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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Establishment and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_with_Ku_Klux_Klan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_with_Ku_Klux_Klan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>History with Ku Klux Klan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_with_Ku_Klux_Klan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innovation_Park_and_Ignition_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_Park_and_Ignition_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Innovation Park and Ignition Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_Park_and_Ignition_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums,_arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Museums, arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_History_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_History_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>The History Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_History_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studebaker_National_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studebaker_National_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Studebaker National Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studebaker_National_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indiana_University_Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiana_University_Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiana_University_Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Theatrical buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Public library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Former places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Bend_Lions_FC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Bend_Lions_FC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>South Bend Lions FC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Bend_Lions_FC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Bend_Cubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Bend_Cubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>South Bend Cubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Bend_Cubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buildings_and_stadium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_and_stadium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Buildings and stadium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings_and_stadium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Bend_Roller_Girls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Bend_Roller_Girls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>South Bend Roller Girls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Bend_Roller_Girls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Race_Waterway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Race_Waterway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>East Race Waterway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Race_Waterway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parks and recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_and_national_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_national_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>State and national representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_national_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K–12_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K–12_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>K–12 schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K–12_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspaper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Newspaper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Intercity bus service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.5</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Environmental initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Bend, Indiana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساوث بند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساوث بند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساوث بند، ایندیانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساوث بند، ایندیانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саўт-Бенд (Індыяна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саўт-Бенд (Індыяна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Саут Бенд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саут Бенд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Indiana)" title="South Bend (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Indiana) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="South Bend (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_N%C3%A1zl%C3%ADn%C3%AD_(S%C3%A9%C3%AD%C5%82gaiin%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81_Hahoodzo)" title="Shádiʼááhjí Názlíní (Séíłgaiinílį́ Hahoodzo) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí Názlíní (Séíłgaiinílį́ Hahoodzo)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_(%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Σάουθ Μπεντ (Ιντιάνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάουθ Μπεντ (Ιντιάνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="ساوت بند (ایندیانا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساوت بند (ایندیانا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="ساؤت بند (اينديانا) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ساؤت بند (اينديانا)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%A4%EB%93%9C" title="사우스벤드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우스벤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4_(%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1)" title="Սաութ Բենդ (Ինդիանա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաութ Բենդ (Ինդիանա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="साउथ बैंड, इंडियाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साउथ बैंड, इंडियाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%27_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סאות' בנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאות' בנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautbenda" title="Sautbenda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sautbenda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Bendas" title="Saut Bendas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saut Bendas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_sudi" title="Bend sudi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bend sudi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساوث بند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساوث بند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="ساوت بند (ایندیانا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساوت بند (ایندیانا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E)" title="サウスベンド (インディアナ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウスベンド (インディアナ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саут-Бенд (Индиана) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Саут-Бенд (Индиана)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саут-Бенд (Индиана) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саут-Бенд (Индиана)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساوت بێند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساوت بێند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саут Бенд (Индијана) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саут Бенд (Индијана)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend" title="South Bend – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="South Bend" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Саут-Бенд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саут-Бенд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Саут-Бенд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саут-Бенд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساؤتھ بینڈ، انڈیانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساؤتھ بینڈ، انڈیانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_(Indiana)" title="South Bend (Indiana) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="South Bend (Indiana)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="South Bend, Indiana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="南本德（印第安纳州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南本德（印第安纳州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E)" title="南本德 (印第安纳州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南本德 (印第安纳州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Bend" title="Saut Bend – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Saut Bend" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Bend,_Indiana&params=41_40_35_N_86_16_10_W_region:US-IN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°40′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°16′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.67639°N 86.26944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.67639; -86.26944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_IN&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend, IN">South Bend, IN</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Indiana, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Bend (disambiguation)">South Bend (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Indiana, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">South Bend</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_South_Bend.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown South Bend and St. Joeseph River"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Downtown_South_Bend.jpg/288px-Downtown_South_Bend.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Downtown_South_Bend.jpg/432px-Downtown_South_Bend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Downtown_South_Bend.jpg/576px-Downtown_South_Bend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5279" data-file-height="3925" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Downtown_South_Bend" title="Downtown South Bend">Downtown South Bend</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_(South_Bend).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third St. Joseph County Courthouse"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg/130px-Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg/195px-Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg/260px-Saint_Joseph_County_Courthouse_Indiana_%28South_Bend%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3019" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Third_St._Joseph_County_Courthouse" title="Third St. Joseph County Courthouse">St. Joseph County Courthouse</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="border:1;;height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Building at the University of Notre Dame"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/154px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/231px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/308px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Lark_Daytona,_1966_Cruiser_(14914052189).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Studebaker National Museum"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg/150px-1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg/225px-1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg/300px-1964_Lark_Daytona%2C_1966_Cruiser_%2814914052189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_National_Museum" title="Studebaker National Museum">Studebaker National Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Four Winds Field"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/134px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/201px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/268px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Winds Field">Four Winds Field</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Bend,_Indiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Bend"><img alt="Flag of South Bend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg/150px-Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg/200px-Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Flag of South Bend, Indiana">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_bend_indiana_seal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of South Bend"><img alt="Official seal of South Bend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/South_bend_indiana_seal.png/100px-South_bend_indiana_seal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/South_bend_indiana_seal.png/150px-South_bend_indiana_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/South_bend_indiana_seal.png/200px-South_bend_indiana_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Lotion City,</i> <i>Wagon City,</i> <i>Metropolis of Northern Indiana</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Peace"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="10" data-lat="41.6764" data-lon="-86.2503" data-overlays="["_8d816376440d2528e7a80e23bd8006151f33b64d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/41.6764/-86.2503/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.6764,-86.2503,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=South_Bend%2C_Indiana&revid=1255424388&groups=_8d816376440d2528e7a80e23bd8006151f33b64d" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.6764,-86.2503,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=South_Bend%2C_Indiana&revid=1255424388&groups=_8d816376440d2528e7a80e23bd8006151f33b64d 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of South Bend</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Bend is located in Indiana"><img alt="South Bend is located in Indiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg/200px-USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg/400px-USA_Indiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.355%;left:54.88%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South Bend"><img alt="South Bend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>South Bend</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indiana</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="South Bend is located in the United States"><img alt="South Bend is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/200px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/300px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/400px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.586%;left:65.698%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South Bend"><img alt="South Bend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>South Bend</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Bend,_Indiana&params=41_40_35_N_86_16_10_W_region:US-IN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°40′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°16′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.67639°N 86.26944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.67639; -86.26944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Indiana" title="List of counties in Indiana">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana">St. Joseph</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (City)</th><td class="infobox-data">1865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Coquillard" title="Alexis Coquillard">Alexis Coquillard</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Strong Mayor-Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Common_Council" title="South Bend Common Council">South Bend Common Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Mueller_(Indiana_politician)" title="James Mueller (Indiana politician)">James Mueller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">42.40 sq mi (109.82 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">41.98 sq mi (108.72 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.43 sq mi (1.10 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">719 ft (219 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 103,453</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,464.57/sq mi (951.58/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 278,921 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">144th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-urban_area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,885.5/sq mi (728.0/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 324,501 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">160th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 812,199 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Combined_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Combined Statistical Areas">68th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">$35.608 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Eastern_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">46601, 46604, 46612–46617, 46619–46620, 46624, 46626, 46628–46629, 46634–46635, 46637, 46660, 46680, 46699</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_574" title="Area code 574">574</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18-71000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">2395913<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">South Bender, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Domer</a> (Notre Dame)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $11.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendin.gov">www<wbr />.southbendin<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Bend</b> is a city in and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana">St. Joseph County, Indiana</a>, United States,<sup id="cite_ref-GR6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a> near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. At the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 census</a>, the city had a total of 103,453 residents and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Indiana">fourth-largest city in Indiana</a>. Located just south of the border with <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, South Bend anchors the <a href="/wiki/Michiana" title="Michiana">Michiana</a> region and is 72 miles (116 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Chicago">downtown</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Bend-Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> had a population of 324,501 in 2020, while its combined statistical area had 812,199.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area was settled in the early 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend's economy through the mid-20th century. River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Corporation">Oliver Chilled Plow Company</a>, and other large corporations. </p><p>The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it peaked at 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Remaining large corporations based in the area include <a href="/wiki/Crowe_Global" title="Crowe Global">Crowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AM_General" title="AM General">AM General</a>. The city's economy and culture are influenced by the nearby <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans. One of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami tribe</a>. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> moved into the region, utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the river. The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_River" title="Kankakee River">Kankakee River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the first white European to set foot in what is now South Bend,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used this portage between the St. Joseph River and the Kankakee River in December 1679. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_settlements">First settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area. In 1820, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Frieschutz_Navarre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Frieschutz Navarre (page does not exist)">Pierre Frieschutz Navarre</a> arrived, representing the <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a> (AFC) of <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Coquillard" title="Alexis Coquillard">Alexis Coquillard</a>, another agent of the AFC,<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StHistory_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lathrop_Minor_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lathrop Minor Taylor (page does not exist)">Lathrop Minor Taylor</a> established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Joseph's, Indiana was used.<sup id="cite_ref-StHistory_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office. Taylor was appointed <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a>, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, as several other communities were named Southold at the time. </p><p>In 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana">St. Joseph County</a> with 128 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Chapin" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Chapin">Horatio Chapin</a> moved to the settlement, opened the first general store with imported (out of state) goods and helped established the first church and Sunday school.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, design began on what would become the town of South Bend. The town was formally established in 1835, with Chapin as the first president of the board of town trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, attorney Andrew Anderson, Chapin's son-in-law, founded May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest continuous business in St. Joseph County.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compiled a complete index of South Bend's real estate records.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexis-Coquillard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alexis-Coquillard.jpg/170px-Alexis-Coquillard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alexis-Coquillard.jpg/255px-Alexis-Coquillard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Alexis-Coquillard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Coquillard" title="Alexis Coquillard">Alexis Coquillard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> was appointed St. Joseph County deputy auditor. Colfax purchased the <i>South Bend Free Press</i> and then turned it into a pro-<a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> newspaper, the <i>St. Joseph Valley Register</i>. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, at which he opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, like many Whigs of his day, and was elected to Congress in 1855, becoming Speaker of the House in 1863 during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. In 1868, he was elected vice president under <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Colfax returned to South Bend after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery, west of downtown.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_business">Early business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 1830s through the 1850s, much of South Bend's development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on the two <a href="/wiki/Mill_race" title="Mill race">races</a> (man-made canals along the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a> in South Bend). Several dams were created and factories were built on each side of the river. On October 4, 1851, the first steam <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> entered South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shifted commerce from the river to the <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a>. In 1852, Henry Studebaker set up <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> wagon shop, later becoming the world's largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an automobile manufacturer. The <a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer Sewing Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Corporation">Oliver Chilled Plow Company</a> were among other companies that made manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important economic act was the dredging of the <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_River" title="Kankakee River">Kankakee River</a> in 1884 to create farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period there was a great immigration of Europeans, such as Polish, Hungarian, Irish, German, Italian, and Swedish people to South Bend because of available employment in area factories.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Bend-1866.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/South-Bend-1866.gif/220px-South-Bend-1866.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/South-Bend-1866.gif/330px-South-Bend-1866.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/South-Bend-1866.gif/440px-South-Bend-1866.gif 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>South Bend in 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>South Bend benefited from its location on the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Road" title="Michigan Road">Michigan Road</a>, the main north–south artery of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indiana" title="Northern Indiana">northern Indiana</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842, when Father <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sorin" title="Edward Sorin">Edward Sorin</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> just north of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-ND_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ND-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a major factor in the area's economy and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-NDEcon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDEcon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_and_early_history">Establishment and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22, 1865, and its first elections were held on June 5, 1865, with William G. George elected as its first mayor<sup id="cite_ref-StHistory_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official city motto, "Peace", refers to the fact that incorporation came in the month following the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> surrender that effectively ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War, most notably with the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> wagon factory, and the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Farm_Equipment_Company" title="Oliver Farm Equipment Company">Oliver plow company</a>. Good jobs and high wages attracted immigrants from Europe, especially Germans, Irish, and Poles. The majority were Catholic, and they achieved higher rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast .<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was founded in South Bend in March 1870, making it the first African American church in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal Church, and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against Germany in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_with_Ku_Klux_Klan">History with Ku Klux Klan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History with Ku Klux Klan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923, the African American owner of a soda fountain received a letter signed "KKK", threatening to kill an African American man held in the city's jail and harm the rest of the city's African American population. Within a few days, over a thousand African Americans fled the city.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> held a conference and planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S. Michigan St. In preparation, Klan members were posted around town to direct traffic. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a> students, well aware of the anti-Catholic nature of the Klan, vigorously protested this intrusion, and before noon all of the Klansmen traffic directors had been "unmasked and unrobed." Notre Dame students continued the fight, with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters, throwing rocks and smashing windows in protest. Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to campus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that even legendary football coach <a href="/wiki/Knute_Rockne" title="Knute Rockne">Knute Rockne</a> became involved in the struggle to calm down the students.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_business">Later business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other industries developed in South Bend in the early 20th century, including Birdsell Manufacturing Company, the <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/AlliedSignal" title="AlliedSignal">AlliedSignal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Lathe_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend Lathe Works">South Bend Lathe Works</a>, the O'Brien Paint Corp., the South Bend Toy Company, South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company, and <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Watch_Company" title="South Bend Watch Company">South Bend Watch Company</a>. Workers at the <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix Corporation</a> staged the first sit-in strike in American history in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fast development led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">electric rail</a> transportation throughout the area, and in 1925, the <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_Line_(NICTD)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore Line (NICTD)">South Shore</a> <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to downtown Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-rail_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rail-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the area. </p><p>On June 30, 1934, the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the <a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">Dillinger</a> gang.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Bend,_World_Famed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg/170px-South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg/255px-South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg/340px-South_Bend%2C_World_Famed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="6255" /></a><figcaption>This 1922 pamphlet demonstrates the visions of progress and global importance in the peak period of industrialization in South Bend.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, 1929, South Bend completed its "track elevation program".<sup id="cite_ref-trackelevration_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trackelevration-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Western_Railroad" title="Grand Trunk Western Railroad">Grand Trunk Western Railroad</a> tracks from Division Street, the removal of <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a> from Chapin to Miami streets, the creation of a modern freight layout, and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="Union Station (South Bend, Indiana)">Union Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trackelevration_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trackelevration-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project had been seventeen years in the making,<sup id="cite_ref-trackelevration_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trackelevration-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had been the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a> case Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, which was subsequently affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trackelevration_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trackelevration-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, legendary percussionist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a> was informed that his concert at South Bend's Palais du Royale would be a blacks-only event; he threatened to call for a boycott of the venue, and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening, which newspapers said led to all attendees breaking out in "paroxysms of ecstasy."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1950, more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector.<sup id="cite_ref-EconMan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconMan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to economic difficulties, <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend in December 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-EarlyHist_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyHist-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was restructured nationwide. By 2000, manufacturing was only 16 percent of the local economy. Due to the severe loss of jobs, the city's population decreased by nearly 30,000 during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-EconMan_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconMan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline of industry and population loss led to the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> designation for the northwestern and midwestern regions of the United States that experienced these effects of <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor-league baseball team for the city. A stadium was constructed in 1986 and a 10-year player-development contract was signed with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a>. The team would be known as the South Bend White Sox. In 1994, the team's name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks,<sup id="cite_ref-SilverHawks_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilverHawks-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then to the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Cubs" title="South Bend Cubs">South Bend Cubs</a> in 2015. They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League. </p><p>In 2015, the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday. The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial illumination of the first River Lights along the St. Joseph River. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> welcomed the coming of the next 150 years of South Bend's heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors: Steve Luecke, Joe Kernan, Roger Parent, Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the city's population increased by 286, the largest one-year growth in over twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawks_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawks-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> plant has been developed as the <a href="/wiki/Ignition_Park" title="Ignition Park">Ignition Park</a> center to attract new businesses, especially in the tech industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Bend has also seen new development, particularly in the tech field, a decline in unemployment, and a renewal of the downtown area under Buttigieg's tenure, which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a 'turnaround city'.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019-20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Buttigieg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-bend-indiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South-bend-indiana.jpg/220px-South-bend-indiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South-bend-indiana.jpg/330px-South-bend-indiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South-bend-indiana.jpg/440px-South-bend-indiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An aerial photo of Downtown South Bend</figcaption></figure><p>South Bend is located 5 mi (8.0 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> border and approximately equidistant from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. The city is 93 mi (150 km) from Chicago. The shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> is 20 mi (32 km) away. </p><p>According to the 2010 census, South Bend has a total area of 41.877 square miles (108.46 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 41.46 square miles (107.38 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 99%) is land and 0.417 square miles (1.08 km<sup>2</sup>) (or 1%) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-census-g001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-g001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a> flows from the east end of the city turning north near the city center, giving South Bend its name at the bend in the river. South Bend is located on the north–south continental divide, and the river flows northwest into Lake Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downtown area is located in the north-central part of the city along the St. Joseph River. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana" title="Notre Dame, Indiana">Notre Dame, Indiana</a>, is directly adjacent to the north. The city extends further north on the west side, mainly with manufacturing and distribution facilities near the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_International_Airport" title="South Bend International Airport">South Bend International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mishawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishawaka">Mishawaka</a>, Indiana, is adjacent to South Bend's east side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable neighborhoods in the city include: </p> <ul><li>Far Northwest, Near Northwest, and Keller Park are located off of Portage Avenue. along the riverfront.</li> <li>Northeast South Bend is between the River and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_23" title="Indiana State Road 23">SR 23</a> north of East LaSalle Avenue.</li> <li>River Park is located north and south of Mishawaka Avenue. It has been the subject of several redevelopment projects intended to revitalize the area.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Wayne Street neighborhood between Washington Street and Sunnymede Avenue along Jefferson Boulevard was designated a historic district in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rum Village is in Southwest South Bend north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street.</li> <li>The Eddy Street Commons is a mixed-use complex along North Eddy Street across Angela Boulevard from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a>.</li> <li>Leeper Park is south of the River and northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hospital_of_South_Bend" title="Memorial Hospital of South Bend">Memorial Hospital</a> main campus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> of Dfa. Lake Michigan exerts a great influence on the climate of South Bend, including <a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake effect snow">lake effect snow</a> in winter and a tendency to moderate temperatures year round.<sup id="cite_ref-climate3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> June, July and August are the warmest months, with average temperatures above 69 °F (21 °C). Normally, 42 days with <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a> occur each year.<sup id="cite_ref-climate3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The snowiest month is usually January, with snowfall normally recorded from October through April.<sup id="cite_ref-climate2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, South Bend receives 64.5 inches (164 cm) of snow per year.<sup id="cite_ref-climate3_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spring and fall can be mild and overcast, but also severely stormy at times with 293 partly cloudy to cloudy days each year.<sup id="cite_ref-climate4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for South Bend, Indiana (<a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend Regional Airport">South Bend Regional Airport</a>), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68<br />(20) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109<br />(43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5<br />(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.2<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.3<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.8<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.5<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.7<br />(33.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.3<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(27.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3<br />(13.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">95.3<br />(35.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.2<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0<br />(15.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4<br />(26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4<br />(23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.8<br />(16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7<br />(8.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.7<br />(14.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.8<br />(20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7<br />(21.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.0<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.3<br />(9.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(−8.3) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1<br />(14.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.0<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(−5.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.9<br />(4.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(−20.3) </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(−16.9) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(−5.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.1<br />(6.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.5<br />(10.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(4.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(−1.4) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(−15.3) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.7<br />(−22.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−20<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−13<br />(−25) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(−12) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(−22) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−18<br />(−28) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.66<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.31<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.35<br />(60) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.49<br />(89) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.20<br />(107) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.04<br />(103) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.78<br />(96) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.01<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.49<br />(89) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.72<br />(94) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.78<br />(71) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.40<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.23<br />(996) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(13) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.5<br />(164) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.8 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">147.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCEI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>1,652</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>3,832</td><td></td><td>132.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>7,206</td><td></td><td>88.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>13,280</td><td></td><td>84.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>21,819</td><td></td><td>64.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>35,999</td><td></td><td>65.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>53,684</td><td></td><td>49.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>70,983</td><td></td><td>32.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>104,193</td><td></td><td>46.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>101,268</td><td></td><td>−2.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>115,911</td><td></td><td>14.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>132,445</td><td></td><td>14.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>125,850</td><td></td><td>−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>109,727</td><td></td><td>−12.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>105,511</td><td></td><td>−3.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>107,789</td><td></td><td>2.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>101,168</td><td></td><td>−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>103,453</td><td></td><td>2.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 2010-2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>South Bend city, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>68,202 </td> <td>56,474 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">51,891 </td> <td>63.27% </td> <td>55.82% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">50.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>26,259 </td> <td>26,496 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">26,102 </td> <td>24.36% </td> <td>26.19% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">25.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>338 </td> <td>310 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">300 </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,271 </td> <td>1,295 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,549 </td> <td>1.18% </td> <td>1.28% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>49 </td> <td>55 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">57 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some Other Race alone (NH) </td> <td>188 </td> <td>233 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">651 </td> <td>0.17% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>2,372 </td> <td>3,189 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5,654 </td> <td>2.20% </td> <td>3.15% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>9,110 </td> <td>13,116 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">17,249 </td> <td>8.45% </td> <td>12.96% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">16.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>107,789</b> </td> <td><b>101,168</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>103,453</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend,_IN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_South_Bend%2C_IN.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in South Bend, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(115, 178, 255);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> White</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(159, 212, 0);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Black</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Asian</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(255, 170, 0);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Hispanic</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(140, 81, 181);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Multiracial</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid white;background-color:white; color:black;color:rgb(153, 102, 51);"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">⬤</span></span> Native American/Other</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a><sup id="cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 2010, there were 101,168 people, 39,760 households, and 23,526 families residing in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 2,440.1 inhabitants per square mile (942.1/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 46,324 housing units at an average density of 1,117.3 per square mile (431.4/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 60.5% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 26.6% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 6.9% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">other races</a>, and 4.2% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> residents of any race were 13.0% of the population. </p><p>There were 39,760 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.3% Of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19. </p><p>The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the following ancestries were reported: African-American - 26%, German - 14.8%, Irish - 10.4%, Polish - 8.2%, English - 5.0%, American - 3.3%, Italian - 2.6%, Hungarian - 2.4%, French - 2.0%, Dutch - 1.4%, Swedish - 1.1%, Belgian - 0.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg/170px-Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg/255px-Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg/340px-Liberty-Tower-SB_IMG_1486_7-17-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>25-story <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tower_(South_Bend)" title="Liberty Tower (South Bend)">Liberty Tower</a>, the tallest building in South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>South Bend's location on the St. Joseph River led to an industrial-based economy in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1923, industrialist and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hugo_Bendix" title="Vincent Hugo Bendix">Vincent H. Bendix</a> selected South Bend as the site of his new manufacturing plant for automotive parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett,_Anthony_1997_p._51_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett,_Anthony_1997_p._51-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between Chicago and Detroit, the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett,_Anthony_1997_p._51_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett,_Anthony_1997_p._51-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South Bend acreage served by the major railroads, including a huge shipping and receiving building where railroad cars could enter at one end, unload, and depart at the opposite end. </p><p>By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, manufacturing began to diminish.<sup id="cite_ref-industry_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industry-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> plant, which had at one time employed 45,000 persons, <a href="/wiki/Studebaker#Exit_from_auto_business" title="Studebaker">closed</a> in 1963; its engine block plant shuttered the following year. Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and divided between <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Corporation">Honeywell Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> Corporation, respectively. Honeywell Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility. In 2010, Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix</a> plant location in South Bend by the end of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012. Curtis Products of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employers">Employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1960s, education, health care, and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend's economy, though the city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time. Nearby <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> is a large contributor to the local economy. The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 6,086 people.<sup id="cite_ref-comprehensive_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comprehensive-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Health System">Memorial Health System</a> announced that it was merging with Elkhart General Hospital, located in Elkhart County, to form Beacon Health System.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beacon is the largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 7,088 people.<sup id="cite_ref-comprehensive_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comprehensive-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable businesses include <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, Bosch, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=PEI-Genesis.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEI-Genesis. (page does not exist)">PEI Genesis.</a> <a href="/wiki/AM_General" title="AM General">AM General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowe_Horwath" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowe Horwath">Crowe Horwath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tire_Rack" title="Tire Rack">Tire Rack</a> all have corporate headquarters in South Bend. </p><p>According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<sup id="cite_ref-comprehensive_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comprehensive-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city's top employers are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Beacon Health System (Memorial) </td> <td>7,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> </td> <td>6,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Community_School_Corporation" title="South Bend Community School Corporation">South Bend Community School Corporation</a> </td> <td>3,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_South_Bend" title="Indiana University South Bend">Indiana University South Bend</a> </td> <td>1,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana">St. Joseph County</a> </td> <td>1,377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>City of South Bend </td> <td>1,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Winds Casino">Four Winds Casino</a> </td> <td>1,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AM_General" title="AM General">AM General</a> </td> <td>1,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>The South Bend Clinic </td> <td>854 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Press_Ganey" title="Press Ganey">Press Ganey</a> </td> <td>850 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend. The St. Joe Valley Metronet is a 50-mile (80 km) dark fiber optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Bend Metronet, named Zing, is bringing more high-tech firms to the city and surrounding area. This telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend, which serves as a hub between Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. In 2015, the City of South Bend announced it would provide free wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city's downtown and East Bank areas.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_Technology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station Technology Center">Union Station Technology Center</a> was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana's largest data center.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high-tech data hub in the old Studebaker "Ivy Tower" assembly plant next door, creating what will be called the Renaissance District.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Innovation_Park_and_Ignition_Park">Innovation Park and Ignition Park</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Innovation Park and Ignition Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innovation Park and Ignition Park, dual-certified technology parks, have attracted technology businesses to South Bend. Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame, Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative researchers from companies and the university.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ignition Park, located just south of the downtown area, is planned to become home to 3 million square feet (280,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of high-tech space on 140 acres (570,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of land previously owned by the Studebaker Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tenant, Data Realty, moved into the location in the fall of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second building in the new park, a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery, is part of a partnership between the city, General Electric, Great Lakes Capital, Indiana Michigan Power, University of Notre Dame, and the state of Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities, with the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Corp.">Oliver Corporation</a> buildings being the most recent example of reclaimed property.<sup id="cite_ref-Reclaim_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reclaim-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing after the decline of the manufacturing industry. In 2013, 1,347 homes were vacant or abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city created the Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013, which aimed to take care of 1,000 vacant or abandoned homes in 1,000 days, either through demolition, repairs, or some other satisfactory means.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Smart Street Initiative, a 20-year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists, began in 2013 with the conversion of one-way streets to two-way streets,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to bring more businesses to the area, create shorter travel routes, and to reduce speeding. The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan, a revitalization plan for the Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners, residents, and developers to improve the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend was influenced by a large influx of <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dyngus_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyngus Day">Dyngus Day</a> is widely celebrated on the Monday after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and it is the beginning of the city elections <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaign season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fat_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Tuesday">Fat Tuesday</a> is also celebrated in South Bend, with <i><a href="/wiki/Paczki" class="mw-redirect" title="Paczki">paczkis</a></i> being a staple food product in the city for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city and surrounding county have 23 Catholic churches, 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities (the University of Notre Dame, Holy Cross College, and Saint Mary's College, all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana" title="Notre Dame, Indiana">Notre Dame</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_festivals">Music festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A local band, Interstate Traffic, performs outside the Morris Performing Arts Center in downtown South Bend as part of the "South By South Bend" music festival. Pictured are two members playing a drum set and an electric guitar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png/150px-Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png/225px-Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png/300px-Interstate_Traffic_SBSB.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Local band Interstate Traffic performing at South by South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>The city hosts several annual festivals. The South Bend International Festival began ten years ago<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists who perform in African, Latino, and American cultural styles. Proceeds from the festival are given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend, which provides medical supplies to hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WBYT FM – B100 (Country Station) hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert, with over 37,000 free tickets in early September. </p><p>The World Pulse Festival, broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network, is held annually in South Bend. It is hosted by Pulse FM, a local Christian music radio station. The event is an annual <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a> festival, attracting more than 50,000 visitors each year.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend, named after the famous South By Southwest of Austin, Texas. The festival is a celebration of the local music scene, with local bands and artists performing on the park grounds and other public venues around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame, supporting local artistic expression, and promoting local business.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend, to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to more accurately represent the purpose of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the Riverlights Music Festival debuted as successor to Sounds by South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_arts_and_entertainment"><span id="Museums.2C_arts_and_entertainment"></span>Museums, arts and entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums, arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Museum_of_Art" title="South Bend Museum of Art">South Bend Museum of Art</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Century_Center_(South_Bend)" title="Century Center (South Bend)">Century Center</a> in downtown South Bend. The museum was opened to the public in March 1996, and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the <a href="/wiki/Michiana" title="Michiana">Michiana</a> region. Currently, over 850 works are featured in the permanent collection. The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_History_Museum">The History Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The History Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society, the second-oldest historical society in Indiana, established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St. Joseph County's leading citizens. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Oliver_House" title="Joseph D. Oliver House">The Oliver Mansion</a> (also known by its original name, Copshaholm) is one of the central features of the museum. The 38-room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. The home was built by Joseph Doty Oliver, son of James Oliver, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Farm_Equipment_Company" title="Oliver Farm Equipment Company">Oliver Farm Equipment Company</a>, once the largest plow manufacturer in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CFH_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFH-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home (a 1920s Polish-American family home), the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St. Joseph River Valley, the University of Notre Dame, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Kidsfirst Children's Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-CFH_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFH-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studebaker_National_Museum">Studebaker National Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Studebaker National Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg/220px-South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg/330px-South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg/440px-South-bend-studebaker-museum-new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_National_Museum" title="Studebaker National Museum">Studebaker National Museum</a> in South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_National_Museum" title="Studebaker National Museum">Studebaker National Museum</a> holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles from the 150-year history of the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stude_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stude-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum began as a collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker, including the presidential carriages of Lincoln, McKinley, Harrison, and Grant. The company donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966. The collection was housed in various locations from <a href="/wiki/Century_Center_(South_Bend)" title="Century Center (South Bend)">Century Center</a> to its current location in downtown South Bend, adjacent to The History Museum. The two museums share one campus, and together form <a href="/wiki/The_Museums_at_Washington_and_Chapin" title="The Museums at Washington and Chapin">The Museums at Washington and Chapin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapin_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapin-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former South Bend mansion of <a href="/wiki/Clement_Studebaker" title="Clement Studebaker">Clement Studebaker</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_Place" title="Tippecanoe Place">Tippecanoe Place</a>, is now a restaurant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indiana_University_Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center">Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_South_Bend" title="Indiana University South Bend">Indiana University South Bend</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center" title="Civil Rights Heritage Center">Civil Rights Heritage Center</a> is housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Engman_Public_Natatorium" title="Engman Public Natatorium">Engman Public Natatorium</a>. What was once the city's first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty-eight years. In 2010, Indiana University South Bend re-opened the building, and now offers tours and events focusing on the histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ people in South Bend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theatrical_buildings">Theatrical buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Theatrical buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_Theater,_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center,_in_South_Bend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg/200px-Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg/300px-Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg/400px-Palace_Theater%2C_Morris_Performing_Arts_Center%2C_in_South_Bend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Morris Performing Arts Center in South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Morris_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Morris Performing Arts Center">Morris Performing Arts Center</a>, built in 1922, included the Palace Theater, a venue for <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>. The theatre's heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Knute_Rockne,_All_American" title="Knute Rockne, All American">Knute Rockne, All American</a>,</i> starring <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. A crowd estimated at 24,000 gathered outside. The theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959, when E. M. Morris purchased the facility and sold it to the city for one dollar, after which it was renamed the Morris Civic Auditorium. A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in 2000. The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale Ballroom.<sup id="cite_ref-MorrisCenter_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisCenter-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Shanghai-born former conductor, <a href="/wiki/Tsung_Yeh" title="Tsung Yeh">Tsung Yeh</a>, was the first conductor ever to hold music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-South_Bend_Symphony_Orchestra_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Bend_Symphony_Orchestra-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties, a group that performs a shadowcast of <a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater, Legends of Notre Dame, The Potawatomi Conservatories, and the historic <a href="/wiki/Birdsell" title="Birdsell">Birdsell Mansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Civic_Theater" title="South Bend Civic Theater">South Bend Civic Theater</a>, founded in 1957, was for many years located at The Firehouse, 701 Portage Avenue. It was a small intimate black box theater. In 2007, a new theater opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish Rite Building. This facility includes a 209-seat main stage auditorium and a 90-seat "black box" studio theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Civic_Theatre_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civic_Theatre-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theater produces more than a dozen plays per year, including several productions in its Family Series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Raclin_Murphy_Museum_of_Art" title="Raclin Murphy Museum of Art">Raclin Murphy Museum of Art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art museum</a> with a collection of more than 30,000 items.<sup id="cite_ref-his_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/DeBartolo_Performing_Arts_Center" title="DeBartolo Performing Arts Center">DeBartolo Performing Arts Center</a> on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> campus hosts plays, concerts, performing artists, and films open to the public. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fischoff_National_Chamber_Music_Association" title="Fischoff National Chamber Music Association">Fischoff National Chamber Music Association</a>, sponsor of the world's largest chamber music competition, was founded in South Bend in 1973. The annual <a href="/wiki/Fischoff_National_Chamber_Music_Competition" title="Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition">Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition</a> is held on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a>, the 17th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, is interred in South Bend City Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-Colfax_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colfax-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_library">Public library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend is served by the St. Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library, and branches in Francis, German, and Lasalle townships.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which any library card holder can select. The main library reopened in November 2021 after a full remodel that took two years.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable places of worship include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._James_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="Cathedral of St. James (South Bend, Indiana)">Cathedral of St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="First Presbyterian Church (South Bend, Indiana)">First Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Adalbert_Parish,_South_Bend" title="St. Adalbert Parish, South Bend">St. Adalbert Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Casimir_Parish,_South_Bend" title="St. Casimir Parish, South Bend">St. Casimir Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthew_Cathedral_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="St. Matthew Cathedral (South Bend, Indiana)">St. Matthew Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_places_of_worship">Former places of worship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Former places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpark_Synagogue" title="Ballpark Synagogue">B'nai Israel Synagogue</a>, closed in 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="First Presbyterian Church (South Bend, Indiana)">First Presbyterian Church</a>, moved to new building</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/220px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/330px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG/440px-Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium" title="Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium">"The Cove"</a> in South Bend</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Bend_Lions_FC">South Bend Lions FC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: South Bend Lions FC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL2</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Lions_FC" title="South Bend Lions FC">soccer franchise</a> named in November 2019, located in South Bend. The team plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020. In the summer of 2022 the South Bend Lions earned the title, Champions of the USL2 Valley Division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Bend_Cubs">South Bend Cubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South Bend Cubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Cubs" title="South Bend Cubs">South Bend Cubs</a>, a Class A <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> team, which plays at <a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium" title="Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium">Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium</a> in downtown South Bend. In 2014, the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a>; prior to this, it had been known as the South Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a>. In 2005, the franchise nearly moved to <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Illinois" title="Marion, Illinois">Marion, Illinois</a>, but a group of investors, led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kernan_(politician)" title="Joe Kernan (politician)">Joe Kernan</a>, bought the Silver Hawks in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawks_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawks-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings_and_stadium">Buildings and stadium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Buildings and stadium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ballpark_Synagogue" title="Ballpark Synagogue">Ballpark Synagogue</a> is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's fan store. It is the nation's only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events.<sup id="cite_ref-Eig_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eig-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium is also used for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of 347,678 tickets sold.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Bend_Roller_Girls">South Bend Roller Girls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: South Bend Roller Girls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city's non-profit flat-track roller derby league. Founded in March 2010, the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities, such as the Salvation Army's Adopt-A-Family program, the American Cancer Society's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and the St. Joe County Humane Society. The South Bend Roller Girls traveling/competitive team, The Studebreakers, is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation. The team is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association" title="Women's Flat Track Derby Association">Women's Flat Track Derby Association</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Race_Waterway">East Race Waterway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: East Race Waterway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Race_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Race Waterway">East Race Waterway</a></div> <p>South Bend is home to the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_whitewater" title="Artificial whitewater">artificial whitewater</a> center in North America, the <a href="/wiki/East_Race_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Race Waterway">East Race Waterway</a>, adjacent to Century Center. The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States, the others being <a href="/wiki/Dickerson_Whitewater_Course" title="Dickerson Whitewater Course">Dickerson Whitewater Course</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dickerson,_Maryland" title="Dickerson, Maryland">Dickerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>), <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Whitewater_Center" title="U.S. National Whitewater Center">U.S. National Whitewater Center</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Sports_Center_International" title="Adventure Sports Center International">Adventure Sports Center International</a> (in <a href="/wiki/McHenry,_Maryland" title="McHenry, Maryland">McHenry, Maryland</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riversports_Rapids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riversports Rapids (page does not exist)">Riversports Rapids</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>). The East Race Waterway is one of only <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_whitewater_courses" title="List of artificial whitewater courses">six such facilities</a> to have ever been operated in the US, the others being the four aforementioned courses and the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_Whitewater_Center" title="Ocoee Whitewater Center">Ocoee Whitewater Center</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Ducktown,_Tennessee" title="Ducktown, Tennessee">Ducktown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>). Prior to the opening of Riversports Rapids, the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> state. The waterway is closed as of 2021 because a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> is being built at the source.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Blue_Sox" title="South Bend Blue Sox">South Bend Blue Sox</a> <a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a> team was formed in the city. The team participated in all the league's seasons from 1943 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-bluesox_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluesox-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackthorn_Golf_Course&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackthorn Golf Course (page does not exist)">Blackthorn Golf Course</a> in South Bend is home to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Invitational" title="Four Winds Invitational">Four Winds Invitational</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Symetra_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Symetra Tour">Symetra Tour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish">Notre Dame Fighting Irish</a> also provides sports activity the South Bend locale, with football, basketball, and other collegiate <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame#Athletics" title="University of Notre Dame">sports</a> attracting fans to the region. Along with <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana" title="Notre Dame, Indiana">Notre Dame</a>, South Bend was the site of the VII <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Special Olympics Summer World Games</a> in 1987. Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 <a href="/wiki/AAU_Junior_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="AAU Junior Olympics">AAU Junior Olympics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Bend-East-Race.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South-Bend-East-Race.jpg/220px-South-Bend-East-Race.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South-Bend-East-Race.jpg/330px-South-Bend-East-Race.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/South-Bend-East-Race.jpg/440px-South-Bend-East-Race.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rafters enjoying the East Race in South Bend, Indiana</figcaption></figure> <p>South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks, golf courses, and recreational areas throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Rec_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rec-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable parks include Rum Village Park, which has a disc golf course, mountain bike trails, hiking trails, and a nature center,<sup id="cite_ref-Rum_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rum-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Potawatomi Park, which has the region's largest Universally Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing area.<sup id="cite_ref-Area_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Bend's first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914. The present zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R. Erskine, the president of the Studebaker Corporation, donated a single deer as the start of the zoo. The <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Zoo" title="Potawatomi Zoo">Potawatomi Zoo</a> is the second oldest zoo in Indiana. It features more than 400 animals in its 23 acres (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>). The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society. </p><p>Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Conservatories" title="Potawatomi Conservatories">Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel-Ellison Botanical Conservatories</a>. The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s, with the conservatories added in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-greenhouse_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenhouse-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs, but a campaign by the Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating.<sup id="cite_ref-erace_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erace-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/East_Race_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="East Race Waterway">East Race Waterway</a>, which is used for boating and water sports (see above).<sup id="cite_ref-erace_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erace-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While developing the 2006 City Plan, the city's 20-year comprehensive plan, citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as a form of alternative transportation was a top priority. In 2010, South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United States to be recognized as a "Bicycle-Friendly Community" by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city's "remarkable commitments to bicycling.<sup id="cite_ref-bike_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bike-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has developed a long-term plan for building a 116-mile (187 km) South Bend Bikeway network. As of late 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 66.8 miles (107.5 km) of bicycle routes have been established, including 17.4 miles (28.0 km) of multipurpose paths separated from streets, 17.0 miles (27.4 km) of striped bike lanes, and 32.4 miles (52.1 km) of on-street routes bearing other designations.<sup id="cite_ref-southbike_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southbike-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is also served by the St. Joseph County Parks Dept, which maintains eight different parks and recreation areas. The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a permanent staff and an appointed board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana">List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Mayoral elections in South Bend, Indiana">Mayoral elections in South Bend, Indiana</a>; and <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Common_Council" title="South Bend Common Council">South Bend Common Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="County City Building in downtown South Bend, Indiana. The building is 14 stories tall and houses the Office of the Mayor, as well as many other municipal and county offices." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg/170px-County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg/255px-County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg/340px-County-City_Building_South_Bend_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>County-City Building in downtown South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>South Bend government follows the <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">mayor-council</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal government</a> and, along with the St. Joseph county government, occupies the County-City Building in downtown South Bend. </p><p>The government of South Bend is led by the office of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, who is elected to a four-year term and acts as chief executive for the city government. The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/James_Mueller_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mueller (mayor)">James Mueller</a>. </p><p>The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Common_Council" title="South Bend Common Council">South Bend Common Council</a>. </p><p>The final elected member of the South Bend government is the <a href="/wiki/City_Clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="City Clerk">city clerk</a>, who is responsible for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City Council.<sup id="cite_ref-cityclerk_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityclerk-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current clerk is Dawn M. Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael A. Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit, which consists of St. Joseph County. He was first elected in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_national_representation">State and national representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: State and national representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Bauer" title="Maureen Bauer">Maureen Bauer</a>, Jake Teshka, and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dvorak" title="Ryan Dvorak">Ryan Dvorak</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">Indiana State Senate</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_L._Niezgodski" title="David L. Niezgodski">David L. Niezgodski</a>. All members of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana General Assembly</a> representing South Bend are <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, except Jake Teshka, who is a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. </p><p>South Bend is part of <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 2nd congressional district">Indiana's 2nd Congressional District</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend. Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-mayorlist_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayorlist-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, all but one City Council member is a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On March 26, 2012, South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance, outlawing discrimination in employment, housing, or other areas against citizens based on "race, religion, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, sexual orientation or gender identity, or familial status."<sup id="cite_ref-humanrightsordinance2012_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanrightsordinance2012-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on sexual orientation and gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protections are enforced by the city's Human Rights Commission, which oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Courthouse in downtown South Bend. The County-city building is visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg/220px-South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg/330px-South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg/440px-South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>Courthouse in South Bend</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 16, 2015, then-Mayor <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> announced in a <i><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune" title="South Bend Tribune">South Bend Tribune</a></i> editorial that he is gay, becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/220px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/330px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg/440px-Main_Building_at_the_University_of_Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Main Building at the University of Notre Dame</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Education in South Bend, Indiana">Education in South Bend, Indiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges">Colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_South_Bend" title="Indiana University South Bend">Indiana University South Bend</a> is the third-largest campus in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> system. Its total enrollment during the 2019–20 school year was 5,092 students.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue Polytechnic Institute">Purdue Polytechnic South Bend</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy Tech Community College">Ivy Tech Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trine_University" title="Trine University">Trine University</a></li></ul> <p>Colleges located near South Bend: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_(Indiana)" title="Saint Mary's College (Indiana)">Saint Mary's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_College_(Indiana)" title="Holy Cross College (Indiana)">Holy Cross College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_University_(Indiana)" title="Bethel University (Indiana)">Bethel University</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K–12_schools"><span id="K.E2.80.9312_schools"></span>K–12 schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: K–12 schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public schools in South Bend are operated by the <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Community_School_Corporation" title="South Bend Community School Corporation">South Bend Community School Corporation</a>. The corporation runs 17 primary centers (grades K–5), seven intermediate centers (mostly grades 6–8), four high schools (grades 9–12) and an alternative school (grade 9–12), serving 16,725 students during the 2019–20 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018–19, the school district received an accountability grade overall of C.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purdue Polytechnic High Schools also maintains a campus in South Bend on Lafayette Ave.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also several private schools: namely, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_School_at_Greenlawn" title="Trinity School at Greenlawn">Trinity School at Greenlawn</a>, recipient of four <a href="/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program" title="National Blue Ribbon Schools Program">Blue Ribbon Awards</a> from the U.S. Department of Education,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Clark_School" title="Stanley Clark School">The Stanley Clark School</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fort_Wayne-South_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend">Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend</a> operates 11 <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial</a> grade schools and one high school in South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_School_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="St. Joseph School (South Bend, Indiana)">St. Joseph School</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> listing and two-time National Blue Ribbon Award recipient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of the former main office of the South Bend Tribune in downtown South Bend." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG/220px-South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG/330px-South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG/440px-South_Bend_Tribune_street_view_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i>South Bend Tribune</i> former main office</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper">Newspaper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Newspaper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area: the <i><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune" title="South Bend Tribune">South Bend Tribune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend's radio stations' formats include <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a>, among others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WNIT Center for Public Media in downtown South Bend. The building is made primarily of glass, and has a large screen displaying the live broadcast of WNIT's public television channel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG/220px-WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG/330px-WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG/440px-WNIT_Television_Center_for_Public_Media_street_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>WNIT Center for Public Media in downtown South Bend</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the 2016–17 rankings, the South Bend-Elkhart <a href="/wiki/Designated_market_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated market area">designated market area</a> is the 96th largest market in the United States, with 310,170 homes (0.27% of the U.S. population).<sup id="cite_ref-nielsen_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nielsen-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana area. </p><p>Television stations broadcasting in the Greater South Bend area include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cable Channel Number </th> <th>Call Sign </th> <th>Network </th></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WNDU-TV" title="WNDU-TV">WNDU-TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSBT-TV" title="WSBT-TV">WSBT-TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WCWW-LD" title="WCWW-LD">WCWW-LD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSJV" title="WSJV">WSJV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heroes_%26_Icons" title="Heroes & Icons">Heroes & Icons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WNIT_(TV)" title="WNIT (TV)">WNIT-TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WHME-TV" title="WHME-TV">WHME-TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WBND-LD" title="WBND-LD">WBND-LD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WMYS-LD" title="WMYS-LD">WMYS-LD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Transportation in South Bend, Indiana">Transportation in South Bend, Indiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend's location around the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a> has influenced the development of its streets. While city streets mainly follow a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, road development also adapted to the river's path. South Bend is connected to state and national highway systems by <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_2" title="Indiana State Road 2">State Roads 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_23" title="Indiana State Road 23">23</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_933" title="Indiana State Road 933">933</a>; <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_Indiana" title="U.S. Route 20 in Indiana">U.S. Route 20</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Indiana" title="U.S. Route 31 in Indiana">31</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Indiana" title="Interstate 80 in Indiana">Interstate 80</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_(Indiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 90 (Indiana)">90</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road" title="Indiana Toll Road">Indiana Toll Road</a>. The original routes of both the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Highway" title="Dixie Highway">Dixie Highway</a> also pass through South Bend. South Bend was also a town along the intrastate <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Road" title="Michigan Road">Michigan Road</a>. </p><p>Parts of Eddy Street, Sample Street, Chapin Avenue, Marion Street, and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the downtown area; this was formerly referred to as "the innerbelt".<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route. </p><p>For transportation around the South Bend metro area, there is the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Valley_Parkway" title="St. Joseph Valley Parkway">St. Joseph Valley Parkway</a>, designated in places as US 20, US 31, and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_331" title="Indiana State Road 331">State Road 331</a>, which bypasses South Bend to the south and west, and connects to Michigan to the north and the greater <a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a> area to the east. The Indiana Toll Road (Interstates 80 and 90) passes through northern South Bend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercity_bus_service">Intercity bus service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Intercity bus service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend is served by a single <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a> station. The busses had operated out of the airport until 2019, when they relocated to a leased portion of the South Street Station.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transit">Transit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Transpo" title="South Bend Transpo">Transpo</a> (South Bend Public Transportation Corporation). Transpo operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and <a href="/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana" title="Mishawaka, Indiana">Mishawaka</a> and provides services to the towns of Osceola and Roseland, from Monday through Saturday.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the Transpo fleet switched to <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> fuel. In 2015, Transpo added 16 new buses powered by <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a>. The Transpo facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Street Station serves as the main hub for most passengers, with multiple platforms and buses arriving frequently. Connections can be made to the <a href="/wiki/Interurban_Trolley" title="Interurban Trolley">Interurban Trolley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mishawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishawaka">Mishawaka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation">Aviation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg/220px-South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg/330px-South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg/440px-South-bend-regional-airport-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>South Bend Regional Airport in 2005; since renamed to <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_International_Airport" title="South Bend International Airport">South Bend International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>South Bend serves as the transportation hub for <a href="/wiki/Michiana" title="Michiana">Michiana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_International_Airport" title="South Bend International Airport">South Bend International Airport</a> lies off of U.S. 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest corner of South Bend. The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Florida" title="Punta Gorda, Florida">Punta Gorda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarasota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasota">Sarasota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>. In April 2014, the airport changed its name from "South Bend Regional Airport" to the current "South Bend International" after receiving International designation from <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-international_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station and General Aviation Facility.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport welcomed its first international arrival through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_Line_(NICTD)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore Line (NICTD)">South Shore Line</a>, an electric commuter railroad, runs from <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Airport_station" title="South Bend Airport station">South Bend Airport station</a> seven times a day (five on weekends) to <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Station" title="Millennium Station">Millennium Station</a> in downtown Chicago. A once-daily limited-stop express service was added in 2015 on weekdays, with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proposed_new_South_Shore_Line_station_in_South_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed new South Shore Line station in South Bend">There is a proposal</a> to reroute or extend the existing track southeast to a new terminus downtown South Bend.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, the national passenger rail system, provides service to <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_(Amtrak_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend (Amtrak station)">South Bend Station</a> via two trains a day, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a></i> between Chicago and New York City or <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Limited (Amtrak)">Capitol Limited</a></i> between Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> A bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago's O'Hare and Midway airports, with several northwest Indiana stops.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Bend had electric <a href="/wiki/Streetcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcars">streetcars</a> from 1885 until the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, a group proposed the concept of building a new streetcar system, running from Notre Dame University, through South Bend, to Mishawaka.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-power_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/NiSource" title="NiSource">NiSource</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gas_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gas-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG/220px-North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG/330px-North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG/440px-North_Pumping_Station_Full_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Pumping_Station" title="North Pumping Station">North Pumping Station</a>, just outside downtown South Bend, was built in 1912, and is in the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The South Bend Water Works deliver water to residents of South Bend. The water is collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 miles (877 km) of water main to be distributed to South Bend residents.<sup id="cite_ref-water_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, in order to increase the efficiency of its sewer system, South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system management to the cloud. When a section of the system is under heavy use, this system can divert flow to other, less busy, sections. This more efficient system has helped to save the city an estimated $100 million in new sewage pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Police_Department" title="South Bend Police Department">South Bend Police Department</a></div> <p>The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history, starting in 1831 when the first constables were appointed. Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history, until the department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott Ruszkowski has served as chief since 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_initiatives">Environmental initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Environmental initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, South Bend engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem. Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in South Bend that has suffered from contamination. The Bowman Creek initiative included partners from local high schools, colleges, and business leaders focused on improvements to both the creek and the neighborhoods. The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system, similar to South Bend's combined sewer overflow system.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="List of people from South Bend, Indiana">List of people from South Bend, Indiana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Bend has four <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-sister_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sister-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> (Poland)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arzberg,_Bavaria" title="Arzberg, Bavaria">Arzberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (Germany)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato, Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (Germany)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ0KAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA79">"Indiana Magazine of History"</a>. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZ0KAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_18.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau2022" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau (December 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications">"2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Qualifying+Urban+Areas+and+Final+Criteria+Clarifications&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2F12%2F29%2F2022-28286%2F2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2395913">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: South Bend, Indiana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP43780">"Total Gross Domestic Product for South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI (MSA)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Economic_Data" title="Federal Reserve Economic Data">Federal Reserve Economic Data</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Economic+Data&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+South+Bend-Mishawaka%2C+IN-MI+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP43780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2008/january/articles/6_metro_gdp.pdf">https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2008/january/articles/6_metro_gdp.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.incontext.indiana.edu%2F2008%2Fjanuary%2Farticles%2F6_metro_gdp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503072804/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx">the original</a> on May 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517083619/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv">"Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-02.csv">the original</a> on May 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+2.+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Population+of+Combined+Statistical+Areas%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fmetro%2Ftotals%2F2012%2Ftables%2FCBSA-EST2012-02.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113170018/http://www.southbendcollector.com/feature_article.htm">"Feature Article"</a>. Southbendcollector.com. August 23, 1998. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feature+Article&rft.pub=Southbendcollector.com&rft.date=1998-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendcollector.com%2Ffeature_article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nd.edu/visit/explore-south-bend/">"Explore South Bend"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+South+Bend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2Fvisit%2Fexplore-south-bend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymuseumsb.org/early-st-joseph-county-history/">"Early St. Joseph County History"</a>. 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Retrieved August 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/sb150/south-bend-lights-up-for-th-birthday-bash/article_6e12c2be-012f-11e5-8854-87b7e50b8ace.html">"South Bend lights up for 150th birthday bash"</a>. <i>South Bend Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Bend+Tribune&rft.atitle=South+Bend+lights+up+for+150th+birthday+bash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendtribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Finthebend%2Fsb150%2Fsouth-bend-lights-up-for-th-birthday-bash%2Farticle_6e12c2be-012f-11e5-8854-87b7e50b8ace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawks-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawks_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawks_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, South Bend see population growth "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimesherald.com/news/indianapolis-fort-wayne-south-bend-see-population-growth/article_68a5b187-37d7-5159-b960-1771717d16a3.html">Population Growth</a>." Retrieved June 5, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311230332/http://www.ignitionpark.com/aboutignitionpark.asp">"Ignition Park an Indiana State-Certified Technology Park"</a>. Ignition Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignitionpark.com/aboutignitionpark.asp">the original</a> on March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on January 27, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate2_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Climate"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130110174741/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/u/US72535001281871.html">South Bend, IN, Indiana, USA: Climate and Daylight Chart</a>." Retrieved on January 27, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate4-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate4_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ClimateZone.com.'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-zone.com/climate/united-states/indiana/south-bend/">South Bend</a>". Retrieved on January 27, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=iwx">"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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South Bend Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ignitionpark.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ignition+Park+an+Indiana+State-Certified+Technology+Park&rft.pub=Ignitionpark.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignitionpark.com%2Faboutignitionpark.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignitionpark.com">"Ignition Park High-Tech Technology Park in South Bend, IN"</a>. Ignitionpark.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ignition+Park+High-Tech+Technology+Park+in+South+Bend%2C+IN&rft.pub=Ignitionpark.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignitionpark.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Kevin (October 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/keynews/localeconomy/data-realty-roaring-ahead/article_cd11435a-3e29-11e3-89ac-001a4bcf6878.html">"Data Realty roaring ahead – South Bend Tribune: Local Economy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Realty+roaring+ahead+%E2%80%93+South+Bend+Tribune%3A+Local+Economy&rft.pub=South+Bend+Tribune&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendtribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fkeynews%2Flocaleconomy%2Fdata-realty-roaring-ahead%2Farticle_cd11435a-3e29-11e3-89ac-001a4bcf6878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2014" class="citation web cs1">Hickey, Megan (October 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205105314/http://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/Groundbreaking-at-Ignition-Park-279257092.html">"Ignition Park breaks ground in South Bend"</a>. Wndu.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/Groundbreaking-at-Ignition-Park-279257092.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ignition+Park+breaks+ground+in+South+Bend&rft.pub=Wndu.com&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wndu.com%2Fhome%2Fheadlines%2FGroundbreaking-at-Ignition-Park-279257092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reclaim-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reclaim_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City of South Bend website."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendin.gov/revize/cityofsouthbend-preview/business/economic_development/oliver_industrial_park.asp">South Bend Economic Development: Oliver Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033747/http://www.southbendin.gov/revize/cityofsouthbend-preview/business/economic_development/oliver_industrial_park.asp">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Retrieved on August 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113170215/https://data.southbendin.gov/Code-Enforcement/South-Bend-Vacant-and-Abandoned-Properties/d2un-9vvp">"South Bend Vacant and Abandoned Properties – City of South Bend"</a>. January 13, 2016. 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August 21, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.south-bend.in.us/government/content/west-side-corridors">the original</a> on August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Side+Corridors+%E2%80%93+City+of+South+Bend&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.south-bend.in.us%2Fgovernment%2Fcontent%2Fwest-side-corridors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swastek, Joseph.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115145851/http://polishroots.org/paha/southbend_immigrants.htm">"PolishRoots"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polishroots.org/paha/southbend_immigrants.htm">the original</a> on January 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PolishRoots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolishroots.org%2Fpaha%2Fsouthbend_immigrants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span> . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dyngusdaybuffalo.com/whatisdyngusday.html">What You Need To Know About Dyngus Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429092714/http://www.dyngusdaybuffalo.com/whatisdyngusday.html">Archived</a> 2011-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dyngusdaybuffalo.com/">dyngusdaybuffalo.com</a>.</i> Retrieved on January 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/5939196.html">"South Bend Prepares for Mardi Gras"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202150603/http://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/5939196.html">Archived</a> December 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WNDU, Retrieved on January 2, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesefwsb.org/MAP/">Area Schools and Parishes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830221416/http://www.diocesefwsb.org/MAP/">Archived</a> August 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Diocese of Fort Wayne – South Bend .". Retrieved on January 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/eventnews/festival-expands-to-international/article_5de68aa4-1e1a-11e4-a0ef-001a4bcf6878.html">"Festival expands to International"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbrma.org/">www.sbrma.org</a>". Retrieved on January 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFH-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFH_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFH_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centerforhistory.org/">"The History Museum"</a>. <i>The History Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on January 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapin-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapin_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforhistory.org/CFH_SNM_museums.html">Northern Indiana Center for History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107222109/http://www.centerforhistory.org/CFH_SNM_museums.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved on January 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorrisCenter-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MorrisCenter_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Performing Arts Center. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morriscenter.org/history.html">About</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009164057/http://www.morriscenter.org/history.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved on January 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Bend_Symphony_Orchestra-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_Bend_Symphony_Orchestra_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203202542/http://www.southbendsymphony.com/maestro.php">"South Bend Symphony Orchestra Maestro"</a>. 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Retrieved on August 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630012848/http://m.wsbt.com/news/Four-Winds-Invitational-under-way-in-South-Bend/33669182">"Four Winds Invitational under way in South Bend"</a>. <i>m.wsbt.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/WSBT-TV" title="WSBT-TV">WSBT-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliate</a>). June 19, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.wsbt.com/news/Four-Winds-Invitational-under-way-in-South-Bend/33669182">the original</a> on June 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbpark.org/parks/parks.htm">the original</a> on September 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Bend+Parks+and+Recreation+Website&rft.atitle=List+of+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbpark.org%2Fparks%2Fparks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rum-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rum_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbpark.org/parks/rum-village-park/">"Rum Village Park"</a>. <i>South Bend Parks and Recreation Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbpark.org/conservatory/conservatory.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+South+Bend+Venues+Parks+%26+Arts&rft.atitle=South+Bend+Conservatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbpark.org%2Fconservatory%2Fconservatory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erace-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erace_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erace_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214003742/http://sbpark.org/parks/erace.htm">"East Race Waterway"</a>. <i>South Bend Parks and Recreation Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbpark.org/parks/erace.htm">the original</a> on February 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on June 23, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southbike-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southbike_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.south-bend.in.us/residents/content/bike-south-bend">Bike South Bend</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623231500/http://ci.south-bend.in.us/residents/content/bike-south-bend">Archived</a> June 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." 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Retrieved on October 23, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southbendin.gov/official/city-clerk/">"City Clerk Dawn M. Jones, MPA"</a>. <i>southbendin.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Human Rights Campaign<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.south-bend.in.us/government/division/human-rights-commission">the original</a> on July 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Bend+Mayor%3A+Why+coming+out+matters&rft.pub=South+Bend+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendtribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsouth-bend-mayor-why-coming-out-matters%2Farticle_4dce0d12-1415-11e5-83c0-739eebd623ee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/pete-buttigieg-s-announcement-creates-a-buzz/article_57a803f7-3aeb-50d2-9904-b69039a07ade.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pete Buttigieg's announcement creates a buzz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved on 2020-16-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethel University"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.betheluniversity.edu">[2]</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.doe.in.gov/dashboard/overview.aspx?type=corp&id=7205">"IDOE: Compass"</a>. <i>in.gov.doe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSBT&rft.atitle=Task+force+proposes+RiverRail+streetcar+line+connecting+Notre+Dame%2C+South+Bend%2C+Mishawaka&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.aulast=Torie&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwsbt.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftask-force-proposes-riverrail-streetcar-line-connecting-notre-dame-south-bend-mishawaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-power_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indiana Michigan Power. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429182546/http://www.indianamichiganpower.com/About/">"About"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianamichiganpower.com/About/">the original</a> on April 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianamichiganpower.com%2FAbout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span> . Retrieved on January 16, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gas-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gas_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIPSCO. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nipsco.com/aboutnipsco/index.asp">About NIPSCO</a>". Retrieved on January 16, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105001919/http://www.nipsco.com/aboutnipsco/index.asp">Archived</a> January 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/96001538_text">"National Register of Historic Places Form 96001538"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Form+96001538&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F96001538_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-water-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-water_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City of South Bend."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendin.gov/city/departments/water_works/faq.asp">Water Works FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174538/http://www.southbendin.gov/city/departments/water_works/faq.asp">Archived</a> May 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved on January 16, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3014805/how-south-bend-indiana-saved-100-million-by-tracking-its-sewers">"How South Bend, Indiana Saved $100 Million By Tracking Its Sewers"</a>. <i>Fastcompany.com</i>. August 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fastcompany.com&rft.atitle=How+South+Bend%2C+Indiana+Saved+%24100+Million+By+Tracking+Its+Sewers&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3014805%2Fhow-south-bend-indiana-saved-100-million-by-tracking-its-sewers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://police.southbendin.gov/about-sbpd/mission-and-history">"South Bend Police Department History"</a>. South Bend Police Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Bend+Police+Department+History&rft.pub=South+Bend+Police+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolice.southbendin.gov%2Fabout-sbpd%2Fmission-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendpolice.com/index.php/inside-sbpd/about-us/leadership">"South Bend Police Department Leadership"</a>. South Bend Police Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Bend+Police+Department+Leadership&rft.pub=South+Bend+Police+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendpolice.com%2Findex.php%2Finside-sbpd%2Fabout-us%2Fleadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/09/16/smart-cities-160-million-white-house-program/">"Smart cities think big with $160 million White House program"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Smart+cities+think+big+with+%24160+million+White+House+program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2015%2F09%2F16%2Fsmart-cities-160-million-white-house-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sister-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sister_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City of South Bend" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendin.gov/city/departments/comm_sp_proj/sister_cities.asp">Sister Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202054257/http://www.southbendin.gov/city/departments/comm_sp_proj/sister_cities.asp">Archived</a> December 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved on January 27, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Kevin (August 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725024841/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/southbendtribune/access/2436409191.html?FMT=ABS">"South Bend has New Sister City"</a>. <i>South Bend Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/southbendtribune/access/2436409191.html?FMT=ABS">the original</a> on July 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Bend+Tribune&rft.atitle=South+Bend+has+New+Sister+City&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fsouthbendtribune%2Faccess%2F2436409191.html%3FFMT%3DABS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Bend%2C+Indiana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bodnar, John. "Power and memory in oral history: Workers and managers at Studebaker." <i>Journal of American History</i> 75.4 (1989): 1201–1221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1908636">online</a></li> <li>Breza, Kathleen. "The Polish-American Community in South Bend." (ERIC, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED117027.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Esslinger, Dean R. <i>Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community</i> (Kennikat Press, 1975); focus on demography and social mobility of Germans, Poles, and other Catholics in South Bend</li> <li>Fotia, Elizabeth R., and Karen Rasmussen. "The Italian-Americans of the South Bend-Mishawaka Area." (ERIC, 1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED117025.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>"Language and identity of Latinos in South Bend," (Institute for Latino Studies, University of Notre Dame) 3#4 (fall 2009) pp 1–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latinostudies.nd.edu/assets/95246/original/">online</a></li> <li>Mattox, Jake. <i>The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study Sermon: The Quest of Restless Souls</i> (1922) reprint Wolfson Press, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5378/indimagahist.106.4.0401">online review</a></li> <li>Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Parish History as Theological Resource: A Case Study of Little Flower Parish, South Bend, Indiana." <i>Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia</i> 105.3/4 (1994): 77–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209812">online</a></li> <li>Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Lay Participation in Parish Life: Little Flower Parish, South Bend, Indiana." <i>US Catholic Historian</i> 9.4 (1990): 419–432. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25153927">online</a></li> <li>Osterhus, Grace. "City Directories Tell the Story of South Bend." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1939): 261–281. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/download/7156/8026/">online</a></li> <li>Palmer, John. <i>South Bend: Crossroads of Commerce</i> (Arcadia Publishing, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnClr-kcPkQC&dq=history+%22+south+Bend%22&pg=PA6">online</a>.</li> <li>Prizant, Yael. "Reimagining the Rust Belt: South Bend, Indiana, and The Citizen Project." <i>Studies in the Literary Imagination</i> 50.1 (2017): 21–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/718435/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Robinson, Gabrielle. <i>German Settlers of South Bend</i> (Arcadia Publishing, 2003).</li> <li>Rotman, Deborah L. "The fighting Irish: historical archaeology of nineteenth-century Catholic immigrant experiences in South Bend, Indiana." <i>Historical Archaeology</i> 44 (2010): 113–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Deborah-Rotman/publication/261777115_The_Fighting_Irish_Historical_Archaeology_of_Nineteenth-Century_Catholic_Immigrant_Experiences_in_South_Bend_Indiana/links/568bbcf908ae051f9afc5dff/The-Fighting-Irish-Historical-Archaeology-of-Nineteenth-Century-Catholic-Immigrant-Experiences-in-South-Bend-Indiana.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Rotman, Deborah L. "Irish-Catholic immigrant life in South Bend, Indiana: refined earthenwares and the 19th-century social worlds of the Midwest." <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i> 37.1 (2012): 25–44.</li> <li>Swastek, Joseph. "The Poles in South Bend to 1914." <i>Polish American Studies</i> 2.3/4 (1945): 79–88.</li> <li>White, Joseph M. <i>Worthy of the Gospel of Christ: A History of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend: Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Diocese and Catholic Life in Northern Indiana</i> (Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2007).</li> <li>Wineland, Ben. "Then and Now: The Origins and Development of the Gay Community in South Bend." <i>IUSB Undergraduate Research Journal of History</i> 6 (2016): 71–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iusburjh/article/view/22860/28711">online</a></li> <li>Young, Jan. <i>Studebaker and the Railroads</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XY1YAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bend,_Indiana&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>South Bend, Indiana</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/South_Bend" class="extiw" title="wikt:South Bend">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Bend,_Indiana" class="extiw" title="c:Category:South Bend, Indiana">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_Bend" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Bend">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Bend" class="extiw" title="voy:South Bend">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486877" class="extiw" title="d:Q486877">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendin.gov/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486877#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownsouthbend.com/">Downtown South Bend</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213164252/http://sthbend.com/">South Bend, Indiana and St. Joseph County</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjchamber.org/">St. Joseph County Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitsouthbend.com/">Visit South Bend Mishawaka</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/127646">South Bend, Indiana</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=South_Bend,_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Template:South Bend, Indiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Template talk:South Bend, Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Bend, Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=South_Bend,_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Bend%2C_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="South Bend Community School Corporation">South Bend Community School Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_High_School_(Indiana)" title="John Adams High School (Indiana)">John Adams HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_High_School_(Indiana)" title="Clay High School (Indiana)">Clay HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley_High_School" title="James Whitcomb Riley High School">James Whitcomb Riley HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_High_School_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="Washington High School (South Bend, Indiana)">Washington HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_High_School_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="St. Joseph High School (South Bend, Indiana)">St. Joseph HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_School_at_Greenlawn" title="Trinity School at Greenlawn">Trinity School at Greenlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Clark_School" title="Stanley Clark School">Stanley Clark School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_South_Bend" title="Indiana University South Bend">Indiana University South Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpark_Synagogue" title="Ballpark Synagogue">Ballpark Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Heritage_Center" title="Civil Rights Heritage Center">Civil Rights Heritage Center</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Engman_Public_Natatorium" title="Engman Public Natatorium">Engman Public Natatorium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="First Presbyterian Church (South Bend, Indiana)">First Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium" title="Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium">Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_Park" title="Ignition Park">Ignition Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Morris Performing Arts Center">Morris Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museums_at_Washington_and_Chapin" title="The Museums at Washington and Chapin">The Museums at Washington and Chapin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_National_Museum" title="Studebaker National Museum">Studebaker National Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pumping_Station" title="North Pumping Station">North Pumping Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Oliver_House" title="Joseph D. Oliver House">Joseph D. Oliver House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Civic_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bend Civic Theatre">South Bend Civic Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_Place" title="Tippecanoe Place">Tippecanoe Place</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_International_Airport" title="South Bend International Airport">South Bend International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_station" title="South Bend station">South Bend station</a> (Amtrak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Airport_station" title="South Bend Airport station">South Bend Airport station</a> (NICTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Transpo" title="South Bend Transpo">South Bend Transpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Street_Station_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Street Station (South Bend, Indiana)">South Street Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(South_Bend,_Indiana)" title="Union Station (South Bend, Indiana)">Union Station</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_South_Shore_Line_station_in_South_Bend" title="Proposed South Shore Line station in South Bend">Proposed new South Shore Line station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune" title="South Bend Tribune">South Bend Tribune</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Flag of South Bend, Indiana">Flag of South Bend, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend_Cubs" title="South Bend Cubs">South Bend Cubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="List of people from South Bend, Indiana">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana">Mayors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_South_Bend,_Indiana" title="Mayoral elections in South Bend, Indiana">Elections</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Template:St. Joseph County, Indiana"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Template talk:St. Joseph County, Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St. Joseph County, Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana"><span class="region">St. Joseph County, Indiana</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>South Bend</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana" title="Mishawaka, Indiana">Mishawaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Indiana highlighting St. Joseph County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg/74px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg/98px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Saint_Joseph_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1106" /></span><figcaption>Map of Indiana highlighting St. Joseph County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_town" title="Incorporated town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_Indiana" title="Indian Village, Indiana">Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Indiana" title="Lakeville, Indiana">Lakeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Carlisle,_Indiana" title="New Carlisle, Indiana">New Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Liberty,_Indiana" title="North Liberty, Indiana">North Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola,_Indiana" title="Osceola, Indiana">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseland,_Indiana" title="Roseland, Indiana">Roseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkerton,_Indiana" title="Walkerton, Indiana">Walkerton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Centre Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Clay Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="German Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Greene Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Harris Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Liberty Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Lincoln Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Madison Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Olive Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Penn Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Portage Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Union Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Township,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Warren Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardmore,_Indiana" title="Ardmore, Indiana">Ardmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain-O-Lakes,_Indiana" title="Chain-O-Lakes, Indiana">Chain-O-Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmer_Park,_Indiana" title="Gilmer Park, Indiana">Gilmer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granger,_Indiana" title="Granger, Indiana">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame,_Indiana" title="Notre Dame, Indiana">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt,_Indiana" title="Wyatt, Indiana">Wyatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colburn,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Colburn, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumstown,_Indiana" title="Crumstown, Indiana">Crumstown</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwold_Heights,_Indiana" title="Dreamwold Heights, Indiana">Dreamwold Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Georgetown, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulivoire_Park,_Indiana" title="Gulivoire Park, Indiana">Gulivoire Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Hamilton, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydick,_Indiana" title="Lydick, Indiana">Lydick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Lane,_Indiana" title="Maple Lane, Indiana">Maple Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutwood,_Indiana" title="Nutwood, Indiana">Nutwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive,_Indiana" title="Olive, Indiana">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Plainfield, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Pleasant Valley, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Pleasant Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Line,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="State Line, St. Joseph County, Indiana">State Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarack_Grange,_Indiana" title="Tamarack Grange, Indiana">Tamarack Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Coupee,_Indiana" title="Terre Coupee, Indiana">Terre Coupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="Westfield, St. Joseph County, Indiana">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland,_Indiana" title="Woodland, Indiana">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeigler,_Indiana" title="Zeigler, Indiana">Zeigler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Indiana (state)"><span>Indiana portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana_county_seats" title="Template:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana_county_seats" title="Template talk:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion,_Indiana" title="Albion, Indiana">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana" title="Anderson, Indiana">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Indiana" title="Angola, Indiana">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Indiana" title="Auburn, Indiana">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Indiana" title="Bedford, Indiana">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Indiana" title="Bloomfield, Indiana">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton,_Indiana" title="Bluffton, Indiana">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonville,_Indiana" title="Boonville, Indiana">Boonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil,_Indiana" title="Brazil, Indiana">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookville,_Indiana" title="Brookville, Indiana">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownstown,_Indiana" title="Brownstown, Indiana">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_City,_Indiana" title="Columbia City, Indiana">Columbia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana" title="Columbus, Indiana">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connersville,_Indiana" title="Connersville, Indiana">Connersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington,_Indiana" title="Covington, Indiana">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana" title="Crawfordsville, Indiana">Crawfordsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_Indiana" title="Crown Point, Indiana">Crown Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Indiana" title="Danville, Indiana">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Indiana" title="Decatur, Indiana">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi,_Indiana" title="Delphi, Indiana">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English,_Indiana" title="English, Indiana">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowler,_Indiana" title="Fowler, Indiana">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Indiana" title="Frankfort, Indiana">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Indiana" title="Franklin, Indiana">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen,_Indiana" title="Goshen, Indiana">Goshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Indiana" title="Greencastle, Indiana">Greencastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Indiana" title="Greenfield, Indiana">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Indiana" title="Greensburg, Indiana">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford_City,_Indiana" title="Hartford City, Indiana">Hartford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Indiana" title="Huntington, Indiana">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Indiana" title="Jasper, Indiana">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentland,_Indiana" title="Kentland, Indiana">Kentland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox,_Indiana" title="Knox, Indiana">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Indiana" title="La Porte, Indiana">La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaGrange,_Indiana" title="LaGrange, Indiana">LaGrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Indiana" title="Lawrenceburg, Indiana">Lawrenceburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Indiana" title="Lebanon, Indiana">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Indiana" title="Liberty, Indiana">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logansport,_Indiana" title="Logansport, Indiana">Logansport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Indiana" title="Madison, Indiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Indiana" title="Marion, Indiana">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Indiana" title="Martinsville, Indiana">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Indiana" title="Monticello, Indiana">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Indiana" title="Mount Vernon, Indiana">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Indiana" title="Nashville, Indiana">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Indiana" title="New Castle, Indiana">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Indiana" title="Newport, Indiana">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesville,_Indiana" title="Noblesville, Indiana">Noblesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paoli,_Indiana" title="Paoli, Indiana">Paoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru,_Indiana" title="Peru, Indiana">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Indiana" title="Petersburg, Indiana">Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Indiana" title="Plymouth, Indiana">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Indiana" title="Portland, Indiana">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_Indiana" title="Princeton, Indiana">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer,_Indiana" title="Rensselaer, Indiana">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun,_Indiana" title="Rising Sun, Indiana">Rising Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Indiana" title="Rochester, Indiana">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockport,_Indiana" title="Rockport, Indiana">Rockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Indiana" title="Rockville, Indiana">Rockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushville,_Indiana" title="Rushville, Indiana">Rushville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Indiana" title="Salem, Indiana">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsburg,_Indiana" title="Scottsburg, Indiana">Scottsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Indiana" title="Shelbyville, Indiana">Shelbyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoals,_Indiana" title="Shoals, Indiana">Shoals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Indiana" title="Spencer, Indiana">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan,_Indiana" title="Sullivan, Indiana">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_City,_Indiana" title="Tell City, Indiana">Tell City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton,_Indiana" title="Tipton, Indiana">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valparaiso,_Indiana" title="Valparaiso, Indiana">Valparaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Indiana" title="Vernon, Indiana">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Indiana" title="Versailles, Indiana">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevay,_Indiana" title="Vevay, Indiana">Vevay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash,_Indiana" title="Wabash, Indiana">Wabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Indiana" title="Warsaw, Indiana">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Indiana" title="Washington, Indiana">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Indiana" title="Williamsport, Indiana">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winamac,_Indiana" title="Winamac, Indiana">Winamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana" title="Template:Indiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana" title="Template talk:Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indiana" title="Outline of Indiana">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indiana-related_articles" title="Index of Indiana-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indiana" title="Outline of Indiana">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Indiana" title="List of census-designated places in Indiana">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_nicknames_in_Indiana" title="List of city nicknames in Indiana">City nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Indiana">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indiana" title="Climate change in Indiana">climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fauna_of_Indiana" title="Category:Lists of fauna of Indiana">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indiana" title="Geography of Indiana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Indiana" title="List of people from Indiana">Hoosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indiana" title="Music of Indiana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_Indiana" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in Indiana">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">NRHP listings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Indiana" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology_in_Indiana" title="Paleontology in Indiana">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Indiana" title="List of protected areas of Indiana">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Indiana" title="Scouting in Indiana">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Indiana" title="Sports in Indiana">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_state_historical_markers" title="List of Indiana state historical markers">State historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Register_of_Historic_Sites_and_Structures" title="Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures">State historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_state_symbols" title="List of Indiana state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indiana" title="List of tallest buildings in Indiana">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indiana" title="Time in Indiana">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Indiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Indiana">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana#Transportation" title="Indiana">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indiana" title="Government of Indiana">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Code" title="Indiana Code">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_congressional_districts" title="Indiana's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Indiana">delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Indiana" title="Taxation in Indiana">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indiana" title="Abortion in Indiana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_culture" title="Category:Indiana culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indiana" title="Crime in Indiana">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Indiana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indiana" title="Economy of Indiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indiana" title="Education in Indiana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Indiana" title="Gun laws in Indiana">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Indiana" title="Gambling in Indiana">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Indiana">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indiana">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indiana" title="Politics of Indiana">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Indiana">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana" title="Anderson, Indiana">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana" title="Carmel, Indiana">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana" title="Columbus, Indiana">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_Indiana" title="Crown Point, Indiana">Crown Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers,_Indiana" title="Fishers, Indiana">Fishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen,_Indiana" title="Goshen, Indiana">Goshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Indiana" title="Greenwood, Indiana">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana" title="Hammond, Indiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonville,_Indiana" title="Jeffersonville, Indiana">Jeffersonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Indiana" title="Lawrence, Indiana">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_City,_Indiana" title="Michigan City, Indiana">Michigan City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana" title="Mishawaka, Indiana">Mishawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesville,_Indiana" title="Noblesville, Indiana">Noblesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage,_Indiana" title="Portage, Indiana">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valparaiso,_Indiana" title="Valparaiso, Indiana">Valparaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Indiana" title="Westfield, Indiana">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Indiana">Largest towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avon,_Indiana" title="Avon, Indiana">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsburg,_Indiana" title="Brownsburg, Indiana">Brownsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Indiana" title="Clarksville, Indiana">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland,_Lake_County,_Indiana" title="Highland, Lake County, Indiana">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana" title="Merrillville, Indiana">Merrillville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Indiana" title="Munster, Indiana">Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_Indiana" title="Plainfield, Indiana">Plainfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John,_Indiana" title="St. John, Indiana">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schererville,_Indiana" title="Schererville, Indiana">Schererville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionsville,_Indiana" title="Zionsville, Indiana">Zionsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Indiana" title="List of counties in Indiana">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Indiana" title="Adams County, Indiana">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_County,_Indiana" title="Allen County, Indiana">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_County,_Indiana" title="Bartholomew County, Indiana">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Indiana" title="Benton County, Indiana">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackford_County,_Indiana" title="Blackford County, Indiana">Blackford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Indiana" title="Boone County, Indiana">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Indiana" title="Brown County, Indiana">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Indiana" title="Carroll County, Indiana">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Indiana" title="Cass County, Indiana">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Indiana" title="Clark County, Indiana">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Indiana" title="Clay County, Indiana">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Indiana" title="Clinton County, Indiana">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Indiana" title="Crawford County, Indiana">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Indiana" title="Daviess County, Indiana">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dearborn_County,_Indiana" title="Dearborn County, Indiana">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Indiana" title="Decatur County, Indiana">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Indiana" title="DeKalb County, Indiana">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Indiana" title="Delaware County, Indiana">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubois_County,_Indiana" title="Dubois County, Indiana">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart_County,_Indiana" title="Elkhart County, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Indiana" title="Fayette County, Indiana">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Indiana" title="Floyd County, Indiana">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_County,_Indiana" title="Fountain County, Indiana">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Indiana" title="Franklin County, Indiana">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Indiana" title="Fulton County, Indiana">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_County,_Indiana" title="Gibson County, Indiana">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Indiana" title="Grant County, Indiana">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Indiana" title="Greene County, Indiana">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Indiana" title="Hamilton County, Indiana">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Indiana" title="Hancock County, Indiana">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Indiana" title="Harrison County, Indiana">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendricks_County,_Indiana" title="Hendricks County, Indiana">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Indiana" title="Henry County, Indiana">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Indiana" title="Howard County, Indiana">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_County,_Indiana" title="Huntington County, Indiana">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Indiana" title="Jackson County, Indiana">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Indiana" title="Jasper County, Indiana">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_County,_Indiana" title="Jay County, Indiana">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Indiana" title="Jefferson County, Indiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_County,_Indiana" title="Jennings County, Indiana">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Indiana" title="Johnson County, Indiana">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana" title="Knox County, Indiana">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosciusko_County,_Indiana" title="Kosciusko County, Indiana">Kosciusko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaGrange_County,_Indiana" title="LaGrange County, Indiana">LaGrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Indiana" title="Lake County, Indiana">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaPorte_County,_Indiana" title="LaPorte County, Indiana">LaPorte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Indiana" title="Lawrence County, Indiana">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Indiana" title="Madison County, Indiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana" title="Marion County, Indiana">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Indiana" title="Marshall County, Indiana">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Indiana" title="Martin County, Indiana">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Indiana" title="Miami County, Indiana">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Indiana" title="Monroe County, Indiana">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Indiana" title="Montgomery County, Indiana">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Indiana" title="Morgan County, Indiana">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Indiana" title="Newton County, Indiana">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Indiana" title="Noble County, Indiana">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_County,_Indiana" title="Ohio County, Indiana">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Indiana" title="Orange County, Indiana">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_County,_Indiana" title="Owen County, Indiana">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parke_County,_Indiana" title="Parke County, Indiana">Parke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Indiana" title="Perry County, Indiana">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Indiana" title="Pike County, Indiana">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_County,_Indiana" title="Porter County, Indiana">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posey_County,_Indiana" title="Posey County, Indiana">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Indiana" title="Pulaski County, Indiana">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Indiana" title="Putnam County, Indiana">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Indiana" title="Randolph County, Indiana">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Indiana" title="Ripley County, Indiana">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_County,_Indiana" title="Rush County, Indiana">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Indiana" title="St. Joseph County, Indiana">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Indiana" title="Scott County, Indiana">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Indiana" title="Shelby County, Indiana">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_County,_Indiana" title="Spencer County, Indiana">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starke_County,_Indiana" title="Starke County, Indiana">Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_County,_Indiana" title="Steuben County, Indiana">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Indiana" title="Sullivan County, Indiana">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_County,_Indiana" title="Switzerland County, Indiana">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_County,_Indiana" title="Tippecanoe County, Indiana">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Indiana" title="Tipton County, Indiana">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Indiana" title="Union County, Indiana">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderburgh_County,_Indiana" title="Vanderburgh County, Indiana">Vanderburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermillion_County,_Indiana" title="Vermillion County, Indiana">Vermillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigo_County,_Indiana" title="Vigo County, Indiana">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_County,_Indiana" title="Wabash County, Indiana">Wabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Indiana" title="Warren County, Indiana">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrick_County,_Indiana" title="Warrick County, Indiana">Warrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Indiana" title="Washington County, Indiana">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Indiana" title="Wayne County, Indiana">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_County,_Indiana" title="Wells County, Indiana">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Indiana" title="White County, Indiana">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_County,_Indiana" title="Whitley County, Indiana">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Indiana" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Indiana">Central Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Central_Indiana" title="East Central Indiana">East Central Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Valley" title="Wabash Valley">Wabash Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indiana" title="Northern Indiana">Northern Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indiana" title="Northwest Indiana">Northwest Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michiana" title="Michiana">Michiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indiana" title="Southern Indiana">Southern Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Uplands" title="Indiana Uplands">Indiana Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentuckiana" title="Kentuckiana">Kentuckiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Indiana" title="Southwestern Indiana">Southwestern Indiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486877#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156561545">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208959/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdQtbPYRyRymVqpd8Qv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118740-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="South Bend (Ind.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070683">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6200732">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000686131&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550214605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/729541ef-ff20-452b-ba8e-dc6748a7d026">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132936240">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045864">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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