottoman Empire | Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary of Contemporary World History"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. 1923-10-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210185036/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-OttomanEmpire.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Empire+-+History+of+Ottoman+Empire+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com%3A+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+World+History&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=1923-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O46-OttomanEmpire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulṭān_ibn_Muḥammad_al-Qāsimī1986" class="citation book cs1">Sulṭān ibn Muḥammad al-Qāsimī (1986). <i>The myth of Arab piracy in the Gulf</i>. London: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709921066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0709921066"><bdi>978-0709921066</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12583612">12583612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myth+of+Arab+piracy+in+the+Gulf&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12583612&rft.isbn=978-0709921066&rft.au=Sul%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-Q%C4%81sim%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belgrave, Sir Charles (1966) <i>The Pirate Coast</i>, London: G. Bell and Sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1915" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, John (1915). <i>Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf</i>. British Government, Bombay. p. 653.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=653&rft.pub=British+Government%2C+Bombay&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qdl1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qdl1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [653] (796/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626201145/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c5">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B653%5D+%28796%2F1782%29&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575944.0x0000c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c6">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [654] (797/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084344/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B654%5D+%28797%2F1782%29&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575944.0x0000c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c8">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [656] (799/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005523/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575944.0x0000c8">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B656%5D+%28799%2F1782%29&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575944.0x0000c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575945.0x000003">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [659] (802/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626201132/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575945.0x000003">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B659%5D+%28802%2F1782%29&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575945.0x000003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1977" class="citation book cs1">Moorehead, John (1977). <i>In Defiance of The Elements: A Personal View of Qatar</i>. Quartet Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704321496" title="Special:BookSources/9780704321496"><bdi>9780704321496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defiance+of+The+Elements%3A+A+Personal+View+of+Qatar&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780704321496&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorimer1915" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, John (1915). <i>Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf</i>. British Government, Bombay. p. 669.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=British+Government%2C+Bombay&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Lorimer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perpetual Maritime Truce of 4 May 1853</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exclusive Agreement, signed between March 5 and March 8, 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/unitedarabemirates/26479.htm">"United Arab Emirates (02/02)"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=United+Arab+Emirates+%2802%2F02%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Funitedarabemirates%2F26479.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Sayegh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Al Sayegh, Fatma (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepc.org/journal/uae-and-oman-opportunities-and-challenges-twenty-first-century">"The UAE and Oman: Opportunities and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <i>Middle East Policy Council</i>. <b>XI</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205181426/https://mepc.org/journal/uae-and-oman-opportunities-and-challenges-twenty-first-century">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy+Council&rft.atitle=The+UAE+and+Oman%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Al+Sayegh&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmepc.org%2Fjournal%2Fuae-and-oman-opportunities-and-challenges-twenty-first-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Morton, Michael Quentin (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26765895">"The Search for Offshore Oil Abu Dhabi"</a>. <i>AAPG Explorer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202705/https://www.academia.edu/26765895">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Explorer&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Offshore+Oil+Abu+Dhabi&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Michael+Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26765895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhammadi,_Muna_M." class="citation book cs1">Alhammadi, Muna M. <i>Britain and the administration of the Trucial States 1947-1965</i>. Markaz al-Imārāt lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Buḥūth al-Istirātījīyah. Abu Dhabi. pp. 34–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789948146384" title="Special:BookSources/9789948146384"><bdi>9789948146384</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884280680">884280680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+administration+of+the+Trucial+States+1947-1965&rft.place=Abu+Dhabi&rft.pages=34-38&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884280680&rft.isbn=9789948146384&rft.au=Alhammadi%2C+Muna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/737620.stm">"Middle East | Country profiles | Country profile: United Arab Emirates"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2009-03-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626212416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/737620.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%26%23124%3B+Country+profiles+%26%23124%3B+Country+profile%3A+United+Arab+Emirates&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2Fcountry_profiles%2F737620.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley1970" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, Donald (1970). <i>The Trucial States</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0049530058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0049530058"><bdi>978-0049530058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152680">152680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trucial+States&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152680&rft.isbn=978-0049530058&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2013" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Michael Quentin (2013). <i>Buraimi : the Struggle for Power, Influence and Oil in Arabia</i>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1299908499" title="Special:BookSources/978-1299908499"><bdi>978-1299908499</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858974407">858974407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buraimi+%3A+the+Struggle+for+Power%2C+Influence+and+Oil+in+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858974407&rft.isbn=978-1299908499&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Michael+Quentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/85.htm">"United Arab Emirates - Oil and Natural Gas"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629190940/http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/85.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Arab+Emirates+-+Oil+and+Natural+Gas&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpersian-gulf-states%2F85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020019/http://nasibbitar.net/adi_sr/DocumentsArticle4.jpg">"Al Khaleej News Paper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasibbitar.net/adi_sr/DocumentsArticle4.jpg">the original</a> on 2008-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Khaleej+News+Paper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnasibbitar.net%2Fadi_sr%2FDocumentsArticle4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011257/https://www.fotw.info/flags/ae_tsc.html">"Trucial States Council until 1971 (United Arab Emirates)"</a>. Fotw.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/ae_tsc.html">the original</a> on 2011-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trucial+States+Council+until+1971+%28United+Arab+Emirates%29&rft.pub=Fotw.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fae_tsc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/uae/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag-1.574721">"Sun sets on British Empire as UAE raises its flag"</a>. <i>The National</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106231105/https://www.thenational.ae/uae/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag-1.574721">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Sun+sets+on+British+Empire+as+UAE+raises+its+flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fuae%2Fsun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag-1.574721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. London: Motivate. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860631673" title="Special:BookSources/1860631673"><bdi>1860631673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64689681">64689681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates+%3A+a+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Motivate&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64689681&rft.isbn=1860631673&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaryam2019" class="citation book cs1">Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). <i>The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950-85</i>. 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Zahlan (1979), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey2005" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). <i>From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition</i>. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33192-0"><bdi>978-0-415-33192-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202705/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qCeBV9IW0C&q=trucial+states+federation&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.atitle=Trucial+Oman+or+Trucial+States+%E2%80%93+Origin+of+Trucial+Oman+or+Trucial+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaryam2019" class="citation book cs1">Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). <i>The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950-85</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ispace&rft.atitle=ispace%E3%80%81UAE%E3%83%89%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2MBRSC%E3%81%A8%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E3%82%92%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispace-inc.com%2Fjpn%2Fnews%2F%3Fp%3D1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=3939">"ispace Announces Mission 1 Launch Date"</a>. <i>ispace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ispace&rft.atitle=ispace+Announces+Mission+1+Launch+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispace-inc.com%2Fnews-en%2F%3Fp%3D3939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victor_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victor_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor2023" class="citation news cs1">Victor, Daniel (2023-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/25/science/ispace-moon-landing-japan">"Moon Landing Updates: What Happened During Ispace's Moon Landing Attempt"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Moon+Landing+Updates%3A+What+Happened+During+Ispace%27s+Moon+Landing+Attempt&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2023%2F04%2F25%2Fscience%2Fispace-moon-landing-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=4655">"Status Update on ispace HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Lunar Lander"</a>. <i>ispace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ispace&rft.atitle=Status+Update+on+ispace+HAKUTO-R+Mission+1+Lunar+Lander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispace-inc.com%2Fnews-en%2F%3Fp%3D4655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-25/japan-s-ispace-says-it-lost-contact-with-moon-lander">"Japan Spacecraft Believed to Have Crashed on Moon During Landing"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Japan+Spacecraft+Believed+to+Have+Crashed+on+Moon+During+Landing&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-04-25%2Fjapan-s-ispace-says-it-lost-contact-with-moon-lander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of the United Arab Emirates">History of the United Arab Emirates</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100022694725.0x000011">The 1820 General Maritime Treaty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525062356/http://www.poiresources.com/info/history-of-united-arab-emirates/">Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Arab_Emirates&#124;link=United_Arab_Emirates_Arab_tribes_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_tribes_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template:Arab tribes in the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_tribes_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template talk:Arab tribes in the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daramikah" title="Daramikah">Daramikah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duru_(tribe)" title="Duru (tribe)">Duru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habus" title="Habus">Habus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Kaab" title="Bani Kaab">Bani Kaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balush_(tribe)" title="Balush (tribe)">Balush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunud" title="Kunud">Kunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasir_(tribe)" title="Manasir (tribe)">Manasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Muhair" title="Al Bu Muhair">Al Bu Muhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marar_(tribe)" title="Marar (tribe)">Al Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraziq" title="Maraziq">Maraziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27im" title="Na'im">Na'im</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Kharaiban" title="Al Bu Kharaiban">Al Bu Kharaiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawatir" title="Khawatir">Khawatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Shamis" title="Al Bu Shamis">Al Bu Shamis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqbiyin" title="Naqbiyin">Naqbiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qawasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Qitab" title="Bani Qitab">Bani Qitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(tribe)" title="Rashid (tribe)">Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqiyin" title="Sharqiyin">Sharqiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Hadiyah" title="Bani Hadiyah">Bani Hadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Shatair" title="Bani Shatair">Bani Shatair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(tribe)" title="Sudan (tribe)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunaij" title="Tunaij">Tunaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Yas" title="Bani Yas">Bani Yas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Hamir" title="Al Bu Hamir">Al Bu Hamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Falasi" title="House of Al Falasi">Al Bu Falasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marar_(tribe)" title="Marar (tribe)">Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazari_(Emirati_tribe)" title="Mazari (Emirati tribe)">Mazari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaab" title="Zaab">Zaab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_tribes" title="Template:Arab tribes">Arab tribes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Arab_Emirates_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Arab_Emirates_topics" title="Template:United Arab Emirates topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Arab_Emirates_topics" title="Template talk:United Arab Emirates topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Arab_Emirates_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Arab Emirates topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Arab_Emirates_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">By period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Glacial_Period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period">Hafit period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bronze_Age:_Umm_Al_Nar_and_Wadi_Suq_Cultures">Bronze Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">Iron Age</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mleiha">Mleiha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Post-Islamic Era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Battle of Dibba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-independence_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-independence in the United Arab Emirates">Post-independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">By topic</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_the_UAE" title="List of ancient settlements in the UAE">Ancient settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States" title="Slavery in the Trucial States">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United Arab Emirates">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of wars involving the United Arab Emirates">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Military history of the United Arab Emirates"> Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Political history of the United Arab Emirates">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the United Arab Emirates">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates">cloud seeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Emirate of Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geology of the United Arab Emirates">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of islands of the United Arab Emirates">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates"> Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of protected areas of the United Arab Emirates">Protected areas</a></li> <li>Territorial disputes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_border#Border_dispute" title="Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border">Saudi border dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of wadis of the United Arab Emirates">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Federal government of the United Arab Emirates">Federal</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United Arab Emirates">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cabinets of the United Arab Emirates">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Legislative_branch" title="Federal government of the United Arab Emirates">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the United Arab Emirates">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Emirati parliamentary election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Emirati parliamentary election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Emirati parliamentary election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Emirati parliamentary election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Emirati_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Emirati parliamentary election">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Judicial system of the United Arab Emirates">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Legal system of the United Arab Emirates">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Constitution of the United Arab Emirates">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">Nationality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">Signals Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Uniformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force" title="United Arab Emirates Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Army" title="United Arab Emirates Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Navy" title="United Arab Emirates Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Presidential_Guard" title="United Arab Emirates Presidential Guard">Presidential Guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Local_politics" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">Local</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Courts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Judicial_Department" title="Abu Dhabi Judicial Department">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Courts" title="Dubai Courts">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Common law courts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Global_Market" title="Abu Dhabi Global Market">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIFC_Courts" title="DIFC Courts">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_individual_Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">Emirate rulers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_families_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Royal families of the United Arab Emirates">royal families</a></li></ul></li> <li>Governments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Government of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Dubai" title="Government of Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sharjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ajman" title="Government of Ajman">Ajman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United Arab Emirates">diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93UAE_123_Agreement_for_Peaceful_Civilian_Nuclear_Energy_Cooperation" title="U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation">US-UAE nuclear energy agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Blasphemy law in the United Arab Emirates">blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates">capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates">migrant workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system in the United Arab Emirates">Justice system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Legal system of the United Arab Emirates">Legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cannabis in the United Arab Emirates"> cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun laws in the United Arab Emirates">guns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Visa policy of the United Arab Emirates">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of companies of the United Arab Emirates"> Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of government-owned companies of the United Arab Emirates">state-owned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_corporate_law" title="United Arab Emirates corporate law">Corporate Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Entrepreneurship policies in the United Arab Emirates">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li>Finance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of banks in the United Arab Emirates">banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates">central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates">nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates">oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates">reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Solar power in the United Arab Emirates">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of power stations in the United Arab Emirates">power stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of free-trade zones in the United Arab Emirates">Free trade zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones_in_Dubai" title="List of free-trade zones in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Taxation in the United Arab Emirates">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Tourism in the United Arab Emirates">Tourism</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Dubai" title="Tourism in Dubai">Dubai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of tourist attractions in the United Arab Emirates">attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stock exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Securities_Exchange" title="Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange">ADX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Financial_Market" title="Dubai Financial Market">DFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Dubai" title="Nasdaq Dubai">Nasdaq Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Local economies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi#Economy" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dubai" title="Economy of Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_companies#United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of telecommunications companies">companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ae" title=".ae">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_and_Digital_Government_Regulatory_Authority" title="Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority">regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates">telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of airlines of the United Arab Emirates">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of airports in the United Arab Emirates">airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of bridges in the United Arab Emirates"> bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etihad_Rail" title="Etihad Rail">national rail operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Rail transport in the United Arab Emirates">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Speed limits in the United Arab Emirates">speed limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Vehicle registration plates of the United Arab Emirates">registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Society of the United Arab Emirates">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishy_Bilady" title="Ishy Bilady">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Architecture of the United Arab Emirates"> Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Emirati_artists" title="List of Emirati artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Clothing in the United Arab Emirates"> Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emblem of the United Arab Emirates">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Flag of the United Arab Emirates">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Arab Emirates">Heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Mass media in the United Arab Emirates">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of newspapers in the United Arab Emirates">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Television in the United Arab Emirates"> television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of museums in the United Arab Emirates"> Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the United Arab Emirates">National library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in the United Arab Emirates">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates"> Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates"> Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates"> irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam <span style="font-size:85%;">(official)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Arab Emirates">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sport in the United Arab Emirates">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cricket in the United Arab Emirates">cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cricket_grounds_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cricket grounds in the United Arab Emirates">grounds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of sporting events in the United Arab Emirates">events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Football in the United Arab Emirates">football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of football clubs in the United Arab Emirates">clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of football stadiums in the United Arab Emirates">stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Ice hockey in the United Arab Emirates">ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Polo in the United Arab Emirates">polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Time in the United Arab Emirates">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Emirati_writers" title="List of Emirati writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates"> Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Crime in the United Arab Emirates">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates">human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Prostitution in the United Arab Emirates"> prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Terrorism in the United Arab Emirates"> terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Demographics of the United Arab Emirates">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">Education</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Abu_Dhabi" title="Education in Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dubai" title="Education in Dubai">Dubai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of schools in the United Arab Emirates">schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of universities and colleges in the United Arab Emirates">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratis" title="Emiratis">Emiratis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">Afro-Emiratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_diaspora" title="Emirati diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Emiratis" title="List of Emiratis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Health in the United Arab Emirates">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates">healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of hospitals in the United Arab Emirates">hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">HIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Public holidays in the United Arab Emirates">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_Day" title="Commemoration Day">Commemoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Day (United Arab Emirates)">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Flag Day (United Arab Emirates)">Flag Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Outline of the United Arab Emirates">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of United Arab Emirates–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:United Arab Emirates">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates" title="Portal:United Arab Emirates">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=1259632586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=1259632586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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