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<span>Out of scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out_of_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Accident_Magnitude_Scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Accident_Magnitude_Scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nuclear Accident Magnitude Scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Accident_Magnitude_Scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المقياس الدولي للحوادث النووية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقياس الدولي للحوادث النووية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95" title="আন্তর্জাতিক পারমাণবিক ঘটনা পরিমাপক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক পারমাণবিক ঘটনা পরিমাপক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международна скала за ядрени и радиационни събития – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна скала за ядрени и радиационни събития" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Internacional_d%27Esdeveniments_Nuclears" title="Escala Internacional d'Esdeveniments Nuclears – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala Internacional d'Esdeveniments Nuclears" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_stupnice_jadern%C3%BDch_ud%C3%A1lost%C3%AD" title="Mezinárodní stupnice jaderných událostí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní stupnice jaderných událostí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/INES-skalaen" title="INES-skalaen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="INES-skalaen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Bewertungsskala_f%C3%BCr_nukleare_Ereignisse" title="Internationale Bewertungsskala für nukleare Ereignisse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Bewertungsskala für nukleare Ereignisse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_tuumaintsidentide_skaala" title="Rahvusvaheline tuumaintsidentide skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline tuumaintsidentide skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Διεθνής Κλίμακα Πυρηνικών Γεγονότων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Κλίμακα Πυρηνικών Γεγονότων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Internacional_de_Sucesos_Nucleares" title="Escala Internacional de Sucesos Nucleares – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala Internacional de Sucesos Nucleares" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_skalo_por_nukleaj_eventoj" title="Internacia skalo por nukleaj eventoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia skalo por nukleaj eventoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istripu_Nuklearren_Nazioarteko_Eskala" title="Istripu Nuklearren Nazioarteko Eskala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istripu Nuklearren Nazioarteko Eskala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مقیاس بین‌المللی حادثه هسته‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس بین‌المللی حادثه هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_internationale_des_%C3%A9v%C3%A9nements_nucl%C3%A9aires" title="Échelle internationale des événements nucléaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle internationale des événements nucléaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Internacional_de_Accidentes_Nucleares" title="Escala Internacional de Accidentes Nucleares – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala Internacional de Accidentes Nucleares" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%A0%A5_%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0_%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="국제 원자력 사고 등급 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 원자력 사고 등급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/INES_ljestvica" title="INES ljestvica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="INES ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Kejadian_Nuklir_Internasional" title="Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_INES" title="Scala INES – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala INES" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="הסולם הבין-לאומי לאירוע אטומי ורדיולוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסולם הבין-לאומי לאירוע אטומי ורדיולוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_kodolnegad%C4%ABjumu_skala" title="Starptautiskā kodolnegadījumu skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā kodolnegadījumu skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/INES-Skala" title="INES-Skala – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="INES-Skala" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Nukle%C3%A1ris_Esem%C3%A9nysk%C3%A1la" title="Nemzetközi Nukleáris Eseményskála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Nukleáris Eseményskála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Меѓународна скала на јадрени настани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународна скала на јадрени настани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Kejadian_Nuklear_Antarabangsa" title="Skala Kejadian Nuklear Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala Kejadian Nuklear Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/INES-schaal" title="INES-schaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="INES-schaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%B1%A1%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="国際原子力事象評価尺度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際原子力事象評価尺度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale" title="International Nuclear Event Scale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="International Nuclear Event Scale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_skala_zdarze%C5%84_j%C4%85drowych_i_radiologicznych" title="Międzynarodowa skala zdarzeń jądrowych i radiologicznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowa skala zdarzeń jądrowych i radiologicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Internacional_de_Acidentes_Nucleares" title="Escala Internacional de Acidentes Nucleares – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala Internacional de Acidentes Nucleares" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Международная шкала ядерных событий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международная шкала ядерных событий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkalla_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare_e_Ngjarjeve_B%C3%ABrthamore_dhe_Radiologjike" title="Shkalla Ndërkombëtare e Ngjarjeve Bërthamore dhe Radiologjike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkalla Ndërkombëtare 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class="mw-redirect" title="International Nuclear Event Scale">International Nuclear Event Scale</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scale to enable communication of safety information in nuclear accidents</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INES_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/INES_en.svg/440px-INES_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/INES_en.svg/660px-INES_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/INES_en.svg/880px-INES_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>A representation of the INES levels</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale</b> (<b>INES</b>) was introduced in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) in order to enable prompt communication of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear safety">safety</a> significant information in case of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accidents</a>. </p><p>The scale is intended to be <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a> that is used to describe the comparative magnitude of earthquakes. Each increasing level represents an accident approximately ten times as severe as the previous level. Compared to earthquakes, where the event intensity can be quantitatively evaluated, the level of severity of a <a href="/wiki/Human-made_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-made disaster">human-made disaster</a>, such as a nuclear accident, is more subject to interpretation. Because of this subjectivity, the INES level of an incident is assigned well after the fact. The scale is therefore intended to assist in disaster-aid deployment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of criteria and indicators are defined to assure coherent reporting of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear events</a> by different official authorities. There are seven nonzero levels on the INES scale: three <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civilian nuclear incidents">incident</a></i>-levels and four <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_accidents" title="List of civilian nuclear accidents">accident</a></i>-levels. There is also a level 0. </p><p>The level on the scale is determined by the highest of three scores: off-site effects, on-site effects, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_depth_(nuclear_engineering)" title="Defense in depth (nuclear engineering)">defense in depth</a> degradation. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Level</th> <th>Classification</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:magenta;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>7</big></div> </th> <td>Major accident </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Major release of <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive material</a> with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures.</li></ul></div> </td> <td>There have been two Level 7 accidents: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, 26 April 1986. Unsafe conditions during a test procedure resulted in a powerful steam explosion and fire that released a significant fraction of core material into the environment, resulting in an eventual death toll of 4,000–27,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Parfitt2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parfitt2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahlstrom2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahlstrom2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mycio2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mycio2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Highfield2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highfield2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the plumes of <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotopes</a>, a 30 km (19 mi) <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Exclusion_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone">exclusion zone</a> around the reactor was established.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a>, a series of events beginning on 11 March 2011. Major damage to the backup power and containment systems caused by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> resulted in overheating and leaking from some of the Fukushima I nuclear plant's reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temporary exclusion zone of 20 km (12 mi) was established around the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:red;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>6</big></div> </th> <td>Serious accident </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Significant release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of planned countermeasures.</li></ul></div> </td> <td>There has been one Level 6 accident: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster" title="Kyshtym disaster">Kyshtym disaster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mayak" title="Mayak">Mayak Chemical Combine (MCC)</a> Soviet Union, 29 September 1957. A failed cooling system at a military <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">nuclear waste reprocessing facility</a> caused an explosion with an energy equivalent of 70–100 tons of TNT.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 70 to 80 metric tons of highly radioactive material were carried into the surrounding environment. At least 22 villages were evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-powertech13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powertech13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:orange;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>5</big></div> </th> <td>Accident with wider consequences </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Limited release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of some planned countermeasures.</li><li>Several deaths from radiation.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on radiological barriers and control: </p> <div><ul><li>Severe damage to reactor core.</li><li>Release of large quantities of radioactive material within an installation with a high probability of significant public exposure. This could arise from a major criticality accident or fire.</li></ul></div> </td> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_accidents#1950s" title="List of civilian nuclear accidents">First Chalk River accident</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNF1952_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNF1952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalk River, Ontario (Canada), 12 December 1952. Reactor core damaged.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>), 10 October 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a> of graphite moderator at a military air-cooled reactor caused the graphite and the metallic uranium fuel to catch fire, releasing radioactive pile material as dust into the environment. 100 to 240 cancer deaths were caused by the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Windscale_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Windscale-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irish_Times_Windscale_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times_Windscale-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2007_Telegraph_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2007_Telegraph-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> near <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>), 28 March 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combination of design and operator errors caused a gradual <a href="/wiki/Loss-of-coolant_accident" title="Loss-of-coolant accident">loss of coolant</a>, leading to a partial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">meltdown</a>. The amounts of radioactive gases released into the atmosphere are still unknown, so injuries and illnesses that have been attributed to this accident are only estimates from epidemiological studies.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), 13 September 1987. An unsecured <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">caesium chloride</a> radiation source left in an abandoned hospital was recovered by scavenger thieves unaware of its nature and sold at a scrapyard. 249 people were contaminated and 4 died.<sup id="cite_ref-powertech13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powertech13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:gold;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>4</big></div> </th> <td>Accident with local consequences </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Minor release of radioactive material unlikely to result in implementation of planned countermeasures other than local food controls.</li><li>At least one death from radiation.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on radiological barriers and control: </p> <div><ul><li>Fuel melt or damage to fuel resulting in more than 0.1% release of core inventory.</li><li>Release of significant quantities of radioactive material within an installation with a high probability of significant public exposure.</li></ul></div> </td> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> (United Kingdom) – five incidents from 1955 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/SL-1" title="SL-1">SL-1 Experimental Power Station</a> (United States) – 1961, reactor reached <a href="/wiki/Prompt_critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt critical">prompt criticality</a>, killing three operators.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant">Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant</a> (France) – 1969, partial core meltdown; 1980, graphite overheating.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>) – 1969, blocked coolant channel caused fuel assembly to melt and catch fire, no radiation exposure to staff or public</li><li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">Jaslovské Bohunice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>) – 1977, partial core meltdown resulted in minor release of radiation to reactor building.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andreev_Bay_nuclear_accident" title="Andreev Bay nuclear accident">Andreev Bay nuclear accident</a> (Soviet Union) – 1982, a spent nuclear fuel storage facility was damaged and caused approximately 700,000 tonnes (770,000 tons) of highly radioactive water to leak into the Barents Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) – 1983, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidente_nuclear_del_reactor_RA-2" class="extiw" title="es:Accidente nuclear del reactor RA-2">criticality accident on research reactor RA-2</a> during fuel rod rearrangement killed one operator and injured two others.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tokaimura_nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokaimura nuclear accident">Tokaimura nuclear accident</a> (Japan) – 1999, three inexperienced operators at a reprocessing facility caused a <a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality accident</a>; two of them died.<sup id="cite_ref-powertech13_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powertech13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayapuri#2010_Mayapuri_radiological_accident" title="Mayapuri">Mayapuri</a> (India) – 2010, a university irradiator was sold for scrap and dismantled by dealers unaware of the hazardous materials.</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:yellow;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>3</big></div> </th> <td>Serious incident </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Exposure in excess of ten times the statutory annual limit for workers.</li><li>Non-lethal deterministic health effect (e.g., burns) from radiation.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on radiological barriers and control: </p> <div><ul><li>Exposure rates of more than 1 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a>/h in an operating area.</li><li>Severe contamination in an area not expected by design, with a low probability of significant public exposure.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_depth_(nuclear_engineering)" title="Defense in depth (nuclear engineering)">defence-in-depth</a>: </p> <div><ul><li>Near-accident at a nuclear power plant with no safety provisions remaining.</li><li>Lost or stolen highly radioactive sealed source.</li><li>Misdelivered highly radioactive sealed source without adequate procedures in place to handle it.</li></ul></div> </td> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandell%C3%B2s_I_nuclear_incident" title="Vandellòs I nuclear incident">Vandellòs I nuclear incident</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vandellos_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandellos Nuclear Power Plant">Vandellòs</a> (Spain), 1989; fire destroyed many control systems; the reactor was shut down.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station</a> (United States), 2002; negligent inspections resulted in corrosion through 6 in (150 mm) of the carbon steel reactor head leaving only 3⁄8-inch (9.5 mm) of stainless steel cladding holding back the high-pressure reactor coolant.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Paks_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Paks Nuclear Power Plant">Paks Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Hungary), 2003; fuel rod damage in a cleaning tank.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Thorp_nuclear_fuel_reprocessing_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorp nuclear fuel reprocessing plant">THORP plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> (United Kingdom), 2005; very large leak of a highly radioactive solution held within containment.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daini_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Japan), 2011; loss of coolant water in units 1, 2 and 4</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#808000;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>2</big></div> </th> <td>Incident </td> <td>Impact on people and environment: <div><ul><li>Exposure of a member of the public in excess of 10 mSv.</li><li>Exposure of a worker in excess of the statutory annual limits.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on radiological barriers and control: </p> <div><ul><li>Radiation levels in an operating area of more than 50 mSv/h.</li><li>Significant contamination within the facility into an area not expected by design.</li></ul></div> <p>Impact on defence-in-depth: </p> <div><ul><li>Significant failures in safety provisions but with no actual consequences.</li><li>Found highly radioactive sealed orphan source, device or transport package with safety provisions intact.</li><li>Inadequate packaging of a highly radioactive sealed source.</li></ul></div> </td> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gundremmingen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant">Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Germany) 1977; weather caused short-circuit of high-voltage power lines and rapid shutdown of the reactor.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston B nuclear power station">Hunterson B nuclear power station</a> (Ayrshire, United Kingdom) 1998; Emergency diesel generators for reactor cooling pumps, failed to start after multiple grid failures during the <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day_Storm_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing Day Storm of 1998">Boxing Day Storm of 1998</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shika_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shika Nuclear Power Plant">Shika Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Japan) 1999; criticality incident caused by dropped control rods, covered up until 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Blayais_Nuclear_Power_Plant_flood" title="1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood">Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood</a> (France) December 1999</li><li><a href="/wiki/Forsmark_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant">Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Sweden) July 2006; backup generator failure; two were online but the fault could have caused all four to fail.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Asc%C3%B3_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Ascó Nuclear Power Plant">Ascó Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Spain) April 2008; radioactive contamination.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> (United Kingdom) 2017; confirmed exposure to radiation of individuals which exceed or are expected to exceed, the dose limits (2 incidents in this year).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> Magnox Swarf Storage Silo (United Kingdom) 2019; confirmed silo liquor imbalance caused by a leak in the legacy storage facility leading to contamination below ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:green;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>1</big></div> </th> <td>Anomaly </td> <td>Impact on defence-in-depth: <div><ul><li>Overexposure of a member of the public in excess of statutory annual limits.</li><li>Minor problems with safety components with significant defence-in-depth remaining.</li><li>Low activity lost or stolen radioactive source, device, or transport package.</li></ul></div> <p>(Arrangements for reporting minor events to the public differ from country to country.) </p> </td> <td><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricastin_Nuclear_Power_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricastin Nuclear Power Center">Tricastin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a>, France), July 2008; leak of 18,000 L (4,000 imp gal; 4,800 US gal) of water containing 75 kg (165 lb) of unenriched <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> into the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gravelines_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Gravelines Nuclear Power Station">Gravelines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>, France), 8 August 2009; during the annual <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear fuel rod">fuel bundle</a> exchange in reactor 1, a fuel bundle snagged on to the internal structure. Operations were stopped, the reactor building was evacuated and isolated in accordance with operating procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penly_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Penly Nuclear Power Plant">Penly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a>, France) 5 April 2012; an abnormal leak on the primary circuit of the reactor 2 was found in the evening of 5 April 2012 after a fire in reactor 2 around noon was extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> (Cumbria, United Kingdom) 1 March 2018; Due to cold weather, a pipe failed causing water from the contaminated basement to flow into a concrete compound, which was subsequently discharged into the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston B nuclear power station">Hunterston B nuclear power station</a> (Ayrshire, United Kingdom) 2 May 2018; Cracks of the graphite bricks in Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor 3 were found during an inspection. About 370 fractures were discovered, above the operational limit of 350.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> Legacy Ponds sump tank (United Kingdom) 2019; detected liquid levels in a concrete sump tank have fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> 15 May 2016; Loss of active ventilation within the Magnox Swarf Storage Silo. Extract fans were switched off for 16 hours in order to undertake some improvements to the ventilation system, but when it was restarted the system indicated zero flow. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>0</big></div> </th> <td>Deviation </td> <td>No safety significance. </td> <td><div><ul><li>13 February 2006: Fire in <a href="/wiki/JCO_(company)" title="JCO (company)">Nuclear Waste Volume Reduction Facilities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="Japan Atomic Energy Agency">Japanese Atomic Energy Agency</a> (JAEA) in Tokaimura.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>17 December 2006, <a href="/wiki/Atucha_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant">Atucha</a>, Argentina: Reactor shutdown due to <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> increase in reactor compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>4 June 2008: <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Krško Nuclear Power Plant">Krško</a>, Slovenia: Leakage from the primary cooling circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>10 December 2020: <a href="/wiki/Eurajoki" title="Eurajoki">Eurajoki</a>, Finland: <a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto</a> reactor shutdown due to dissolved filter substances in reactor water.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_scale">Out of scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Out of scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as "out of scale".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Examples: <ul><li>5 March 1999: <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a>, United States: Discovery of suspicious item, originally thought to be a bomb, in nuclear power plant.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>29 September 1999: <a href="/wiki/H._B._Robinson_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station">H.B. Robinson</a>, United States: A tornado sighting within the protected area of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlNRC2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlNRC2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlNRC2001-5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlNRC2001-5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 November 2002, Natural Uranium Oxide Fuel Plant at the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex" title="Nuclear Fuel Complex">Nuclear Fuel Complex</a> in Hyderabad, India: A chemical explosion at a fuel fabrication facility.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deficiencies in the existing INES have emerged through comparisons between the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, which had severe and widespread consequences to humans and the environment, and the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a>, which caused one fatality and comparatively small (10%) release of radiological material into the environment. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident was originally rated as INES 5, but then upgraded to INES 7 (the highest level) when the events of units 1, 2 and 3 were combined into a single event and the combined release of radiological material was the determining factor for the INES rating.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study found that the INES scale of the IAEA is highly inconsistent, and the scores provided by the IAEA incomplete, with many events not having an INES rating. Further, the actual accident damage values do not reflect the INES scores. A quantifiable, continuous scale might be preferable to the INES.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three arguments have been made: First, the scale is essentially a discrete qualitative ranking, not defined beyond event level 7. Second, it was designed as a public relations tool, not an objective scientific scale. Third, its most serious shortcoming is that it conflates magnitude and intensity. An alternative nuclear accident magnitude scale (NAMS) was proposed by British nuclear safety expert <a href="/wiki/David_Smythe" class="mw-redirect" title="David Smythe">David Smythe</a> to address these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_Accident_Magnitude_Scale">Nuclear Accident Magnitude Scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nuclear Accident Magnitude Scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Nuclear Accident Magnitude Scale</b> (NAMS) is an alternative to INES, proposed by David Smythe in 2011 as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>. There were some concerns that INES was used in a confusing manner, and NAMS was intended to address the perceived INES shortcomings. </p><p>As Smythe pointed out, the INES scale ends at 7; a more severe accident than Fukushima in 2011 or <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> in 1986 would also be measured as INES category 7. In addition, it is discontinuous, not allowing a fine-grained comparison of nuclear incidents and accidents. But the most pressing item identified by Smythe is that INES conflates magnitude with intensity; a distinction long made by <a href="/wiki/Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologists</a> to compare <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. In that subject area, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake magnitude">magnitude</a> describes the physical energy released by an earthquake, while the <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">intensity</a> focuses on the effects of the earthquake. By analogy, a nuclear incident with a high magnitude (e.g. a core meltdown) may not result in an intense <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>, as the incident at the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">research reactor in Lucens</a> shows – yet it resides in INES category 4, together with the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> of 1957, which caused significant contamination outside of its facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition">Definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of the NAMS scale is: </p> <dl><dd>NAMS = log<sub>10</sub>(20 × R)</dd></dl> <p>with R being the radioactivity being released in <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">terabecquerels</a>, calculated as the equivalent dose of <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a>. Furthermore, only the atmospheric release affecting the area <i>outside</i> the nuclear facility is considered for calculating the NAMS, giving a NAMS score of 0 to all incidents which do not affect the outside. The factor of 20 assures that both the INES and the NAMS scales reside in a similar range, aiding a comparison between accidents. An atmospheric release of any radioactivity will only occur in the INES categories 4 to 7, while NAMS does not have such a limitation. </p><p>The NAMS scale still does not take into account the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> of liquids such as an ocean, sea, river or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a> in proximity to any <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a>. </p><p>The estimation of magnitude seems to be related to the problematic definition of a radiological equivalence between different types of involved <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> and the variety of <a href="/wiki/Path_analysis_(statistics)" title="Path analysis (statistics)">paths</a> by which activity might eventually be ingested,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. eating fish or through the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. </p><p>Smythe lists these incidents: Chernobyl, former USSR 1986 (M = 8.0), Three Mile Island, USA (M = 7.9), Fukushima-Daiichi, Japan 2011 (M = 7.5), Kyshtym, former USSR 1957 (M = 7.3).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_damage_frequency" title="Core damage frequency">Core damage frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_element_failure" title="Fuel element failure">Fuel element failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-coolant_accident" title="Loss-of-coolant accident">Loss-of-coolant accident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_nuclear_plants_to_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack">Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_United_States#Emergency_Classifications" title="Nuclear safety in the United States">NRC Emergency Classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_nuclear_accidents" title="List of civilian nuclear accidents">List of civilian nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents" title="List of military nuclear accidents">List of military nuclear accidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_nuclear_incident_terminology" title="United States military nuclear incident terminology">United States military nuclear incident terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_reactors" title="Lists of nuclear reactors">Lists of nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Nuclear safety and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">Criticality accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_station_failures" title="List of hydroelectric power station failures">List of hydroelectric power station failures</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Except otherwise indicated,</i> these enumerations are non-exhaustive lists.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Event_scale_revised_for_further_clarity_0510081.html">"Event scale revised for further clarity"</a>. World-nuclear-news.org. 6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IOP: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JRP....26...33W">2006JRP....26...33W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F26%2F1%2F002">10.1088/0952-4746/26/1/002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522943">16522943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37975977">37975977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radiological+Protection&rft.atitle=Classification+of+events+with+an+off-site+radiological+impact+at+the+Sellafield+site+between+1950+and+2000%2C+using+the+International+Nuclear+Event+Scale&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0952-4746%2F26%2F1%2F002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37975977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16522943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JRP....26...33W&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=G+A+M&rft.au=Anderson%2C+R+W&rft.au=Gaffney%2C+M+J+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСафонов_А2009" class="citation book cs1">Сафонов А, Никитин А (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bellona.org/assets/sites/4/fil_book_nikitin02.pdf"><i>Ядерная губа Андреева</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbellona.org%2Fassets%2Fsites%2F4%2Ffil_book_nikitin02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLermontov" class="citation web cs1">Lermontov, M.Yu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602005508/http://andreeva.1gb.ru/story/Kalinin.html">"The death of officer Kalinin S. V. from radiation overdose at Andreev Bay"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andreeva.1gb.ru/story/Kalinin.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+death+of+officer+Kalinin+S.+V.+from+radiation+overdose+at+Andreev+Bay&rft.aulast=Lermontov&rft.aufirst=M.Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandreeva.1gb.ru%2Fstory%2FKalinin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian" class="citation web cs1">Brian, Cowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfen.org/sites/default/files/public/atoms/files/2013-brian_cowell_edf_energy_loss_of_site_power.pdf">"Loss of Off Site Power: An Operator's Perspective, EDF Energy, Nuclear Generation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The French Nuclear Energy Company (SFEN)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onr.org.uk/quarterly-stat/2017-1.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onr.org.uk&rft.atitle=Statement+of+civil+incidents+meeting+the+Ministerial+Reportable+Criteria+%28MRC%29+reported+to+ONR+%E2%80%93+Q1+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onr.org.uk%2Fquarterly-stat%2F2017-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/sellafield-ltd-incident-reports-and-notices">"Sellafield Ltd incident reports and notices"</a>. <i>www.gov.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sellafield+Ltd+incident+reports+and+notices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fcollections%2Fsellafield-ltd-incident-reports-and-notices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/10/nuclearpower.pollution">River use banned after French uranium leak</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (10 July 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(AFP)" class="citation web cs1">(AFP). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816100759/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDlQI2MpwzTvWT166NetwyFGPyiA">"AFP: Incident "significatif" à la centrale nucléaire de Gravelines, dans le Nord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDlQI2MpwzTvWT166NetwyFGPyiA">the original</a> on 16 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFP%3A+Incident+%22significatif%22+%C3%A0+la+centrale+nucl%C3%A9aire+de+Gravelines%2C+dans+le+Nord&rft.au=%28AFP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jDlQI2MpwzTvWT166NetwyFGPyiA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(ASN)_–_5_April_2012" class="citation web cs1">(ASN) – 5 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120207/http://www.french-nuclear-safety.fr/index.php/English-version/News-releases/2012/Press-release-3-Information-on-Penly-NPP-event">"ASN has decided to lift its emergency crisis organisation and has temporarily classified the event at the level 1"</a>. ASN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.french-nuclear-safety.fr/index.php/English-version/News-releases/2012/Press-release-3-Information-on-Penly-NPP-event">the original</a> on 10 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+has+decided+to+lift+its+emergency+crisis+organisation+and+has+temporarily+classified+the+event+at+the+level+1&rft.pub=ASN&rft.au=%28ASN%29+%E2%80%93+5+April+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.french-nuclear-safety.fr%2Findex.php%2FEnglish-version%2FNews-releases%2F2012%2FPress-release-3-Information-on-Penly-NPP-event&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514072344/http://www.onr.org.uk/quarterly-stat/2018-1.htm">"Statement of civil incidents meeting the Ministerial Reportable Criteria (MRC) reported to ONR – Q1 2018"</a>. <i>www.onr.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onr.org.uk/quarterly-stat/2018-1.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onr.org.uk&rft.atitle=Statement+of+civil+incidents+meeting+the+Ministerial+Reportable+Criteria+%28MRC%29+reported+to+ONR+%E2%80%93+Q1+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onr.org.uk%2Fquarterly-stat%2F2018-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514071123/http://www.onr.org.uk/quarterly-stat/2018-2.htm">"Statement of civil incidents meeting the Ministerial Reportable Criteria (MRC) reported to ONR – Q2 2018"</a>. <i>www.onr.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onr.org.uk/quarterly-stat/2018-2.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onr.org.uk&rft.atitle=Statement+of+civil+incidents+meeting+the+Ministerial+Reportable+Criteria+%28MRC%29+reported+to+ONR+%E2%80%93+Q2+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onr.org.uk%2Fquarterly-stat%2F2018-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/sellafield-ltd-incident-reports-and-notices">"Sellafield Ltd incident reports and notices"</a>. <i>www.gov.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sellafield+Ltd&rft.atitle=Incident+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sellafieldsites.com%2Fpress-office%2Fincident-reports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2005/p06021301/index.html">http://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2005/p06021301/index.html</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://200.0.198.11/comunicados/18_12_2006.pdf">http://200.0.198.11/comunicados/18_12_2006.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujv.gov.si/nc/en/splosno/cns/news/article/12088/5400/">News | Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvo.fi/en/index/news/pressreleasesstockexchangereleases/2020/moreinformationontheplantdisturbanceatolkiluoto2.html">"More information on the plant disturbance at Olkiluoto 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+information+on+the+plant+disturbance+at+Olkiluoto+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvo.fi%2Fen%2Findex%2Fnews%2Fpressreleasesstockexchangereleases%2F2020%2Fmoreinformationontheplantdisturbanceatolkiluoto2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IAEA: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.iaea.org/news/topics/topic/erfs/erf/default.asp?VersionNum=1&TopicID=660">This event is rated as out of scale in accordance with Part I-1.3 of the 1998 Draft INES Users Manual, as it did not involve any possible radiological hazard and did not affect the safety layers.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatesceptics.org/event/641">Discovery of suspicious item in plant | Nuclear power U.S.A.</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.davidsmythe.org&rft.atitle=David+Smythe+-+-+Nuclear+accidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidsmythe.org%2Fnuclear%2Faccidents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nuclear_and_Radiological_Event_Scale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-news.iaea.org">Nuclear Events Web-based System (NEWS)</a>, IAEA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313101136/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/ines.pdf">International Nuclear Event Scale factsheet</a>, IAEA</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515164252/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/INES-2009_web.pdf">"International Nuclear Event Scale, User's manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/INES-2009_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Nuclear+Event+Scale%2C+User%27s+manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FINES-2009_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Nuclear+and+Radiological+Event+Scale" class="Z3988"></span> International Nuclear Event Scale, User's manual, IAEA, 2008</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of <br /> disasters <br /> and <br /> incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_involving_radioactive_substances" title="Crimes involving radioactive substances">Crimes involving radioactive substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident#Incidents" title="Criticality accident">Criticality accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown#Nuclear_meltdown_events" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents" title="List of military nuclear accidents">Military nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll" title="List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll">Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_fatalities_by_country" title="List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country">Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_China" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_India" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Testing_the_first_device" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom#Nuclear_tests" title="Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_tests_in_Australia" title="Nuclear weapons tests in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_testing_in_the_United_States" title="British nuclear testing in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sunken_nuclear_submarines" title="List of sunken nuclear submarines">Sunken nuclear submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orphan_source_incidents" title="List of orphan source incidents">List of orphan source incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country" title="List of nuclear power accidents by country">Nuclear power accidents by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual <br /> accidents <br /> and sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Nyonoksa_radiation_accident" title="Nyonoksa radiation accident">Nyonoksa radiation accident</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident" title="Fukushima nuclear accident">Fukushima nuclear accident</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Oncol%C3%B3gico_Nacional#Accident" title="Instituto Oncológico Nacional">Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" title="Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster" title="Effects of the Chernobyl disaster">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chernobyl-related_articles" title="List of Chernobyl-related articles">Related articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-431" title="Soviet submarine K-431">Chazhma Bay nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1985–1987 <a href="/wiki/Therac-25" title="Therac-25">Therac-25</a> accident</li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Andreev_Bay_nuclear_accident" title="Andreev Bay nuclear accident">Andreev Bay nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_radiological_accident" title="Kramatorsk radiological accident">Kramatorsk radiological accident</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident_health_effects" title="Three Mile Island accident health effects">Three Mile Island accident health effects</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens reactor</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll#National_nuclear_weapon_test_site_1958-1963#Failures" title="Johnston Atoll"> Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll</a> under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl" title="Operation Fishbowl">Operation Fishbowl</a></li> <li>1962 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19#Nuclear_accident" title="Soviet submarine K-19">K-19 nuclear accident</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/SL-1" title="SL-1">SL-1</a> nuclear meltdown</li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster" title="Kyshtym disaster">Kyshtym disaster</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob" title="Operation Plumbbob">Operation Plumbbob</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Totskoye_nuclear_exercise" title="Totskoye nuclear exercise">Totskoye nuclear exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination_from_the_Rocky_Flats_Plant" title="Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats Plant</a></li> <li>1945 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nuclear Event Scale">International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_nuclear_plants_to_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack">Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">Books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">Films about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_close_calls" title="Nuclear close calls">Nuclear close calls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone" title="Nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">Peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Sun" title="Smiling Sun">Smiling Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Category:Radiation accidents and incidents">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_nuclear_technology" title="Outline of nuclear technology">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron#Fusion_neutrons" title="Neutron">Fusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">Autoradiograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_gardening" title="Atomic gardening">Atomic gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_processing" title="Electron-beam processing">Electron-beam processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Explosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission831" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor"><i>Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz</i> (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None<br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Moderated_Reactor_Experiment" title="Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment">OMRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>by <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble <span style="font-size:85%;">(acoustic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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