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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extant_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extant_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extant species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecological_and_behavioral_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_and_behavioral_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ecological and behavioral adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_and_behavioral_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>21st century competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Food uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dairy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Dairy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Camel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">181 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Махъушэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Махъушэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameel" title="Kameel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kameel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altweltkamele" title="Altweltkamele – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altweltkamele" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D" title="ግመል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግመል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="ऊँट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऊँट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84" title="جمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܓܡܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܡܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուղտեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուղտեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F" title="উট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="उँट – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उँट" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymbakandu" title="Mymbakandu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mymbakandu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Варани – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Варани" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99v%C9%99" title="Dəvə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəvə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87" title="دوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unta" title="Unta – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Unta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F" title="উট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%CC%8Dk-t%C3%B4" title="Lo̍k-tô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lo̍k-tô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99" title="Дөйә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дөйә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вярблюды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вярблюды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4" title="Вярблюд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вярблюд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelyo" title="Kamelyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kamelyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel" title="Kamel – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kamel" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Камили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="རྔ་མོང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྔ་མོང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva" title="Deva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Deva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тэмээн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тэмээн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camell" title="Camell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Тĕве – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕве" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velbloud" title="Velbloud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velbloud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghamera" title="Nghamera – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nghamera" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellu" title="Camellu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Camellu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" title="Camel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laakumi" title="Laakumi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laakumi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84" title="جمل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جمل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altweltkamele" title="Altweltkamele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altweltkamele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii" title="Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamel" title="Kaamel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaamel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Καμήλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμήλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Дуе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Дуе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelo" title="Kamelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="شتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuntth" title="Uuntth – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Uuntth" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelur" title="Kamelur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kamelur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamielen" title="Kamielen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kamielen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camall" title="Camall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Camall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C3%A4" title="Devä – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Devä" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mhal" title="Càmhal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Càmhal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelo" title="Camelo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Инкалаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Инкалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untth" title="Untth – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Untth" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%CC%8Dk-th%C3%B2" title="Lo̍k-thò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lo̍k-thò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Темән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Темән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%ED%83%80" title="낙타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C6%99umi" title="Raƙumi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Raƙumi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուղտեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղտեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="ऊँट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊँट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve_starog_svijeta" title="Deve starog svijeta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deve starog svijeta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelo" title="Kamelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelio" title="Kamelio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kamelio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unta" title="Unta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelos_(genere)" title="Camelos (genere) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Camelos (genere)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikukturuaq" title="Pikukturuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pikukturuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Теуа – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Теуа" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alfaldar" title="Úlfaldar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úlfaldar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="גמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unta" title="Unta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Unta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%96a%C9%96a" title="Aɖaɖa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aɖaɖa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಒಂಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಂಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აქლემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქლემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A9l" title="Kamél – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kamél" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Түйелер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түйелер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowrvargh" title="Kowrvargh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kowrvargh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingamiya" title="Ingamiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ingamiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngamia" title="Ngamia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ngamia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwol_(Camelus)" title="Cwol (Camelus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Cwol (Camelus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamo" title="Chamo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chamo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AA%C5%9Ftir" title="Hêştir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêştir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Төө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Төө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameo" title="Gameo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gameo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Варани – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Варани" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C4%BCi" title="Kamieļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamieļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Деве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Деве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupranugariai" title="Kupranugariai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kupranugariai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" title="Camel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Camel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teve" title="Teve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Камила – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameva" title="Rameva – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rameva" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഒട്ടകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒട്ടകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="उंट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उंट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="არქემი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არქემი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جمل (جنس من الثدييات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمل (جنس من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%B1" title="اِشتِر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اِشتِر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unta" title="Unta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unto" title="Unto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8Fk-d%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Lŏk-dò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lŏk-dò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Тэмээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэмээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကုလားအုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကုလားအုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelen" title="Kamelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="उँट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उँट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="उंथ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उंथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%80" title="ラクダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラクダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88" title="Эмкалш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эмкалш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameler" title="Kameler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kameler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelar" title="Kamelar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kamelar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A8l" title="Camèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%B5" title="Тӱе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaala" title="Gaala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gaala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A0" title="ਊਠ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਠ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DA%BE" title="اونٹھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اونٹھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%9A" title="اوښ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوښ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel" title="Kamel – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamel" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camioe" title="Camioe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Camioe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel" title="Kamel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kamel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameels" title="Kameels – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kameels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielb%C5%82%C4%85d" title="Wielbłąd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielbłąd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelo" title="Camelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve" title="Deve – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Deve" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83mil%C4%83" title="Cămilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cămilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odari" title="Odari – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Odari" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamillu" title="Kamillu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamillu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Верблюды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верблюды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тэбиэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэбиэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="उष्ट्रः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उष्ट्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱩᱸᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱸᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%91%D9%B9%DA%BE" title="اّٹھ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اّٹھ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caumel" title="Caumel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caumel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamela" title="Kamela – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Kamela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveja" title="Deveja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deveja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="ඔටුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔටුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" title="Camel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Camel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BA" title="اٺ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اٺ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ava" title="Ťava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ťava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velblod" title="Velblod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velblod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamela" title="Kamela – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kamela" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel" title="Geel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Geel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="وشتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Камила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva" title="Deva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onta" title="Onta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Onta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelit_(suku)" title="Kamelit (suku) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamelit (suku)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameler" title="Kameler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kameler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelyo" title="Kamelyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamelyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்டகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A3em" title="Alɣem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alɣem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%8F" title="Дөя – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дөя" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86" title="ఒంటె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒంటె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%90" title="อูฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Шутур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шутур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಒಂಟೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಒಂಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve" title="Deve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deve" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lakumi" title="A̱lakumi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lakumi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Дуэ – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дуэ" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4" title="Верблюд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верблюд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9" title="اونٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اونٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6ge" title="Töge – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Töge" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbl%C3%BCdad" title="Verblüdad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Verblüdad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%C3%A0" title="Lạc đà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạc đà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamli" title="Kaamli – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kaamli" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamo" title="Chamo – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chamo" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelus" title="Camelus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Camelus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelyo" title="Kamelyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamelyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%86%E9%A9%BC" title="骆驼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骆驼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="קעמל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעמל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0k%C3%B9nm%C3%AD" title="Ràkùnmí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ràkùnmí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E9%A7%9D" title="駱駝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="駱駝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve" title="Deve – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deve" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopranogar%C4%93" title="Kopranogarē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kopranogarē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%86%E9%A9%BC" title="骆驼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骆驼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakunmi" title="Lakunmi – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Lakunmi" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Camel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Camel (disambiguation)">Camel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Camel<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>–Recent</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.78153846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:07._Camel_Profile,_near_Silverton,_NSW,_07.07.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A one-humped camel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg/220px-07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg/330px-07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg/440px-07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a><br /> (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_Camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shaggy two-humped camel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bactrian_Camel.jpg/220px-Bactrian_Camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bactrian_Camel.jpg/330px-Bactrian_Camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bactrian_Camel.jpg/440px-Bactrian_Camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a><br /> (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Camelus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camelini" title="Camelini">Camelini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Camelus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_dromedarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus dromedarius">Camelus dromedarius</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_bactrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus bactrianus">Camelus bactrianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_dromedarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus dromedarius">Camelus dromedarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_ferus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus ferus">Camelus ferus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_grattardi" title="Camelus grattardi">Camelus grattardi</a></i> (fossil)<sup id="cite_ref-Geraads2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geraads2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_knoblochi" title="Camelus knoblochi">Camelus knoblochi</a></i> (fossil)<sup id="cite_ref-Titov2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titov2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_moreli" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus moreli">Camelus moreli</a></i> (fossil)</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camelus_sivalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camelus sivalensis (page does not exist)">Camelus sivalensis</a></i> (fossil)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_thomasi" title="Camelus thomasi">Camelus thomasi</a></i> (fossil)<sup id="cite_ref-Martini2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_by_country_per_capita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Camels_by_country_per_capita.png/220px-Camels_by_country_per_capita.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Camels_by_country_per_capita.png/330px-Camels_by_country_per_capita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Camels_by_country_per_capita.png/440px-Camels_by_country_per_capita.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4192" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of camels worldwide </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Camellus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Molina" title="Juan Ignacio Molina">Molina</a>, 1782</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Dromedarius</i> <small><a href="/wiki/C._L._Gloger" title="C. L. Gloger">Gloger</a>, 1841</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>camel</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">camelus</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κάμηλος</span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kamēlos</i></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Ancient Semitic</a>: <i>gāmāl</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">even-toed ungulate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Camelus</b></i> that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. Camels have long been <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> and, as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, they provide food (<a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel milk</a> and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from <a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">camel hair</a>). Camels are <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> especially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three surviving <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of camel. The one-humped <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary</a> makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a> makes up 6%. The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">wild Bactrian camel</a> is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel, and is now <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, with fewer than 1,000 individuals. </p><p>The word <i>camel</i> is also used informally in a wider sense, where the more correct term is "camelid", to include all seven species of the family <a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a>: the true camels (the above three species), along with the "New World" camelids: the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a>, which belong to the separate tribe <a href="/wiki/Lamini" title="Lamini">Lamini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bornstein10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bornstein10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camelids originated in North America during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, with the ancestor of modern camels, <i><a href="/wiki/Paracamelus" title="Paracamelus">Paracamelus</a></i>, migrating across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> into Asia during the late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, around 6 million years ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extant_species">Extant species</h3></div> <p>Three species are <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">extant</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Burger_al.2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burger_al.2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chuluunbaat_al.2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuluunbaat_al.2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:73%;text-align:center"> <caption style="background-color: #BBBBFF">Genus <i><b>Camelus </b></i> – <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> – nine species </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:15%; min-width:180px;">Common name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:25%;">Scientific name and subspecies </th> <th scope="col" style="width:15%; min-width:180px;">Range </th> <th scope="col" style="width:29%;">Size and ecology </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%; min-width:112px;">IUCN status and estimated population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bactrian camel <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG/180px-2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG/270px-2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG/360px-2011_Trampeltier_1528.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="2015" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_bactrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus bactrianus">Camelus bactrianus</a></i> <br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> </td> <td>Domesticated; <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, including the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrianmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bactrianmap.png/180px-Bactrianmap.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bactrianmap.png/270px-Bactrianmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bactrianmap.png/360px-Bactrianmap.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>Size</i>: <br /><br /><i>Habitat</i>: <br /><br /><i>Diet</i>: </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a> / Arabian camel <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG/180px-Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG/270px-Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG/360px-Camelus_dromedarius_at_Tierpark_Berlin_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_dromedarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus dromedarius">Camelus dromedarius</a></i> <br /><small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> </td> <td>Domesticated; the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>; introduced to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabiancamelmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arabiancamelmap.png/180px-Arabiancamelmap.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arabiancamelmap.png/270px-Arabiancamelmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arabiancamelmap.png/360px-Arabiancamelmap.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>Size</i>: <br /><br /><i>Habitat</i>: <br /><br /><i>Diet</i>: </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Wild Bactrian camel <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten,_Schloss_Hof,_Camelus_ferus_(32226959887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg/180px-2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg/270px-2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg/360px-2017-09-03_AT_Engelhartstetten%2C_Schloss_Hof%2C_Camelus_ferus_%2832226959887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="3209" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_ferus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus ferus">Camelus ferus</a></i> <br /><small>Przewalski, 1878</small> </td> <td>Remote areas of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">northwest China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg/180px-Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg/270px-Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg/360px-Camelus_ferus_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>Size</i>: <br /><br /><i>Habitat</i>: <br /><br /><i>Diet</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered"><b><span style="background: #CC3333;padding: 2px; color: #FFCCCC"> CR </span></b></a> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <p>The average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of a camel is 40 to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeo-bactrian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeo-bactrian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full-grown adult dromedary camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump.<sup id="cite_ref-camello_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camello-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bactrian camels can be a foot taller. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-bigfacts_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigfacts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The widening toes on a camel's <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a> provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male dromedary camel has an organ called a <i>dulla</i> in his throat, a large, inflatable sac that he extrudes from his mouth when in <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a> to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of the camel's mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male usually <a href="/wiki/Ejaculates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculates">ejaculates</a> three or four times within a single mating session.<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiegozoo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="anchor" id="Eco-behavioral_adaptations"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_and_behavioral_adaptations">Ecological and behavioral adaptations</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Hump"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teve_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Teve_3.jpg/220px-Teve_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Teve_3.jpg/330px-Teve_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Teve_3.jpg/440px-Teve_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Camel humps store fat for when food is scarce. If a camel uses the fat, the hump becomes limp and droops.</figcaption></figure> <p>Camels do not directly store water in their humps; they are reservoirs of fatty tissue. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields a greater mass of water than that of the fat processed. This <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">fat metabolization</a>, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">respiration</a> (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.<sup id="cite_ref-vannjones_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vannjones-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rastogi71_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rastogi71-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a camel with a visibly thick mane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camel_portrait.jpg/170px-Camel_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camel_portrait.jpg/255px-Camel_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camel_portrait.jpg/340px-Camel_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A camel's thick coat is one of its many adaptations that aid it in desert-like conditions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eylcamel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A leashed pack camel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Eylcamel.jpg/220px-Eylcamel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Eylcamel.jpg/330px-Eylcamel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Eylcamel.jpg/440px-Eylcamel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A camel in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Somalia</a>, which has the world's largest camel population<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts86_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts86-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other mammals, camels' <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and makes them better at withstanding high <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmotic</a> variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mares99_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mares99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camels are able to withstand changes in <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a> and water consumption that would kill most other mammals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C (104 °F) by sunset, before they cool off at night again.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts86_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts86-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, to compare between camels and the other livestock, camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a <a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">rete mirabile</a>, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Inside_Nature's_Giants_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inside_Nature's_Giants-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C (120 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeo-dromedary_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeo-dromedary-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a> therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight in water, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">cardiac failure</a> results from circulatory disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-mares99_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mares99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the camel exhales, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> becomes trapped in their <a href="/wiki/Nostrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrils">nostrils</a> and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-fao94_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao94-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg/220px-Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg/330px-Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg/440px-Camels_in_Dubai_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency, which aids heat loss</figcaption></figure> <p>The camel's thick coat insulates it from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn.<sup id="cite_ref-mares99_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mares99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C (158 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-bronxzoo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronxzoo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rundel05_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rundel05-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> called the <i>pedestal</i>. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Inside_Nature's_Giants_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inside_Nature's_Giants-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their translucent <a href="/wiki/Third_eyelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Third eyelid">third eyelid</a> (also known as the nictitating membrane). The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.<sup id="cite_ref-bronxzoo_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronxzoo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silverstein08_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstein08-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 <a href="/wiki/Renal_cortex" title="Renal cortex">cortex</a> to <a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">medulla ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as a cow's kidney. Secondly, <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal corpuscles">renal corpuscles</a> have a smaller diameter, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rehan08_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehan08-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a> comes out as a thick syrup, and camel faeces are so dry that they do not require drying when used to fuel fires.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson06_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davidson-kidney_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson-kidney-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-junglestore_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junglestore-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fedewa00_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedewa00-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camel <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y.<sup id="cite_ref-Camelized_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camelized-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable.<sup id="cite_ref-Camelized_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camelized-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Camelized_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camelized-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels suffer from <a href="/wiki/Surra" title="Surra">surra</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_evansi" title="Trypanosoma evansi">Trypanosoma evansi</a></i> wherever camels are domesticated in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Sazmand-Joachim-2017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sazmand-Joachim-2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and resultantly camels have evolved trypanolytic antibodies as with many mammals. In the future, nanobody/<a href="/wiki/Single-domain_antibody" title="Single-domain antibody">single-domain antibody</a> therapy will surpass natural camel antibodies by reaching locations currently unreachable due to natural antibodies' larger size.<sup id="cite_ref-Muyldermans-2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muyldermans-2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 788">: 788 </span></sup> Such therapies may also be suitable for other mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Muyldermans-2013_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muyldermans-2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 788">: 788 </span></sup> Tran <i>et al.</i> 2009 provides a new <a href="/wiki/Reference_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference test">reference test</a> for <a href="/wiki/Surra" title="Surra">surra</a> (<i>T. evansi</i>) of camel.<sup id="cite_ref-New-Test_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-Test-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Invariant_Surface_Glycoprotein_75"></span><span id="ISG75"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Invariant Surface Glycoprotein 75 </span></span> (rISG75, an <a href="/wiki/Invariant_Surface_Glycoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Invariant Surface Glycoprotein">Invariant Surface Glycoprotein</a>) and <a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New-Test_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-Test-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tran test has high <a href="/wiki/Test_specificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Test specificity">test specificity</a> and appears likely to work just as well for <i>T. evansi</i> in other hosts, and for a pan-<i><a href="/wiki/Trypanozoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanozoon">Trypanozoon</a></i> test, which would also be useful for <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei_brucei" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosoma brucei brucei">T. b. brucei</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei_gambiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosoma brucei gambiense">T. b. gambiense</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei_rhodesiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense">T. b. rhodesiense</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_equiperdum" title="Trypanosoma equiperdum">T. equiperdum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-New-Test_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-Test-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotypes</a> of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study <a href="/wiki/Flow_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sorting">flow sorted</a> camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotype consisted of one <a href="/wiki/Centromere#Metacentric" title="Centromere">metacentric</a>, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y</a> is a small metacentric chromosome, while the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X</a> is a large metacentric chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camel_skull.jpg/220px-Camel_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camel_skull.jpg/330px-Camel_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Camel_skull.jpg/440px-Camel_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Skull of an F1 hybrid camel, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a>, Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_camel" title="Hybrid camel">hybrid camel</a>, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb), which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.<sup id="cite_ref-potts_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potts-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to molecular data, the wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>) about 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cama_(animal)" title="Cama (animal)">cama</a> is a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-came_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-came-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists <a href="/wiki/Collected_semen" class="mw-redirect" title="Collected semen">collected semen</a> from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with <a href="/wiki/Gonadotrophin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotrophin">gonadotrophin</a> injections.<sup id="cite_ref-fahmy02_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahmy02-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially <a href="/wiki/Cloven-hoof" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloven-hoof">cloven hooves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell05_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell05-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metrouk_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrouk-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-fahmy02_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahmy02-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <p>The earliest known camel, called <i><a href="/wiki/Protylopus" title="Protylopus">Protylopus</a></i>, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harington97_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harington97-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bernstein09_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein09-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 35 million years ago, the <i><a href="/wiki/Poebrotherium" title="Poebrotherium">Poebrotherium</a></i> was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas.<sup id="cite_ref-northdakota_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northdakota-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scibuzz04_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scibuzz04-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hoofed <i><a href="/wiki/Stenomylus" title="Stenomylus">Stenomylus</a></i>, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked <i><a href="/wiki/Aepycamelus" title="Aepycamelus">Aepycamelus</a></i> evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kindersley08_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kindersley08-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split between the tribes <a href="/wiki/Camelini" title="Camelini">Camelini</a>, which contains modern camels and <a href="/wiki/Lamini" title="Lamini">Lamini</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuñas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanacos</a>, is estimated to have occurred over 16 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestor of modern camels, <i><a href="/wiki/Paracamelus" title="Paracamelus">Paracamelus</a></i>, migrated into Eurasia from North America via <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> during the late Miocene, between 7.5 and 6.5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-singh-tomar_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-tomar-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Pleistocene, around 3 to 1 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a> via the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, where they gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Guanacos" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanacos">guanacos</a> and related animals.<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harington97_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harington97-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bernstein09_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein09-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populations of <i>Paracamelus</i> continued to exist in the North American Arctic into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet (2.7 metres) tall. The Bactrian camel diverged from the dromedary about 1 million years ago, according to the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last camel native to North America was <i><a href="/wiki/Camelops_hesternus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelops hesternus">Camelops hesternus</a></i>, which vanished along with <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctodus" title="Arctodus">short-faced bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabertooth_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabertooth cat">sabertooth cats</a>, and many other megafauna as part of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a>, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia at the end of the Pleistocene, around 13–11,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-worboys10_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worboys10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-macphee99_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macphee99-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extinct giant camel species, <i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_knoblochi" title="Camelus knoblochi">Camelus knoblochi</a></i> roamed Asia during the Late Pleistocene, before becoming extinct around 20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenomylus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stenomylus illustration"><img alt="A drawing of two early camels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stenomylus.jpg/302px-Stenomylus.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stenomylus.jpg/454px-Stenomylus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stenomylus.jpg/605px-Stenomylus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stenomylus" title="Stenomylus">Stenomylus</a> illustration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stenomylus skeleton"><img alt="Stenomylus skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif/lossy-page1-267px-NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif/lossy-page1-400px-NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif/lossy-page1-533px-NMNH-USNMV16601Stenomylus.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="3265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stenomylus" title="Stenomylus">Stenomylus</a> skeleton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poebrotherium skeleton"><img alt="Poebrotherium skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/348px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/523px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/697px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Poebrotherium" title="Poebrotherium">Poebrotherium</a> skeleton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 336px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 334px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Procamelus skull"><img alt="Procamelus skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg/501px-NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg/752px-NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg/1002px-NMNH-USNM244271_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Procamelus" title="Procamelus">Procamelus</a> skull</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelops_hesternus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camelops hesternus, the last true camel native to North America"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Camelops_hesternus.jpg/173px-Camelops_hesternus.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Camelops_hesternus.jpg/259px-Camelops_hesternus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Camelops_hesternus.jpg/345px-Camelops_hesternus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Camelops_hesternus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelops hesternus">Camelops hesternus</a></i>, the last true camel native to North America</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication">Domestication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel,_China,_Tang_dynasty,_618-906_AD,_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG/220px-Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG/330px-Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG/440px-Tomb_figurine_of_a_camel%2C_China%2C_Tang_dynasty%2C_618-906_AD%2C_glazed_earthenware_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09593.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>A camel carrying supplies, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camello_Guimet_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camello_Guimet_01.JPG/220px-Camello_Guimet_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camello_Guimet_01.JPG/330px-Camello_Guimet_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Camello_Guimet_01.JPG/440px-Camello_Guimet_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="3917" /></a><figcaption>A man on a camel, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg/220px-Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg/330px-Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg/440px-Tang_Pottery_Camel_%26_Nursing_Woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Woman on a camel breastfeeding, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, camels originated in North America and eventually spread across <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> to Asia. They survived in the Old World, and eventually humans domesticated them and spread them globally. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> from Asia into North America, 10 to 12,000 years ago; although fossils have never been associated with definitive evidence of hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-worboys10_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worboys10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-macphee99_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macphee99-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most camels surviving today are domesticated.<sup id="cite_ref-fedewa00_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedewa00-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walker09_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker09-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> populations exist in <a href="/wiki/Australian_feral_camel" title="Australian feral camel">Australia</a>, India and Kazakhstan, wild camels survive only in the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">wild Bactrian camel</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeo-bactrian_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeo-bactrian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>When humans first domesticated camels is disputed. Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> sometime during the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>, the Bactrian in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a> around 2,500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from 2016, which genotyped and used world-wide sequencing of modern and ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), suggested that they were initially domesticated in the southeast Arabian Peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Bactrian type later being domesticated around Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that humans had domesticated the Bactrian camel by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, with the practice then moving into Mesopotamia. Heide suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel", while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heide and Joris Peters reasserted that conclusion in their 2021 study on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009–2013, excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a> by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones yet found in Israel or even outside the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, dating to around 930 BC. This garnered considerable media coverage, as it is strong evidence that the stories of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> were <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">written after this time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-camels_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camels-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of camels in Mesopotamia—but not in the eastern Mediterranean lands—is not a new idea. The historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulliet" title="Richard Bulliet">Richard Bulliet</a> did not think that the occasional mention of camels in the Bible meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a>, writing even earlier, saw camels in the Bible as an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph says: </p> <blockquote><p>The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (not before the 12th century [BC])</p></blockquote> <p>and concludes: </p> <blockquote><p>Current data from copper smelting sites of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aravah_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aravah Valley (page does not exist)">Aravah Valley</a> enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dates</a>. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a>—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_cart.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A camel serving as a draft animal in Pakistan (2009)"><img alt="A camel harnessed to a cart loaded with branches and twigs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camel_cart.JPG/200px-Camel_cart.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camel_cart.JPG/300px-Camel_cart.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Camel_cart.JPG/400px-Camel_cart.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A camel serving as a <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">draft animal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (2009)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A camel in a ceremonial procession, its rider playing kettledrums, Mughal Empire (c. 1840)"><img alt="A painting of a man sitting on a camel and playing the drums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg/150px-A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg/225px-A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg/300px-A_camel_with_its_rider_playing_kettle_drums..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A camel in a ceremonial procession, its rider playing <a href="/wiki/Kettledrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettledrum">kettledrums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (c. 1840)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petroglyph of a camel, Negev, southern Israel (prior to c. 5300 BC)"><img alt="Petroglyph of a camel, Negev, southern Israel (prior to c. 5300 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg/200px-Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg/300px-Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg/400px-Negev_camel_petroglyph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Petroglyph of a camel, <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (prior to c. 5300 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Sells Grain by Bartholomeus Breenbergh (1655), showing camel with rider at left"><img alt="Joseph Sells Grain by Bartholomeus Breenbergh (1655), showing camel with rider at left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/163px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/244px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg/326px-Bartholomeus_Breenbergh_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Joseph Sells Grain</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Breenbergh" title="Bartholomeus Breenbergh">Bartholomeus Breenbergh</a> (1655), showing camel with rider at left</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></div> <p>Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents, <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a>, clothing, bedding and accessories. Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down, and the fibers may also be sorted by color and age of the animal. The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen, while the softer hair is used for premium goods.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet. Pure camel hair is recorded as being used for <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">western garments</a> from the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Fashion_History_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Fashion_History-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_uses">Military uses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">Camel cavalry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSF-Republic_day.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BSF-Republic_day.jpeg/220px-BSF-Republic_day.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BSF-Republic_day.jpeg/330px-BSF-Republic_day.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BSF-Republic_day.jpeg/440px-BSF-Republic_day.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>A special <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">BSF</a> <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force_Camel_Band" title="Border Security Force Camel Band">camel contingent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day Parade</a>, New Delhi (2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of soldiers on camels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg/220px-Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg/330px-Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg/440px-Camel_corps_at_Magdhaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bikaner_Camel_Corps" title="Bikaner Camel Corps">Camel Corps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a></i>, Egypt, 23 December 1916, by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Septimus_Power" title="Harold Septimus Power">Harold Septimus Power</a> (1925)</figcaption></figure> <p>By at least 1200 BC the first camel saddles had appeared, and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian camels">Bactrian camels</a> could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500 and 100 BC, Bactrian camels came into military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC the military Arabian saddle evolved, which again improved the saddle design slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teller_2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teller_2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military forces have used <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">camel cavalries</a> in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and their use continues into the modern-day within the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> (BSF) of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The first documented use of camel cavalries occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a> in 853 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-gabriel07_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabriel07-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhatia12_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia12-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gann72_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gann72-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.<sup id="cite_ref-fleming09_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleming09-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mantz06_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mantz06-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman Empire">East Roman Empire</a> used <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliary</a> forces known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dromedarii" title="Dromedarii">dromedarii</a></i>, whom the Romans recruited in desert provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-southern07_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southern07-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nicolle91_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicolle91-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close range (horses are afraid of the camels' scent),<sup id="cite_ref-sandiegozoo_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a quality famously employed by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> Persians when fighting <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a> (547 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-potts_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potts-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-herodotus_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herodotus-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historygroup-nz_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historygroup-nz-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Bulgarian military-transport camels in 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg/220px-Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg/330px-Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg/440px-Camels_on_the_way_to_Catalca%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">camel caravan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Bulgaria">Bulgarian military</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> established the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Camel_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Camel Corps">U.S. Camel Corps</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiegozoo_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One may still see stables at the <a href="/wiki/Benicia_Arsenal" title="Benicia Arsenal">Benicia Arsenal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benicia,_California" title="Benicia, California">Benicia, California</a>, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-military-museum_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-museum-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (<a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861 saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-mantz06_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mantz06-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France created a <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9hariste" title="Méhariste">méhariste</a></i> camel corps in 1912 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Armée d'Afrique</a> in the Sahara<sup id="cite_ref-musee-de-l_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musee-de-l-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-brucehall_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brucehall-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Camel_Corps" title="Free French Camel Corps">Free French Camel Corps</a> fought during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-guillaume12_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillaume12-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, the British created the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps" title="Imperial Camel Corps">Imperial Camel Corps</a>. It was originally used to fight the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a>, but was later used in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-historygroup-nz-pages_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historygroup-nz-pages-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War I, the British Army also created the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Camel_Transport_Corps" title="Egyptian Camel Transport Corps">Egyptian Camel Transport Corps</a>, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-woodward06_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward06-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-murray20_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray20-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcgregor06_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor06-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> was created by colonial authorities in <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-fedresearchdiv04_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedresearchdiv04-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the Caucasian region.<sup id="cite_ref-wwii-color_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwii-color-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same period the Soviet units operating around <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> in 1942 adopted local camels as draft animals due to shortage of trucks and horses, and kept them even after moving out of the area. Despite severe losses, some of these camels ended up as far west as to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin itself</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_Camel_Corps" title="Bikaner Camel Corps">Bikaner Camel Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> in World Wars I and II.<sup id="cite_ref-indianetzone_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianetzone-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tropas_N%C3%B3madas" title="Tropas Nómadas">Tropas Nómadas</a></i> (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a> tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the <i>Tropas Nómadas</i> were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.<sup id="cite_ref-shelley07_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shelley07-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hermandad_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermandad-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century_competition">21st century competition</h4></div> <p>The annual King Abdulaziz Camel Festival is held in Saudi Arabia. In addition to camel racing and camel milk tasting, the festival holds a camel "<a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageant" title="Beauty pageant">beauty pageant</a>" with prize money of $57m (£40m). In 2018, 12 camels were disqualified from the beauty contest after their owners were found to have injected them with <a href="/wiki/Botox" class="mw-redirect" title="Botox">botox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar incident in 2021, over 40 camels were disqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_uses">Food uses</h3></div> <p>Camel meat and milk are foods that are found in many cuisines, typically in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="North African cuisine">North African</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian cuisines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dairy">Dairy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel milk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg/220px-Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg/330px-Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Khan_al-Lajjun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Camels at the Khan and old bridge, <a href="/wiki/Lajjun" title="Lajjun">Lajjun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>) - 1870s drawing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/220px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/330px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/440px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A camel calf nursing on <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel milk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Camel milk is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiegozoo_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davidson06_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bulliet75_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulliet75-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fao12_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao12-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel milk can readily be made into <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, but can only be made into <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> if it is soured first, churned, and a <a href="/wiki/Clarifying_agent" title="Clarifying agent">clarifying agent</a> is then added.<sup id="cite_ref-sandiegozoo_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently, camel milk could not be made into <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel cheese</a> because <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramet-making_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramet-making-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27Agronomie_et_des_Industries_Alimentaires" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires">École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires</a>, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> and vegetable rennet in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-fao06_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao06-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant.<sup id="cite_ref-ramet-processing_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramet-processing-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-young_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel milk can also be made into <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meat">Meat</h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Camel_meat"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalicamelmeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/220px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/330px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/440px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> camel meat and rice dish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG/220px-Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG/330px-Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG/440px-Cholistani_Camel_Meat_Pulao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Camel meat <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pulao</a>, from Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Camels provide food in the form of meat and milk.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 3.3 million camels and camelids are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg (661–882 lb), while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,433 lb). The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yagil-camelother-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the <i>khli</i> (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel.<sup id="cite_ref-madame03_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madame03-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and low vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough,<sup id="cite_ref-camello_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camello-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although camel meat becomes tenderer the more it is cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-rubenstein10_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubenstein10-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel is one of the animals that can be ritually slaughtered and divided into three portions (one for the home, one for extended family/social networks, and one for those who cannot afford to slaughter an animal themselves) for the <a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">qurban</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste.<sup id="cite_ref-arthur12_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arthur12-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Karachi,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi, Pakistan">Karachi, Pakistan</a>, some restaurants prepare <a href="/wiki/Nihari" title="Nihari">nihari</a> from camel meat.<sup id="cite_ref-jasra00_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasra00-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialist camel butchers provide expert cuts, with the hump considered the most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, usually roasted whole.<sup id="cite_ref-sherwood12_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherwood12-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Heliogabalus</a> enjoyed camel's heel.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson06_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history.<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davidson06_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson06-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yagil-camelother-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, salts and minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yagil-camelother-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn10_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn10-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Health</a> and the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> details four cases of human <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camel meat is also occasionally found in <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian cuisine</a>: for example, a camel <a href="/wiki/Lasagna" title="Lasagna">lasagna</a> is available in <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sherwood12_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherwood12-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn10_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn10-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia has exported camel meat, primarily to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> but also to Europe and the US, for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat is very popular among <a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">East African Australians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, and other Australians have also been buying it. The feral nature of the animals means they produce a different type of meat to farmed camels in other parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is sought after because it is disease-free, and a unique genetic group. Demand is outstripping supply, and governments are being urged not to cull the camels, but redirect the cost of the cull into developing the market. Australia has seven camel dairies, which produce milk, cheese and skincare products in addition to meat.<sup id="cite_ref-landline_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landline-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals in Islam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> consider camel meat <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حلال</span>, 'allowed'). However, according to some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools of thought</a>, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform <i><a href="/wiki/Wudhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudhu">wudhu</a></i> (ablution) before the next time they <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">pray</a> after eating camel meat.<sup id="cite_ref-purification_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purification-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حرام</span>, 'forbidden') for a Muslim to perform <i><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a></i> in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devil_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil (Islam)">Shaytan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيطان</span>, '<a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-purification_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purification-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a> (d.798), the <a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">urine of camels</a> may be used for medical treatment if necessary, but according to <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Ḥanīfa">Abū Ḥanīfah</a>, the drinking of camel urine is discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-alden_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alden-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels. In the story of the people of <a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a>, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Salih</a> miraculously brings forth a <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">naqat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ناقة</span>, '<a href="/wiki/Milch-camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Milch-camel">milch-camel</a>') out of a rock. After <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> migrated from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a>), he allowed <a href="/wiki/Qaswa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswa">his she-camel</a> to roam there; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> tradition, camel meat and milk are not <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heinemen_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heinemen-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camels possess only one of the two <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher criteria</a>; although they <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">chew their cud</a>, they do not have <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">cloven hooves</a>: "But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, because it brings up its cud, but does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palestinian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Makhamra_family" title="Makhamra family">Makhamara clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a>, who claim descent from Jews, reportedly avoid eating camel meat, a practice cited as evidence of their Jewish origins.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h3></div> <p>What may be the oldest carvings of camels were discovered in 2018 in Saudi Arabia. They were analysed by researchers from several scientific disciplines and, in 2021, were estimated to be 7,000 to 8,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> is made difficult by the lack of organic material in the carvings that may be tested, so the researchers attempting to date them tested animal bones found associated with the carvings, assessed erosion patterns, and analysed tool marks in order to determine a correct date for the creation of the sculptures. This <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> dating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (5,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at Giza (4,500 years old) and it predates estimates for the domestication of camels. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadda_(detail),_Karabagh_region,_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shadda (cover,detail), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century"><img alt="Shadda (cover,detail), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg/180px-Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg/270px-Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg/360px-Shadda_%28detail%29%2C_Karabagh_region%2C_southwest_Caucasus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shadda (cover,detail), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs,_2015.65.15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg/180px-Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg/270px-Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg/360px-Vessel_in_the_Form_of_a_Recumbent_Camel_with_Jugs%2C_2015.65.15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_(Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maru Ragini (Dhola and Maru Riding on a Camel), c. 1750, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Maru Ragini (Dhola and Maru Riding on a Camel), c. 1750, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg/169px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg/253px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg/338px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Maru_Ragini_%28Dhola_and_Maru_riding_on_a_Camel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Maru Ragini</i> (<i>Dhola and Maru Riding on a Camel)</i>, c. 1750, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_(Les_rois_mages_en_voyage)_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Magi Journeying (Les rois mages en voyage)—James Tissot, c. 1886, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="The Magi Journeying (Les rois mages en voyage)—James Tissot, c. 1886, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/180px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/270px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg/360px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Magi_Journeying_%28Les_rois_mages_en_voyage%29_-_James_Tissot_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Magi Journeying</i> (<i>Les rois mages en voyage</i>)—James Tissot, c. 1886, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KiplingCamel3.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="How the Camel Got His Hump (From Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories)"><img alt="How the Camel Got His Hump (From Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KiplingCamel3.gif/168px-KiplingCamel3.gif" decoding="async" width="168" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KiplingCamel3.gif/252px-KiplingCamel3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KiplingCamel3.gif/336px-KiplingCamel3.gif 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>How the Camel Got His Hump</i> (From <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_numbers">Distribution and numbers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GueltaCamels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view into a canyon: many camels gathering around a watering hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GueltaCamels.jpg/220px-GueltaCamels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GueltaCamels.jpg/330px-GueltaCamels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GueltaCamels.jpg/440px-GueltaCamels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Camels in the <a href="/wiki/Guelta_d%27Archei" title="Guelta d'Archei">Guelta d'Archei</a>, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are approximately 14 million camels alive as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with 90% being dromedaries.<sup id="cite_ref-dolby10_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolby10-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dromedaries alive today are <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">domesticated animals</a> (mostly living in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the dromedaries constitute an <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">important part of local nomadic life</a>. They provide nomadic people in Somalia<sup id="cite_ref-mukasa81_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-fao12_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao12-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abokor87_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abokor87-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un03_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un03-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farah04_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farah04-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-2003camel.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A world map with large camel populations marked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/800px-2003camel.PNG/300px-800px-2003camel.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/800px-2003camel.PNG/450px-800px-2003camel.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/800px-2003camel.PNG/600px-800px-2003camel.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Commercial camel market headcount in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Over one million dromedary camels are estimated to be <a href="/wiki/Australian_feral_camel" title="Australian feral camel">feral in Australia</a>, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-NTgov_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTgov-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This population is growing about 8% per year;<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was estimated at 700,000 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn10_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn10-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dolby10_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolby10-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Camel_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Camel Corps">U.S. Camel Corps</a> experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and exported to Canada during the <a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mantz06_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mantz06-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated.<sup id="cite_ref-fedewa00_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedewa00-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dolby10_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolby10-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-denverzoo_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverzoo-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel</a> is the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. It is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 950, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cameleers_in_Australia" title="Afghan cameleers in Australia">Afghan cameleers in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_feral_camel" title="Australian feral camel">Australian feral camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_howdah" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel howdah">Camel howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">Camel train</a> (caravan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_wrestling" title="Camel wrestling">Camel wrestling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelops" title="Camelops">Camelops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelus_moreli" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelus moreli">Camelus moreli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_with_humps" title="List of animals with humps">List of animals with humps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerocole" title="Xerocole">Xerocole</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+amazing+characteristics+of+the+camels&rft.pub=Camello+Safari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camellosafari.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bigfacts-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bigfacts_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigsiteofamazingfacts.com/how-fast-can-camels-run-and-how-long-can-they-run-for/">"How Fast Can Camels Run and How Long Can They Run For?"</a>. <i>Big Site of Amazing Facts</i>. 17 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Site+of+Amazing+Facts&rft.atitle=How+Fast+Can+Camels+Run+and+How+Long+Can+They+Run+For%3F&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigsiteofamazingfacts.com%2Fhow-fast-can-camels-run-and-how-long-can-they-run-for%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fayed, R. H. "Adaptation of the Camel to Desert environment." Proceedings of the ESARF 11th Annual Conference. Available at:< <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esarf2">http://esarf2</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. tripod. com/conf2001proc. htm>,(accessed on November 18, 2010). 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-ZidanaEidaHefnyaBashira2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Zidana, Fikri M.; Eida, Hani O.; Hefnya, Ashraf F.; Bashira, Masoud O.; Branickia, Frank (18 December 2011). "Camel bite injuries in United Arab Emirates: A 6 year prospective study". <i>Injury</i>. <b>43</b> (9): 1617–1620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.injury.2011.10.039">10.1016/j.injury.2011.10.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22186231">22186231</a>. <q>The male mature camel has a specialized inflatable diverticulum of the soft palate called the "Dulla". and During rutting the Dulla enlarges on filling with air from the trachea until it hangs out of the mouth of the camel and comes to resemble a pink ball. This occurs in only the one-humped camel. Copious saliva turns to foam covering the mouth as the male gurgles and makes metallic sounds. [6 cites to 5 references omitted]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=Camel+bite+injuries+in+United+Arab+Emirates%3A+A+6+year+prospective+study&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1617-1620&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.injury.2011.10.039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22186231&rft.aulast=Abu-Zidana&rft.aufirst=Fikri+M.&rft.au=Eida%2C+Hani+O.&rft.au=Hefnya%2C+Ashraf+F.&rft.au=Bashira%2C+Masoud+O.&rft.au=Branickia%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqxQbUMV8zQ"><i>Two Male Camels Fighting Over One Female</i></a>. <i>Youtube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219060529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqxQbUMV8zQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Male+Camels+Fighting+Over+One+Female&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmqxQbUMV8zQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mukasa81-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mukasa81_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukasa-Mugerwa1981" class="citation book cs1">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. 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San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/camel/camel.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Factsheets&rft.atitle=Bactrian+%26+Dromedary+Camels&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sandiegozoo.org%2Ffactsheets%2Fcamel%2Fcamel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vannjones-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vannjones_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVann_Jones" class="citation web cs1">Vann Jones, Kerstin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djur.cob.lu.se/Djurartiklar/Kamel.html">"What secrets lie within the camel's hump?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523104134/http://www.djur.cob.lu.se/Djurartiklar/Kamel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dromedary&rft.pub=Hannover+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-hannover.de%2Fzoo-hannover%2Fen%2Fzoo_v3%2Ftiere_attraktionen%2Ftiere_az%2Ftiere_detail_726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mares99-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mares99_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mares99_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mares99_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1999" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, E. Anette (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA96">"Camel"</a>. In Mares; Michael A. (eds.). <i>Deserts</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806131467" title="Special:BookSources/9780806131467"><bdi>9780806131467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429083434/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camel&rft.btitle=Deserts&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780806131467&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=E.+Anette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3CbqZtaF4oC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breulmann, M., Böer, B., Wernery, U., Wernery, R., El Shaer, H., Alhadrami, G., ... 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Transmitted 30 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeo-dromedary-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeo-dromedary_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062839/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dromedary-camel">"Arabian (Dromedary) Camel"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 10 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dromedary-camel/">the original</a> on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1964). <i>Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat and Water</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (OUP).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Animals%3A+Physiological+Problems+of+Heat+and+Water&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28OUP%29&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Nielsen&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030225103329/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/1999/Blackwell/Fur.htm">"Coat of fur on the camel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/1999/Blackwell/Fur.htm">the original</a> on February 25, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Davidson+College&rft.atitle=Coat+of+fur+on+the+camel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.davidson.edu%2FCourses%2Fanphys%2F1999%2FBlackwell%2FFur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bronxzoo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bronxzoo_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bronxzoo_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronx_Zoo" class="citation web cs1">Bronx Zoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626071454/http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html">"Camel Adaptations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronxzoo.com/files/engage.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Flash)</span> on 26 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camel+Adaptations&rft.pub=Wildlife+Conservation+Society&rft.au=Bronx+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronxzoo.com%2Ffiles%2Fengage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rundel05-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rundel05_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRundelGibson2005" class="citation book cs1">Rundel, Philip Wilson; Gibson, Arthur C. (30 September 2005). "Adaptations of Mojave Desert Animals". <i>Ecological Communities And Processes in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (CUP). p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521021418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521021418"><bdi>9780521021418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adaptations+of+Mojave+Desert+Animals&rft.btitle=Ecological+Communities+And+Processes+in+a+Mojave+Desert+Ecosystem%3A+Rock+Valley%2C+Nevada&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28CUP%29&rft.date=2005-09-30&rft.isbn=9780521021418&rft.aulast=Rundel&rft.aufirst=Philip+Wilson&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverstein08-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silverstein08_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilversteinSilversteinSilversteinSilverstein_Nunn2008" class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia B; Silverstein, Virginia; Silverstein Nunn, Laura (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adaptation0000silv/page/42"><i>Adaptation</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adaptation0000silv/page/42">42–43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822534341" title="Special:BookSources/9780822534341"><bdi>9780822534341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptation&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780822534341&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Virginia+B&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Virginia&rft.au=Silverstein+Nunn%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadaptation0000silv%2Fpage%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249746665">"Morphometric analysis of heart, kidneys and adrenal glands in dromedary camel calves (PDF Download Available)"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304040835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249746665_Morphometric_analysis_of_heart_kidneys_and_adrenal_glands_in_dromedary_camel_calves">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Morphometric+analysis+of+heart%2C+kidneys+and+adrenal+glands+in+dromedary+camel+calves+%28PDF+Download+Available%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249746665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehan08-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rehan08_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehan S and AS Qureshi, 2006. Microscopic evaluation of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands of one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) using semi automated image analysis system. J Camel Pract Res. 13(2): 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidson06-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidson06_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson06_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson06_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson06_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonDavidson2006" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan; Davidson, Jane (15 October 2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i> (2nd ed.). 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Springer. pp. 18, 20, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306460920" title="Special:BookSources/9780306460920"><bdi>9780306460920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinctions+in+Near+Time%3A+Causes%2C+Contexts%2C+and+Consequences&rft.pages=18%2C+20%2C+26&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999-06-30&rft.isbn=9780306460920&rft.aulast=MacPhee&rft.aufirst=Ross+D.+E.&rft.au=Sues%2C+Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanHuLiuChen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Junxia; Hu, Jiaming; Liu, Wenhui; Chen, Shungang; Zhang, Fengli; Wang, Siren; Zhang, Zhen; Wang, Linying; Xiao, Bo; Li, Fuqiang; Hofreiter, Michael; Lai, Xulong; Westbury, Michael V.; Sheng, Guilian (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982224005244">"Camelus knoblochi genome reveals the complex evolutionary history of Old World camels"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>34</b> (11): 2502–2508.e5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.04.050">10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38754423">38754423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Camelus+knoblochi+genome+reveals+the+complex+evolutionary+history+of+Old+World+camels&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2502-2508.e5&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.04.050&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38754423&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Junxia&rft.au=Hu%2C+Jiaming&rft.au=Liu%2C+Wenhui&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shungang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fengli&rft.au=Wang%2C+Siren&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Wang%2C+Linying&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Bo&rft.au=Li%2C+Fuqiang&rft.au=Hofreiter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lai%2C+Xulong&rft.au=Westbury%2C+Michael+V.&rft.au=Sheng%2C+Guilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982224005244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walker09-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walker09_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2009" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Matt (22 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8151000/8151804.stm">"Wild camels 'genetically unique'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Earth News</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811102443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8151000/8151804.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+News&rft.atitle=Wild+camels+%27genetically+unique%27&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fhi%2Fearth_news%2Fnewsid_8151000%2F8151804.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre1993" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Chris (15 September 1993). <i>Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World</i>. London: D. Kindersley. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56458-305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56458-305-5"><bdi>978-1-56458-305-5</bdi></a>. <q>Both the dromedary (the seven-humped camel of Arabia) and the Bactrian camel (the two-humped camel of Central Asia) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Timelines+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=D.+Kindersley&rft.date=1993-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-56458-305-5&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet1990" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard (20 May 1990) [1975]. <i>The Camel and the Wheel</i>. Morningside Book Series. Columbia University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07235-9"><bdi>978-0-231-07235-9</bdi></a>. <q>As has already been mentioned, this type of utilization [camels pulling wagons] goes back to the earliest known period of two-humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camel+and+the+Wheel&rft.series=Morningside+Book+Series&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07235-9&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span>—Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2003" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA120"><i>Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060835" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060835"><bdi>9781575060835</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781575060835&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, K. Kris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105002229/http://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/camels.htm">"Camels"</a>. <i>About.com Archaeology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/cterms/g/camels.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Camels&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=K.+Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fod%2Fcterms%2Fg%2Fcamels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmathenCharruauMohandesanMwacharo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Almathen, Faisal; Charruau, Pauline; Mohandesan, Elmira; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo; Pitt, Daniel; Abdussamad, Abdussamad M.; Uerpmann, Margarethe; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; De Cupere, Bea; Magee, Peter; Alnaqeeb, Majed A.; Salim, Bashir; Raziq, Abdul; Dessie, Tadelle (2016-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914195">"Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>113</b> (24): 6707–6712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.6707A">2016PNAS..113.6707A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1519508113">10.1073/pnas.1519508113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914195">4914195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27162355">27162355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+and+modern+DNA+reveal+dynamics+of+domestication+and+cross-continental+dispersal+of+the+dromedary&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6707-6712&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914195%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.6707A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27162355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1519508113&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Almathen&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft.au=Charruau%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Mohandesan%2C+Elmira&rft.au=Mwacharo%2C+Joram+M.&rft.au=Orozco-terWengel%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Pitt%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Abdussamad%2C+Abdussamad+M.&rft.au=Uerpmann%2C+Margarethe&rft.au=Uerpmann%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=De+Cupere%2C+Bea&rft.au=Magee%2C+Peter&rft.au=Alnaqeeb%2C+Majed+A.&rft.au=Salim%2C+Bashir&rft.au=Raziq%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Dessie%2C+Tadelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingYuanYiDing2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ming, Liang; Yuan, Liyun; Yi, Li; Ding, Guohui; Hasi, Surong; Chen, Gangliang; Jambl, Tuyatsetseg; Hedayat-Evright, Nemat; Batmunkh, Mijiddorj; Badmaevna, Garyaeva Khongr; Gan-Erdene, Tudeviin; Ts, Batsukh; Zhang, Wenbin; Zulipikaer, Azhati; Hosblig (2020-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946651">"Whole-genome sequencing of 128 camels across Asia reveals origin and migration of domestic Bactrian camels"</a>. <i>Communications Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-019-0734-6">10.1038/s42003-019-0734-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2399-3642">2399-3642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946651">6946651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31925316">31925316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=Whole-genome+sequencing+of+128+camels+across+Asia+reveals+origin+and+migration+of+domestic+Bactrian+camels&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6946651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2399-3642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31925316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-019-0734-6&rft.aulast=Ming&rft.aufirst=Liang&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Liyun&rft.au=Yi%2C+Li&rft.au=Ding%2C+Guohui&rft.au=Hasi%2C+Surong&rft.au=Chen%2C+Gangliang&rft.au=Jambl%2C+Tuyatsetseg&rft.au=Hedayat-Evright%2C+Nemat&rft.au=Batmunkh%2C+Mijiddorj&rft.au=Badmaevna%2C+Garyaeva+Khongr&rft.au=Gan-Erdene%2C+Tudeviin&rft.au=Ts%2C+Batsukh&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wenbin&rft.au=Zulipikaer%2C+Azhati&rft.au=Hosblig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6946651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2011" class="citation journal cs1">Heide, Martin (2011). "The Domestication of the Camel: Biological, Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel and Arabia, and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible". <i>Ugarit-Forschungen</i>. <b>42</b>: 367–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2F2.1.2090.8161">10.13140/2.1.2090.8161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ugarit-Forschungen&rft.atitle=The+Domestication+of+the+Camel%3A+Biological%2C+Archaeological+and+Inscriptional+Evidence+from+Mesopotamia%2C+Egypt%2C+Israel+and+Arabia%2C+and+Literary+Evidence+from+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=367-68&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2F2.1.2090.8161&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidePeters2021" class="citation book cs1">Heide, Martin; Peters, Joris (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXM5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT287"><i>Camels in the Biblical World</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-169-7"><bdi>978-1-64602-169-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camels+in+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-64602-169-7&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Peters%2C+Joris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXM5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camels-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camels_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2014" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (Jan 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.569091">"Hump stump solved: Camels arrived in region much later than biblical reference"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140130113055/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/.premium-1.569091">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hump+stump+solved%3A+Camels+arrived+in+region+much+later+than+biblical+reference&rft.date=2014-01-17&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2F.premium-1.569091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapir-Hen_2013_277–285_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir-HenErez_Ben-Yosef2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen&Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf">"The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 277–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443513x13753505864089">10.1179/033443513x13753505864089</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44282748">44282748</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011636/http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/ben-yosef/pub/Pub_PDFs/Sapir-Hen%26Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Domestic+Camels+to+the+Southern+Levant%3A+Evidence+from+the+Aravah+Valley&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-285&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F033443513x13753505864089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44282748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sapir-Hen&rft.aufirst=Lidar&rft.au=Erez+Ben-Yosef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.tau.ac.il%2Fben-yosef%2Fpub%2FPub_PDFs%2FSapir-Hen%26Ben-Yosef13_CamelAravah_TelAviv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias2014" class="citation news cs1">Dias, Elizabeth (Feb 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215013057/http://world.time.com/2014/02/11/the-mystery-of-the-bibles-phantom-camels/">"The Mystery of the Bible's Phantom Camels"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.time.com/2014/02/11/the-mystery-of-the-bibles-phantom-camels/">the original</a> on 15 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Bible%27s+Phantom+Camels&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2014%2F02%2F11%2Fthe-mystery-of-the-bibles-phantom-camels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2011" class="citation journal cs1">Heide, Martin (2011). 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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103759-1"><bdi>978-92-5-103759-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085646/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9384e/v9384e05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+of+textile+animal+fibres&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103759-1&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=OJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fv9384e%2Fv9384e05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary_of_Fashion_History-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Fashion_History_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming,_ValerieCunnington,_CWCunnington,_PE2010" class="citation book cs1">Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, CW; Cunnington, PE (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glBf_El4Qd4C"><i>The Dictionary of Fashion History</i></a>. Oxford: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847887382" title="Special:BookSources/9781847887382"><bdi>9781847887382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Fashion+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781847887382&rft.au=Cumming%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Cunnington%2C+CW&rft.au=Cunnington%2C+PE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglBf_El4Qd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, Brian M</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventygreatinve0000unse/page/150">"Transportation"</a>. <i>The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventygreatinve0000unse/page/150">150–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05130-6"><bdi>978-0-500-05130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transportation&rft.btitle=The+Seventy+Great+Inventions+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05130-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventygreatinve0000unse%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teller_2012-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teller_2012_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Baum, Doug (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202718/http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/November-2018/The-Art-of-Saddling-A-Camel?page=9">"The Art of Saddling a Camel"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/November-2018/The-Art-of-Saddling-A-Camel?page=9">the original</a> on 10 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Saddling+a+Camel&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramcoworld.com%2Fen-US%2FArticles%2FNovember-2018%2FThe-Art-of-Saddling-A-Camel%3Fpage%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gabriel07-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gabriel07_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2007" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). <i>Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Ancient World</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313333484" title="Special:BookSources/9780313333484"><bdi>9780313333484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%27+Lives+Through+History%3A+The+Ancient+World&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313333484&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatia12-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhatia12_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2012" class="citation news cs1">Bhatia, Vimal (23 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSF-to-ditch-camels-to-ride-sand-scooters/articleshow/15099086.cms">"BSF to ditch camels to ride sand scooters"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723172835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BSF-to-ditch-camels-to-ride-sand-scooters/articleshow/15099086.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=BSF+to+ditch+camels+to+ride+sand+scooters&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Vimal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FBSF-to-ditch-camels-to-ride-sand-scooters%2Farticleshow%2F15099086.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gann72-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gann72_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannDuignan1972" class="citation book cs1">Gann, Lewis Henry; Duignan, Peter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africaworldintro00gann/page/156"><i>Africa and the World: An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840</i></a>. University Press of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africaworldintro00gann/page/156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761815204" title="Special:BookSources/9780761815204"><bdi>9780761815204</bdi></a>. <q>The camel was acclimatized in Egypt long before the time of Christ and was subsequently adopted by the Berbers of the desert, who used camel cavalry to fight the Romans. The Berbers spread the use of the camel across the Sahara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+World%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Sub-Saharan+Africa+from+Antiquity+to+1840&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780761815204&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Henry&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricaworldintro00gann%2Fpage%2F156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleming09-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fleming09_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1909" class="citation news cs1">Fleming, Walter L. (February 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150">"Jefferson Davis's Camel Experiment"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. Vol. 74, no. 8. Bonnier Corporation. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504180151/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04. <q>Other trials of the camel were made in 1859 by Major D. H. Vinton, who used twenty-four of them in carrying burdens for a surveying party...All in all, he concluded, the camel was much superior to the mule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Jefferson+Davis%27s+Camel+Experiment&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1909-02&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyADAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mantz06-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mantz06_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mantz06_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mantz06_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantz2006" class="citation book cs1">Mantz, John (20 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fecJGyNKtwoC&pg=PA51">"Camels in the Cariboo"</a>. In Basque, Garnet (ed.). <i>Frontier Days in British Columbia</i>. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781894384018" title="Special:BookSources/9781894384018"><bdi>9781894384018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015054/https://books.google.com/books?id=fecJGyNKtwoC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camels+in+the+Cariboo&rft.btitle=Frontier+Days+in+British+Columbia&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Heritage+House+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.isbn=9781894384018&rft.aulast=Mantz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfecJGyNKtwoC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southern07-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southern07_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2007" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanarmysociali00sout_0/page/123"><i>The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanarmysociali00sout_0/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195328783" title="Special:BookSources/9780195328783"><bdi>9780195328783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Army%3A+A+Social+and+Institutional+History&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.isbn=9780195328783&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanarmysociali00sout_0%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicolle91-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nicolle91_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1991" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (26 March 1991). <i>The Desert Frontier</i>. Rome's Enemies. Vol. 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855321663" title="Special:BookSources/9781855321663"><bdi>9781855321663</bdi></a>. <q>Nevertheless the military prowess of desert peoples impressed the Romans, who recruited large numbers as auxiliary cavalry and archers. In addition to providing the Roman Army with its best archers, the Easterners (largely Arabs but generally known as 'Syrians') served as Rome's most effective <i>dromedarii</i> or camel-mounted troops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+Frontier&rft.series=Rome%27s+Enemies&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1991-03-26&rft.isbn=9781855321663&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herodotus-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herodotus_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus440" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (440). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html"><i>The History of Herodotus</i></a>. Translated by Rawlinson, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201230133/http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span> – via The Internet Classics Archive. <q>He collected together all the camels that had come in the train of his army to carry the provisions and the baggage, and taking off their loads, he mounted riders upon them accoutred as horsemen. These he commanded to advance in front of his other troops against the Lydian horse; behind them were to follow the foot soldiers, and last of all the cavalry. When his arrangements were complete, he gave his troops orders to slay all the other Lydians who came in their way without mercy, but to spare Croesus and not kill him, even if he should be seized and offer resistance. The reason why Cyrus opposed his camels to the enemy's horse was because the horse has a natural dread of the camel, and cannot abide either the sight or the smell of that animal. By this stratagem he hoped to make Croesus's horse useless to him, the horse being what he chiefly depended on for victory. The two armies then joined battle, and immediately the Lydian war-horses, seeing and smelling the camels, turned round and galloped off; and so it came to pass that all Croesus's hopes withered away.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.date=440&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHerodotus%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historygroup-nz-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historygroup-nz_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110701/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps">"Cameliers and camels at war"</a>. <i>New Zealand History online</i>. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+History+online&rft.atitle=Cameliers+and+camels+at+war&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fcamel-corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-museum-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-military-museum_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Benicia.html">"The Posts at Benicia"</a>. The California State Military Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928195539/http://www.militarymuseum.org/Benicia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Posts+at+Benicia&rft.pub=The+California+State+Military+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymuseum.org%2FBenicia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musee-de-l-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musee-de-l_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202745/http://www.musee-infanterie.com/vitrine/114-vitrine-n-108-partie-droite--les-pelotons-meharistes">"Vitrine N° 108 (partie droite): LES PELOTONS MEHARISTES"</a> (in French). Musée de l'infanterie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-infanterie.com/vitrine/114-vitrine-n-108-partie-droite--les-pelotons-meharistes">the original</a> on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitrine+N%C2%B0+108+%28partie+droite%29%3A+LES+PELOTONS+MEHARISTES&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+de+l%27infanterie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-infanterie.com%2Fvitrine%2F114-vitrine-n-108-partie-droite--les-pelotons-meharistes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brucehall-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brucehall_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Bruce S. (6 June 2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyracemusli00hall"><i>A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyracemusli00hall/page/n162">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107002876" title="Special:BookSources/9781107002876"><bdi>9781107002876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Race+in+Muslim+West+Africa%2C+1600%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.isbn=9781107002876&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Bruce+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryracemusli00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guillaume12-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guillaume12_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guillaume, Philippe (16 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522103746/http://www.bdsphere.fr/2012/06/16/lincroyable-epopee-des-meharistes-francais/">"L'incroyable épopée des méharistes français"</a> [The incredible epic of the French méharistes]. <i>BDSphère</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdsphere.fr/2012/06/16/lincroyable-epopee-des-meharistes-francais/">the original</a> on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BDSph%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=L%27incroyable+%C3%A9pop%C3%A9e+des+m%C3%A9haristes+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2012-06-16&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdsphere.fr%2F2012%2F06%2F16%2Flincroyable-epopee-des-meharistes-francais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historygroup-nz-pages-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historygroup-nz-pages_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110701/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps">"Cameliers and camels at war"</a>. <i>New Zealand History online</i>. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 August 2009. pp. 1, 2, 4, 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/camel-corps">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+History+online&rft.atitle=Cameliers+and+camels+at+war&rft.pages=1%2C+2%2C+4%2C+5&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fcamel-corps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodward06-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodward06_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2006" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David R. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellholylandworl00wood"><i>Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East</i></a></span>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellholylandworl00wood/page/n50">36</a>, 39, 43, 56, 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813123837" title="Special:BookSources/9780813123837"><bdi>9780813123837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+in+the+Holy+Land%3A+World+War+I+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=36%2C+39%2C+43%2C+56%2C+133&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780813123837&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellholylandworl00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray20-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murray20_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1920" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Archibald James (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirarchibaldmur00murrgoog"><i>Sir Archibald Murray's despatches (June 1916 – June 1917)</i></a>. J.M. Dent. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirarchibaldmur00murrgoog/page/n155">123</a>. <q>A great deal of the work of supplying the troops on both fronts has been done by the Camel Transport Corps</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Archibald+Murray%27s+despatches+%28June+1916+%E2%80%93+June+1917%29&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Archibald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirarchibaldmur00murrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgregor06-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor06_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Andrew James (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/215"><i>A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275986018" title="Special:BookSources/9780275986018"><bdi>9780275986018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Modern+Egypt%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Ramadan+War&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.isbn=9780275986018&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo00andr%2Fpage%2F215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedresearchdiv04-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fedresearchdiv04_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research Division (30 June 2004). <i>Somalia a Country Study</i>. Area handbook series (3rd ed.). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781419147999" title="Special:BookSources/9781419147999"><bdi>9781419147999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+a+Country+Study&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pages=230-231&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.isbn=9781419147999&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwii-color-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwii-color_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2incolor.com/Romanian+Forces/F_32844_l.html">"Romanian troops using camels"</a>. <i>WWII in Color</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054749/http://www.ww2incolor.com/Romanian+Forces/F_32844_l.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWII+in+Color&rft.atitle=Romanian+troops+using+camels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2incolor.com%2FRomanian%2BForces%2FF_32844_l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319171527/https://warhead.su/2020/03/02/nash-sovetskiy-verblyud-pokaraet">"Наш советский верблюд покарает!"</a>. <i>WARHEAD.SU</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Agrupaci%C3%B3n+de+Tropas+N%C3%B3madas&rft.atitle=Los+Medios&rft.au=Hermandad+de+Veteranos+Tropas+N%C3%B3madas+del+S%C3%A1hara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermandadtropasnomadas.com%2Fhistoria2-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-42802901">"Camels banned from Saudi beauty contest over Botox"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Al+Ain+Dairy+launches+camel-milk+ice+cream&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Fal-ain-dairy-launches-camel-milk-ice-cream-1.637218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq, M., Rabia, R., Jamil, A., Sakhwat, A., Aadil, A., & Muhammad S., 2010. Minerals and Nutritional Composition of Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Meat in Pakistan. Journal- Chemical Society of Pakistan, Vol 33(6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL">"FAOSTAT"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yagil-camelother-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yagil-camelother_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagil" class="citation book cs1">Yagil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm"><i>Camels Products Other Than Milk</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220185807/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6528E/X6528E06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camels+Products+Other+Than+Milk&rft.au=Yagil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2FX6528E%2FX6528E06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madame03-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madame03_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadame_Guinaudeau2003" class="citation book cs1">Madame Guinaudeau (2003). <i>Traditional Moroccan Cooking: Recipes from Fez</i>. London: Serif. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897959-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897959-43-5"><bdi>978-1-897959-43-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Moroccan+Cooking%3A+Recipes+from+Fez&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Serif&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-897959-43-5&rft.au=Madame+Guinaudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleme, A., D., 2013. A Review of Camel Meat as a Precious Source of Nutrition in some part of Ethiopia. Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Research. Vol. 1, No. 4, December 2013, PP: 40–43. Available online at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asetr.org/">"Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Research"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203133425/http://asetr.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Technology+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasetr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubenstein10-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubenstein10_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2010" class="citation news cs1">Rubenstein, Dustin (23 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/how-to-cook-camel/">"How to Cook Camel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019192428/http://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/how-to-cook-camel/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>He cut the pieces very small and cooked them for a long time. I decided to try something a bit different the following night and cut the pieces a bit bigger and cooked them for less time, as I like my meat rarer than he does. This was a bad idea. It seems that the more you cook camel, the more tender it becomes. So we had what amounted to two pounds or more of rubber for dinner that night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+Cook+Camel&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F23%2Fhow-to-cook-camel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2017/09/01/eid-al-adha-more-than-just-slaughtering-animals">"Eid al-Adha: More than just slaughtering animals"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i>. 2017-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Eid+al-Adha%3A+More+than+just+slaughtering+animals&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Ffeature%2F2017%2F09%2F01%2Feid-al-adha-more-than-just-slaughtering-animals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muslimaid.org/what-we-do/religious-dues/qurbani/qurbani-rules/">"Qurbani Meat Distribution Rules"</a>. <i>Muslim Aid</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Aid&rft.atitle=Qurbani+Meat+Distribution+Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimaid.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Freligious-dues%2Fqurbani%2Fqurbani-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arthur12-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arthur12_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2012" class="citation news cs1">Arthur, Rick (4 January 2012). "The Instant Expert: camels, the ships of the desert". <i>The National</i>. UAE: Abu Dhabi Media. <q>As the meat can be dry, however, the Abu Dhabi Officer's Club, for one, serves camel burger with beef or lamb fat mixed in, improving texture and taste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=The+Instant+Expert%3A+camels%2C+the+ships+of+the+desert&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasra00-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jasra00_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasraIsaniCamel_Applied_Research_and_Development_Network2000" class="citation book cs1">Jasra, Abdel Wahid; Isani, G. B.; Camel Applied Research and Development Network (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRJAAAAYAAJ&q=nihari+camel+pakistan"><i>Socio-economics of camel herders in Pakistan</i></a>. The Camel Applied Research and Development Network. p. 164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610122525/https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRJAAAAYAAJ&q=nihari+camel+pakistan&dq=nihari+camel+pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-economics+of+camel+herders+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=The+Camel+Applied+Research+and+Development+Network&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jasra&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Wahid&rft.au=Isani%2C+G.+B.&rft.au=Camel+Applied+Research+and+Development+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRRJAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dnihari%2Bcamel%2Bpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/16/camel-meat-one-hump-two">Anyone for camel meat? One hump or two?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126234058/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/16/camel-meat-one-hump-two">Archived</a> 2017-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, Word of Mouth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherwood12-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sherwood12_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sherwood12_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2012" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Andy (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA">"Camel burgers in Abu Dhabi"</a>. <i>Time Out Abu Dhabi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927194204/http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/restaurants/features/35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi/page/2#.UMIy67ZjyFA">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+Abu+Dhabi&rft.atitle=Camel+burgers+in+Abu+Dhabi&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutabudhabi.com%2Frestaurants%2Ffeatures%2F35060-camel-burgers-in-abu-dhabi%2Fpage%2F2%23.UMIy67ZjyFA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn10-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn10_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn10_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn10_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2010" class="citation news cs1">Webster, George (9 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html">"Dubai diners flock to eat new 'camel burger'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CNN World</i>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929093119/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/09/camel.burgers.dubai/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+World&rft.atitle=Dubai+diners+flock+to+eat+new+%27camel+burger%27&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F02%2F09%2Fcamel.burgers.dubai%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBin_SaeedAl-HamdanFontaine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bin Saeed, Abdulaziz A.; Al-Hamdan, Nasser A.; Fontaine, Robert E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310619">"Plague from eating raw camel liver"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>11</b> (9): 1456–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1109.050081">10.3201/eid1109.050081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310619">3310619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16229781">16229781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Plague+from+eating+raw+camel+liver&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1456-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3310619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16229781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1109.050081&rft.aulast=Bin+Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+A.&rft.au=Al-Hamdan%2C+Nasser+A.&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3310619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2010" class="citation web cs1">McBride, Louise (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockjournal.com.au/story/3652303/sa-hits-world-camel-meat-supply-hump/">"SA hits world camel meat supply hump"</a>. <i>Stock Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stock+Journal&rft.atitle=SA+hits+world+camel+meat+supply+hump&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockjournal.com.au%2Fstory%2F3652303%2Fsa-hits-world-camel-meat-supply-hump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurin2015" class="citation news cs1">Burin, Margaret (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/camel-meat-halal-butcher-sold-here/6663716">"Australians urged to develop taste for camel meat"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australians+urged+to+develop+taste+for+camel+meat&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.aulast=Burin&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-08-07%2Fcamel-meat-halal-butcher-sold-here%2F6663716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landline-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landline_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazckowski2020" class="citation news cs1">Bazckowski, Halina (22 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-22/camel-meat-and-dairy-sought-after-internationally/12070310">"The beasts that beat the drought: Camels sought after for meat, milk and cheese"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+beasts+that+beat+the+drought%3A+Camels+sought+after+for+meat%2C+milk+and+cheese&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft.aulast=Bazckowski&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-03-22%2Fcamel-meat-and-dairy-sought-after-internationally%2F12070310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purification-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purification_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purification_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145540/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184">"Book 1, Number 0184"</a>. <i>Purification (Kitab al-Taharah)</i>. Partial Translation of <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu-Dawud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu-Dawud">Sunan Abu-Dawud</a>, Book 1. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/001.sat.html#001.0184">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. <q>Narrated <a href="/wiki/Al-Bara%27_ibn_Azib" title="Al-Bara' ibn Azib">Al-Bara' ibn Azib</a>: The Messenger of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) was asked about performing ablution after eating the flesh of the camel. He replied: Perform ablution, after eating it. He was asked about performing ablution after eating meat. He replied: Do not perform ablution after eating it. He was asked about saying prayer in places where the camels lie down. He replied: Do not offer prayer in places where the camels lie down. These are the places of Satan. He was asked about saying prayer in the sheepfolds. He replied: You may offer prayer in such places; these are the places of blessing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purification+%28Kitab+al-Taharah%29&rft.atitle=Book+1%2C+Number+0184&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fschools%2Fcollege%2Fcrcc%2Fengagement%2Fresources%2Ftexts%2Fmuslim%2Fhadith%2Fabudawud%2F001.sat.html%23001.0184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alden-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alden_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation book cs1">Williams, John Alden (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAj-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>The Word of Islam</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79076-6"><bdi>978-0-292-79076-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408182755/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAj-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Word+of+Islam&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79076-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAj-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinemen-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heinemen_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinemann2013" class="citation web cs1">Heinemann, Moshe (2013-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-k.org/articles/articles/1179/cholov-yisroel-does-a-neshama-good/">"Cholov Yisroel: Does a Neshama Good"</a>. <i>Kashrus Kurrents</i>. Star-K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430215725/http://www.star-k.org/articles/articles/1179/cholov-yisroel-does-a-neshama-good/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashrus+Kurrents&rft.atitle=Cholov+Yisroel%3A+Does+a+Neshama+Good&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-k.org%2Farticles%2Farticles%2F1179%2Fcholov-yisroel-does-a-neshama-good%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41">http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207151838/http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912">Archived</a> 2015-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Zvi1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Ben-Zvi, Itzhak</a> (1967). <i>שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת</i> [<i>She'ar Yeshuv</i>] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 407–413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%3A+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%90%22%D7%99+%D7%95%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA&rft.place=%D7%AA%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A4%22%D7%96&rft.pages=407-413&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ben-Zvi&rft.aufirst=Itzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSar-Avi2019" class="citation web cs1">Sar-Avi, Doron (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://segulamag.com/articles/%d7%9e%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%95-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95%d7%93%d7%99%d7%9d/">"מניין באו הערבים 'היהודים'?"</a>. <i>Segula Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Segula+Magazine&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%27%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%27%3F&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Sar-Avi&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsegulamag.com%2Farticles%2F%25d7%259e%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%2591%25d7%2590%25d7%2595-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a2%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259d-%25d7%2594%25d7%2599%25d7%2594%25d7%2595%25d7%2593%25d7%2599%25d7%259d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58570259">Saudi Arabia camel carvings dated to prehistoric era</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101210500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58570259">Archived</a> 2022-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, BBC, September 15, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolby10-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dolby10_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dolby10_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dolby10_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolby2010" class="citation book cs1">Dolby, Karen (10 August 2010). <i>You Must Remember This: Easy Tricks & Proven Tips to Never Forget Anything, Ever Again</i>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307716255" title="Special:BookSources/9780307716255"><bdi>9780307716255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Must+Remember+This%3A+Easy+Tricks+%26+Proven+Tips+to+Never+Forget+Anything%2C+Ever+Again&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.isbn=9780307716255&rft.aulast=Dolby&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abokor87-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abokor87_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbokor1987" class="citation book cs1">Abokor, Axmed Cali (1987). <i>The Camel in Somali Oral Tradition</i>. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 7, 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789171062697" title="Special:BookSources/9789171062697"><bdi>9789171062697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camel+in+Somali+Oral+Tradition&rft.pages=7%2C+10-11&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789171062697&rft.aulast=Abokor&rft.aufirst=Axmed+Cali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un03-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un03_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8894&Cr=somalia&Cr1=">"Drought threatening Somali nomads, UN humanitarian office says"</a>. <i>UN News Centre</i>. 14 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119005808/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8894&Cr=somalia&Cr1=">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>A four-year drought is threatening the lives of Somali nomads, and those of the camel herds on which they depend for transportation and milk</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News+Centre&rft.atitle=Drought+threatening+Somali+nomads%2C+UN+humanitarian+office+says&rft.date=2003-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D8894%26Cr%3Dsomalia%26Cr1%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farah04-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farah04_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahNyarikiNgugiNoor2004" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, K. O.; Nyariki, D. M.; Ngugi, R. K.; Noor, I. M.; Guliye, A. Y. (2004). "The Somali and the Camel: Ecology, Management and Economics". <i>Anthropologist</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 45–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09720073.2004.11890828">10.1080/09720073.2004.11890828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4980638">4980638</a>. <q>Somali pastoralists are a camel community...There is no other community in the world where the camel plays such a pivotal role in the local economy and culture as in the Somali community. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1979) estimates, there are approximately 15 million dromedary camels in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Somali+and+the+Camel%3A+Ecology%2C+Management+and+Economics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-55&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09720073.2004.11890828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4980638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=K.+O.&rft.au=Nyariki%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Ngugi%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Noor%2C+I.+M.&rft.au=Guliye%2C+A.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbali.info/doc265.htm">Plain text version.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102084140/http://www.mbali.info/doc265.htm">Archived</a> 2013-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTgov-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTgov_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nt.gov.au/environment/animals/feral-animals/feral-camel">"Feral camel"</a>. Northern Territory government. 17 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feral+camel&rft.pub=Northern+Territory+government&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnt.gov.au%2Fenvironment%2Fanimals%2Fferal-animals%2Fferal-camel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopleMcLeod2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pople, A. R.; McLeod, S. R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/1736/">"Demography of feral camels in central Australia and its relevance to population control"</a>. <i>The Rangeland Journal</i>. <b>32</b>: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FRJ09053">10.1071/RJ09053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83822347">83822347</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329050756/https://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/1736/">Archived</a> from the original on Mar 29, 2024 – via DAF eResearch Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rangeland+Journal&rft.atitle=Demography+of+feral+camels+in+central+Australia+and+its+relevance+to+population+control&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FRJ09053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83822347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pople&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+S.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fera.daf.qld.gov.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaalfeldEdwards2008" class="citation book cs1">Saalfeld, W.K.; Edwards, GP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329053749/http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/resource/DKCRC-Report-47-Managing-the-impacts-of-feral-camels-in-Australia_A-new-way-of-doing-business.pdf">"Ecology of feral camels in Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia: a new way of doing business</i>. Alice Springs: Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74158-094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74158-094-5"><bdi>978-1-74158-094-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1832-6684">1832-6684</a>. Report 47. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertknowledgecrc.com.au/resource/DKCRC-Report-47-Managing-the-impacts-of-feral-camels-in-Australia_A-new-way-of-doing-business.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecology+of+feral+camels+in+Australia&rft.btitle=Managing+the+impacts+of+feral+camels+in+Australia%3A+a+new+way+of+doing+business&rft.place=Alice+Springs&rft.pub=Desert+Knowledge+Cooperative+Research+Centre&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1832-6684&rft.isbn=978-1-74158-094-5&rft.aulast=Saalfeld&rft.aufirst=W.K.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+GP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertknowledgecrc.com.au%2Fresource%2FDKCRC-Report-47-Managing-the-impacts-of-feral-camels-in-Australia_A-new-way-of-doing-business.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2012" class="citation web cs1">Tsai, Vivian (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/australia-culls-100000-feral-camels-limit-environmental-damage-many-more-will-be-killed-789326">"Australia Culls 100,000 Feral Camels To Limit Environmental Damage, Many More Will Be Killed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011072811/http://www.ibtimes.com/australia-culls-100000-feral-camels-limit-environmental-damage-many-more-will-be-killed-789326">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Australia+Culls+100%2C000+Feral+Camels+To+Limit+Environmental+Damage%2C+Many+More+Will+Be+Killed&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Faustralia-culls-100000-feral-camels-limit-environmental-damage-many-more-will-be-killed-789326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denverzoo-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-denverzoo_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512074950/http://www.denverzoo.org/downloads/dzoo_bactrian_camel.pdf">"Bactrian Camel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Denver Zoo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverzoo.org/downloads/dzoo_bactrian_camel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bactrian+Camel&rft.pub=Denver+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverzoo.org%2Fdownloads%2Fdzoo_bactrian_camel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJemmettGroombridgeHareYadamsuren2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jemmett, Anna M.; Groombridge, Jim J.; Hare, John; Yadamsuren, Adiya; Burger, Pamela A.; Ewen, John G. (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605322000114/type/journal_article">"What's in a name? Common name misuse potentially confounds the conservation of the wild camel Camelus ferus"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605322000114">10.1017/S0030605322000114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Common+name+misuse+potentially+confounds+the+conservation+of+the+wild+camel+Camelus+ferus&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605322000114&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft.aulast=Jemmett&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rft.au=Groombridge%2C+Jim+J.&rft.au=Hare%2C+John&rft.au=Yadamsuren%2C+Adiya&rft.au=Burger%2C+Pamela+A.&rft.au=Ewen%2C+John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0030605322000114%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6528E/X6528E00.htm#TOC">Camels and Camel Milk. Report Issued by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1982)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, J. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0755E/T0755E00.htm"><i>The technology of making cheese from camel milk (Camelus dromedarius)</i></a>. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103154-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103154-4"><bdi>978-92-5-103154-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6019">0254-6019</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476039542">476039542</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+technology+of+making+cheese+from+camel+milk+%28Camelus+dromedarius%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=FAO+Animal+Production+and+Health+Paper&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476039542&rft.issn=0254-6019&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103154-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2FT0755E%2FT0755E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannithoneDavidson1999" class="citation book cs1">Vannithone, S.; Davidson, A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/127">"Camel"</a>. <i>The Oxford companion to food</i>. Oxford <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/127">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211579-9"><bdi>978-0-19-211579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+food&rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211579-9&rft.aulast=Vannithone&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00davi_0%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1984" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, R.T. (1984). <i>The camel</i>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77512-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77512-1"><bdi>978-0-582-77512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+camel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-582-77512-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagil1982" class="citation book cs1">Yagil, R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6528E/X6528E00.htm"><i>Camels and Camel Milk</i></a>. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Vol. 26. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-101169-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-101169-0"><bdi>978-92-5-101169-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-6019">0254-6019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camels+and+Camel+Milk&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=FAO+Animal+Production+and+Health+Paper&rft.pub=Food+And+Agriculture+Organization+Of+The+United+Nations&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0254-6019&rft.isbn=978-92-5-101169-0&rft.aulast=Yagil&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2FX6528E%2FX6528E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist1851" class="citation book cs1">Gilchrist, W. (1851). <i>A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with instructions for improving their efficiency; also, a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases; and a general outline of their anatomy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: Military Orphan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Treatise+on+the+Treatment+of+the+Diseases+of+the+Elephant%2C+Camel+%26+Horned+Cattle%3A+with+instructions+for+improving+their+efficiency%3B+also%2C+a+description+of+the+medicines+used+in+the+treatment+of+their+diseases%3B+and+a+general+outline+of+their+anatomy&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pub=Military+Orphan+Press&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camelidae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camelidae" title="Template:Camelidae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camelidae" title="Template talk:Camelidae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camelidae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camelidae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afro-Asiatic camelids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Australian_feral_camel" title="Australian feral camel">Australia populations</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamini" title="Lamini">South American camelids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilihueque" title="Chilihueque">Chilihueque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cama_(animal)" title="Cama (animal)">Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_camel" title="Hybrid camel">Bukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarizo" title="Huarizo">Huarizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Camelus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7375" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7375">Q7375</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Camelus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Camelus">Camelus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Camelus/">Camelus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Camelus">Camelus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=103526">103526</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3GC7">3GC7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/38902">38902</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CMELG">1CMELG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441236">2441236</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42232">42232</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1275636">1275636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=624942">624942</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200111">14200111</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0020976786">NHMSYS0020976786</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9836">9836</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42521">42521</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F79901F-E278-2CAF-D939-F4D156805FE1">7F79901F-E278-2CAF-D939-F4D156805FE1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/1704453B-6D80-47B8-BEC6-8EFCCEA7E6A7">1704453B-6D80-47B8-BEC6-8EFCCEA7E6A7</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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