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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CIPM_definition_of_the_sievert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIPM_definition_of_the_sievert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>CIPM definition of the sievert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIPM_definition_of_the_sievert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICRP_definition_of_the_sievert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICRP_definition_of_the_sievert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ICRP definition of the sievert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICRP_definition_of_the_sievert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_dose_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_dose_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>External dose quantities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_dose_quantities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External dose quantities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_dose_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Naming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Physical quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Operational quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Protection quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_and_dosimetry_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_and_dosimetry_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Instrument and dosimetry response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_and_dosimetry_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_protection_dose_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Calculating protection dose quantities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calculating_protection_dose_quantities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calculating protection dose quantities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calculating_protection_dose_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radiation_type_weighting_factor_WR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_type_weighting_factor_WR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Radiation type weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_type_weighting_factor_WR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue_type_weighting_factor_WT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_type_weighting_factor_WT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tissue type weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue_type_weighting_factor_WT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_quantities_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_quantities_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operational quantities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_quantities_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational quantities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_quantities_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ambient_dose_equivalent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambient_dose_equivalent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ambient dose equivalent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambient_dose_equivalent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directional_dose_equivalent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directional_dose_equivalent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Directional dose equivalent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directional_dose_equivalent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_dose_equivalent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_dose_equivalent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Personal dose equivalent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_dose_equivalent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_changing_the_definition_of_protection_dose_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_changing_the_definition_of_protection_dose_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposals for changing the definition of protection dose quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_changing_the_definition_of_protection_dose_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_dose_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_dose_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internal dose quantities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_dose_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stochastic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stochastic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Stochastic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stochastic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deterministic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deterministic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Deterministic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deterministic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICRP_dose_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICRP_dose_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>ICRP dose limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICRP_dose_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dose_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dose_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dose examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dose_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dose examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dose_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dose_examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dose_examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dose examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dose_examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dose_rate_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dose_rate_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Dose rate examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dose_rate_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_SI_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_SI_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Common SI usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_SI_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionizing_radiation_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionizing_radiation_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ionizing radiation quantities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ionizing_radiation_quantities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ionizing radiation quantities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ionizing_radiation_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rem_equivalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rem_equivalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Rem equivalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rem_equivalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sievert</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="زيفرت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيفرت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="সিভার্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিভার্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Зіверт (адзінка вымярэння) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зіверт (адзінка вымярэння)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Зывэрт (адзінка вымярэньня) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зывэрт (адзінка вымярэньня)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сиверт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиверт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཝེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཝེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Зиверт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зиверт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert_(Einheit)" title="Sievert (Einheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sievert (Einheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siivert" title="Siivert – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siivert" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siverto" title="Siverto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siverto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سیورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADveart" title="Síveart – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síveart" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8" title="시버트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시버트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_(%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Զիվերտ (չափման միավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զիվերտ (չափման միավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivert" title="Sivert – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sivert" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADvert" title="Sívert – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sívert" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="סיוורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיוורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ზივერტი (ერთეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზივერტი (ერთეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Зиверт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зиверт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert_(unitas)" title="Sievert (unitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sievert (unitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABverts" title="Zīverts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīverts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivertas" title="Sivertas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sivertas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сиверт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сиверт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B6)" title="Зиверт (нэгж) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зиверт (нэгж)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="シーベルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーベルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert_(Eenheit)" title="Sievert (Eenheit) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sievert (Eenheit)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwert" title="Siwert – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siwert" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Зиверт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зиверт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert_(jednotka)" title="Sievert (jednotka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sievert (jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сиверт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сиверт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சீவெர்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீவெர்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="ซีเวิร์ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีเวิร์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sievert" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Зіверт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зіверт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Sievert (đơn vị) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sievert (đơn vị)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9" title="希沃特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希沃特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9" title="希沃特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希沃特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97" title="西弗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西弗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q103246#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sievert_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sievert (disambiguation)">Sievert (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">sievert</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_(26182596995).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg/220px-%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg/330px-%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg/440px-%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF_%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E_2016_%2826182596995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Display of <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a> in a hotel at <a href="/wiki/Naraha,_Fukushima" title="Naraha, Fukushima">Naraha</a>, Japan, showing dose rate in microsieverts per hour, five years after the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima disaster</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data">stochastic health effect of ionizing radiation (<a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">Equivalent dose</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Sv</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 Sv <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a><sup>2</sup>⋅<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a><sup>−2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span>Sv indicates absorbed dose modified by weighting factors.</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>⋅<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a><sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/CGS" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS">CGS</a> units (non-SI)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>100 <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">rem</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>sievert</b> (symbol: <b>Sv</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a unit in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) intended to represent the <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> health risk of <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. The sievert is important in <a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">dosimetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation protection</a>. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a>, a Swedish medical physicist renowned for work on radiation dose measurement and research into the biological effects of radiation. </p><p>The sievert is used for radiation dose quantities such as <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose</a>, which represent the risk of external radiation from sources outside the body, and <a href="/wiki/Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">committed dose</a>, which represents the risk of internal irradiation due to inhaled or ingested radioactive substances. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection" title="International Commission on Radiological Protection">International Commission on Radiological Protection</a> (ICRP), one sievert results in a 5.5% <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of eventually developing fatal cancer based on the disputed <a href="/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model" title="Linear no-threshold model">linear no-threshold model</a> of ionizing radiation exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To calculate the value of stochastic health risk in sieverts, the physical quantity <a href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">absorbed dose</a> is converted into equivalent dose and effective dose by applying factors for radiation type and biological context, published by the ICRP and the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements" title="International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements">International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements</a> (ICRU). One sievert equals 100 <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">rem</a>, which is an older, <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">CGS</a> radiation unit. </p><p>Conventionally, deterministic health effects due to acute tissue damage that is certain to happen, produced by high dose rates of radiation, are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a> (Gy).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIPM_definition_of_the_sievert">CIPM definition of the sievert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CIPM definition of the sievert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SI definition given by the <a href="/wiki/CIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPM">International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)</a> says: </p><p>"The quantity dose equivalent <i>H</i> is the product of the absorbed dose <i>D</i> of ionizing radiation and the dimensionless factor <i>Q</i> (quality factor) defined as a function of <a href="/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">linear energy transfer</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements" title="International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements">ICRU</a>" </p> <dl><dd><i>H</i> = <i>Q</i> × <i>D</i><sup id="cite_ref-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The value of <i>Q</i> is not defined further by CIPM, but it requires the use of the relevant ICRU recommendations to provide this value. </p><p>The CIPM also says that "in order to avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose <i>D</i> and the dose equivalent <i>H</i>, the special names for the respective units should be used, that is, the name gray should be used instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of absorbed dose <i>D</i> and the name sievert instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of dose equivalent <i>H</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summary: </p> <dl><dd><b>gray</b>: quantity <i>D</i>—absorbed dose <dl><dd>1 Gy = 1 joule/kilogram—a physical quantity. 1 Gy is the deposit of a joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter or tissue.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>sievert</b>: quantity <i>H</i>—equivalent dose <dl><dd>1 Sv = 1 joule/kilogram—a biological effect. The sievert represents the equivalent biological effect of the deposit of a joule of radiation energy in a kilogram of human tissue. The ratio to absorbed dose is denoted by <i>Q</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICRP_definition_of_the_sievert">ICRP definition of the sievert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ICRP definition of the sievert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ICRP definition of the sievert is:<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"The sievert is the special name for the SI unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and operational dose quantities. The unit is joule per kilogram."</dd></dl> <p>The sievert is used for a number of dose quantities which are described in this article and are part of the international radiological protection system devised and defined by the ICRP and ICRU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_dose_quantities">External dose quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External dose quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dose_quantities_and_units.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dose_quantities_and_units.png/400px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dose_quantities_and_units.png/600px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dose_quantities_and_units.png/800px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>External radiation dose quantities used in radiological protection</figcaption></figure> <p>When the sievert is used to represent the stochastic effects of external ionizing radiation on human tissue, the radiation doses received are measured in practice by radiometric instruments and <a href="/wiki/Dosimeters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dosimeters">dosimeters</a> and are called operational quantities. To relate these actual received doses to likely health effects, protection quantities have been developed to predict the likely health effects using the results of large epidemiological studies. Consequently, this has required the creation of a number of different dose quantities within a coherent system developed by the ICRU working with the ICRP. </p><p>The external dose quantities and their relationships are shown in the accompanying diagram. The ICRU is primarily responsible for the operational dose quantities, based upon the application of ionising radiation metrology, and the ICRP is primarily responsible for the protection quantities, based upon modelling of dose uptake and biological sensitivity of the human body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ICRU/ICRP dose quantities have specific purposes and meanings, but some use common words in a different order. There can be confusion between, for instance, <i>equivalent dose</i> and <i>dose equivalent</i>. </p><p>Although the CIPM definition states that the linear energy transfer function (Q) of the ICRU is used in calculating the biological effect, the ICRP in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed the "protection" dose quantities <i>effective</i> and <i>equivalent</i> dose which are calculated from more complex computational models and are distinguished by not having the phrase <i>dose equivalent</i> in their name. Only the operational dose quantities which still use Q for calculation retain the phrase <i>dose equivalent</i>. However, there are joint ICRU/ICRP proposals to simplify this system by changes to the operational dose definitions to harmonise with those of protection quantities. These were outlined at the 3rd International Symposium on Radiological Protection in October 2015, and if implemented would make the naming of operational quantities more logical by introducing "dose to lens of eye" and "dose to local skin" as <i>equivalent doses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-endo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> there are differently named dose quantities which are not part of the ICRP nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_quantities">Physical quantities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are directly measurable physical quantities in which no allowance has been made for biological effects. Radiation <a href="/wiki/Fluence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluence">fluence</a> is the number of radiation particles impinging per unit area per unit time, <a href="/wiki/Kerma_(physics)" title="Kerma (physics)">kerma</a> is the ionising effect on air of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> and is used for instrument calibration, and absorbed dose is the amount of radiation energy deposited per unit mass in the matter or tissue under consideration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_quantities">Operational quantities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operational quantities are measured in practice, and are the means of directly measuring dose uptake due to exposure, or predicting dose uptake in a measured environment. In this way they are used for practical dose control, by providing an estimate or upper limit for the value of the protection quantities related to an exposure. They are also used in practical regulations and guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The calibration of individual and area dosimeters in photon fields is performed by measuring the collision "air kerma free in air" under conditions of secondary electron equilibrium. Then the appropriate operational quantity is derived applying a conversion coefficient that relates the air kerma to the appropriate operational quantity. The conversion coefficients for photon radiation are published by the ICRU.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simple (non-anthropomorphic) "phantoms" are used to relate operational quantities to measured free-air irradiation. The ICRU sphere phantom is based on the definition of an ICRU 4-element tissue-equivalent material which does not really exist and cannot be fabricated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICRU sphere is a theoretical 30 cm diameter "tissue equivalent" sphere consisting of a material with a density of 1 g·cm<sup>−3</sup> and a mass composition of 76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen. This material is specified to most closely approximate human tissue in its absorption properties. According to the ICRP, the ICRU "sphere phantom" in most cases adequately approximates the human body as regards the scattering and attenuation of penetrating radiation fields under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus radiation of a particular energy fluence will have roughly the same energy deposition within the sphere as it would in the equivalent mass of human tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEACalibration-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To allow for back-scattering and absorption of the human body, the "slab phantom" is used to represent the human torso for practical calibration of whole body dosimeters. The slab phantom is <span class="nowrap">300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm</span> depth to represent the human torso.<sup id="cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEACalibration-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The joint ICRU/ICRP proposals outlined at the 3rd International Symposium on Radiological Protection in October 2015 to change the definition of operational quantities would not change the present use of calibration phantoms or reference radiation fields.<sup id="cite_ref-endo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_quantities">Protection quantities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protection quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protection quantities are calculated models, and are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure, in the words of ICRP, "that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEACalibration-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quantities cannot be measured in practice but their values are derived using models of external dose to internal organs of the human body, using <a href="/wiki/Computational_human_phantom" title="Computational human phantom">anthropomorphic phantoms</a>. These are 3D computational models of the body which take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation. The calculation starts with organ absorbed dose, and then applies radiation and tissue weighting factors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As protection quantities cannot practically be measured, operational quantities must be used to relate them to practical radiation instrument and dosimeter responses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrument_and_dosimetry_response">Instrument and dosimetry response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrument and dosimetry response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an actual reading obtained from such as an ambient dose <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> monitor, or a personal <a href="/wiki/Dosimeter" title="Dosimeter">dosimeter</a>. Such instruments are calibrated using radiation metrology techniques which will trace them to a national radiation standard, and thereby relate them to an operational quantity. The readings of instruments and dosimeters are used to prevent the uptake of excessive dose and to provide records of dose uptake to satisfy radiation safety legislation; such as in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionising_Radiations_Regulations_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999">Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculating_protection_dose_quantities">Calculating protection dose quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Calculating protection dose quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SI_Radiation_dose_units.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SI_Radiation_dose_units.png/480px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SI_Radiation_dose_units.png/720px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SI_Radiation_dose_units.png/960px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Graphic showing relationship of "protection dose" quantities in <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> units</figcaption></figure> <p>The sievert is used in external radiation protection for <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> (the external-source, whole-body exposure effects, in a uniform field), and <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose</a> (which depends on the body parts irradiated). </p><p>These dose quantities are weighted averages of absorbed dose designed to be representative of the <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> health effects of radiation, and use of the sievert implies that appropriate <a href="/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness" title="Relative biological effectiveness">weighting factors</a> have been applied to the absorbed dose measurement or calculation (expressed in grays).<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICRP calculation provides two weighting factors to enable the calculation of protection quantities. </p> <dl><dd> 1. The radiation factor <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub>, which is specific for radiation type <i>R</i> – This is used in calculating the equivalent dose <i>H</i><sub><i>T</i></sub> which can be for the whole body or for individual organs.</dd> <dd> 2. The tissue weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub>, which is specific for tissue type T being irradiated. This is used with <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> to calculate the contributory organ doses to arrive at an effective dose <i>E</i> for non-uniform irradiation.</dd></dl> <p>When a whole body is irradiated uniformly only the radiation weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> is used, and the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose. But if the irradiation of a body is partial or non-uniform the tissue factor <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub> is used to calculate dose to each organ or tissue. These are then summed to obtain the effective dose. In the case of uniform irradiation of the human body, these summate to 1, but in the case of partial or non-uniform irradiation, they will summate to a lower value depending on the organs concerned; reflecting the lower overall health effect. The calculation process is shown on the accompanying diagram. This approach calculates the biological risk contribution to the whole body, taking into account complete or partial irradiation, and the radiation type or types. </p><p>The values of these weighting factors are conservatively chosen to be greater than the bulk of experimental values observed for the most sensitive cell types, based on averages of those obtained for the human population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_type_weighting_factor_WR">Radiation type weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radiation type weighting factor WR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">Equivalent dose</a></div> <p>Since different radiation types have different biological effects for the same deposited energy, a corrective <a href="/wiki/Radiation_weighting_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation weighting factor">radiation weighting factor</a> <i>W<sub>R</sub></i>, which is dependent on the radiation type and on the target tissue, is applied to convert the absorbed dose measured in the unit gray to determine the equivalent dose. The result is given the unit sievert. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Radiation weighting factors <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> <br /> used to represent <a href="/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness" title="Relative biological effectiveness">relative biological effectiveness</a><br /> according to ICRP report 103<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Radiation</th> <th>Energy (<i>E</i>)</th> <th><i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> (formerly <i>Q</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td> <td>< 1 MeV</td> <td>2.5 + 18.2e<sup>−[ln(<i>E</i>)]<sup>2</sup>/6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 – 50 MeV</td> <td>5.0 + 17.0e<sup>−[ln(2<i>E</i>)]<sup>2</sup>/6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>> 50 MeV</td> <td>2.5 + 3.25e<sup>−[ln(0.04<i>E</i>)]<sup>2</sup>/6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>, charged <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pions</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">nuclear fission products</a>,<br />heavy <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a></td> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The equivalent dose is calculated by multiplying the absorbed energy, averaged by mass over an organ or tissue of interest, by a radiation weighting factor appropriate to the type and energy of radiation. To obtain the equivalent dose for a mix of radiation types and energies, a sum is taken over all types of radiation energy dose.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{T}=\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot D_{T,R},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{T}=\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot D_{T,R},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14330f57bd90c165cb4d08e13ae98133d1f85f66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:21.179ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{T}=\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot D_{T,R},}"></span> where </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>H<sub>T</sub></i></span> is the equivalent dose absorbed by tissue <i>T</i>,</dd> <dd><span class="texhtml"><i>D</i><sub><i>T</i>,<i>R</i></sub></span> is the absorbed dose in tissue <i>T</i> by radiation type <i>R</i> and</dd> <dd><span class="texhtml"><i>W<sub>R</sub></i></span> is the radiation weighting factor defined by regulation.</dd></dl> <p>Thus for example, an absorbed dose of 1 Gy by alpha particles will lead to an equivalent dose of 20 Sv. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif/330px-Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial.</figcaption></figure> <p>This may seem to be a paradox. It implies that the energy of the incident radiation field in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> has increased by a factor of 20, thereby violating the laws of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a>. However, this is not the case. The sievert is used only to convey the fact that a gray of absorbed alpha particles would cause twenty times the biological effect of a gray of absorbed x-rays. It is this biological component that is being expressed when using sieverts rather than the actual energy delivered by the incident absorbed radiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue_type_weighting_factor_WT">Tissue type weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tissue type weighting factor WT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose (radiation)</a></div> <p>The second weighting factor is the tissue factor <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub>, but it is used only if there has been non-uniform irradiation of a body. If the body has been subject to uniform irradiation, the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose, and only the radiation weighting factor <i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> is used. But if there is partial or non-uniform body irradiation the calculation must take account of the individual organ doses received, because the sensitivity of each organ to irradiation depends on their tissue type. This summed dose from only those organs concerned gives the effective dose for the whole body. The tissue weighting factor is used to calculate those individual organ dose contributions. </p><p>The ICRP values for <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub> are given in the table shown here. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Weighting factors for different organs<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Organs</th> <th colspan="3">Tissue weighting factors </th></tr> <tr> <th>ICRP26<br />1977</th> <th>ICRP60<br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP60_Ch2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP60_Ch2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>ICRP103<br />2007<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gonads" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonads">Gonads</a></td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a></td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breasts</a></td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">Bladder</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">Oesophagus</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">Skin</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> surface</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">Salivary glands</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remainder of body</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>1.00</th> <th>1.00</th> <th>1.00 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The article on <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose</a> gives the method of calculation. The absorbed dose is first corrected for the radiation type to give the equivalent dose, and then corrected for the tissue receiving the radiation. Some tissues like bone marrow are particularly sensitive to radiation, so they are given a weighting factor that is disproportionally large relative to the fraction of body mass they represent. Other tissues like the hard bone surface are particularly insensitive to radiation and are assigned a disproportionally low weighting factor. </p><p>In summary, the sum of tissue-weighted doses to each irradiated organ or tissue of the body adds up to the effective dose for the body. The use of effective dose enables comparisons of overall dose received regardless of the extent of body irradiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_quantities_2">Operational quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operational quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operational quantities are used in practical applications for monitoring and investigating external exposure situations. They are defined for practical operational measurements and assessment of doses in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three external operational dose quantities were devised to relate operational dosimeter and instrument measurements to the calculated protection quantities. Also devised were two phantoms, The ICRU "slab" and "sphere" phantoms which relate these quantities to incident radiation quantities using the Q(L) calculation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambient_dose_equivalent">Ambient dose equivalent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ambient dose equivalent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is used for area monitoring of penetrating radiation and is usually expressed as the quantity <i>H</i>*(10). This means the radiation is equivalent to that found 10 mm within the ICRU sphere phantom in the direction of origin of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of penetrating radiation is <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directional_dose_equivalent">Directional dose equivalent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Directional dose equivalent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is used for monitoring of low penetrating radiation and is usually expressed as the quantity <i>H'</i>(0.07). This means the radiation is equivalent to that found at a depth of 0.07 mm in the ICRU sphere phantom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of low penetrating radiation are alpha particles, beta particles and low-energy photons. This dose quantity is used for the determination of equivalent dose to such as the skin, lens of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In radiological protection practice value of omega is usually not specified as the dose is usually at a maximum at the point of interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_dose_equivalent">Personal dose equivalent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal dose equivalent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is used for individual dose monitoring, such as with a personal dosimeter worn on the body. The recommended depth for assessment is 10 mm which gives the quantity <i>H</i><sub>p</sub>(10).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals_for_changing_the_definition_of_protection_dose_quantities">Proposals for changing the definition of protection dose quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proposals for changing the definition of protection dose quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to simplify the means of calculating operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiation dose protection quantities, ICRP Committee 2 & ICRU Report Committee 26 started in 2010 an examination of different means of achieving this by dose coefficients related to Effective Dose or Absorbed Dose. </p><p>Specifically; </p><p>1. For area monitoring of effective dose of whole body it would be: </p> <dl><dd><i>H</i> = Φ × conversion coefficient</dd></dl> <p>The driver for this is that <i>H</i><sup>∗</sup>(10) is not a reasonable estimate of effective dose due to high energy photons, as a result of the extension of particle types and energy ranges to be considered in ICRP report 116. This change would remove the need for the ICRU sphere and introduce a new quantity called <i>E</i><sub>max</sub>. </p><p>2. For individual monitoring, to measure deterministic effects on eye lens and skin, it would be: </p> <dl><dd><i>D</i> = Φ × conversion coefficient for absorbed dose.</dd></dl> <p>The driver for this is the need to measure the deterministic effect, which it is suggested, is more appropriate than stochastic effect. This would calculate equivalent dose quantities <i>H</i><sub>lens</sub> and <i>H</i><sub>skin</sub>. </p><p>This would remove the need for the ICRU Sphere and the Q-L function. Any changes would replace ICRU report 51, and part of report 57.<sup id="cite_ref-endo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A final draft report was issued in July 2017 by ICRU/ICRP for consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_dose_quantities">Internal dose quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Internal dose quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">Committed dose</a></div> <p>The sievert is used for human internal dose quantities in calculating <a href="/wiki/Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">committed dose</a>. This is dose from radionuclides which have been ingested or inhaled into the human body, and thereby "committed" to irradiate the body for a period of time. The concepts of calculating protection quantities as described for external radiation applies, but as the source of radiation is within the tissue of the body, the calculation of absorbed organ dose uses different coefficients and irradiation mechanisms. </p><p>The ICRP defines Committed effective dose, E(<i>t</i>) as the sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate tissue weighting factors <i>W</i><sub>T</sub>, where <i>t</i> is the integration time in years following the intake. The commitment period is taken to be 50 years for adults, and to age 70 years for children.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICRP further states "For internal exposure, committed effective doses are generally determined from an assessment of the intakes of radionuclides from bioassay measurements or other quantities (e.g., activity retained in the body or in daily excreta). The radiation dose is determined from the intake using recommended dose coefficients".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A committed dose from an internal source is intended to carry the same effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly to the whole body from an external source, or the same amount of effective dose applied to part of the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></div> <p>Ionizing radiation has <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> effects on human health. Deterministic (acute tissue effect) events happen with certainty, with the resulting health conditions occurring in every individual who received the same high dose. <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a> (cancer induction and genetic) events are inherently <a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">random</a>, with most individuals in a group failing to ever exhibit any <a href="/wiki/Causal" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal">causal</a> negative health effects after exposure, while an indeterministic random minority do, often with the resulting subtle negative health effects being observable only after large detailed <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> studies. </p><p>The use of the sievert implies that only stochastic effects are being considered, and to avoid confusion deterministic effects are conventionally compared to values of absorbed dose expressed by the SI unit gray (Gy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stochastic_effects">Stochastic effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stochastic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stochastic effects are those that occur randomly, such as <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">radiation-induced cancer</a>. The consensus of nuclear regulators, governments and the <a href="/wiki/UNSCEAR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCEAR">UNSCEAR</a> is that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation can be modeled as increasing linearly with <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose</a> at a rate of 5.5% per sievert.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model" title="Linear no-threshold model">linear no-threshold model</a> (LNT model). Some argue that this LNT model is now outdated and should be replaced with a threshold below which the body's natural cell processes repair damage and/or replace damaged cells.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is general agreement that the risk is much higher for infants and fetuses than adults, higher for the middle-aged than for seniors, and higher for women than for men, though there is no quantitative consensus about this.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peck-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNSCEAR_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSCEAR-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deterministic_effects">Deterministic effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deterministic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effectofselfrepair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Effectofselfrepair.svg/220px-Effectofselfrepair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Effectofselfrepair.svg/330px-Effectofselfrepair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Effectofselfrepair.svg/440px-Effectofselfrepair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption> This is a graph depicting the effect of <a href="/wiki/Dose_fractionation" title="Dose fractionation">dose fractionation</a> on the ability of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a> to cause cell death. The blue line is for cells which were not given a chance to recover; the radiation was delivered in one session. The red line is for cells which were allowed to stand for a time and recover with the pause in delivery conferring <a href="/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">radioresistance</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The deterministic (acute tissue damage) effects that can lead to <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation syndrome</a> only occur in the case of acute high doses (≳ 0.1 Gy) and high dose rates (≳ 0.1 Gy/h) and are conventionally not measured using the unit sievert, but use the unit gray (Gy). A model of deterministic risk would require different weighting factors (not yet established) than are used in the calculation of equivalent and effective dose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICRP_dose_limits">ICRP dose limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ICRP dose limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ICRP recommends a number of limits for dose uptake in table 8 of report 103. These limits are "situational", for planned, emergency and existing situations. Within these situations, limits are given for the following groups:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Planned exposure – limits given for occupational, medical and public</li> <li>Emergency exposure – limits given for occupational and public exposure</li> <li>Existing exposure – All persons exposed</li></ul> <p>For occupational exposure, the limit is 50 mSv in a single year with a maximum of 100 mSv in a consecutive five-year period, and for the public to an average of 1 mSv (0.001 Sv) of effective dose per year, not including medical and occupational exposures.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP103_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For comparison, natural radiation levels inside the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> are such that a human body would receive an additional dose rate of 0.85 mSv/a, close to the regulatory limit, because of the uranium content of the <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FUSRAP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUSRAP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the conservative ICRP model, someone who spent 20 years inside the capitol building would have an extra one in a thousand chance of getting cancer, over and above any other existing risk (calculated as: 20 a·0.85 mSv/a·0.001 Sv/mSv·5.5%/Sv ≈ 0.1%). However, that "existing risk" is much higher; an average American would have a 10% chance of getting cancer during this same 20-year period, even without any exposure to artificial radiation (see natural <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_cancer" title="Epidemiology of cancer">Epidemiology of cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer rates">cancer rates</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dose_examples">Dose examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dose examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(radiation)" title="Orders of magnitude (radiation)">Orders of magnitude (radiation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg/220px-027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg/330px-027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg/440px-027_dose-ranges-sievert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>US Department of Energy 2010 dose chart in sieverts for a variety of situations and applications<sup id="cite_ref-NRC_chart_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC_chart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg/220px-Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg/330px-Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg/440px-Exposure_chart-XKCD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Various doses of radiation in sieverts, ranging from trivial to lethal, expressed as comparative areas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/220px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/330px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png/440px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsTrip-20131209.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of radiation doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_assessment_detector" title="Radiation assessment detector">RAD</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> (2011–2013).<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZeitlinHassler2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZeitlinHassler2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130530_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130530-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SN-20130629_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-20130629-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Significant radiation doses are not frequently encountered in everyday life. The following examples can help illustrate relative magnitudes; these are meant to be examples only, not a comprehensive list of possible radiation doses. An "acute dose" is one that occurs over a short and finite period of time, while a "chronic dose" is a dose that continues for an extended period of time so that it is better described by a dose rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dose_examples_2">Dose examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dose examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:right;">98</td> <td>nSv:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banana_equivalent_dose" title="Banana equivalent dose">Banana equivalent dose</a>, an illustrative unit of radiation dose representing the measure of radiation from a typical banana<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internal_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">250</td> <td>nSv:</td> <td>U.S. limit on effective dose for general-use x-ray security screening systems such as those previously used in airport security screening<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5–10</td> <td>μSv:</td> <td>One set of <a href="/wiki/Dental_radiograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental radiograph">dental radiographs</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">80</td> <td>μSv:</td> <td>Average (one time) dose to people living within 10 mi (16 km) of the plant during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-ANS-tmi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANS-tmi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">400–600</td> <td>μSv:</td> <td>Two-view <a href="/wiki/Mammogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammogram">mammogram</a>, using weighting factors updated in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>U.S. 10 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">CFR</a> § 20.1301(a)(1) dose limit for individual members of the public, total <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">effective dose</a> equivalent, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_annum" class="extiw" title="wikt:per annum">per annum</a><sup id="cite_ref-CFR-20.1301_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-20.1301-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5–1.7</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Annual <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">occupational dose</a> for <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendants</a><sup id="cite_ref-GrajewskiWaters2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrajewskiWaters2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2–7</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Barium fluoroscopy, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Barium_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium meal">Barium meal</a>, up to 2 minutes, 4–24 spot images<sup id="cite_ref-wall97_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall97-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">10–30</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Single full-body <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM-radiation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-radiation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ctscan_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctscan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">50</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>U.S. 10 C.F.R. § 20.1201(a)(1)(i) occupational dose limit, total effective dose equivalent, per annum<sup id="cite_ref-CFR-20.1201_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-20.1201-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">68</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Estimated maximum dose to evacuees who lived closest to the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">80</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>6-month stay on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">160 </td> <td>mSv: </td> <td>Chronic dose to lungs over one year smoking 1.5 packs of cigarettes per day, mostly due to inhalation of Polonium-210 and Lead-210<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">250</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>6-month <a href="/wiki/Trip_to_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Trip to Mars">trip to Mars</a>—radiation due to <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, which are very difficult to shield against </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">400</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Average accumulated exposure of residents over a period of 9–20 years, who suffered no ill effects, in apartments in Taiwan constructed with rebar containing <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">500</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>The U.S. 10 C.F.R. § 20.1201(a)(2)(ii) occupational dose limit, shallow-dose equivalent to skin, per annum<sup id="cite_ref-CFR-20.1201_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-20.1201-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">670</td> <td>mSv:</td> <td>Highest dose received by a worker responding to the Fukushima emergency<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internal_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Maximum allowed radiation exposure for NASA astronauts over their career<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20130531a_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130531a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">4–5</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Dose required to kill a human with a 50% risk within 30 days (LD<sub>50</sub>/30), if the dose is received over a very short duration<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRC_chart_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC_chart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Calculated dose from the <a href="/wiki/Prompt_neutron" title="Prompt neutron">neutron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> flash, 1.2 km from ground zero of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> fission bomb, air burst at 600 m.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">4.5–6</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute doses during <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5.1</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute dose to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a> in 1945 <a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">10 to 17</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute doses during <a href="/wiki/Tokaimura_nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokaimura nuclear accident">Tokaimura nuclear accident</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Ouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisashi Ouchi">Hisashi Ouchi</a> who received 17 Sv lived for 83 days after the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">21</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute dose to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a> in 1946 criticality accident<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">36</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute dose to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Kelley">Cecil Kelley</a> in 1958, death occurred within 35 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">54</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Fatal acute dose to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Korchilov" title="Boris Korchilov">Boris Korchilov</a> in 1961 after a reactor cooling system failed on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19" title="Soviet submarine K-19">Soviet submarine K-19</a> which required work in the reactor with no shielding<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">64</td> <td>Sv:</td> <td>Nonfatal dose to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Stevens" title="Albert Stevens">Albert Stevens</a> spread over ≈21 years, due to a 1945 <a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">plutonium injection experiment</a> by doctors working on the secret <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internal_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dose_rate_examples">Dose rate examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dose rate examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All conversions between hours and years have assumed continuous presence in a steady field, disregarding known fluctuations, intermittent exposure and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. Converted values are shown in parentheses. "/a" is "per annum", which means per year. "/h" means "per hour". </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><1</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><100</td> <td>nSv/h</td> <td>Steady dose rates below 100 nSv/h are difficult to measure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;">(100</td> <td>nSv/h avg)</td> <td>ICRP recommended maximum for external irradiation of the human body, excluding medical and occupational exposures. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;">(270</td> <td>nSv/h avg)</td> <td>Human exposure to <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation#Natural_background_radiation" title="Background radiation">natural background radiation</a>, global average<sup id="cite_ref-internal_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(8</td> <td>mSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">810</td> <td>nSv/h avg</td> <td>Next to the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_New_Safe_Confinement" title="Chernobyl New Safe Confinement">Chernobyl New Safe Confinement</a> (May 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">~8</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;">(~900</td> <td>nSv/h avg)</td> <td>Average natural background radiation in Finland<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">24</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;">(2.7</td> <td>μSv/h avg)</td> <td>Natural background radiation at airline cruise altitude<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(46</td> <td>mSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.19</td> <td>μSv/h avg</td> <td>Next to Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, before installing the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_New_Safe_Confinement" title="Chernobyl New Safe Confinement">New Sarcophagus</a> in November 2016<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">130</td> <td>mSv/a</td> <td style="text-align:right;">(15</td> <td>μSv/h avg)</td> <td>Ambient field inside most radioactive house in <a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Iran" title="Ramsar, Iran">Ramsar, Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-HNBR2009_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNBR2009-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-external_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(350</td> <td>mSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.8</td> <td>μSv/h avg</td> <td>Inside "The Claw" of Chernobyl<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(800</td> <td>mSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">90</td> <td>μSv/h</td> <td>Natural radiation on a <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> beach near <a href="/wiki/Guarapari" title="Guarapari">Guarapari</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(9</td> <td>Sv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td>mSv/h</td> <td>NRC definition of a high radiation area in a nuclear power plant, warranting a chain-link fence<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(17–173</td> <td>Sv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2–20</td> <td>mSv/h</td> <td>Typical dose rate for activated <a href="/wiki/Plasma_facing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma facing material">reactor wall</a> in possible future <a href="/wiki/Fusion_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion reactor">fusion reactors</a> after 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FUS539_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUS539-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After approximately 300 years of decay the fusion waste would produce the same dose rate as exposure to <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">coal ash</a>, with the volume of fusion waste naturally being orders of magnitude less than from coal ash.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediate predicted activation is 90 M<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>/a.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(1.7</td> <td>kSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">190</td> <td>mSv/h</td> <td>Highest reading from <a href="/wiki/Fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout">fallout</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity bomb">Trinity bomb</a>, 20 mi (32 km) away, 3 hours after detonation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-external_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(2.3</td> <td>MSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">270</td> <td>Sv/h</td> <td>Typical <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> spent fuel waste, after 10-year cooldown, no shielding and no distance.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">(4.6–5.6</td> <td>MSv/a)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">530–650</td> <td>Sv/h</td> <td>The radiation level inside the primary containment vessel of the second <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a>-reactor of the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima</a> power station, in February 2017, six years after a suspected <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">meltdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this environment, it takes between 22 and 34 seconds to accumulate a <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>/30). </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes on examples: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-internal-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internal_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internal_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internal_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internal_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted figures are dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">committed dose</a> which gradually turned into effective dose over an extended period of time. Therefore the true acute dose must be lower, but standard dosimetry practice is to account committed doses as acute in the year the radioisotopes are taken into the body.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dose rate received by air crews is highly dependent on the radiation weighting factors chosen for protons and neutrons, which have changed over time and remain controversial.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-external-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-external_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-external_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted figures exclude any committed dose from radioisotopes taken into the body. Therefore the total radiation dose would be higher unless respiratory protection was used.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sievert has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">röntgen equivalent man</a> (rem) which was derived from <a href="/wiki/CGS_units" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS units">CGS units</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements" title="International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements">International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements</a> (ICRU) promoted a switch to coherent SI units in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced in 1976 that it planned to formulate a suitable unit for equivalent dose.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICRP pre-empted the ICRU by introducing the sievert in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP26_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP26-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sievert was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM) in 1980, five years after adopting the gray. The CIPM then issued an explanation in 1984, recommending when the sievert should be used as opposed to the gray. That explanation was updated in 2002 to bring it closer to the ICRP's definition of equivalent dose, which had changed in 1990. Specifically, the ICRP had introduced equivalent dose, renamed the quality factor (Q) to radiation weighting factor (W<sub>R</sub>), and dropped another weighting factor "N" in 1990. In 2002, the CIPM similarly dropped the weighting factor "N" from their explanation but otherwise kept other old terminology and symbols. This explanation only appears in the appendix to the SI brochure and is not part of the definition of the sievert.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_SI_usage">Common SI usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Common SI usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sievert is named after <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a>. As with every <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a> letter (Sv), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common noun</a>; i.e., <i>sievert</i> becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case. </p><p>Frequently used <a href="/wiki/SI_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefixes">SI prefixes</a> are the millisievert (1 mSv = 0.001 Sv) and microsievert (1 μSv = 0.000 001 Sv) and commonly used units for <a href="/wiki/Time_derivative" title="Time derivative">time derivative</a> or "dose rate" indications on instruments and warnings for radiological protection are μSv/h and mSv/h. Regulatory limits and chronic doses are often given in units of mSv/a or Sv/a, where they are understood to represent an average over the entire year. In many occupational scenarios, the hourly dose rate might fluctuate to levels thousands of times higher for a brief period of time, without infringing on the annual limits. The conversion from hours to years varies because of leap years and exposure schedules, but approximate conversions are: </p> <dl><dd>1 mSv/h = 8.766 Sv/a</dd> <dd>114.1 μSv/h = 1 Sv/a</dd></dl> <p>Conversion from hourly rates to annual rates is further complicated by seasonal fluctuations in natural radiation, decay of artificial sources, and intermittent proximity between humans and sources. The ICRP once adopted fixed conversion for occupational exposure, although these have not appeared in recent documents:<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>8 h = 1 day</dd> <dd>40 h = 1 week</dd> <dd>50 weeks = 1 year</dd></dl> <p>Therefore, for occupation exposures of that time period, </p> <dl><dd>1 mSv/h = 2 Sv/a</dd> <dd>500 μSv/h = 1 Sv/a</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ionizing_radiation_quantities">Ionizing radiation quantities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ionizing radiation quantities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactivity_and_radiation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png/400px-Radioactivity_and_radiation.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png/600px-Radioactivity_and_radiation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Graphic showing relationships between radioactivity and detected ionizing radiation</figcaption></figure> <p>The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Ionizing radiation related quantities <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radiation_related_quantities" title="Template:Radiation related quantities"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radiation_related_quantities" title="Template talk:Radiation related quantities"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation_related_quantities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation related quantities"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Quantity </th> <th>Unit </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Derivation </th> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Specific_activity" title="Specific activity">Activity</a> (<i>A</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a> </td> <td>Bq </td> <td>s<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">SI unit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a> </td> <td>Ci </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010370000000000000♠"></span>3.7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> s<sup>−1</sup></span> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>3.7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> Bq </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(unit)" title="Rutherford (unit)">rutherford</a> </td> <td>Rd </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">000</span><span style="margin-left: 0.25em">000</span></span> Bq </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Exposure</a> (<i>X</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> </td> <td>C/kg </td> <td>C⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> of air </td> <td>1974 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">SI unit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">röntgen</a> </td> <td>R </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statcoulomb" title="Statcoulomb">esu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994129300000000000♠"></span>0.001<span style="margin-left:.25em;">293</span> g</span> of air </td> <td>1928 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996258000000000000♠"></span>2.58<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> C/kg</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">Absorbed dose</a> (<i>D</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a> </td> <td>Gy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">SI unit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">erg</a> per gram </td> <td>erg/g </td> <td>erg⋅g<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996100000000000000♠"></span>1.0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> Gy</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rad</a> </td> <td>rad </td> <td>100 erg⋅g<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>0.010 Gy </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">Equivalent dose</a> (<i>H</i>) </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sievert</a> </td> <td>Sv </td> <td>J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> × <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities"><i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub></a> </td> <td>1977 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">SI unit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">röntgen equivalent man</a> </td> <td>rem </td> <td>100 erg⋅g<sup>−1</sup> × <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities"><i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub></a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>0.010 Sv </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">Effective dose</a> (<i>E</i>) </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sievert</a> </td> <td>Sv </td> <td>J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> × <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities"><i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> × <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub></a> </td> <td>1977 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">SI unit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">röntgen equivalent man</a> </td> <td>rem </td> <td>100 erg⋅g<sup>−1</sup> × <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Calculating_protection_dose_quantities"><i>W</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> × <i>W</i><sub><i>T</i></sub></a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>0.010 Sv </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rem_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rem (unit)">rem</a> alongside SI units,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">European units of measurement directives</a> required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rem_equivalence">Rem equivalence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rem equivalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An older unit for the dose equivalent is the <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">rem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still often used in the United States. One sievert is equal to 100 rem: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td>100<span style="color:transparent">.0000</span> rem</td> <td>=</td> <td>100,000<span style="color:transparent">.0</span> mrem</td> <td>= </td> <th>1 Sv </th> <td>=</td> <td>1<span style="color:transparent">.000000</span> Sv</td> <td>=</td> <td>1000<span style="color:transparent">.000</span> mSv</td> <td>=</td> <td>1,000,000 μSv </td></tr> <tr> <td>1<span style="color:transparent">.0000</span> rem</td> <td>=</td> <td>1000<span style="color:transparent">.0</span> mrem</td> <td>= </td> <th>1 rem </th> <td>=</td> <td>0.01<span style="color:transparent">0000</span> Sv</td> <td>=</td> <td>10<span style="color:transparent">.000</span> mSv</td> <td>=</td> <td>10000 μSv </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.1<span style="color:transparent">000</span> rem</td> <td>=</td> <td>100<span style="color:transparent">.0</span> mrem</td> <td>= </td> <th>1 mSv </th> <td>=</td> <td>0.001<span style="color:transparent">000</span> Sv</td> <td>=</td> <td>1<span style="color:transparent">.000</span> mSv</td> <td>=</td> <td>1000 μSv </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.001<span style="color:transparent">0</span> rem</td> <td>=</td> <td>1<span style="color:transparent">.0</span> mrem</td> <td>= </td> <th>1 mrem </th> <td>=</td> <td>0.00001<span style="color:transparent">0</span> Sv</td> <td>=</td> <td>0.01<span style="color:transparent">0</span> mSv</td> <td>=</td> <td>10 μSv </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.0001 rem</td> <td>=</td> <td>0.1 mrem</td> <td>= </td> <th>1 μSv </th> <td>=</td> <td>0.000001 Sv</td> <td>=</td> <td>0.001 mSv</td> <td>=</td> <td>1 μSv </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Acute radiation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a> (disintegrations per second)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_per_minute" title="Counts per minute">Counts per minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure (radiation)">Exposure (radiation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(unit)" title="Rutherford (unit)">Rutherford (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a> (a non-SI unit of volume transport with the same symbol Sv as sievert)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please note there are two non-SI units that use the same Sv abbreviation: the <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">sverdrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svedberg" title="Svedberg">svedberg</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICRP103-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP103_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFICRP2007" class="citation journal cs1">ICRP (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103">"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"</a>. <i>Annals of the ICRP</i>. ICRP Publication 103. <b>37</b> (2–4). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3048-2"><bdi>978-0-7020-3048-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+ICRP&rft.atitle=The+2007+Recommendations+of+the+International+Commission+on+Radiological+Protection&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3048-2&rft.au=ICRP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrp.org%2Fpublication.asp%3Fid%3DICRP%2520Publication%2520103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP says, "In the low dose range, below about 100 mSv, it is scientifically plausible to assume that the incidence of cancer or heritable effects will rise in direct proportion to an increase in the equivalent dose in the relevant organs and tissues." ICRP publication 103 paragraph 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP report 103 para 104 and 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIPM,_2002:_Recommendation_2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CIPM/db/2002/2/"><i>CIPM, 2002: Recommendation 2</i></a>, BIPM, 2000</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIPM%2C+2002%3A+Recommendation+2&rft.pub=BIPM&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2FCIPM%2Fdb%2F2002%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICRP_publication_103_-_Glossary_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103 - Glossary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 60 published in 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-endo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-endo_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Operational Quantities and new approach by ICRU" – Akira Endo. The 3rd International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection, Seoul, Korea – October 20–22, 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.icrp.org/docs/icrp2015/18%20Akira%20Endo%202015.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmsym.org/archives/2009/pdfs/9444.pdf">"The confusing world of radiation dosimetry"</a> - M.A. Boyd, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2009. An account of chronological differences between US and ICRP dosimetry systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph B147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Measurement of H*(10) and Hp(10) in Mixed High-Energy Electron and Photon Fields.</i> E. Gargioni, L. Büermann and H.-M. Kramer Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure, Actual Shortcomings and Alternative Options", G. Dietze, D.T. Bartlett, N.E. Hertel, given at IRPA 2012, Glasgow, Scotland. May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph B159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEACalibration-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAEACalibration_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/P074_scr.pdf"><i>Calibration of Radiation Protection Monitoring Instruments</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Safety Reports Series 16, IAEA, 2000, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-0-100100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-0-100100-9"><bdi>978-92-0-100100-9</bdi></a>, <q>In 1991, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [7] recommended a revised system of dose limitation, including specification of primary <i>limiting quantities</i> for radiation protection purposes. These protection quantities are essentially unmeasurable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calibration+of+Radiation+Protection+Monitoring+Instruments&rft.series=Safety+Reports+Series+16&rft.pub=IAEA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-92-0-100100-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2FPublications%2FPDF%2FP074_scr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph B50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph B64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103, paragraph B146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNSCEAR-2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/09-86753_Report_2008_Annex_A.pdf">Annex A</a> page 40, table A1, retrieved 2011-7-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRP60_Ch2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICRP60_Ch2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICRP1991" class="citation journal cs1">ICRP (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2060">"1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: Quantities used in radiological protection"</a>. <i>Annals of the ICRP</i>. ICRP publication 60. <b>21</b> (1–3): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JRP....11..199V">1991JRP....11..199V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0146-6453%2891%2990066-P">10.1016/0146-6453(91)90066-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-041144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-041144-6"><bdi>978-0-08-041144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+ICRP&rft.atitle=1990+Recommendations+of+the+International+Commission+on+Radiological+Protection%3A+Quantities+used+in+radiological+protection&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0146-6453%2891%2990066-P&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JRP....11..199V&rft.isbn=978-0-08-041144-6&rft.au=ICRP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrp.org%2Fpublication.asp%3Fid%3DICRP%2520Publication%252060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP report 103 paragraphs B163 - B164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP report 103 paragraphs B165- B167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattssonSöderberg2013" class="citation cs2">Mattsson, Sören; Söderberg, Marcus (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783642311666-c2.pdf">"Dose Quantities and Units for Radiation Protection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine</i>, Springer Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-31167-3">10.1007/978-3-642-31167-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-31166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-31166-6"><bdi>978-3-642-31166-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dose+Quantities+and+Units+for+Radiation+Protection&rft.btitle=Radiation+Protection+in+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-31167-3&rft.isbn=978-3-642-31166-6&rft.aulast=Mattsson&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rft.au=S%C3%B6derberg%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642311666-c2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP report 103 paragraphs B168 - B170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrp.org/docs/ICRU%20and%20ICRP%20Draft%20Joint%20Report%20Operational%20Quantities%20for%20External%20Radiation%20Exposure.pdf">"ICRP draft "Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICRP+draft+%22Operational+Quantities+for+External+Radiation+Exposure%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrp.org%2Fdocs%2FICRU%2520and%2520ICRP%2520Draft%2520Joint%2520Report%2520Operational%2520Quantities%2520for%2520External%2520Radiation%2520Exposure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICRP publication 103 - Paragraph 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubiana2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tubiana, Maurice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2005.06.013">"Dose–effect relationship and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation: The joint report of the Académie des Sciences (Paris) and of the Académie Nationale de Médecine"</a>. <i>International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics</i>. <b>63</b> (2). Elsevier BV: 317–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2005.06.013">10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-3016">0360-3016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168825">16168825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Oncology%2C+Biology%2C+Physics&rft.atitle=Dose%E2%80%93effect+relationship+and+estimation+of+the+carcinogenic+effects+of+low+doses+of+ionizing+radiation%3A+The+joint+report+of+the+Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences+%28Paris%29+and+of+the+Acad%C3%A9mie+Nationale+de+M%C3%A9decine&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-319&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0360-3016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16168825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2005.06.013&rft.aulast=Tubiana&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijrobp.2005.06.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2015" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Wade (2015). <i>Nuclear is for life: a cultural revolution</i>. Aylesbury: Wade Allison Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9562756-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9562756-4-6"><bdi>978-0-9562756-4-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945569856">945569856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+is+for+life%3A+a+cultural+revolution&rft.place=Aylesbury&rft.pub=Wade+Allison+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945569856&rft.isbn=978-0-9562756-4-6&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peck-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peck_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckSamei" class="citation web cs1">Peck, Donald J.; Samei, Ehsan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208060102/http://www.imagewisely.org/Imaging-Professionals/Medical-Physicists/Articles/How-to-Understand-and-Communicate-Radiation-Risk.aspx">"How to Understand and Communicate Radiation Risk"</a>. Image Wisely. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagewisely.org/Imaging-Professionals/Medical-Physicists/Articles/How-to-Understand-and-Communicate-Radiation-Risk.aspx">the original</a> on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Understand+and+Communicate+Radiation+Risk&rft.pub=Image+Wisely&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft.au=Samei%2C+Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imagewisely.org%2FImaging-Professionals%2FMedical-Physicists%2FArticles%2FHow-to-Understand-and-Communicate-Radiation-Risk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNSCEAR-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNSCEAR_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation2008" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html"><i>Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes</i></a>. New York: United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-142263-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-142263-4"><bdi>978-92-1-142263-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effects+of+ionizing+radiation%3A+UNSCEAR+2006+report+to+the+General+Assembly%2C+with+scientific+annexes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-1-142263-4&rft.au=United+Nations+Scientific+Committee+on+the+Effects+of+Atomic+Radiation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unscear.org%2Funscear%2Fen%2Fpublications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICRP" class="citation journal cs1">ICRP. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation%3A+Risks+and+Realities&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2007-05&rft.au=Office+of+Air+and+Radiation&rft.au=Office+of+Radiation+and+Indoor+Air&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fdocs%2F402-k-07-006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/gareport.pdf"><i>Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation to the General Assembly</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation" title="United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation">United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+United+Nations+Scientific+Committee+on+the+Effects+of+Atomic+Radiation+to+the+General+Assembly&rft.pub=United+Nations+Scientific+Committee+on+the+Effects+of+Atomic+Radiation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unscear.org%2Fdocs%2Freports%2Fgareport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievert&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover" class="citation web cs1">Glover, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/radiation.htm">"Millisieverts and Radiation"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Millisieverts+and+Radiation&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fradiation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASievert" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurados.sckcen.be/">Eurados - The European radiation dosimetry group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">Radioactive sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement <br />quantities and units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">Absorbed dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_dose" title="Committed dose">Committed dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_dose_index" title="Computed tomography dose index">Computed tomography dose index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_per_minute" title="Counts per minute">Counts per minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)" title="Effective dose (radiation)">Effective dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">Equivalent dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_glandular_dose" title="Mean glandular dose">Mean glandular dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_unit" title="Monitor unit">Monitor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">Rad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">Roentgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">Rem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sievert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments and <br />measurement techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_particulate_radioactivity_monitoring" title="Airborne particulate radioactivity monitoring">Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosimeter" title="Dosimeter">Dosimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion chamber">Ion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">Scintillation counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_counter" title="Proportional counter">Proportional counter</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_monitoring" title="Radiation monitoring">Radiation monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">Semiconductor detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_meter" title="Survey meter">Survey meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-body_counting" title="Whole-body counting">Whole-body counting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_shielding" title="Lead shielding">Lead shielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glovebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirators" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirators">Respirators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Physics_Society" title="Health Physics Society">HPS (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiation_Units_and_Measurements" title="International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements">ICRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection" title="International Commission on Radiological Protection">ICRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Radiation_Protection_Association" title="International Radiation Protection Association">IRPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Radiological_Protection" title="Society for Radiological Protection">SRP (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Scientific_Committee_on_the_Effects_of_Atomic_Radiation" title="United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation">UNSCEAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionising_Radiations_Regulations" title="Ionising Radiations Regulations">IRR (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">ONR (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_Protection_Convention,_1960" title="Radiation Protection Convention, 1960">Radiation Protection Convention, 1960</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Acute radiation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_physics" title="Category:Medical physics">Medical physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_effects" title="Category:Radiation effects">Radiation effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" title="Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_protection" title="Category:Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radiation" title="Template:Radiation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radiation" title="Template talk:Radiation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> (physics and health)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation_force" title="Acoustic radiation force">Acoustic radiation force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">Cluster decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">Background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">Alpha particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">Beta particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radioactive materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">Particle radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">Gravitational radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">Cosmic background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askaryan_radiation" title="Askaryan radiation">Askaryan radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruh radiation">Unruh radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Radiation exposure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Radiation syndrome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_syndrome" title="Chronic radiation syndrome">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">Laser safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasers_and_aviation_safety" title="Lasers and aviation safety">Lasers and aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Medical radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity in the life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biological dose units and quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Radiation heat-transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">Linear energy transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 Costa Rica accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">1987 Goiânia accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Moroccan_radiation_accident" title="1984 Moroccan radiation accident">1984 Moroccan accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">1990 Zaragoza accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">Radioactive source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">Radiation hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_effects" title="Category:Radiation effects">Radiation effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" title="Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_protection" title="Category:Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SI_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SI_units" title="Template:SI units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SI_units" title="Template talk:SI units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SI_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SI units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SI_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">degree Celsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katal" title="Katal">katal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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