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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxon_and_Norman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Anglo-Saxon and Norman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_and_Norman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_to_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_to_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 16th to 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_to_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ouseburn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouseburn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ouseburn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouseburn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quayside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quayside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Quayside </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quayside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grainger_Town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grainger_Town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Grainger Town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grainger_Town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinatown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinatown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Chinatown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinatown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nightlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Literature and libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Festivals and fairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Concert venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Independent cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TV_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 TV and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Print media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City-centre_Wi-Fi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City-centre_Wi-Fi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 City-centre Wi-Fi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City-centre_Wi-Fi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Retail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Ethnicity and nationality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geordies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geordies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Geordies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geordies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Rugby union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Rugby league </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Field hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Horse racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Motorsports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorsports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Ice hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 UK Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 EU referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Schools and colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Religious sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Other agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Foreign consulates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Newcastle upon Tyne</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيوكاسل أبون تاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوكاسل أبون تاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyukasl-apon-Tayn" title="Nyukasl-apon-Tayn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyukasl-apon-Tayn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نیوکاسل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="নিউকাসল আপন টাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউকাসল আপন টাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-эпон-Тайн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ньюкасл-эпон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Нюкасъл ъпон Тайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюкасъл ъпон Тайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_na_Tyneu" title="Newcastle na Tyneu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Newcastle na Tyneu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BB" title="Νιούκασλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιούκασλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نیوکاسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caisteal_Nuadh" title="An Caisteal Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Caisteal Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%AC%EC%96%B4%ED%8F%B0%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="뉴캐슬어폰타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴캐슬어폰타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle" title="Newcastle – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AC_%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Նյուքասլ ափոն Թայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուքասլ ափոն Թայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ניוקאסל על הטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניוקאסל על הטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნიუკასლ-აპონ-ტაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუკასლ-აპონ-ტაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Castrum_super_Tinam" title="Novum Castrum super Tinam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novum Castrum super Tinam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABk%C4%81sla_pie_Tainas" title="Ņūkāsla pie Tainas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūkāsla pie Tainas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niukaslas_prie_Taino" title="Niukaslas prie Taino – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niukaslas prie Taino" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8" title="न्यूकॅसल अपॉन टाईन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूकॅसल अपॉन टाईन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيوكاسل ابون تاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيوكاسل ابون تاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نیوکاسل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯜ ꯑꯄꯣꯟ ꯇꯥꯢꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯜ ꯑꯄꯣꯟ ꯇꯥꯢꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл апон Тайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ньюкасл апон Тайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niukaseli_ena_Tyne" title="Niukaseli ena Tyne – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Niukaseli ena Tyne" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ニューカッスル・アポン・タイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューカッスル・アポン・タイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2tel_sus_le_Tyne" title="Neufchâtel sus le Tyne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Neufchâtel sus le Tyne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyukasl_(shahar)" title="Nyukasl (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nyukasl (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نیوکاسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuukasl_apan_Tain" title="Nyuukasl apan Tain – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuukasl apan Tain" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyukasl_upon_tyne" title="Nyukasl upon tyne – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nyukasl upon tyne" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle" title="Newcastle – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%B5" title="نیوکاسڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوکاسڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Њукасл на Тајну – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њукасл на Тајну" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="டைன் ஆற்றங்கரை நியூகாசில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டைன் ஆற்றங்கரை நியூகாசில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวคาสเซิลอะพอนไทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวคาสเซิลอะพอนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیوکاسل اپون ٹائین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوکاسل اپون ٹائین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A0%A1%E5%9F%8E" title="新堡城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新堡城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C" title="ניוקאסטל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניוקאסטל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0" title="紐卡素 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐卡素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Newcastle upon Tyne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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/ 54.9780°N 1.6102°W / 54.9780; -1.6102</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newcastle (disambiguation)">Newcastle</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and metropolitan borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Newcastle upon Tyne</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="height:73px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg/263px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg/395px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg/526px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div>The <a href="/wiki/Quayside" title="Quayside">Quayside</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a> to the left and the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Millennium Bridge</a> to the centre right</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buildings_on_Sandhill_(geograph_6394694).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg/177px-Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg/266px-Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg/354px-Buildings_on_Sandhill_%28geograph_6394694%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Centre" title="Newcastle City Centre">The City Centre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg/82px-Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg/123px-Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg/164px-Donjon_Ch%C3%A2teau_Newcastle_Tyne_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="5322" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">The Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Metro_station,_Newcastle_(geograph_6499904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg/121px-Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg/182px-Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg/242px-Monument_Metro_station%2C_Newcastle_%28geograph_6499904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1234" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg/138px-Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg/207px-Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg/276px-Newcastle_Theatre_Royal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1060" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Newcastle" title="Theatre Royal, Newcastle">Theatre Royal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/137px-St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/206px-St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/274px-St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne">St Mary's RC Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg/122px-Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg/183px-Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg/244px-Newcastle_Civic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3760878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="542" /></a></div><div>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Centre" title="Newcastle Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Newcastle upon Tyne"><img alt="Coat of arms of Newcastle upon Tyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg/88px-Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg/132px-Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg/176px-Arms_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1029" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Toon</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Fortiter Defendit Triumphans, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Triumphing by Brave Defence'</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newcastle shown within Tyne and Wear"><img alt="Newcastle shown within Tyne and Wear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1252" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Newcastle shown within <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&params=54.978_N_1.6102_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">54°58′41″N 1°36′37″W / 54.9780°N 1.6102°W / 54.9780; -1.6102</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)" title="City region (United Kingdom)">City region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Combined_Authority" title="North East Combined Authority">North East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd century AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">1 April 1974</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Centre" title="Newcastle Civic Centre">Newcastle Civic Centre</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader and cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nick Kemp (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of mayors of Newcastle upon Tyne">Lord Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Veronica Dunn</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>3 MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Glindon" title="Mary Glindon">Mary Glindon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKinnell" title="Catherine McKinnell">Catherine McKinnell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Onwurah" title="Chi Onwurah">Chi Onwurah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">44 sq mi (115 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">44 sq mi (113 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">182nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-popstats-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">307,565</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">46th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,020/sq mi (2,711/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Novocastrian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloq.</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 80.0% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 11.4% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.3% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 41.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 40.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.0% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode area</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NE_postcode_area" title="NE postcode area">NE</a>1–7</li><li>NE12–20</li><li>NE27–29</li><li>NE82–99</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/0191" title="0191">0191</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-NET</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E08000021</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newcastle.gov.uk">newcastle.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/njuːˈkæsəl/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne%28ShortA%29.ogg\/En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne%28ShortA%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne(ShortA).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne%28ShortA%29.ogg/En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne%28ShortA%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne(ShortA).ogg" title="File:En-uk-NewcastleUponTyne(ShortA).ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">new-KASS-əl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/44\/En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg\/En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg/En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg" title="File:En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEW-kah-səl</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Wells2008-5">[5]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, England. It is England's northernmost <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>'s northern bank opposite <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-6">[6]</a> Newcastle developed around a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> settlement called <a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of <a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">a castle built in 1080</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>'s eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>. It was one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Ship_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship building">ship building</a> and repair centres during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Newcastle was historically part of the county of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, but governed as a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a> after 1400.<a href="#cite_note-self57567-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sepNewc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-countyOfItself_Separated_1400-12">[12]</a> In 1974, Newcastle became part of <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>. The local authority is <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a>, which is a constituent member of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Mayoral Combined Authority">North East Mayoral Combined Authority</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">History of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was <a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>. It was given the family name of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> – the "wall's end" – and to the separate supply fort of <a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>, across the river from Hadrian's Wall.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a>, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and was built primarily for defence and to prevent the incursion of <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> tribes from the north, and probably not as a fighting line for a major invasion. However, it seems that the Vallum stopped just west of Newcastle, where its role as a secondary line of defence was performed by the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Newcastle_schloss.jpg/170px-Newcastle_schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Newcastle_schloss.jpg/255px-Newcastle_schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Newcastle_schloss.jpg/340px-Newcastle_schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">Newcastle Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a> is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_and_Norman">Anglo-Saxon and Norman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon and Norman">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure from Britain</a>, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).<a href="#cite_note-Monkchester-16">[16]</a> Conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-ncl.ac.uk-17">[17]</a> After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1088" title="Rebellion of 1088">1088 rebellion</a> against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Because of its strategic position, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a>, erected a wooden <a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">castle</a> there in the year 1080.<a href="#cite_note-ncl.ac.uk-17">[17]</a> The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.<a href="#cite_note-ncl.ac.uk-17">[17]</a> The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.<a href="#cite_note-ncl.ac.uk-17">[17]</a> The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.<a href="#cite_note-ncl.ac.uk-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland for administrative purposes<a href="#cite_note-self57567-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sepNewc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-countyOfItself_Separated_1400-12">[12]</a> and made a <a href="/wiki/County_of_itself" class="mw-redirect" title="County of itself">county of itself</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-self57567-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sepNewc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-countyOfItself_Separated_1400-12">[12]</a> Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.<a href="#cite_note-sepNewc2-19">[19]</a> The town had a new charter granted by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1589.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A 25-foot-high (7.6 m) stone <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_town_wall" title="Newcastle town wall">wall</a> was built around the town in the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-newc13thcent-21">[21]</a> to defend it from invaders during the <a href="/wiki/Border_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Border country">Border</a> war against Scotland. The Scots king <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-self57567-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-countyOfItself_Separated_1400-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_to_19th_centuries">16th to 19th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th to 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg/290px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg/435px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg/580px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne_from_New_Chatham_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_T_Allom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption>An engraving by <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(engraver)" title="William Miller (engraver)">William Miller</a> of Newcastle in 1832, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></figcaption></figure> From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Quayside" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Quayside">Newcastle Quayside</a>, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Hostmen_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hostmen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Hostmen</a>. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase <a href="/wiki/Coals_to_Newcastle" title="Coals to Newcastle">taking coals to Newcastle</a> was first recorded contextually in 1538.<a href="#cite_note-coalsNewcastle-22">[22]</a> The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-coalsToNewcastle-23">[23]</a> In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dexter" title="Timothy Dexter">Timothy Dexter</a>, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.<a href="#cite_note-knapp-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-nash-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Tunnel_(Newcastle)_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg/220px-Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg/330px-Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg/440px-Victoria_Tunnel_%28Newcastle%29_near_Ouse_Street_2010-02-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tunnel_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)">Victoria Tunnel</a>, built to transport coal<a href="#cite_note-VTunnel201401-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of <a href="/wiki/Keelmen" title="Keelmen">keelmen</a> and their families.<a href="#cite_note-keelmen-27">[27]</a> They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">colliers</a>, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">plague</a>, more than one-third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne">Society of Antiquaries</a> that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Plag1636-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Quayside,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne,_1961_(15657916212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg/220px-The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg/330px-The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg/440px-The_Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_1961_%2815657916212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the North declared for the King.<a href="#cite_note-northCWar-30">[30]</a> In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell's</a> allies, the Scots, captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a>. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> following a siege and the city was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Newcastle" title="Siege of Newcastle">besieged for many months</a>. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.<a href="#cite_note-civilWar-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg/220px-Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg/330px-Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg/440px-Newcastle_City_Centre_17.9.1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle city centre, 1917, with <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> football ground above and left of centre</figcaption></figure> Newcastle opened its first <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">lunatic asylum</a> in 1767.<a href="#cite_note-lunaticAsylum1767-32">[32]</a> The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.<a href="#cite_note-lunaticAsylum1767-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Newcastle_Eccentrics_of_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century">The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century</a> were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. They are depicted in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Perlee_Parker" title="Henry Perlee Parker">Henry Perlee Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-printing2010-07-26-34">[34]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and Philosophical Society">Literary and Philosophical Society</a> of 1793,<a href="#cite_note-printing2010-07-26-34">[34]</a> with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the <a href="/wiki/London_Library" title="London Library">London Library</a> by half a century.<a href="#cite_note-printing2010-07-26-34">[34]</a> Some founder members of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and Philosophical Society">Literary and Philosophical Society</a> were abolitionists.<a href="#cite_note-litPhil-35">[35]</a> Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant <a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">flint glass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of <a href="/wiki/Fenham_Barracks" title="Fenham Barracks">Fenham Barracks</a> in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-history-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_fire_of_Newcastle_and_Gateshead" title="Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead">great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead</a> was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne#Locomotive_manufacture" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">heavy engineering</a> were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndRev201401-40">[40]</a> This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Urb2014-01-41">[41]</a> In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.<a href="#cite_note-pottery-42">[42]</a> The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2-mile (4 km) <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tunnel_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)">Victoria Tunnel</a>, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">staithes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VTunnel2014012-43">[43]</a> On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">incandescent lightbulb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jswan2014061-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-jswan2014062-45">[45]</a> Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.<a href="#cite_note-Mosely-46">[46]</a> Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">safety lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Stephenson's Rocket</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong">Lord Armstrong</a>'s artillery, <a href="/wiki/Be-Ro" title="Be-Ro">Be-Ro</a> flour,<a href="#cite_note-bero2011-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucozade" title="Lucozade">Lucozade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a> bulbs, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Parsons</a>' invention of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">cheap electricity</a>. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Newcastle" title="Diocese of Newcastle">Anglican diocese</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">St. Nicholas' Church</a> becoming its cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedral1882-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Corporation_Tramways" title="Newcastle Corporation Tramways">Newcastle Corporation Tramways</a> electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-transport1901-1950-50">[50]</a> The city acquired its first art gallery, the <a href="/wiki/Laing_Art_Gallery" title="Laing Art Gallery">Laing Art Gallery</a> in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant<a href="#cite_note-alexanderLaing13Oct1904-51">[51]</a> who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the <a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gallery" title="Hatton Gallery">Hatton Gallery</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>), opened in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-hattonGallery1925_1-52">[52]</a> With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901<a href="#cite_note-redheughBridge1901-53">[53]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-tyneBridge1928-54">[54]</a> Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> as did the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Jesus_Hospital#The_first_museum:_The_John_George_Joicey_Museum_(1950–1993)" title="Holy Jesus Hospital">John G Joicey Museum</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Council housing">Council housing</a> began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-openCastSciCity2011-58">[58]</a> though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-openCastSciCity2013-59">[59]</a> The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-openCastSciCity2013-59">[59]</a> The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/330px-Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/440px-Newcastle_Central_from_Manors_geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/330px-Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/440px-Newcastle_castle_keep_across_the_River_Tyne_to_Gateshead_geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954</figcaption></figure> During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Admiral Raeder</a> who was the head of the German Navy.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a> was dissolved. That university's college in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>), which was founded in 1963,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> followed by Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (now known as <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Steam_Railway" title="North Tyneside Steam Railway">Stephenson Railway Museum</a> in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Life" title="Centre for Life">Life Science Centre</a> in 2000 and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Millennium Bridge</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Based at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> since 1886, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United F.C.</a> became <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> members in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cups</a> (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup" title="Inter-Cities Fairs Cup">Inter-Cities Fairs Cup</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C." title="Blackburn Rovers F.C.">Blackburn Rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> striker <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a>, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Dr Martin Luther King's</a> visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freedomCity2017_1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-honDegreeKing-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-freedomCity-72">[72]</a> In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-riverCeremonyOpeninExh2018-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-exOfNorth2018-74">[74]</a> In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-chroniclelive-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg/220px-Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg/330px-Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg/440px-Side_-_Tyne_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge</figcaption></figure> Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>. The city is located on the north-western bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland. The ground beneath the city is formed from <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam">coal seams</a> which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Millstone_Grit" title="Millstone Grit">Millstone Grit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In large parts, Newcastle still retains a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> street layout. Narrow alleys or '<a href="/wiki/Chare" title="Chare">chares</a>', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Quayside" title="Quayside">riverside</a>. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Castle_Keep" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Castle Keep">Castle Keep</a>, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and <a href="/wiki/Quayside" title="Quayside">Quayside</a> contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Surtees_House" title="Bessie Surtees House">Bessie Surtees House</a>, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close. The city has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,<a href="#cite_note-Tyneside_Classical-77">[77]</a> largely developed in the 1830s by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grainger" title="Richard Grainger">Richard Grainger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dobson_(architect)" title="John Dobson (architect)">John Dobson</a>. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Maconie" title="Stuart Maconie">Stuart Maconie</a> described Newcastle as England's best-looking city<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and the German-born British scholar of architecture, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner2010-07-26-80">[80]</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Grey_Street,_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Street, Newcastle">Grey Street</a> as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> said of Grey Street, "As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning."<a href="#cite_note-greyStBetjeman-81">[81]</a> The street curves down from <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Monument" title="Grey's Monument">Grey's Monument</a> towards the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tyne, England">River Tyne</a> and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> listeners.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.<a href="#cite_note-google_street_view-84">[84]</a> A portion of <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a> was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Eldon Square Shopping Centre">Eldon Square Shopping Centre</a>, including all but one side of the original <a href="/wiki/Old_Eldon_Square" title="Old Eldon Square">Eldon Square</a> itself. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg/1100px-NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg/1650px-NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg/2200px-NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14429" data-file-height="1925" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg" title="File:NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg"> </a></div>360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep</div></div></div> Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is <a href="/wiki/Leazes_Park" title="Leazes Park">Leazes Park</a>, first opened to the public in 1873<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a>, the stadium home of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle United FC">Newcastle United FC</a> which dominates the view of the city from all directions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg/370px-St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg/555px-St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg/740px-St_James_Park_Newcastle_as_seen_from_south_of_the_River_Tyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> on the skyline and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead</figcaption></figure> Another major <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green space</a> in the city is the <a href="/wiki/Town_Moor,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne">Town Moor</a>, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> put together<a href="#cite_note-townmoo1-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-townmoo2-87">[87]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">freemen of the city</a> have the right to graze cattle on it.<a href="#cite_note-townmoo1-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-townmoo2-87">[87]</a> The right extends to the pitch of <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James' Park">St. James' Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle United">Newcastle United Football Club's</a> <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James' Park">ground</a>; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BobGeldof2010-09-17-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Harald_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King Harald V">King Harald V</a> of Norway,<a href="#cite_note-KingHNorway-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Robson" title="Bobby Robson">Bobby Robson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SirBobby2010-09-17-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AlanShearer2010-09-17-91">[91]</a> the late <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandela2010-09-17-92">[92]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoyalShakespeare-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hoppings" title="The Hoppings">The Hoppings</a> funfair, said to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Travelling_funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling funfair">travelling funfair</a> in Europe, is held here annually in June.<a href="#cite_note-Hop2010-09-17-94">[94]</a> In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Park,_Newcastle" title="Exhibition Park, Newcastle">Exhibition Park</a>, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Coast_Exhibition" title="North East Coast Exhibition">North East Coast Exhibition of 1929</a>. From the 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewery</a> and concert venue for <a href="/wiki/Wylam_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylam Brewery">Wylam Brewery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouseburn">Ouseburn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ouseburn">edit</a>]</div> The wooded gorge of the <a href="/wiki/Ouseburn" title="Ouseburn">Ouseburn</a> in the east of the city is known as <a href="/wiki/Jesmond_Dene" title="Jesmond Dene">Jesmond Dene</a> and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the <a href="/wiki/Ouseburn_Valley" title="Ouseburn Valley">Ouseburn Valley</a>, where the river finally reaches the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tyne, England">River Tyne</a>. The springtime <a href="/wiki/Dawn_chorus_(birds)" title="Dawn chorus (birds)">dawn chorus</a> at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.<a href="#cite_note-dawnChorus-96">[96]</a> The dawn chorus of the <a href="/wiki/Jesmond_Dene" title="Jesmond Dene">Jesmond Dene</a> green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.<a href="#cite_note-dawnChorus-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quayside">Quayside</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quayside">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quayside,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/220px-Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/330px-Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/440px-Quayside%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Quayside architecture, showing the historic <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle Guildhall</a> with its white turret</figcaption></figure> The area around the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead <a href="/wiki/Quayside" title="Quayside">Quayside</a>. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a> of 1928 which was built by <a href="/wiki/Dorman_Long" title="Dorman Long">Dorman Long</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/High_Level_Bridge,_River_Tyne" title="High Level Bridge, River Tyne">High Level Bridge</a> of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Bridge,_River_Tyne" title="Swing Bridge, River Tyne">Swing Bridge</a> of 1876.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">regeneration</a> efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Gateshead Millennium Bridge</a> - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the <a href="/wiki/BALTIC_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art">BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art</a> (the venue for the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> 2011)<a href="#cite_note-TurnerPrize2010-98">[98]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/The_Sage_Gateshead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sage Gateshead">The Sage Gateshead</a> music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside is a Tyne Salmon Cube at right, an art exhibit celebrating River Tyne salmon, which has since been removed"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg/1100px-Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg/1650px-Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg/2200px-Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4325" data-file-height="591" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg" title="File:Tyne quayside 2.1.jpg"> </a></div>Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside is a Tyne Salmon Cube at right, an art exhibit celebrating <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> salmon, which has since been removed<a href="#cite_note-salmonliek-99">[99]</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grainger_Town">Grainger Town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grainger Town">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_England,_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg/220px-Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg/330px-Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg/440px-Newcastle_England%2C_Grainger_Street_c._1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Grainger Street, circa 1906</figcaption></figure> The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grainger" title="Richard Grainger">Richard Grainger</a>, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Grainger Market">Grainger Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Newcastle" title="Theatre Royal, Newcastle">Theatre Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl grey">Grey</a> Street, Grainger Street and <a href="/wiki/John_Clayton_(town_clerk)" title="John Clayton (town clerk)">Clayton</a> Street.<a href="#cite_note-ggrmrkt2-100">[100]</a> These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.<a href="#cite_note-GgrMrkt1-101">[101]</a> Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a>, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_(geograph_2368405).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg/170px-Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg/255px-Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg/340px-Earl_Grey_atop_his_monument_%28geograph_2368405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Grey's Monument</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Monument" title="Grey's Monument">Grey's Monument</a>, which commemorates Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act of 1832</a>, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hodges_Baily" title="Edward Hodges Baily">Edward Hodges Baily</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_and_Benjamin_Green" title="John and Benjamin Green">Benjamin Green</a>. Hodges, who also built <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>, designed and built the statue,<a href="#cite_note-Baily2010-2010-07-26-102">[102]</a> and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.<a href="#cite_note-BenjaminGreen2010-07-26-103">[103]</a> The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.<a href="#cite_note-Grain201308-104">[104]</a> The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.<a href="#cite_note-ggrmrkt3-105">[105]</a> At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ggrmrkt3-105">[105]</a> The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.<a href="#cite_note-ggrmrkt3-105">[105]</a> With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.<a href="#cite_note-ggrmrkt3-105">[105]</a> The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Grain201308-104">[104]</a> The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a> as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of <a href="/wiki/T._Dan_Smith" title="T. Dan Smith">T. Dan Smith</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a>. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and <a href="/wiki/John_Poulson" title="John Poulson">John Poulson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate developer">property developer</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the <a href="/wiki/BBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC TV">BBC TV</a> mini-series, <a href="/wiki/Our_Friends_in_the_North" title="Our Friends in the North">Our Friends in the North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinatown">Chinatown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chinatown">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red gold and blue Chinese arch over a busy city centre street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg/220px-Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg/330px-Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg/440px-Porte_Chinatown_Newcastle_Tyne_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle's Chinatown arch</figcaption></figure> Newcastle's thriving <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newcastle" title="Chinatown, Newcastle">Chinatown</a> lies in the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a>, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or <a href="/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang">paifang</a>, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tyneside_flat" title="Tyneside flat">Tyneside flat</a> was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, greater than <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, inner London, <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Significant Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Housing_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing developments">housing developments</a> include <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a>'s the <a href="/wiki/Byker_Wall" title="Byker Wall">Byker Wall</a> designed in the 1960s, and now <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II* listed</a>. It is on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Byker Redevelopment has won the first <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Rudge_Green_Prize_in_Urban_Design" title="Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design">Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a>). Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor <a href="/wiki/James_Losh" title="James Losh">James Losh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tyneWeather1800s-113">[113]</a> Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a>, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) set in July 2022<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Centre" title="Newcastle City Centre">Newcastle City Centre</a>. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Newcastle (<a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Met Office Durham</a>) Extremes Newcastle </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (2.06) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (1.65) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.6 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.2 (1.74) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4 (2.18) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8 (2.39) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4 (2.18) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9 (2.40) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0 (2.24) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">651.1 (25.63) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">122 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.6 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.3 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.3 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.3 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.5 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.8 </td> <td style="background: #7D7D7D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.4 </td> <td style="background: #5D5D5D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.2 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,445.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<a href="#cite_note-NewcastleStats-116">[116]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Newcastle,_United_Kingdom_(1981-2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Newcastle,_United_Kingdom_(1981-2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newcastle,_United_Kingdom_(1981-2010)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2 (43.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.6 (4.20) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.8 (2.94) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4 (3.17) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2 (2.49) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8 (3.22) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.0 (3.94) </td> <td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.3 (4.15) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.9 (4.01) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">983.2 (38.72) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">140.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: WMO<a href="#cite_note-WMO-117">[117]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_East_Green_Belt" title="North East Green Belt">North East Green Belt</a></div> The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The green belts stated aims<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> are to: <ul><li>Prevent the merging of settlements</li> <li>Safeguard the countryside from encroachment</li> <li>Check unrestricted <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li> <li>Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land</li></ul> The green belt surrounds <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Village" title="Brunswick Village">Brunswick Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinnington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dinnington, Tyne and Wear">Dinnington</a>, Callerton, <a href="/wiki/Hazlerigg" title="Hazlerigg">Hazlerigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throckley" title="Throckley">Throckley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walbottle" title="Walbottle">Walbottle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woolsington" title="Woolsington">Woolsington</a>. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse" title="Newcastle Racecourse">Newcastle Racecourse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle International Airport</a> fall inside the green belt. The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> city"<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nightlife">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg/170px-The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg/255px-The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/The_Gate_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The Gate complex on Newgate Street is a nightlife destination</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guide</a> to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's number one <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rGuideNo1NLife-122">[122]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tripadvisor" title="Tripadvisor">Tripadvisor</a> Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-tripadvisor2010-08-12-123">[123]</a> and seventh place in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Tripadvisor2-2010-08-12-124">[124]</a> In July 2023 Newcastle was voted the best city in the UK for food, fashion and nightlife.<a href="#cite_note-vibesJuly2023-125">[125]</a> There are many bars on the <a href="/wiki/Bigg_Market" title="Bigg Market">Bigg Market</a> and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars). Neville Street, the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Central Station</a> area, Osborne Road in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Ouseburn" title="Ouseburn">Ouseburn</a> area are home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars. "<a href="/wiki/The_Gate,_Newcastle" title="The Gate, Newcastle">The Gate</a>", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular venue for late-night entertainment in the past decade and a half.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Newcastle's <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">'pink triangle'</a> is concentrated on Times Square, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Life" title="Centre for Life">Centre for Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigg_Market,_west_side_(geograph_1693051).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg/220px-Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg/330px-Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg/440px-Bigg_Market%2C_west_side_%28geograph_1693051%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bigg_Market" title="Bigg Market">Bigg Market</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> Bakery chain <a href="/wiki/Greggs" title="Greggs">Greggs</a> was founded, and is headquartered, in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-chroniclelive4-129">[129]</a> Local delicacies include <a href="/wiki/Pease_pudding" title="Pease pudding">pease pudding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stottie_cake" title="Stottie cake">stottie cake</a>. In 1967, London based <a href="/wiki/The_Smith%27s_Snackfood_Company" title="The Smith's Snackfood Company">Smith's Crisps</a> created Salt & Vinegar flavour crisps which were first produced by their Newcastle based subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crisps" title="Tudor Crisps">Tudor Crisps</a> and tested in Tudor's home market of north-east England before being launched nationally.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2010, Osborne Road in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.<a href="#cite_note-google_street_view-84">[84]</a> Newcastle has its own <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>. Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including <a href="/wiki/Greek_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek food">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican food">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish food">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian food">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian food">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian food">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese food">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian food">Malaysian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_food" class="mw-redirect" title="French food">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_food" class="mw-redirect" title="American food">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan food">Moroccan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish food">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a>. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a> restaurant industry in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> The city has a proud history of theatre. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kemble" title="Stephen Kemble">Stephen Kemble</a> of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Kemble_family" title="Kemble family">Kemble family</a> managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Kemble" title="John Philip Kemble">John Kemble</a> out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.<a href="#cite_note-theatreRoyal1788-134">[134]</a> It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_(6710178097).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg/270px-Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg/405px-Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg/540px-Theatre_Royal_in_Newcastle_%286710178097%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Newcastle" title="Theatre Royal, Newcastle">Theatre Royal</a>, Grey Street</figcaption></figure> The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Newcastle" title="Theatre Royal, Newcastle">Theatre Royal</a> on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by <a href="/wiki/John_and_Benjamin_Green" title="John and Benjamin Green">John and Benjamin Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JBGreen-135">[135]</a> It has hosted a season of performances from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mill_Volvo_Tyne_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre">Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre</a> hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Stage,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Northern Stage, Newcastle upon Tyne">Northern Stage</a>, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Other theatres in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Live_Theatre_Company" title="Live Theatre Company">Live Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Theatre,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne">People's Theatre</a>, Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Theatre" title="Jubilee Theatre">Jubilee Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/NewcastleGateshead" title="NewcastleGateshead">NewcastleGateshead</a> was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Artsworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsworld">Artsworld</a> TV channel.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_libraries">Literature and libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature and libraries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_City_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Newcastle_City_Library.jpg/290px-Newcastle_City_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Newcastle_City_Library.jpg/435px-Newcastle_City_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Newcastle_City_Library.jpg/580px-Newcastle_City_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="3119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Library" title="Newcastle City Library">Newcastle City Library</a> on New Bridge Street West</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg/170px-Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg/255px-Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg/340px-Newcastle_Lit_%26_Phil_DSCN1768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne">Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></figcaption></figure>Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The <a href="/wiki/Morden_Tower" title="Morden Tower">Morden Tower</a>, run by poet <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pickard" title="Tom Pickard">Tom Pickard</a>, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a> gave the first reading of <a href="/wiki/Briggflatts" title="Briggflatts">Briggflatts</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne">Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne</a> (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.<a href="#cite_note-litandPhil20110208-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Litandphilorguk-141">[141]</a> The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.<a href="#cite_note-JBGreen-135">[135]</a> Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> on 20 October 1880.<a href="#cite_note-litandPhil20110208-140">[140]</a> The old City library designed by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Spence" title="Basil Spence">Basil Spence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BasilSpence-142">[142]</a> was demolished in 2006<a href="#cite_note-BasilSpence-142">[142]</a> and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009<a href="#cite_note-AvisonLibrary-143">[143]</a> and was named after the 18th-century local composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Avison" title="Charles Avison">Charles Avison</a>; the building was first opened by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Loebl" title="Herbert Loebl">Dr Herbert Loebl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AvisonLibrary-143">[143]</a> Later that year it was officially opened by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories" title="Seven Stories">Seven Stories</a>, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the <a href="/wiki/Ouseburn_Valley" title="Ouseburn Valley">Ouseburn Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sstories201102-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_fairs">Festivals and fairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Festivals and fairs">edit</a>]</div> In either January or February, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newcastle" title="Chinatown, Newcastle">Newcastle's Chinatown</a> becomes the focus point of celebrations for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> with carnivals and parades. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_ScienceFest" title="Newcastle ScienceFest">Newcastle ScienceFest</a>, returns annually in early March.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Beer_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer Festival">Beer Festival</a>, organised by <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">CAMRA</a> takes place in April each year.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Festival" title="Evolution Festival">Evolution Festival</a>, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial <a href="/wiki/AV_Festival" title="AV Festival">AV Festival</a> of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.<a href="#cite_note-artExpo2-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-artExpoNe1-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hoppings" title="The Hoppings">The Hoppings</a>, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on <a href="/wiki/Town_Moor,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle Town Moor</a> every June. The event has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Temperance movement in the United Kingdom">Temperance Movement</a> during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">race week</a> at High Gosforth Park.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental</a> festival, also takes place every June, in <a href="/wiki/Leazes_Park" title="Leazes Park">Leazes Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyclone2008-155">[155]</a> The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in <a href="/wiki/Leazes_Park" title="Leazes Park">Leazes Park</a> and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mela">Mela</a>, held on the late <a href="/wiki/August_Bank_Holiday" title="August Bank Holiday">August Bank Holiday</a> weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture#Modern_Punjabi_Culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal#Culture" title="Bengal">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event was held in <a href="/wiki/Sage_Gateshead" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Gateshead">The Glasshouse</a> Music and Arts Centre (then called Sage Gateshead), designed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sting_in_April_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sting_in_April_2018.jpg/170px-Sting_in_April_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sting_in_April_2018.jpg/255px-Sting_in_April_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sting_in_April_2018.jpg/340px-Sting_in_April_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bands_and_musicians_from_Newcastle_Upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne">List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne</a></div> Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northumbria" title="Music of Northumbria">Northumbrian folk music</a> and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as <a href="/wiki/George_%22Geordie%22_Ridley" title="George "Geordie" Ridley">George "Geordie" Ridley</a>, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/Blaydon_Races" title="Blaydon Races">Blaydon Races</a>". The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">The Animals</a> emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go<a href="#cite_note-Theanimals1962ClubAGogo-161">[161]</a> on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sting2010-08-15-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Ferry" title="Bryan Ferry">Bryan Ferry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ferry2010-08-15-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a><a href="#cite_note-Direstraits2010-08-15-164">[164]</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park" title="Maxïmo Park">Maxïmo Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maximo2010-08-15-165">[165]</a> There is also a thriving <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_(band)" title="Lindisfarne (band)">Lindisfarne</a> are a folk-rock group with a strong <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> connection. Their most famous song, "<a href="/wiki/Fog_on_the_Tyne" title="Fog on the Tyne">Fog on the Tyne</a>" (1971), was covered by <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> ex-footballer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne" title="Paul Gascoigne">Paul Gascoigne</a> in 1990. <a href="/wiki/Venom_(band)" title="Venom (band)">Venom</a>, reckoned by many to be the originators of <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> and extremely influential to the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(band)" title="Skyclad (band)">Skyclad</a>, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walkyier" title="Martin Walkyier">Martin Walkyier</a> thrash metal band, <a href="/wiki/Sabbat_(English_band)" title="Sabbat (English band)">Sabbat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andy_Taylor_(guitarist)" title="Andy Taylor (guitarist)">Andy Taylor</a>, former lead guitarist of <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> was born here in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnson" title="Brian Johnson">Brian Johnson</a> was a member of local rock band <a href="/wiki/Geordie_(band)" title="Geordie (band)">Geordie</a> before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92kqrs-166">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg/260px-Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg/390px-Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg/520px-Mark_Knopfler_Zwolle_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Mark_Knopfler" title="Mark Knopfler">Mark Knopfler</a>. His song "<a href="/wiki/Local_Hero_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Hero (album)">Local Hero</a>" is played at St. James Park before the start of every <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle United">Newcastle United</a> home game.<a href="#cite_note-Newcastle-167">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> Newcastle is the home of <a href="/wiki/Kitchenware_Records" title="Kitchenware Records">Kitchenware Records</a> (c. 1982),<a href="#cite_note-Kitchenware2010-08-15-168">[168]</a> previously home to acclaimed bands such as <a href="/wiki/Prefab_Sprout" title="Prefab Sprout">Prefab Sprout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephenson_and_the_Daintees" title="Martin Stephenson and the Daintees">Martin Stephenson and the Daintees</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fatima_Mansions" title="The Fatima Mansions">The Fatima Mansions</a>. The members of <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Family" title="Lighthouse Family">Lighthouse Family</a> met at Newcastle University; the music video for their hit single "<a href="/wiki/High_(Lighthouse_Family_song)" title="High (Lighthouse Family song)">High</a>" features the city's <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The 1990s boom in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">progressive house</a> music saw the city's <a href="/wiki/Global_Underground" title="Global Underground">Global Underground</a> record label publish mix CDs by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Sasha_(DJ)" title="Sasha (DJ)">Sasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold" title="Paul Oakenfold">Paul Oakenfold</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Lavelle" title="James Lavelle">James Lavelle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Howells" title="Danny Howells">Danny Howells</a> recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from <a href="/wiki/Deep_Dish_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Dish (band)">Deep Dish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Freeland" title="Adam Freeland">Adam Freeland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northern_Sinfonia" title="Royal Northern Sinfonia">Royal Northern Sinfonia</a>, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at <a href="/wiki/The_Sage_Gateshead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sage Gateshead">The Sage, Gateshead</a>. ICMuS, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>'s music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_venues">Concert venues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Concert venues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_(geograph_3344915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg/220px-Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg/330px-Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg/440px-Newcastle_Townscape_Approaching_The_Metro_Radio_Arena_%28geograph_3344915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Metro Radio Arena</figcaption></figure> The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venue</a> in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Metro_Radio_Arena_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Radio Arena Newcastle">Utilita Arena Newcastle</a>, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.<a href="#cite_note-indthrive-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall" title="Newcastle City Hall">Newcastle City Hall</a> is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".<a href="#cite_note-indthrive-171">[171]</a> Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative</a> bands.<a href="#cite_note-indthrive-171">[171]</a> On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity <a href="/wiki/NX_Newcastle" title="NX Newcastle">NX Newcastle</a> opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>.<a href="#cite_note-o2academy-173">[173]</a> The new venue was headlined by <a href="/wiki/The_Futureheads" title="The Futureheads">The Futureheads</a> on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years, then as the O2 Academy. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Libertines" title="The Libertines">The Libertines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lookbig-174">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O2_Academy,_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_(geograph_2189844).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg/220px-O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg/330px-O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg/440px-O2_Academy%2C_corner_of_Westgate_Road_and_Clayton_Street_%28geograph_2189844%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>NX Newcastle, then called O2 Academy Newcastle</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Riverside_(music_venue)" title="Riverside (music venue)">Riverside</a> music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s first European show in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The venue also welcomed <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Roses" title="The Stone Roses">The Stone Roses</a> and was named Best Regional Venue by <a href="/wiki/New_Musical_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="New Musical Express">NME</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In 2016 open-air concerts took place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from <a href="/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park" title="Maxïmo Park">Maxïmo Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene" title="Ocean Colour Scene">Ocean Colour Scene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catfish_and_the_Bottlemen" title="Catfish and the Bottlemen">Catfish and the Bottlemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cluny" title="The Cluny">The Cluny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ouseburn_Valley" title="Ouseburn Valley">Ouseburn Valley</a> is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".<a href="#cite_note-evoemergingvenues-182">[182]</a> Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and <a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">metal</a> shows,<a href="#cite_note-indthrive-171">[171]</a> and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_cinema">Independent cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Independent cinema">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_(geograph_2810241).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg/170px-High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg/255px-High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg/340px-High_Friar_Lane_at_the_Tyneside_Cinema_%28geograph_2810241%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tyneside_Cinema" title="Tyneside Cinema">Tyneside Cinema</a>, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RidTonScottcinema-184">[184]</a></figcaption></figure> Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Tyneside_Cinema" title="Tyneside Cinema">Tyneside Cinema</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a><a href="#cite_note-RidTonScottcinema-184">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a>. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Gateshead" title="Old Town Hall, Gateshead">Old Town Hall, Gateshead</a>. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.<a href="#cite_note-tynescinem-186">[186]</a> The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic<a href="#cite_note-tynesidecinclassic-187">[187]</a> —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> Its landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Bridge,_River_Tyne" title="Swing Bridge, River Tyne">Swing Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">Newcastle Castle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">Newcastle Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle-upon-Tyne">St Mary's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Martyr,_Newcastle" title="Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Newcastle">St Thomas' Church</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a> including <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Monument" title="Grey's Monument">Grey's Monument</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Newcastle" title="Theatre Royal, Newcastle">Theatre Royal</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Millennium Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Newcastle" title="Chinatown, Newcastle">Chinatown</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Fernwood_House" title="Fernwood House">Fernwood House</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_film">TV and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: TV and film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne">Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Television_shows_set_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne">Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div> The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is <a href="/wiki/On_the_Night_of_the_Fire" title="On the Night of the Fire">On the Night of the Fire</a> (1939),<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came <a href="/wiki/The_Clouded_Yellow" title="The Clouded Yellow">The Clouded Yellow</a> (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Payroll_(film)" title="Payroll (film)">Payroll</a> (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller <a href="/wiki/Get_Carter" title="Get Carter">Get Carter</a> (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Get_Carter-189">[189]</a> The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> <a href="/wiki/Stormy_Monday_(film)" title="Stormy Monday (film)">Stormy Monday</a> (1988), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Figgis" title="Mike Figgis">Mike Figgis</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Griffith" title="Melanie Griffith">Melanie Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sting2010-07-04-190">[190]</a> As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for <a href="/wiki/I,_Daniel_Blake" title="I, Daniel Blake">I, Daniel Blake</a> (2016) which won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> award at <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a> for <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Outstanding_British_Film" title="BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film">Outstanding British Film</a>. The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as <a href="/wiki/Purely_Belter" title="Purely Belter">Purely Belter</a> (2000),<a href="#cite_note-Purely_Belter1-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_One_and_Only_(2002_film)" title="The One and Only (2002 film)">The One and Only</a> (2002)<a href="#cite_note-The_One_and_Only_2010-07-04-192">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goal!_(film)" title="Goal! (film)">Goal!</a><a href="#cite_note-Goal_2010-07-04-193">[193]</a> have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy <a href="/wiki/School_for_Seduction" title="School for Seduction">School for Seduction</a> (2004), starring <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brook" title="Kelly Brook">Kelly Brook</a> was also filmed in Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-SchoolFor-194">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <a href="/wiki/Hum_Tum_Aur_Ghost" title="Hum Tum Aur Ghost">Hum Tum Aur Ghost</a> (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HumTumAurGhost-195">[195]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Public_Sex_(film)" title="Public Sex (film)">Public Sex</a> (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a>. Crime drama <a href="/wiki/Harrigan_(film)" title="Harrigan (film)">Harrigan</a> (2013) was filmed in the city as well as <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_media">Print media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Print media">edit</a>]</div> Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evening_Chronicle" title="Evening Chronicle">Evening Chronicle</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)" title="The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)">The Journal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sun" title="Sunday Sun">Sunday Sun</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a> freesheet. <a href="/wiki/The_Crack_(magazine)" title="The Crack (magazine)">The Crack</a> is a monthly style and <a href="/wiki/Listings_magazine" title="Listings magazine">listings magazine</a> similar to London's <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a>. The adult comic <a href="/wiki/Viz_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viz (comic)">Viz</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> and includes many references to Newcastle, and The Mag is a fanzine for Newcastle United supporters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC North East and Cumbria</a> is based to the north of the city on Barrack Road, <a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a>, in a building known as the Pink Palace.<a href="#cite_note-pink-197">[197]</a> It is from here that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">Corporation</a> broadcasts the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Look_North_(North_East_and_Cumbria)" title="BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)">Look North</a> television regional news programme and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">local radio</a> station <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Newcastle" title="BBC Radio Newcastle">BBC Radio Newcastle</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_Tees,_City_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg/220px-Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg/330px-Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg/440px-Tyne_Tees%2C_City_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Two converted warehouses provided the base for Tyne Tees on City Road until 2005</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees" title="ITV Tyne Tees">ITV Tyne Tees</a> was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959.<a href="#cite_note-crs-198">[198]</a> In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, <a href="/wiki/The_Tube_(1982_TV_series)" title="The Tube (1982 TV series)">The Tube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crs-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent Local Radio</a> stations include <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Hits Radio North East">Hits Radio North East</a> and sister station <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Greatest Hits Radio North East">Greatest Hits Radio North East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capital_North_East" title="Capital North East">Capital North East</a> broadcasts across Newcastle and the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_East" title="Heart North East">Heart North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_North_East" title="Smooth North East">Smooth North East</a> also broadcast from the city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/220px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/330px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/440px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>BBC Newcastle</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/NE1fm" class="mw-redirect" title="NE1fm">NE1fm</a> launched in June 2007, the first full-time <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> station in the area.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities during term time.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Radio Tyneside<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> has been the voluntary <a href="/wiki/Hospital_radio" title="Hospital radio">hospital radio</a> service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951. <a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-radiotyneside-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-ofcom-206">[206]</a> The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Infirmary" title="Royal Victoria Infirmary">Royal Victoria Infirmary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City-centre_Wi-Fi">City-centre Wi-Fi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: City-centre Wi-Fi">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle was one of the first cities in the UK to have its city centre covered by free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">wireless internet</a> access. It was developed and installed at the end of 2006 and went active in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne">List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div> The city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities</a>, as well as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurocities" title="Eurocities">Eurocities</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-coreCity-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-euroCity2-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-euroCity-210">[210]</a> Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">Heavy industries</a> in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RegionalGVA-211">[211]</a> This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre">the city centre</a>. The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The UK's first <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> village, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Life" title="Centre for Life">Centre for Life</a>, is located by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Central Station</a>. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Retail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northumberland_Street,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_(geograph_3068884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg/220px-Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg/330px-Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg/440px-Northumberland_Street%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3068884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>South entrance of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Street" title="Northumberland Street">Northumberland Street</a>, now pedestrianised</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Eldon_Square,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_(geograph_3064279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg/220px-Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg/330px-Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg/440px-Old_Eldon_Square%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne_%28geograph_3064279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Old_Eldon_Square" title="Old Eldon Square">Old Eldon Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Eldon Square Shopping Centre">Eldon Square Shopping Centre</a> is built around it and takes its name from it.</figcaption></figure> In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> There are several major shopping areas in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Centre" title="Newcastle City Centre">Newcastle City Centre</a>. The largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Eldon Square Shopping Centre">Eldon Square Shopping Centre</a>, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Eldon_Square2010-07-26-215">[215]</a> It has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis & Partners</a> stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge%27s" title="Bainbridge's">Bainbridge</a>, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bain20130101-216">[216]</a> Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),<a href="#cite_note-Bain2013102-217">[217]</a> a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,<a href="#cite_note-Bain2013103-218">[218]</a> sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.<a href="#cite_note-Bain2013102-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bain2013103-218">[218]</a> Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a <a href="/wiki/Debenhams" title="Debenhams">Debenhams</a> department store as well as other major stores including <a href="/wiki/Apple_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple store">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollister_Co." title="Hollister Co.">Hollister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guess_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guess (clothing)">Guess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Arcade,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/170px-Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/255px-Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/340px-Central_Arcade%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne</figcaption></figure> The main shopping street in the city is <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Street" title="Northumberland Street">Northumberland Street</a>. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)" title="Fenwick (department store)">Fenwick</a> department store, which houses some of the most luxurious <a href="/wiki/Designer_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer labels">designer labels</a>, and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marks and Spencer">Marks and Spencer</a> stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Monument" title="Grey's Monument">Grey's Monument</a>, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and <a href="/wiki/Monument_Mall" title="Monument Mall">Monument Mall</a> complexes, <a href="/wiki/Central_Arcade" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Arcade">Central Arcade</a> and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Grainger_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Grainger Market">Grainger Market</a>. On Blackett Street can be found the <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmith</a> <a href="/wiki/Reid_%26_Sons" title="Reid & Sons">Reid & Sons</a> which was established in the city in 1788.<a href="#cite_note-silvercollection-223">[223]</a> Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a>. From 2007, inside <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park" title="Kingston Park">Kingston Park</a>, on the edge of Newcastle, the <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> store was the largest <a href="/wiki/Tesco#Hypermarkets" title="Tesco">Tesco hypermarket</a> in the UK<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> — for a period of time. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">MetroCentre</a>, is located in <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle upon Tyne population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg/170px-St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg/255px-St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg/340px-St._Georges_Church_Jesmond_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> has become an affluent area and is popular with students.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG/220px-NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG/330px-NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG/440px-NE-Arthur%27s_Hill_Stanhope_Street_8965.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Stanhope Street in <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Hill" title="Arthur's Hill">Arthur's Hill</a> is home to one of the largest Asian communities in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street,_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg/170px-Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg/255px-Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg/340px-Traffic_on_Gosforth_High_Street%2C_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a> High Street in the north of the city.</figcaption></figure> According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-pop2015-225">[225]</a> Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan boroughs">metropolitan boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a>) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-pop-226">[226]</a> The wider <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of Tyneside-<a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Wearside</a> has a population of approximately 1,122,000. Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria</a> universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shieldfield" title="Shieldfield">Shieldfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandyford,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Sandyford, Newcastle upon Tyne">Sandyford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaton, Newcastle">Heaton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th colspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1801</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,322 </td> <td align="left">33322<div style="width:33.322px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851</td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,184 </td> <td align="left">80184<div style="width:80.184px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>246,905 </td> <td align="left">246905<div style="width:246.905px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>293,944 </td> <td align="left">293944<div style="width:293.944px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>309,820 </td> <td align="left">309820<div style="width:309.82px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>326,576 </td> <td align="left">326576<div style="width:326.576px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>333,286 </td> <td align="left">333286<div style="width:333.286px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>340,155 </td> <td align="left">340155<div style="width:340.155px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>323,844 </td> <td align="left">323844<div style="width:323.844px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>308,317 </td> <td align="left">308317<div style="width:308.317px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>272,923 </td> <td align="left">272923<div style="width:272.923px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>277,723 </td> <td align="left">277723<div style="width:277.723px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>259,573 </td> <td align="left">259573<div style="width:259.573px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>292,200 </td> <td align="left">292200<div style="width:292.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></td> <td>302,820 </td> <td align="left">302820<div style="width:302.82px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age">Age</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Age">edit</a>]</div> According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Over 28% stated they have <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnicity_and_nationality">Ethnicity and nationality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and nationality">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2011 census,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a> made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a>, 1.7% '<a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>', 1.8% '<a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>', 2.2% '<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>', 1.8% 'Asian other'). <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is '<a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities. Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wingrove,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Wingrove, Newcastle upon Tyne">Wingrove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthurs_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurs Hill">Arthurs Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ukcensusdata-231">[231]</a> According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).<a href="#cite_note-ukcensusdata-231">[231]</a> In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> populations. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Bolivians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Bolivians in the United Kingdom">Bolivians</a> in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-BoliviansLondNewcEding-233">[233]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="10">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[234]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1991 census<a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-:412-235">[235]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001 census<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011 census<a href="#cite_note-:36-237">[237]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021 census<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>274,972 </th> <th>97.2% </th> <th>266,824 </th> <th>95.9% </th> <th>241,684 </th> <th>93.1% </th> <th>239,533 </th> <th>85.5% </th> <th>240,002 </th> <th>80% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>235,259 </td> <td>90.6% </td> <td>229,520 </td> <td>81.9% </td> <td>223,567 </td> <td>74.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,733 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,826 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,895 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>163 </td> <td> </td> <td>332 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,031 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,692 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,024 </td> <td> </td> <td>13,177 </td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>6,314 </th> <th>2.2% </th> <th>9,281 </th> <th>3.3% </th> <th>13,243 </th> <th>5.1% </th> <th>27,107 </th> <th>9.7% </th> <th>34,128 </th> <th>11.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>1,851 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,388 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,098 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,072 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,304 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>2,367 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,196 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,842 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,364 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,753 </td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>612 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,426 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,607 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,692 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,248 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>821 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,220 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,871 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,037 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,382 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>663 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,051 </td> <td> </td> <td>825 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,942 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,441 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>807 </th> <th> </th> <th>1,020 </th> <th> </th> <th>959 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>5,160 </th> <th>1.8% </th> <th>9,921 </th> <th>3.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>173 </td> <td> </td> <td>211 </td> <td> </td> <td>133 </td> <td> </td> <td>217 </td> <td> </td> <td>340 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>418 </td> <td> </td> <td>528 </td> <td> </td> <td>738 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,664 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,555 </td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>216 </td> <td> </td> <td>281 </td> <td> </td> <td>88 </td> <td> </td> <td>279 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,026 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,290 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>4,279 </th> <th>1.5% </th> <th>6,920 </th> <th>2.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>398 </td> <td> </td> <td>830 </td> <td> </td> <td>915 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>403 </td> <td> </td> <td>859 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,378 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>912 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,609 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,600 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>577 </td> <td> </td> <td>981 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,027 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>778 </th> <th> </th> <th>1074 </th> <th> </th> <th>1,360 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>4,098 </th> <th>1.5% </th> <th>9,156 </th> <th>3.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,602 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,175 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,360 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,496 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,981 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ethnic minority: Total </th> <th>7,899 </th> <th>2.8% </th> <th>11,375 </th> <th>4.1% </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>282,871 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>278,199 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>259,536 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>280,177 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>300,127 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geordies">Geordies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Geordies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_nickname" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional nickname">regional nickname</a> for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newcastle (disambiguation)">any place called Newcastle</a>, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School,_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Grammar School, Newcastle">Royal Grammar School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialect">Dialect</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Dialect">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a>. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman French</a>—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").<a href="#cite_note-GeordieOrigins-240">[240]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a>. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> "Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;<a href="#cite_note-bairnHyemScandinavianOrig-242">[242]</a> barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty") and "<a href="/wiki/Stotting" title="Stotting">stot</a>" ("bounce") are used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA:/naʊt/, rhymes with out, "nothing") are used elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hockle" ("spit").<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Hall,_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg/220px-Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg/330px-Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg/440px-Peacock_Hall%2C_Royal_Victoria_Infirmary_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1762074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Infirmary" title="Royal Victoria Infirmary">Royal Victoria Infirmary</a></figcaption></figure> According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> for both men and women is lower than the nationwide average. There is significant discrepancy between life expectancies in wealthy areas and deprived areas, with life expectancy up to 14.3 years lower for men and 11.1 years lower for women in deprived areas than in wealthy areas.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> From 2015 to 2019 Newcastle became relatively more deprived according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> From 2001 to 2011, as with all UK cities all-cause mortality rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the England average. Almost 21.9% of Year 6 children are clinically obese. In 2014/5, 35.9% of 10 to 11-year-olds were classified as overweight or obese, in comparison to a national average of 33.2%.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> 54.9% of pupils meet the recommendation of at least three hours each week on school sport. Levels of <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a> are higher than the nationwide average. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average.<a href="#cite_note-GCSE_2011-248">[248]</a> Estimated numbers of adults 'healthy eating' are lower than the England average.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Rates of smoking-related deaths<a href="#cite_note-Smok2012-250">[250]</a> and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average.<a href="#cite_note-chroniclelive2-251">[251]</a> Newcastle remains one of the few major cities in England to supply <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">fluoridated water</a>; this scheme is directed by <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Water_Group" title="Northumbrian Water Group">Northumbria Water plc.</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Newcastle has two large teaching hospitals: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Infirmary" title="Royal Victoria Infirmary">Royal Victoria Infirmary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Hospital" title="Freeman Hospital">Freeman Hospital</a>, which is also a pioneering centre for <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">transplant surgery</a>. In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widex" title="Widex">Widex</a>, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK with an average noise level of 80.4 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000-acre <a href="/wiki/Town_Moor,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Town Moor, Newcastle upon Tyne">Town Moor</a> at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined,<a href="#cite_note-chroniclelive3-255">[255]</a> and even larger than New York's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SJP-NUFCvMUFC(27_Dec_21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg/220px-SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg/330px-SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg/440px-SJP-NUFCvMUFC%2827_Dec_21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>St James' Park during a match between Newcastle United and Manchester United</figcaption></figure> The city has a strong sporting tradition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>'s only <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club in North East England, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United</a>, has been based at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> since the club was established in 1892, although any traces of the original structure are now long gone as the stadium now holds more than 52,000 seated spectators, being England's seventh largest football stadium.<a href="#cite_note-bbc360-256">[256]</a> The city also has <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">non-League football</a> clubs, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Benfield_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Benfield FC">Newcastle Benfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Allotment_Celtic_F.C." title="West Allotment Celtic F.C.">West Allotment Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_Northumbria_F.C." title="Team Northumbria F.C.">Team Northumbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Stannington_F.C." title="Heaton Stannington F.C.">Heaton Stannington</a>. There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_W.F.C." title="Newcastle United W.F.C.">Newcastle United W.F.C.</a> currently has 40 ladies aged between 16 and 29 years signed or associated with the club, and plays in the FA Women's Premier League (North).<a href="#cite_note-nuwfc-257">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games" title="London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games">2012 London Olympic committee</a> selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities,<a href="#cite_note-olymp11-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-olymp2-259">[259]</a> with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics">men's and women's football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olymp3-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle hosts the start of the annual <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Run" title="Great North Run">Great North Run</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">half-marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-largeHalfMarathon-261">[261]</a> in which participants race over the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a> into <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Another athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) <a href="/wiki/Blaydon_Race" title="Blaydon Race">Blaydon Race</a> (a road race from Newcastle to <a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a>), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Blaydon_Races" title="Blaydon Races">Blaydon Races</a> horse racing.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Rugby union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons" title="Newcastle Falcons">Newcastle Falcons</a> are the only <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> to have played in the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a>. They play at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Park Stadium">Kingston Park Stadium</a> in the northern suburb of Kingston Park. 1996 Pilkington Shield winners <a href="/wiki/Medicals_RFC" title="Medicals RFC">Medicals RFC</a> are also based in Newcastle. Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2015 Rugby World Cup">2015 Rugby World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> St James' Park hosted three matches; <ul><li>South Africa v. Scotland (3 October 2015)</li> <li>New Zealand v. Tonga (9 October 2015)</li> <li>Samoa v. Scotland (10 October 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Rugby league">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Thunder" title="Newcastle Thunder">Newcastle Thunder</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Thunder" title="Newcastle Thunder">Gateshead Thunder</a>) are a professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> club based in the city who now also play at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Park Stadium">Kingston Park Stadium</a>. They currently play in the <a href="/wiki/League_1_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="League 1 (rugby league)">Kingstone Press League 1</a>. Since 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> <a href="/wiki/Magic_Weekend" title="Magic Weekend">Magic Weekend</a> has been played annually in the city at St James' Park. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> clubs in the area including Newcastle Cricket Club, Newcastle City, South Northumberland, Blagdon Park, Benwell Hill, Benwell & Walbottle, Cowgate, Kirkley, Seaton Burn and United Stars.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_hockey">Field hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Field hockey">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> clubs in the city that compete in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Women's England Hockey League">Women's England Hockey League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Hockey_Association" title="North Hockey Association">Yorkshire and North East Hockey League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_and_Colleges_Sport" title="British Universities and Colleges Sport">BUCS league</a>. These include Newcastle Hockey Club, Newcastle Medics Hockey Club, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> Hockey Club and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a> Hockey Club.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Horse racing">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle has a <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse" title="Newcastle Racecourse">horse racing course</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gosforth_Park" title="Gosforth Park">Gosforth Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horse_racing-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Eagles" title="Newcastle Eagles">Newcastle Eagles</a> professional basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-northumbria-279">[279]</a> The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League (BBL)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eagles2014-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorsports">Motorsports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Motorsports">edit</a>]</div> The city's <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> team <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Diamonds" title="Newcastle Diamonds">Newcastle Diamonds</a> were based at Brough Park in <a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a>, a venue that is also home to <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Ice hockey">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Warriors">Newcastle Warriors</a> were a professional <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team that played the 1995–96 season in the <a href="/wiki/British_Hockey_League" title="British Hockey League">British Hockey League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Vipers" title="Newcastle Vipers">Newcastle Vipers</a> were also a professional ice hockey team in the <a href="/wiki/British_National_League_(1996%E2%80%932005)" title="British National League (1996–2005)">British National League</a> from 2002 and then the <a href="/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Elite Ice Hockey League">Elite Ice Hockey League</a> between 2005 and 2011 (when the team folded). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg/220px-Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg/330px-Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg/440px-Aircraft_at_Newcastle_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft at Newcastle International Airport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle International Airport</a> is situated on the northern outskirts of the city at <a href="/wiki/Woolsington" title="Woolsington">Woolsington</a>, near to <a href="/wiki/Ponteland" title="Ponteland">Ponteland</a>. It is the largest and busiest airport in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> and the second largest and busiest in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> (behind <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester</a>), handling over five million passengers per year. As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit">[update]</a>, Newcastle Airport operated flights to 90 destinations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> The airport is serviced by numerous airlines including <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet2.com" title="Jet2.com">Jet2</a>, <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>, <a href="/wiki/TUI_Airways" title="TUI Airways">TUI Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loganair" title="Loganair">Loganair</a>, <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurowings" title="Eurowings">Eurowings</a>. The airport is connected to Central Newcastle by the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a>, with an average journey between <a href="/wiki/Central_Station_Metro_station" title="Central Station Metro station">Central Station Metro station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport_Metro_station" title="Newcastle Airport Metro station">Newcastle Airport Metro station</a> taking approximately 20 minutes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portico,_Newcastle_Central_Station,_29_November_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg/220px-Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg/330px-Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg/440px-Portico%2C_Newcastle_Central_Station%2C_29_November_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Central Station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle Central Station</a> is a principal stop on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Route" title="Cross Country Route">Cross Country Route</a>. Train operator <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a>, with a variable journey time of between two and three hours, and north to Scotland with all trains calling at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a> and a small number of trains extended to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness_railway_station" title="Inverness railway station">Inverness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> links Newcastle with destinations in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a>. <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> operates services to the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a> provide local and regional services. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/ScotRail" title="ScotRail">ScotRail</a> offer an infrequent service to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Central station">Glasgow Central</a>. In 2014, work was completed on refurbishing the station's historic entrance.<a href="#cite_note-Portico2014-284">[284]</a> Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico.<a href="#cite_note-Portico2014-284">[284]</a> The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Portico2014-284">[284]</a> Opened in 1850 by <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station's arched roof.<a href="#cite_note-Portico2014-284">[284]</a> The first services were operated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Eastern Railway (UK)">North Eastern Railway</a> company. The other mainline station in Newcastle is <a href="/wiki/Manors_railway_station" title="Manors railway station">Manors</a>, exclusively served by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Metro">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png/220px-Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png/330px-Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png/440px-Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Tyne and Wear Metro</figcaption></figure> The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a>, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Newcastle and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan boroughs">metropolitan boroughs</a>. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> The network was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Central Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Metro_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II Metro Bridge">bridge</a> was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Extensions to the network were opened in 1991 and 2002.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> It is operated directly by <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Passenger_Transport_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive">Nexus</a>, carrying over 37 million passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In 2004, the company <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a> designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system.<a href="#cite_note-Metromobileradio1-293">[293]</a> The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-Metromobileradio2-294">[294]</a> The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line begins at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport_Metro_station" title="Newcastle Airport Metro station">Newcastle Airport</a>, goes through Central Newcastle and into the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a>, terminating at <a href="/wiki/South_Hylton_Metro_station" title="South Hylton Metro station">South Hylton</a>. The yellow line starts at <a href="/wiki/St_James_Metro_station" title="St James Metro station">St James</a>, runs north of the river alongside <a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a>, before returning to Central Newcastle, then connecting to <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Interchange" title="Gateshead Interchange">Gateshead Interchange</a> before finally terminating at <a href="/wiki/South_Shields_Metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shields Metro station">South Shields</a>. The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled '<a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro#Current_developments" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Metro: All Change</a>.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations – part of the transition to smart ticketing. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example <a href="/wiki/North_Shields_Metro_station" title="North Shields Metro station">North Shields</a>). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled.<a href="#cite_note-Metro2014-2-295">[295]</a> Longer-term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Business_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt Business Park">Cobalt Business Park</a> in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains.<a href="#cite_note-Metro2014-1-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_Bridge_(6710172163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg/220px-Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg/330px-Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg/440px-Tyne_Bridge_%286710172163%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Bridge" title="Tyne Bridge">Tyne Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Major roads in the area include the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> (Newcastle Gateshead Western Bypass), stretching north to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and south to London; the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a> heading south past <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>; the <a href="/wiki/A69_road" title="A69 road">A69</a> heading west to <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>; the <a href="/wiki/A696_road" title="A696 road">A696</a>, which becomes the <a href="/wiki/A68_road" title="A68 road">A68</a> heads past <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle Airport</a> and up through central <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A167_road" title="A167 road">A167</a>, the old "Great North Road", heading south to <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/A1058_road" title="A1058 road">A1058</a> "Coast Road", which runs from <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> to the east coast between <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cullercoats" title="Cullercoats">Cullercoats</a>. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Tunnel" title="Tyne Tunnel">Tyne Tunnel</a> were <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme" title="Great Britain road numbering scheme">renumbered</a>, with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Bus Bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part are coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Passenger_Transport_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive">Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NexusBus-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_North_East" title="Stagecoach North East">Stagecoach North East</a> is the primary bus operator in the city, running city services between both the West and East ends, with some services extending out to the <a href="/wiki/MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">MetroCentre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponteland" title="Ponteland">Ponteland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Go_North_East" title="Go North East">Go North East</a> provides the majority of services to and from the south of the Tyne, linking Newcastle with <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arriva_North_East" title="Arriva North East">Arriva North East</a> runs numerous services to the north of city, <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/QuayLink" title="QuayLink">QuayLink</a> connects Newcastle and Gateshead to the Quayside. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_coach_station" title="Newcastle coach station">Newcastle Central coach station</a> is the city's main hub for long-distance services, such as those operated by <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a>. Other major bus departure points are Pilgrim Street (for buses running south of the Tyne via <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>), and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East and West of the city. Many bus services also pass <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle Central Station</a>, a major interchange for rail and metro services.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free <a href="/wiki/Cycle_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle route">cycle routes</a> that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using <a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">no car lanes</a>. The traffic-free <a href="/wiki/Sea_to_Sea_Cycle_Route" title="Sea to Sea Cycle Route">C2C</a> cycle route runs along the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>, enabling cyclists to travel off-road to <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a> in the east, and westwards towards <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a>. Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">wagonways</a> and industrial railways. A network on <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a>'s suburban Victorian waggonways is being developed.<a href="#cite_note-TynesideWaggonways-301">[301]</a> A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established,<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1402-2-302">[302]</a> including some designated on-road cycle lanes that will lead from the city centre to the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaton, Newcastle">Heaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a>. Newcastle has a growing culture of bicycle usage. Newcastle is also home to a cycling campaign, called the 'Newcastle Cycling Campaign.'<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1309-1-303">[303]</a> The ideal of the organisation is to model other European cities like <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1309-1-303">[303]</a> The aims of the organisation, within the constitution are: To raise the profile of cycling, especially <a href="/wiki/Utility_cycling" title="Utility cycling">utility cycling</a> around the city;<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1309-2-304">[304]</a> to educate decision makers over the benefits of cycling;<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1309-2-304">[304]</a> to promote equality.<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1309-2-304">[304]</a> Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1402-1-305">[305]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city council's social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion and educating that cycling promotes healthy living<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1402-2-302">[302]</a> The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off-road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.<a href="#cite_note-Newcyc1402-2-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/DFDS" title="DFDS">DFDS Seaways</a> runs a ferry service to <a href="/wiki/IJmuiden" title="IJmuiden">IJmuiden</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in The Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-DFDS-306">[306]</a> from Newcastle International Ferry Terminal (located in <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle%E2%80%93Bergen%E2%80%93Stavanger_ferry" title="Newcastle–Bergen–Stavanger ferry">DFDS ferry service</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 and their service to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle%E2%80%93Bergen%E2%80%93Stavanger_ferry" title="Newcastle–Bergen–Stavanger ferry">Bergen and Stavanger</a>, Norway was terminated in late 2008. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost air services</a> as the cause. However, since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg/220px-Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg/330px-Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg/440px-Newcastle_civiccentre_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Centre" title="Newcastle Civic Centre">Newcastle Civic Centre</a>, meeting place of the City Council</figcaption></figure> Newcastle is a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> with <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, governed by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a>. Since 2024 the council has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Mayoral Combined Authority">North East Mayoral Combined Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> There are six <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> within the city boundaries, at <a href="/wiki/Blakelaw_and_North_Fenham" title="Blakelaw and North Fenham">Blakelaw and North Fenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Village" title="Brunswick Village">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinnington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dinnington, Tyne and Wear">Dinnington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazlerigg" title="Hazlerigg">Hazlerigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Gosforth" title="North Gosforth">North Gosforth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woolsington" title="Woolsington">Woolsington</a>, which form an additional tier of local government for their areas. The rest of the city is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient borough</a>. It is said to have been made a borough by <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> (reigned 1087–1100), although the earliest known charter was granted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (reigned 1154–1189). In 1400, a new charter from <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> gave the borough the right to hold its own courts and appoint its own <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a>, making it a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a>, independent from the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Northumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Northumberland">Sheriff of Northumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1835commissioners-311">[311]</a> Whilst administratively independent, Newcastle was still deemed part of the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">geographical county</a> of Northumberland for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">lieutenancy</a> until 1974.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> The Northumberland <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">assizes</a> were held at <a href="/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle" title="The Castle, Newcastle">the Castle</a> in Newcastle, and subsequently at the <a href="/wiki/Moot_Hall,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Moot Hall, Newcastle upon Tyne">Moot Hall</a>, built within the castle site in 1811.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> The Moot Hall also served as the meeting place of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland County Council</a> from its creation in 1889 until 1981 when the county council moved to <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland" title="Morpeth, Northumberland">Morpeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Newcastle was therefore sometimes described as the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of Northumberland,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> although that title was also claimed by <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_shire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the shire">knights of the shire</a> were elected until the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guildhall,_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg/220px-Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg/330px-Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg/440px-Guildhall%2C_Quayside_frontage_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne">Guildhall</a>, built 1655: Town council's headquarters until 1863</figcaption></figure> Until the 1830s the borough just covered the four parishes of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="All Saints' Church, Newcastle upon Tyne">All Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St Andrew's Church, Newcastle upon Tyne">St Andrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St John the Baptist Church, Newcastle upon Tyne">St John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">St Nicholas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1835commissioners-311">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary borough">parliamentary borough</a> (constituency) was enlarged in 1832 to also take in <a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne">Elswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Heaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westgate,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Westgate, Newcastle upon Tyne">Westgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> The municipal boundaries were enlarged to match the constituency in 1836, when Newcastle was reformed to become a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Newcastle was awarded city status in 1882. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Newcastle was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The city boundaries were enlarged on several occasions, notably in 1904 when it absorbed <a href="/wiki/Benwell" title="Benwell">Benwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenham" title="Fenham">Fenham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walker,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne">Walker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> and in 1935 when it absorbed <a href="/wiki/Kenton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Kenton</a> and parts of neighbouring parishes.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> In 1906 the city was given the right to appoint a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of mayors of Newcastle upon Tyne">Lord Mayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> In 1974 the county borough was replaced by a larger metropolitan borough within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough gained the area of the former <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a>, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington. It also gained the Moot Hall, which until 1974 had been an <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of the administrative county of Northumberland surrounded by the city.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Newcastle's city status was transferred to the enlarged borough at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> From 1974 until 1986 the city council was a lower-tier district authority, with <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_County_Council" title="Tyne and Wear County Council">Tyne and Wear County Council</a> providing county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, since when the city council has again provided both district-level and county-level services, as it had done when it was a county borough prior to 1974. Some functions are provided across Tyne and Wear by joint committees with the other districts. The county of Tyne and Wear continues to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has had no administrative functions since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_Parliament">UK Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: UK Parliament">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle is represented by three elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. All three current MPs are from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne East (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne East</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne North (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne North</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi_Onwurah" title="Chi Onwurah">Chi Onwurah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_Glindon" title="Mary Glindon">Mary Glindon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKinnell" title="Catherine McKinnell">Catherine McKinnell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Chi_Onwurah_MP_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Mary_Glindon_MP_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Catherine_McKinnell_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2072" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_referendum">EU referendum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: EU referendum">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>, Newcastle voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with a ratio of 51:49 in favour of remain, compared to a national ratio of 48:52 in favour of leave.<a href="#cite_note-independent2-328">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_colleges">Schools and colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Schools and colleges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of schools in Newcastle upon Tyne">List of schools in Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div> Newcastle has 74 primary schools and 20 secondary schools, of which 13 are <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">LEA</a>-funded and 7 are fee-paying <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">independent schools</a>. There are a number of critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state</a> secondary schools, including <a href="/wiki/Walker_Riverside_Academy" title="Walker Riverside Academy">Walker Riverside Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gosforth_Academy" title="Gosforth Academy">Gosforth Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesmond_Park_Academy" title="Jesmond Park Academy">Jesmond Park Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert%27s_High_School" title="St Cuthbert's High School">St Cuthbert's High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Catholic_School,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St Mary's Catholic School, Newcastle upon Tyne">St Mary's Catholic School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenton_School" title="Kenton School">Kenton School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Catholic_High_School_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart Catholic High School (Newcastle upon Tyne)">Sacred Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Academy" title="Excelsior Academy">Excelsior Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walbottle_Academy" title="Walbottle Academy">Walbottle Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benfield_School" title="Benfield School">Benfield School</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Co-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-education">co-educational</a> independent school is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne">Royal Grammar School</a>. The largest girls' independent school is <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_High_School_for_Girls" title="Newcastle High School for Girls">Newcastle High School for Girls</a>. Both schools are located on the same street in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_School_for_Boys" title="Newcastle School for Boys">Newcastle School for Boys</a> is the only independent boys' only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Other independent schools include <a href="/wiki/Dame_Allan%27s_School,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Allan's School, Newcastle upon Tyne">Dame Allan's School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_College" title="Newcastle College">Newcastle College</a> is the largest general <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> (FE) college in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Status" title="Beacon Status">Beacon Status</a> college. There are also two smaller FE colleges in Newcastle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> The city has two major universities – <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>. Newcastle University has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834. It became fully independent on 1 August 1963, forming the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now simply Newcastle University). It is a <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">red brick university</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a>, an association of research-intensive UK universities, often considered to represent the best UK universities.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> It won the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_University_of_the_Year" title="Sunday Times University of the Year">Sunday Times University of the Year</a> award in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> It was awarded the Gold Award in the <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">Teaching Excellence Framework</a> (TEF), one of only ten Russell Group universities to achieve the Gold TEF rating.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> Northumbria University has its origins in Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and becoming the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> Good University Guide 2005. It holds the Silver TEF Award. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries">edit</a>]</div> There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Life" title="Centre for Life">Centre for Life</a><a href="#cite_note-centerlife201102-333">[333]</a> with its Science Village;<a href="#cite_note-science-334">[334]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Museum" title="Discovery Museum">Discovery Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-discmus201102-335">[335]</a> a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Great North Museum">Great North Museum</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GreatNorth201102-336">[336]</a> in 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Antiquities" title="Museum of Antiquities">Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities</a> merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);<a href="#cite_note-MusAntiquities-337">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories" title="Seven Stories">Seven Stories</a>, the National Centre for Children's Books;<a href="#cite_note-sstories201102-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-145">[145]</a> the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;<a href="#cite_note-SideGallery201311-338">[338]</a> and the Newburn Motor Museum.<a href="#cite_note-NewbMMhome-339">[339]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laing_Art_Gallery" title="Laing Art Gallery">Laing Art Gallery</a>, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the <a href="/wiki/Google_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Cultural Institute">Google Cultural Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CulturalInstitute20131217-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-CulturalInstitute201312172-341">[341]</a> an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_sites">Religious sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Religious sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_upon_Tyne,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg/170px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg/255px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg/340px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">St Nicholas' Cathedral</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Castle_Keep" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Castle Keep">Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Newcastle" title="Diocese of Newcastle">Diocese of Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle">Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_East_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Jewry">North East Jewry</a></div> Newcastle has three cathedrals, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">St Nicholas'</a>, with its elegant <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> of 1474, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne">St Mary's</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Welby Pugin">Augustus Welby Pugin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Britain and Ireland">Coptic Orthodox</a> Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Fenham" title="Fenham">Fenham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Martyr,_Newcastle" title="Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Newcastle">Church of St Thomas the Martyr</a> which is unique as the only <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> church without a parish and which is not a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Peculiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Peculiar">peculiar</a>. One of the largest <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches in the UK is <a href="/wiki/Jesmond_Parish_Church" title="Jesmond Parish Church">Jesmond Parish Church</a>, situated a little to the north of the city centre. Newcastle is home to the only <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> Centre in North East England; the centre has served the local Baháʼí community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a>. Newcastle was a prominent centre of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> movement up to the 1950s, and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence. <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="St Andrew's Church, Newcastle upon Tyne">The Parish Church of St Andrew</a> is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'.<a href="#cite_note-oldparish12012-343">[343]</a> The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726.<a href="#cite_note-oldparish22012-344">[344]</a> It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Priory church</a> at Hexham.<a href="#cite_note-oldparish22012-344">[344]</a> The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne#Stuart_period" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Siege of Newcastle</a> by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.<a href="#cite_note-oldparish22012-344">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of people from Newcastle upon Tyne">List of people from Newcastle upon Tyne</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Special:EditPage/Newcastle upon Tyne">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22">"Newcastle upon Tyne"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Newcastle+upon+Tyne%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Avison" title="Charles Avison">Charles Avison</a>, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Westminster" title="Archbishop of Westminster">Archbishop of Westminster</a>, was born in the city in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood" title="Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a>, 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster" title="Ironmaster">Ironmaster</a>, metallurgist, and member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lowthian_Bell,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Lowthian Bell, 1st Baronet">Isaac Lowthian Bell</a> was born in the city in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">Lord Armstrong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> engineer and father of the modern steam railways <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, his son, also an engineer, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>, engineer and inventor of the steam turbine <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Parsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Parsons">Sir Charles Parsons</a>, inventor of the incandescent light bulb <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joseph Swan">Sir Joseph Swan</a>, actor and comedian <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RowanA2014-350">[350]</a> industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Sir Jonathan Ive</a>, who studied at <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Newcastle Polytechnic</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>), modernist poet <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> and Lord Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Gosforth" title="Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth">Peter Taylor</a>. Portuguese writer <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A7a_de_Queiroz" title="Eça de Queiroz">Eça de Queiroz</a> was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879—his most productive literary period.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> was born in the city. Composer <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_S%C3%A1nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustín Fernández Sánchez">Agustín Fernández</a> has been based in the city since 1995, teaching at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> and occasionally collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northern_Sinfonia" title="Royal Northern Sinfonia">Royal Northern Sinfonia</a>. Musicians <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_(singer)" title="Cheryl (singer)">Cheryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Burdon" title="Eric Burdon">Eric Burdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Knopfler" title="Mark Knopfler">Mark Knopfler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Family" title="Lighthouse Family">Lighthouse Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Dunn" title="Jeffrey Dunn">Jeffrey Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnson" title="Brian Johnson">Brian Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hull" title="Alan Hull">Alan Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakima_(singer)" title="Sakima (singer)">Sakima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Tennant" title="Neil Tennant">Neil Tennant</a> lived in Newcastle. <a href="/wiki/Hank_Marvin" title="Hank Marvin">Hank Marvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Welch" title="Bruce Welch">Bruce Welch</a> were both former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School.<a href="#cite_note-MarvWelch2007-354">[354]</a> Actors <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hunnam" title="Charlie Hunnam">Charlie Hunnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Scott_(actor)" title="James Scott (actor)">James Scott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> entertainers <a href="/wiki/Ant_%26_Dec" title="Ant & Dec">Ant & Dec</a> and footballers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carrick" title="Michael Carrick">Michael Carrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a> were also born in Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator <a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">David Scott Cowper</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel Prize winning physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, who researched the mass of subatomic particles,<a href="#cite_note-Higgs201310-356">[356]</a> and wrestler <a href="/wiki/Pac_(wrestler)" title="Pac (wrestler)">Benjamin Satterley</a> were born in the city. <a href="/wiki/John_Dunn_(bagpipe_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dunn (bagpipe maker)">John Dunn</a>, inventor of the keyed <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_smallpipes" title="Northumbrian smallpipes">Northumbrian smallpipes</a>, lived and worked in the city. <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Tickell" title="Kathryn Tickell">Kathryn Tickell</a>, the celebrated Northumbrian piper and composer, has longstanding associations with Newcastle as a resident, frequent performer at <a href="/wiki/Sage_Gateshead" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Gateshead">Sage Gateshead</a> and teacher at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Smith_(palaeographer)" title="Marc Smith (palaeographer)">Marc Smith</a> (born 1963), French palaeographer, was born in Newcastle. <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Shepherd" title="Freddy Shepherd">Freddy Shepherd</a>, former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United F.C.</a> for ten years, lived in Newcastle upon Tyne until his death in 2017. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></div> Newcastle upon Tyne is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, Australia<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, U.S. (1977)<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen</a>, Norway (1968)<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-BergenNewcTree-361">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, Germany (1948)<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, France (1954)<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning_3-365">[365]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, China (1985, unilaterally terminated by Newcastle upon Tyne in 2022)<a href="#cite_note-newcastle-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_agreements">Other agreements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Other agreements">edit</a>]</div> Newcastle has a "friendship agreement" with the American city of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> Since 2003, it has had a "special cooperation agreement" with the Swedish city of <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malmö_twinning-369">[369]</a> Furthermore, Newcastle participated in the 1998 summit of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newcastle (disambiguation)">cities named Newcastle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> which led to friendship agreements with the following places: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuburg_an_der_Donau" title="Neuburg an der Donau">Neuburg an der Donau</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2teau,_Vosges" title="Neufchâteau, Vosges">Neufchâteau, Vosges</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware" title="New Castle, Delaware">New Castle, Delaware</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Indiana" title="New Castle, Indiana">New Castle, Indiana</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle, Pennsylvania</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme" title="Newcastle-under-Lyme">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal">Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinshiro" title="Shinshiro">Shinshiro</a>, Japan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_consulates">Foreign consulates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Foreign consulates">edit</a>]</div> The following countries have <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consular representation</a> in Newcastle: Denmark,<a href="#cite_note-newcDenmark201802-371">[371]</a> Finland, Romania, Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-belgium21512-372">[372]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-france21512-373">[373]</a> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-germany21512-374">[374]</a> Iceland,<a href="#cite_note-Iceland21412-375">[375]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Italy21512-376">[376]</a> Norway,<a href="#cite_note-Norway21512-377">[377]</a> and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-sweden21512-378">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandNorthEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/23px-EnglandNorthEast.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/34px-EnglandNorthEast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/45px-EnglandNorthEast.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_East_England" title="Portal:North East England">North East England portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne">List of tallest buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of public art in Newcastle upon Tyne">List of public art in Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemen_of_the_City_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="List of Freemen of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne">List of Freemen of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 26 July 2010. <q>hundreds of fine Georgian and stylish Victorian buildings which have led to its architecture being referred to as "Tyneside Classical".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRAINGER+TOWN%2C+Tyneside+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnortheast.greatbritishlife.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnorth-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaconie2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Maconie" title="Stuart Maconie">Maconie, Stuart</a> (8 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006204722/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/02/08/stuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679/">"Stuart Maconie reveals..why it's great up North."</a> Daily Mirror. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/02/08/stuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679/">the original</a> on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008. <q>Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle remain, bolder brighter and more beautiful than ever. You can't move in Manchester for boutique hotels, Leeds has got a Harvey Nichols and Newcastle is now the best-looking city in England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Stuart+Maconie+reveals..why+it%27s+great+up+North..&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft.aulast=Maconie&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2F2008%2F02%2F08%2Fstuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaconie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Maconie" title="Stuart Maconie">Maconie, Stuart</a> (February 2007). Pies and Prejudice. <a href="/wiki/Ebury_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebury Press">Ebury Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191022-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191022-8"><bdi>978-0-09-191022-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pies+and+Prejudice&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2007-02&rft.isbn=978-0-09-191022-8&rft.aulast=Maconie&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pevsner2010-07-26-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner2010-07-26_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/">"GRAINGER TOWN... Grey Street, Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/">the original</a> on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010. <q>Grey Street was described as 'one of the finest streets in England' by Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (1902–1983) the German-born British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRAINGER+TOWN...+Grey+Street%2C+Sir+Nikolaus+Bernhard+Leon+Pevsner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnortheast.greatbritishlife.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnorth-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greyStBetjeman-81"><a href="#cite_ref-greyStBetjeman_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2020" class="citation web cs1">Reid, Carlton (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/05/15/parking-cull-and-pocket-parks-for-englands-finest-street-as-newcastle-plans-post-pandemic-future">"Parking Cull And Pocket Parks For England's Finest Street As Newcastle Plans Post-Pandemic Future"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Parking+Cull+And+Pocket+Parks+For+England%27s+Finest+Street+As+Newcastle+Plans+Post-Pandemic+Future&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Carlton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fcarltonreid%2F2020%2F05%2F15%2Fparking-cull-and-pocket-parks-for-englands-finest-street-as-newcastle-plans-post-pandemic-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/panoramas/360_greystreet.shtml">"Around Tyne. Grey Street"</a>. BBC. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2008. <q>Grey Street in Newcastle was voted the best street in Britain by Radio 4 listeners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Around+Tyne.+Grey+Street&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ftyne%2Fcontent%2Fpanoramas%2F360_greystreet.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163347/http://www.streetsofshame.org.uk/case-study-good.htm">"GOOD CASE STUDY – GREY STREET, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE"</a>. BBC radio 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streetsofshame.org.uk/case-study-good.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008. <q>Said by many to be amongst the greatest streets in 'England if not Europe', this gently curving and rising street has been 'sensitively restored and improved in the last decade'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOOD+CASE+STUDY+%E2%80%93+GREY+STREET%2C+NEWCASTLE+UPON+TYNE&rft.pub=BBC+radio+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streetsofshame.org.uk%2Fcase-study-good.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google_street_view-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google_street_view_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_street_view_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2010/mar/08/google-street-view?picture=360124038">"Google Street View awards 2010"</a>. The Guardian. London. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Google+Street+View+awards+2010&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2Fgallery%2F2010%2Fmar%2F08%2Fgoogle-street-view%3Fpicture%3D360124038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807015118/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/parks.php">"Current and past exhibitions – University Library – Newcastle University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/parks.php">the original</a> on 7 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+and+past+exhibitions+%E2%80%93+University+Library+%E2%80%93+Newcastle+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fspecial-collections%2Fexhibitions%2Fcurrent-and-past-exhibitions%2Fso%2Fparks.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-townmoo1-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-townmoo1_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-townmoo1_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northumbria.ac.uk/insight/896829">"Insight: Taking a closer look at the Town Moor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>land which covers an area larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insight%3A+Taking+a+closer+look+at+the+Town+Moor&rft.pub=Northumbria+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthumbria.ac.uk%2Finsight%2F896829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-townmoo2-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-townmoo2_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-townmoo2_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115035647/http://www.latebreaks.com/destinations/countries/Newcastle_Breaks.html">"Newcastle Breaks"</a>. latebreaks.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latebreaks.com/destinations/countries/Newcastle_Breaks.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>Town Moor, which is larger and wider than Hampstead Heath and Hyde Park</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Breaks&rft.pub=latebreaks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latebreaks.com%2Fdestinations%2Fcountries%2FNewcastle_Breaks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BobGeldof2010-09-17-88"><a href="#cite_ref-BobGeldof2010-09-17_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">"Honorary Freedom – Citations – Bob Geldof"</a>. newcastle.gov.uk. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">the original</a> on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010. <q>to mark the 40th anniversary of the official opening of the Civic Centre by his father HM King Olaf V and to recognise and celebrate the close links between Newcastle and Norway over many years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Citations+%E2%80%93+King+Harald+V+of+Norway&rft.pub=newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Flmfreemencit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SirBobby2010-09-17-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SirBobby2010-09-17_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">"Honorary Freedom – Citations – Sir Bobby Robson"</a>. newcastle.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">the original</a> on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010. <q>in recognition of his long and outstanding career across Europe, his role as an ambassador for the North East and Newcastle, and his contribution to the culture and life of the City</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Citations+%E2%80%93+Sir+Bobby+Robson&rft.pub=newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Flmfreemencit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlanShearer2010-09-17-91"><a href="#cite_ref-AlanShearer2010-09-17_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">"Honorary Freedom – Citations – Alan Shearer"</a>. newcastle.gov.uk. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">the original</a> on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Citations+%E2%80%93+Nelson+Mandela&rft.pub=newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Flmfreemencit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalShakespeare-93"><a href="#cite_ref-RoyalShakespeare_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">"Honorary Freedom – Citations – Royal Shakespeare Company"</a>. newcastle.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit">the original</a> on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Citations+%E2%80%93+Royal+Shakespeare+Company&rft.pub=newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Flmfreemencit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hop2010-09-17-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Hop2010-09-17_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanagan2010" class="citation book cs1">Lanagan, Paul (15 May 2010). The Hoppings Fair on Newcastle Town Moor. Books of the North. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555059-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555059-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9555059-0-4</bdi></a>. <q>. Thought to be the largest travelling fairground in Europe, it takes place in the last full week of June...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hoppings+Fair+on+Newcastle+Town+Moor&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Books+of+the+North&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-9555059-0-4&rft.aulast=Lanagan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoreena_Ford2016" class="citation web cs1">Coreena Ford (20 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business-news/check-out-workers-finishing-wylam-11214241">"Check out workers finishing off Wylam Brewery's transformation of the Palace of Arts"</a>. Chronicle Live. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Check+out+workers+finishing+off+Wylam+Brewery%27s+transformation+of+the+Palace+of+Arts&rft.pub=Chronicle+Live&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.au=Coreena+Ford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fcheck-out-workers-finishing-wylam-11214241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawnChorus-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawnChorus_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawnChorus_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2008" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Chris (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2008/04/01/dawn_chorus_feature.shtml">"Dawn chorus"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dawn+chorus&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ftyne%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F01%2Fdawn_chorus_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665382/Newcastle-upon-Tyne">"Newcastle upon Tyne"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F665382%2FNewcastle-upon-Tyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TurnerPrize2010-98"><a href="#cite_ref-TurnerPrize2010_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919165506/http://www.mandh-online.com/news/content/1315/turner_prize_to_leave_london_for_baltic">"Turner Prize to leave London for BALTIC"</a>. M&H online. 17 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandh-online.com/news/content/1315/turner_prize_to_leave_london_for_baltic">the original</a> on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010. <q>The Turner Prize will not be held at a Tate venue for the first time in 25 years in 2011 when it heads to the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%26H+online&rft.atitle=Turner+Prize+to+leave+London+for+BALTIC&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandh-online.com%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2F1315%2Fturner_prize_to_leave_london_for_baltic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salmonliek-99"><a href="#cite_ref-salmonliek_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2007" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, Amy (11 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080707004653/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/the-environment/go-green-news/2007/12/11/art-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813/">"Art mixing with nature in the wild"</a>. Evening Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/the-environment/go-green-news/2007/12/11/art-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813/">the original</a> on 7 July 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008. <q>The Tyne is England's best salmon-fishing river, and this is something the North East should be really proud of, but it is so much more than a fishery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Art+mixing+with+nature+in+the+wild&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fthe-environment%2Fgo-green-news%2F2007%2F12%2F11%2Fart-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ggrmrkt2-100"><a href="#cite_ref-ggrmrkt2_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history">"History of the Grainger Market"</a>. Newcastle.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history">the original</a> on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2011. <q>Richard Grainger, builder and developer, planned and constructed some of Newcastle's finest buildings and streets during 1830s including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger and Clayton Street.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Grainger+Market&rft.pub=Newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Fmarket_customers_grainger_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GgrMrkt1-101"><a href="#cite_ref-GgrMrkt1_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history">"History of the Grainger Market"</a>. newcastle.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history">the original</a> on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2011. <q>Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Grainger+Market&rft.pub=newcastle.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.gov.uk%2Fcore.nsf%2Fa%2Fmarket_customers_grainger_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baily2010-2010-07-26-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Baily2010-2010-07-26_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/">"GRAINGER TOWN, Greys Monument, Edward Hodges Baily"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/">the original</a> on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010. <q>His statue by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily (also responsible for Nelson's Column) tops a column, Grey's Monument, of 41 metres (135 feet). It has remained a favourite meeting place since it was unveiled in 1838.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRAINGER+TOWN%2C+Greys+Monument%2C+Edward+Hodges+Baily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnortheast.greatbritishlife.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnorth-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenjaminGreen2010-07-26-103"><a href="#cite_ref-BenjaminGreen2010-07-26_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.knoji.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city/">"Newcastle Upon Tyne: The Architecture...; Greys Monument Centrepiece"</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2010. <q>The centrepiece is Grey's Monument, designed in 1838 by Benjamin Green</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Upon+Tyne%3A+The+Architecture...%3B+Greys+Monument+Centrepiece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.knoji.com%2Fnewcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grain201308-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grain201308_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grain201308_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-304574-grainger-market-">"Grainger Market"</a>. britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grainger+Market&rft.pub=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fen-304574-grainger-market-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ggrmrkt3-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ggrmrkt3_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggrmrkt3_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggrmrkt3_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggrmrkt3_105-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history">"History of the Grainger Market"</a>. Newcastle.gov.uk. 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(BMG DVD 74321 941149). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2015" class="citation web cs1">Jeffery, Sarah (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/chinese-new-year-2015-newcastle-8518677">"Chinese New Year 2015 Newcastle: Guide to shops and restaurants in Chinatown"</a>. nechronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nechronicle&rft.atitle=Chinese+New+Year+2015+Newcastle%3A+Guide+to+shops+and+restaurants+in+Chinatown&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ffood-drink-news%2Fchinese-new-year-2015-newcastle-8518677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/heaton-tyneside-flats/">"Heaton (HMOs & Tyneside flats)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+Interactive&rft.pub=ons.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fcensus-data%2F2011-census-interactive-content%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architectuul.com/architecture/byker-wall">"Byker Wall"</a>. Architectuul.com. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architectuul.com&rft.atitle=Byker+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitectuul.com%2Farchitecture%2Fbyker-wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/urban-planning-design/fellowships-prizes-and-travel-programs/veronica-rudge-green-prize-in-urban-design/">"Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design"</a>. gsd.harvard.edu. 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Some live in London and neighbouring areas... number live in Newcastle and Edinburgh (see figure 1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unitedkingdom.iom.int&rft.atitle=Bolivians+in+the+UK%3A+1.2+GEOGRAPHICAL+LOCATION+AND+SPREAD+OF+THE+BOLIVIAN+COMMUNITY&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funitedkingdom.iom.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdoc%2Fmapping%2FIOM_BOLIVIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse">Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration</a>. Internet Archive. 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Retrieved 17 December 2013. <q>The gallery has joined the White House, the Palace of Versaille and other museums and galleries around the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal&rft.atitle=Newcastle%27s+Laing+Art+Gallery+opens+online+to+viewers+around+the+world&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Whetstone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.co.uk%2Fculture%2Farts-culture-news%2Fnewcastles-laing-art-gallery-opens-6408056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CulturalInstitute201312172-341"><a href="#cite_ref-CulturalInstitute201312172_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner">"Laing Art Gallery"</a>. Art Collections. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.org.uk/News_and_events/Current-Affairs/Bestowing-the-Order-of-Merit-on-the-Honorary-Norwegian-Consul-in-Newcastle-Upon-Tyne/">the original</a> on 24 December 2012. 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Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden+Consulate%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=sweden.visahq.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsweden.visahq.co.uk%2Fembassy%2FUnited-Kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle+upon+Tyne" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Tyneside: A History of Newcastle and Gateshead from Earliest Times, Alistair Moffat and George Rosie, Mainstream Publishing (10 November 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84596-013-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84596-013-0">1-84596-013-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/398/tyneside-neighbourhoods--deprivation--social-life-and-social-behaviour-in-one-british-city">Tyneside Neighbourhoods: Deprivation, Social Life and Social Behaviour in One British City</a>, Daniel Nettle, Open Book Publishers, (2016), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783741885" title="Special:BookSources/9781783741885">9781783741885</a></li> <li>History of Northumberland and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Leslie W. Hepple, Phillimore & Co Ltd (1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-245-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-245-1">0-85033-245-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne#Q1425428" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle_upon_Tyne</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/">Official NewcastleGateshead Tourism Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/">BBC Tyne</a> BBC Local website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in smallcaps.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in italics.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tyne_and_Wear&#124;link=Tyne_and_Wear_Ceremonial_county_of_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template:Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template talk:Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tyne_and_Wear" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tyne_and_Wear&#124;link=Tyne_and_Wear_Ceremonial_county_of_Tyne_and_Wear" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear"><img alt="Tyne and Wear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png/23px-County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png/35px-County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png/46px-County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_East_England" title="Portal:North East England">North East England Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birtley,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Birtley, Tyne and Wear">Birtley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boldons" title="The Boldons">Boldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">Houghton-le-Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbenton" title="Longbenton">Longbenton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_%26_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, Tyne & Wear">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whickham" title="Whickham">Whickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Tyne and Wear">List of civil parishes in Tyne and Wear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of museums in Tyne and Wear">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of people from Tyne and Wear">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of places in Tyne and Wear">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tyne_and_Wear_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tyne and Wear settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Tyne and Wear">SSSIs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template talk:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bensham" title="Bensham">Bensham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Quay" title="Bill Quay">Bill Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtley,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Birtley, Tyne and Wear">Birtley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Hill" title="Carr Hill">Carr Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopwell" title="Chopwell">Chopwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdene" title="Chowdene">Chowdene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deckham" title="Deckham">Deckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunston,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dunston, Tyne and Wear">Dunston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Felling, Tyne and Wear">Felling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibblesworth" title="Kibblesworth">Kibblesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamesley" title="Lamesley">Lamesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leam_Lane_Estate" title="Leam Lane Estate">Leam Lane Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Fell" title="Low Fell">Low Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marley_Hill" title="Marley Hill">Marley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelaw" title="Pelaw">Pelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlands_Gill" title="Rowlands Gill">Rowlands Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenside,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Greenside, Tyne and Wear">Greenside</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Saltwell, Tyne and Wear">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Hill" title="Sheriff Hill">Sheriff Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Valley" title="Team Valley">Team Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley,_Gateshead" title="Wardley, Gateshead">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whickham" title="Whickham">Whickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windy_Nook" title="Windy Nook">Windy Nook</a></li> <li>Whitehills Estate</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Newcastle upon Tyne">City of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Hill" title="Arthur's Hill">Arthurs Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlefield,_Newcastle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battlefield, Newcastle (page does not exist)">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benwell_and_Scotswood" title="Benwell and Scotswood">Benwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Callerton" title="Black Callerton">Black Callerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakelaw" title="Blakelaw">Blakelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blucher,_Newcastle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blucher, Newcastle (page does not exist)">Blucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenkley" title="Brenkley">Brenkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Village" title="Brunswick Village">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_House_Estate" title="Chapel House Estate">Chapel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre">City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Park" title="Cochrane Park">Cochrane Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowgate,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Cowgate, Newcastle upon Tyne">Cowgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxlodge" title="Coxlodge">Coxlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Dene, Newcastle upon Tyne">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Denton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton_Burn" title="Denton Burn">Denton Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinnington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dinnington, Tyne and Wear">Dinnington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Denton" title="East Denton">East Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairways,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairways, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Fairways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawdon" title="Fawdon">Fawdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenham" title="Fenham">Fenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Great_Park" title="Newcastle Great Park">Great Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_Newcastle" title="Haymarket, Newcastle">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazlerigg" title="Hazlerigg">Hazlerigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Heaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne">High Heaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park" title="Kingston Park">Kingston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemington" title="Lemington">Lemington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manors,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manors, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Manors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kenton" title="North Kenton">North Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouseburn" title="Ouseburn">Ouseburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parklands,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Parklands, Newcastle upon Tyne">Parklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandyford,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Sandyford, Newcastle upon Tyne">Sandyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benwell_and_Scotswood" title="Benwell and Scotswood">Scotswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shieldfield" title="Shieldfield">Shieldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatyford" title="Slatyford">Slatyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">South Gosforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckley" title="Throckley">Throckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbottle" title="Walbottle">Walbottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkergate" title="Walkergate">Walkergate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walkerville,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walkerville, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Walkerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Denton, Newcastle upon Tyne">West Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">West Jesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerhope" title="Westerhope">Westerhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Westgate, Newcastle upon Tyne">Westgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingrove,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Wingrove, Newcastle upon Tyne">Wingrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolsington" title="Woolsington">Woolsington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_North_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backworth" title="Backworth">Backworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaumont_Park,_Tyne_and_Wear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaumont Park, Tyne and Wear (page does not exist)">Beaumont Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Benton, Tyne and Wear">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burradon,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Burradon, Tyne and Wear">Burradon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullercoats" title="Cullercoats">Cullercoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earsdon" title="Earsdon">Earsdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hall" title="Forest Hall">Forest Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdon" title="Howdon">Howdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbenton" title="Longbenton">Longbenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkseaton" title="Monkseaton">Monkseaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Murton, Tyne and Wear">Murton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="New York, Tyne and Wear">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Park,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Northumberland Park, Tyne and Wear">Northumberland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Preston, Tyne and Wear">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Burn" title="Seaton Burn">Seaton Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiremoor" title="Shiremoor">Shiremoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Island, Tyne and Wear">St Mary's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellfield" title="Wellfield">Wellfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Lodge" title="Whitley Lodge">Whitley Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideopen" title="Wideopen">Wideopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willington_Quay" title="Willington Quay">Willington Quay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_South_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Boldons" title="The Boldons">The Boldons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockley_Whins" title="Brockley Whins">Brockley Whins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleadon" title="Cleadon">Cleadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harton,_South_Shields" title="Harton, South Shields">Harton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Marsden, Tyne and Wear">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkton,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkton, Tyne and Wear">Monkton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Dock" title="Tyne Dock">Tyne Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Harton" title="West Harton">West Harton</a></li> 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Sunderland">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopwearmouth" title="Bishopwearmouth">Bishopwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">Burdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carley_Hill" title="Carley Hill">Carley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Sunderland" title="Castletown, Sunderland">Castletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Moor" title="Chilton Moor">Chilton Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claxheugh" title="Claxheugh">Claxheugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Green,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Cox Green, Tyne and Wear">Cox Green</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downhill,_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downhill, Sunderland (page does not exist)">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxford_Park" title="Doxford Park">Doxford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easington_Lane" title="Easington Lane">Easington Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Rainton" title="East Rainton">East Rainton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elstob_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elstob Farm (page does not exist)">Elstob Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farringdon,_Sunderland" title="Farringdon, Sunderland">Farringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatfield" title="Fatfield">Fatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_Houses" title="Fence Houses">Fence Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Estate" title="Ford Estate">Ford Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwell,_Sunderland" title="Fulwell, Sunderland">Fulwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilley_Law" title="Gilley Law">Gilley Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grangetown,_Sunderland" title="Grangetown, Sunderland">Grangetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindon,_Sunderland" title="Grindon, Sunderland">Grindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harraton" title="Harraton">Harraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Hill" title="Hastings Hill">Hastings Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendon,_Sunderland" title="Hendon, Sunderland">Hendon</a></li> 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href="/wiki/Middle_Rainton" title="Middle Rainton">Middle Rainton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millfield,_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Millfield, Sunderland">Millfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbottle,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Newbottle, Tyne and Wear">Newbottle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Haven,_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Haven, Sunderland (page does not exist)">North Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hylton" title="North Hylton">North Hylton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallion" title="Pallion">Pallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennywell" title="Pennywell">Pennywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penshaw" title="Penshaw">Penshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Philadelphia, Tyne and Wear">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Farm" title="Plains Farm">Plains Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickleton" title="Rickleton">Rickleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhouse,_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Redhouse, Sunderland">Redhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryhope" title="Ryhope">Ryhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaburn" title="Seaburn">Seaburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaburn_Dene" title="Seaburn Dene">Seaburn Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiney_Row" title="Shiney Row">Shiney Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silksworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Silksworth">Silksworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Bents (page does not exist)">South Bents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hylton" title="South Hylton">South Hylton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Sunderland" title="Southwick, Sunderland">Southwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springwell,_Sunderland" title="Springwell, Sunderland">Springwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springwell_Village" title="Springwell Village">Springwell Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Centre" title="Sunderland City Centre">Sunderland City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Docks" title="Sunderland Docks">Sunderland Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunniside,_Sunderland" title="Sunniside, Sunderland">Sunniside</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_End_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Town End Farm (page does not exist)">Town End Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorney_Close" title="Thorney Close">Thorney Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall,_Sunderland" title="Tunstall, Sunderland">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warden_Law" title="Warden Law">Warden Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherwack" title="Witherwack">Witherwack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/100px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and 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<li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template talk:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan districts of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/125px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/188px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/250px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Council" title="Bolton Council">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council" title="Coventry City Council">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Doncaster Council">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Council" title="Kirklees Council">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council" title="Leeds City Council">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Council" title="North Tyneside Council">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Council" title="Oldham Council">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Borough_Council" title="Rochdale Borough Council">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council" title="Salford City Council">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefton_Council" title="Sefton Council">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside_Council" title="South Tyneside Council">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens Council">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council" title="Sunderland City Council">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Council" title="Trafford Council">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Council" title="Wakefield Council">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Council" title="Walsall Council">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirral_Council" title="Wirral Council">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton City Council">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council_elections" title="Birmingham City Council elections">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council_elections" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council elections">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council_elections" title="Coventry City Council elections">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council_elections" title="Leeds City Council elections">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council_elections" title="Liverpool City Council elections">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council_elections" title="Manchester City Council elections">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council_elections" title="Newcastle City Council elections">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council_elections" title="Salford City Council elections">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a 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