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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Writ" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationalisation_of_writs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalisation_of_writs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rationalisation of writs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalisation_of_writs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writ_of_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writ_of_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writ of election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writ_of_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prerogative_writs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prerogative_writs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prerogative writs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prerogative_writs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_writs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_writs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other writs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_writs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indian law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Writ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ" title="Writ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Writ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ" title="Writ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Writ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قرار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injonction_de_payer_en_proc%C3%A9dure_civile_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Injonction de payer en procédure civile française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Injonction de payer en procédure civile française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="रिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ" title="Writ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Writ" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="റിട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="रिट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रिट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ଲିଖିତାଦେଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିଖିତାଦେଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F" title="ਰਿਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ" title="Writ – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writ" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Судовий наказ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Судовий наказ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="رٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1t_(v%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n)" title="Trát (văn bản) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trát (văn bản)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1001059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Writ" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Writ" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Writ"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Writ"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Writ" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Writ" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&oldid=1252768161" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Writ&id=1252768161&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWrit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWrit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Writ&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1001059" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formal written order issued by an entity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Writ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Writ (disambiguation)">Writ (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Writ" title="Special:EditPage/Writ">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Writ%22">"Writ"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Writ%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Writ%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Writ%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Writ%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Writ%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writ_1702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/220px-Writ_1702.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/330px-Writ_1702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/440px-Writ_1702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>A writ of attachment.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, a <b>writ</b> (Anglo-Saxon <i>gewrit</i>, Latin <i>breve</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>; in modern usage, this body is generally a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant (legal)">Warrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">prerogative writs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> are common types of writs, but many forms exist and have existed. </p><p>In its earliest form, a writ was simply a written order made by the English monarch to a specified person to undertake a specified action; for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">feudal era</a>, a military summons by the king to one of his <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenants-in-chief</a> to appear dressed for battle with <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinue</a> at a specific place and time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early usage survives in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia in a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writ of election</a>, which is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in Canada, by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> and, in Australia, by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> for elections for the House of Representatives, or state governors for state elections) to local officials (<a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">High sheriffs</a> of every county in the United Kingdom) to hold a <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon people to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (then consisting primarily of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>) whose advice was considered valuable or who were particularly influential, and who were thereby deemed to have been created "<a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">barons by writ</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/220px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg/440px-Edward_the_Confessor_sealed_writ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>A sealed writ of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, a king of England who died in 1066 – the same year as the Norman Conquest</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometime before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">tenth century</a>, officials in England began utilizing writs to convey orders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "<a class="mw-selflink selflink">writ</a>" was simply a short written command issued by a person in authority. It was customary for the sender to <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">seal</a> such a command as proof of its authenticity. In the days when writing was a rare art, a writ was revered because the person receiving the command was unlikely to deny or question its legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a> in 1066 led to the establishment of a strong, centralized monarchy. The first <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, modified writs to become mainly framed in Latin, increased the number of writs to cover additional royal commands, and established the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Curia Regis">Curia Regis</a> </i> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Curia Regis</i>, a Latin term meaning "royal council", consisted of the King of England and his loyal advisors. The <i>Curia Regis</i> accompanied the King as he travelled. This council administered all of the King's governmental activities, including judicial matters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important members of the <i>Curia Regis</i> was the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>. The Lord Chancellor led the chancery. <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">Chancery</a> is a general term for a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> writing office that was responsible for the production of official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord Chancellor wrote writs on behalf of the King, maintained all official documents, and acted as the keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">royal seal</a>. This position, in effect, placed the Lord Chancellor as the head of the English legal system. The King, however, was the ultimate leader of the kingdom; therefore, the Lord Chancellor issued writs under the guidance of what he believed to be in the best interests of the King. Between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Lord Chancellor had a large control over the issuance of all original writs. In this history of English common law, original writs began a legal proceeding, while a judicial writ was issued during a legal proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writ was a unique development of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon monarchs">Anglo-Saxon monarchy</a> and consisted of a brief administrative order, authenticated (innovatively) by a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(contract_law)" title="Seal (contract law)">seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, they generally made a <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</a> or conveyed instructions to a local court. In the beginning, writs were the documents issued by the King's Chancellor against a landowner whose <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> complained to the King about an injustice, after a first summon by the sheriff to comply had been deemed fruitless.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> took over the system unchanged, but was to extend it in two ways: first, writs became mainly framed in Latin, not Anglo-Saxon; second, they covered an increasing range of royal commands and decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writs of instruction continued to develop under his immediate successors, but it was not until <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> that writs became available for purchase by private individuals seeking justice, thus initiating a vast expansion in their role within the common law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writs could take two main forms: '<a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>', which were open for all to read, and 'letters close' for one or more specified individuals alone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of writs as a means of commencing a court action was a form of "off-the-shelf" justice designed to enable the English law courts to rapidly process lawsuits by allocating each complaint form into a standard category that could be dealt with by standard procedures. The complainant applied to the court for the writ most relevant to his complaint to be sent to the wrongdoer, which ordered him under royal authority to attend a royal court to answer for his actions. The development was part of the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas" title="Court of Common Pleas">Court of Common Pleas</a>, for dealing with commonly made complaints by subjects of the crown, for example: "someone has damaged my property". The previous system of justice at the royal <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">court of Chancery</a> was tailor-made to suit each case and was thus highly time-consuming. Thus eventually the obtaining of a writ became necessary, in most cases, to have a case heard in one of the Royal Courts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King's Bench</a> or <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Common Pleas</a>. Some franchise courts, especially in the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="County Palatine">Counties Palatine</a>, had their own system of writs, which often reflected or anticipated the common law writs. The writ was "served" on (delivered in person to) the wrongdoer and acted as a command that he should appear at a specified time and date before the court specified in the writ, or it might command some other act on the part of the recipient. </p><p>Where a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> wished to have a case heard by a local court or by the justice of an <a href="/wiki/Eyre_(legal_term)" title="Eyre (legal term)">Eyre</a> if one happened to be visiting the county, there would be no need to obtain a writ. An informal complaint could usually start actions in local courts. However, if a plaintiff wished to avail himself of Royal — and by implication superior — justice in one of the King's courts, then he would need a writ, a command of the King, to enable him to do this. Initially, for common law, recourse to the King's courts was unusual, and something for which a plaintiff would have to pay. For most Royal Courts, the writ would usually have been purchased from the Chancery, although the court of the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Exchequer</a>, being, in essence, another government department, could issue its own writs. </p><p>While originally writs were exceptional, or at least non-routine devices, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland</a> suggests that by the time of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry II of England">King Henry II</a> (1154–1189), the use of writs had become a regular part of the system of royal justice in England. </p><p>At first, new writs were drafted to fit each unique situation. However, in practice, the clerks of the Chancery would use wording from previously issued writs, with suitable adjustments, often taken from reference books containing collections of forms of writ, much as in modern times, lawyers frequently use fixed precedents or <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_text" title="Boilerplate text">boilerplate</a>, rather than re-inventing the wording of a new legal document. The problem with this approach was that a plaintiff's rights and available forms of action at his disposal, would be defined, and in most cases limited, by the limited variety of writs available to him. Thus, the power to create new writs was akin to the power to create new rights, a form of extra-parliamentary legislation. Moreover, a writ, if one could be found fitting the plaintiff's case, provided the legal means to remove the dispute from the jurisdiction of the local court, often controlled by a lesser <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a>, and instead have it heard by the King's judges. The nobility thus saw the creation of new writs as an erosion of their influence. </p><p>Over time, opposition to the creation of new writs by the Chancery increased. For example, in 1256, a court was asked to quash a writ as "novel, unheard of, and against reason".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, in 1258, the King was forced to accept the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a>, which among other things, prohibited the creation of new forms of writ without the sanction of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Curia Regis">King's council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_Page_63_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_Page_63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New writs were created after that time only by the express sanction of Parliament and the forms of writ remained essentially static, each writ defining a particular <a href="/wiki/Form_of_action" title="Form of action">form of action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_Page_63_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_Page_63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the role and expertise of a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> to select on his client's behalf the appropriate writ for the proposed legal action. These were purchased from the court by payment of a fee. The solicitor would then hire a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> to speak for his client in court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalisation_of_writs">Rationalisation of writs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rationalisation of writs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Form_of_action" title="Form of action">Forms of Action</a> in 1832 and 1833, a profusion of writs was no longer needed, and one uniform writ came into use. After 1852, the need to state the name of the form of action was also abolished. In 1875, the form of writ was altered to conform more to the <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> used in the Chancery. A writ was a summons from the Crown to the parties to the action, with on its back the substance of the action set out, together with a 'prayer' requesting a remedy from the court (for example, damages). In 1980, the need for writs to be written in the name of the Crown was ended. From that time, a writ simply required the parties to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writs applied to claims to be heard in one of the courts, eventually forming part of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice of England and Wales">High Court of Justice</a>. The procedure in a <a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">county court</a>, which was established by statute, was to issue a 'summons'. </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Woolf_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolf Reforms">Woolf Reforms</a> unified most of the procedures of the Supreme Court and the county courts in civil matters. These reforms brought in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules" title="Civil Procedure Rules">Civil Procedure Rules</a>. Under these, almost all civil actions, other than those connected with insolvency, are now commenced by the completion of a 'Claim Form' as opposed to the obtaining of a 'Writ', 'Originating Application', or 'Summons' (see Rules 7 and 8 of the Civil Procedure Rules). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following writs, amongst others, existed in England:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Advocatione decimarum</b></i> was a writ which lay for claiming the fourth part or more of <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> which belong to the church: Reg of Writs, fol 29b.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writ was founded on section 4 of chapter 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1285" title="Statute of Westminster 1285">Statute of Westminster 1285</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was obsolete by 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Arrestandis bonis ne dissipentur</b></i> was a writ which lay for a man whose cattle or goods were taken by another, who was likely, during the controversy, to make away with them, and would hardly have been able to make satisfaction for them afterwards. Reg of Writs 126. Cowel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writ lay to seize the cattle and goods in the hands of a party, and to hold them during the pendency of a suit, to prevent their being made away with. Reg Orig 126b.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, Williams said the writ lay anciently.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also called <i><b>bonis arrestandis</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Arrestando ipsum qui pecuniam recepit</b></i> was a writ which anciently lay for the apprehension of him who had taken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prest_money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prest money (page does not exist)">prest money</a> for the king's wars, and afterwards hid himself, when he should have been ready to go. Reg Orig 24. Cowel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Arresto facto super bonis mercatorum alienigenorum</b></i> was a writ that lay for a denizen against the goods of aliens found in the kingdom, as a recompense for goods taken from him in a foreign country after a refusal to restore them. Reg Orig 129; Cowel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writ was equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Clarigatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarigatio">clarigatio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Attornato faciendo</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>de attornato faciendo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>atturnato faciendo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>attornato recipiendo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>dedimus potestatem de attornato faciendo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>Attornato faciendo vel recipiendo</b></i>, was a writ, commanding a sheriff or steward of a county court, or <a href="/wiki/Hundred_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred court">hundred court</a> to receive an attorney for the person taking out the writ, and to admit his appearance by him. Cowel.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweet said it was the writ <a href="/wiki/Dedimus_potestatem" title="Dedimus potestatem">dedimus potestatem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1760, Wynne said that the writ <i>de attornato faciendo</i> was obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Auxilium ad filium militem faciendum et filiam maritandam</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holthouse_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holthouse-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>Auxilium ad filium primogenitum militem faciendum, vel ad filiam primogenitam maritandam</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a writ directed to the sheriff of every county where the king or other lord had tenants, to levy of them reasonable <a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid#In_England" title="Feudal aid">aid</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighting</a> of his son and the marriage of his eldest daughter. Cowel. No man was entitled to have this writ before his son had attained the age of fifteen years, or his daughter the age of seven years. FNB 82 A; Reg Orig 87; Glanvil, l 9, c 8;<sup id="cite_ref-Holthouse_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holthouse-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1275" title="Statute of Westminster 1275">Statute of Westminster 1275</a> c 36.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This writ was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Tenures_Abolition_Act_1660" title="Tenures Abolition Act 1660">Tenures Abolition Act 1660</a> (<a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 24).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Ayel</b></i>, or <i><b>ayle</b></i> or <i><b>de avo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamsJG1886p278-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>aile</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><b>aiel</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a writ which lay for an heir to recover the possession of lands of which a grandfather or grandmother was <a href="/wiki/Seisin" title="Seisin">seized</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a> on the day of his or her death; and a stranger entered on that day and abated or dispossessed the heir of the inheritance. FNB 221D; 3 Bl Com 186. It was a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Possessory_ancestral_writ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possessory ancestral writ (page does not exist)">possessory ancestral writ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamsJG1886p278-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 Rosc Real Act 127. It was abolished by section 36 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Property_Limitation_Act_1833&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real Property Limitation Act 1833 (page does not exist)">Real Property Limitation Act 1833</a> (3 & 4 Will 4 c 27).<sup id="cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamsJG1886p278-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayle was one of a group of writs consisting of ayle, besayle, tresayle, and cosinage.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Chartis reddendis</b></i> was a writ which lay against him that has <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">feoffment</a> delivered him to be kept, and refuses to deliver them. Old Nat Brev, fol 66. Reg Orig, fol 159.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a writ of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detinue_of_charters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detinue of charters (page does not exist)">detinue of charters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had fallen into disuse by 1816<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was obsolete by 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writ_of_election">Writ of election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writ of election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">Writ of election</a></div> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster systems</a>, for example, Canada and some other <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary systems">parliamentary systems</a>, the phrase '<a href="/wiki/Dropping_the_writ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping the writ">dropping the writ</a>' refers colloquially to a <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a> and the beginning of an <a href="/wiki/Election_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Election campaign">election campaign</a> to form a new one. This phrase derives from the fact that to hold an election in such a system, a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writ of election</a> must be issued on behalf of the monarch ordering the <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff">High Sheriffs</a> of each county to set in motion the procedure for elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_law">United States law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writ_1702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/220px-Writ_1702.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/330px-Writ_1702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Writ_1702.jpg/440px-Writ_1702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>1702 Writ of Attachment signed by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Guest_(judge)" title="John Guest (judge)">John Guest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Return_of_1702_writ_of_attachment_signed_by_Chief_Justice_John_Guest_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Return of the Writ shown above, endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">Sheriff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, stating that he is still in possession of the attached property for want of a buyer</figcaption></figure> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">law of the United States</a> adopted the traditional English writ system, in the sense of a rigid set of forms of relief that the law <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> were authorized to grant. The <a href="/wiki/All_Writs_Act" title="All Writs Act">All Writs Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authorizes <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a> to "issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law." However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a>, adopted in 1938 to govern <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>, provide that there is only one form of action in civil cases, and explicitly abolish certain writs by name. Relief formerly available by a writ is now commonly available by a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> (civil action) or a <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">motion</a> in a pending civil action. Nonetheless, a few writs have escaped abolition and remain in current use in the U.S. federal courts: </p> <ul><li>The writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>, usually used to test the legality of a prisoner's detention, has expressly been preserved. It is explicitly mentioned in Article I, Section 9, Clause 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. In the United States federal courts, the writ is most often used to review the constitutionality of criminal convictions rendered by <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a>. The writ's application does not stop there: the Supreme Court has held the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> open to all individuals held by the federal government, including <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detainees" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Bay detainees">Guantanamo Bay detainees</a>. See <i><a href="/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush" title="Boumediene v. Bush">Boumediene v. Bush</a></i>.</li> <li>By statute, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> uses the writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> to review cases from the United States courts of appeals or the state courts.</li> <li>In extraordinary circumstances, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">United States court of appeals</a> can use the common law writ of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(writ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (writ)">prohibition</a> under the All Writs Act to control proceedings in the district courts.</li> <li>Some courts have held that in rare circumstances in a federal criminal case, a United States district court may use the common law writ of <a href="/wiki/Coram_nobis#Writ_of_error_coram_nobis" title="Coram nobis">error <i>coram nobis</i></a> under the All Writs Act to set aside a conviction when no other remedy is available.</li> <li>In modern times, the All Writs Act is most commonly used as authority for federal courts to issue <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunctions</a> to protect their jurisdiction or effectuate their judgments.</li></ul> <p>The situation in the courts of the various <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> varies from state to state but is often similar to that in the federal courts. Some states continue to use writ procedures, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">quo warranto</a></i>, that have been abolished as a procedural matter in federal courts. </p><p>In an attempt to purge Latin from the language of the law, <a href="/wiki/California_law" class="mw-redirect" title="California law">California law</a> has for many years used the term 'writ of mandate' in place of <i>writ of <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a></i> and <i>writ of review</i> in place of <i>writ of certiorari</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prerogative_writs">Prerogative writs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prerogative writs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">Prerogative writ</a></div> <p>The "prerogative" writs are a subset of the class of writs, those that are to be heard ahead of any other cases on a court's docket except other such writs. The most common of the other such prerogative writs are <i>habeas corpus</i>, <i>quo warranto</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prohibito" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibito">prohibito</a></i>, <i>mandamus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Procedendo" title="Procedendo">procedendo</a></i>, and <i>certiorari</i>. </p><p>The due process for 'petitions for' such writs is not simply civil or criminal because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority so that the official who is the respondent has the burden to prove his authority to do or not do something, failing which the court has no discretion but to decide for the petitioner, who may be any person, not just an interested party. In this, they differ from a motion in a civil process in which the burden of proof is on the movant and in which there can be a question of <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_writs">Other writs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other writs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Attachment_(law)" title="Attachment (law)"><i>writ of attachment</i></a> permits the seizure of private property.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Audita_querela" title="Audita querela"><i>writ of audita querela</i></a> inhibits the unconscionable use of a lawful judgment because of matters arising after the judgment.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Capias" class="mw-redirect" title="Capias"><i>writ of capias</i></a> directs an officer to take the person named in the writ or order into custody.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Coram_nobis" title="Coram nobis"><i>writ of coram nobis</i></a> corrects a previous error "of the most fundamental character" to "achieve justice" where "no other remedy" is available, e.g., when a judgment was rendered without full knowledge of the facts.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Elegit" title="Elegit"><i>writ of elegit</i></a> orders the seizure of a portion of a debtor's lands and all his goods (except work animals) towards satisfying a creditor until the debt is paid off.</li> <li>A <i>writ of error</i> is issued by an <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appellate court</a> and directs a lower court of record to submit its record of the case laid for appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>writ of exigent</i> (or <i>exigend</i>) commands a sheriff to summon a defendant indicted for a felony who had failed to appear in court to deliver himself upon pain of outlawry or forfeiture of his goods.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Fieri_facias" title="Fieri facias"><i>writ of fieri facias</i></a> (colloquially "fi fa") commands a sheriff to take and auction off enough property from a losing party to pay the debt (plus interest and costs) owed by a judgment debtor.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Mittimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittimus"><i>writ of mittimus</i></a> orders either (1) a court to send its record to another or (2) a jailor to receive the accused in their custody at any point during the investigative or trial process.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Ne_exeat" title="Ne exeat"><i>writ of ne exeat</i></a> restrains a defendant from fleeing the country or jurisdiction.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Praemunire" title="Praemunire"><i>writ of praemunire</i></a> instructs a sheriff to order someone to appear in court to answer for several different crimes.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Scire_facias" title="Scire facias"><i>writ of scire facias</i></a> revives a dormant judgment.</li> <li>A <i>writ of supersedeas</i> contains a command to stay the proceedings at law.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Venire_facias_de_novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Venire facias de novo"><i>writ of venire facias</i></a> summons jurors to appear in court.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_law">Indian law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Indian legal system, jurisdiction to issue '<a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">prerogative writs</a>' is given to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> and the High Courts of Judicature of all <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">Indian states</a>. Parts of the law relating to writs are outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. The Supreme Court, the highest in the country, may issue writs under Article 32 of the Constitution for enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">fundamental rights</a> and under Article 139 for enforcement of rights other than fundamental rights, while High Courts, the superior courts of the States, may issue writs under Articles 226. The Constitution broadly provides for five kinds of "prerogative" writs: <i>habeas corpus</i>, <i>certiorari</i>, <i>mandamus</i>, <i>quo warranto</i> and prohibition: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_prohibition" title="Writ of prohibition">writ of prohibition</a></i> (forbid) is issued by a higher court to a lower court, prohibiting it from taking up a case because it falls outside the jurisdiction of the lower court. Thus, the higher court transfers the case to itself.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of habeas corpus">writ of habeas corpus</a></i> (to have the body of) is issued to a detaining authority, ordering the detainer to produce the detained person in the issuing court, along with the cause of their detention. If the detention is illegal, the court issues an order to free the person.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of certiorari">writ of certiorari</a></i> (be informed) is issued to a lower court directing that the record of a case be sent up for review, together with all supporting files, evidence, and documents, usually to overrule the judgment of the lower court. It is one of the mechanisms by which the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_and_Directive_Principles_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of India">fundamental rights</a> of the citizens are upheld.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_mandamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of mandamus">writ of mandamus</a></i> (command) is issued to a subordinate court, an officer of the government, or a corporation or other institution commanding the performance of certain acts or duties. But it cannot be issued against a Public Authority for enforcing a Private Contractual Obligation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letslaw.in/2023/01/no-mandamus-seeking-enforcement-of.html?m=1">read more</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_quo_warranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of quo warranto">writ of quo warranto</a></i> (by what authority; under what warrant) is issued against a person who claims or usurps a public office. Through this writ, the court inquires 'by what authority' the person supports their claim.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/writ" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/writ">writ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writs" title="List of writs">List of writs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. H. Steinberg ed., <i>A New Dictionary of British History</i> (London 1963) p. 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Palgrave" title="Francis Palgrave">Francis Palgrave</a>, <i>Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons</i> (2 volumes, 1827 and 1834)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Wickson, <i>The Community of the Realm in 13th Century England</i> (London 1970) p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper-Bill, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaI5tE6z07gC"><i>Anglo-Norman Studies, XXVII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1994.</i></a> Boydell Press (1995). 114-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenks, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2956&context=ylj"><i>The Prerogative Writs in English Law</i>.</a> The Yale Law Journal 32.6 (1923): 523-534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (London 1966) p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holdsworth, William Searle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTJLAAAAYAAJ"><i>A History of English Law.</i></a> Vol. 1. Methuen, 1922. p 32-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corèdon, Christopher, and Ann Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxJlQgAACAAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases</i></a>. Cambridge, England: D.S. Brewer, 2004. p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holdsworth, William Searle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTJLAAAAYAAJ"><i>A History of English Law</i></a>. Vol. 1. Methuen, 1922. p 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. O. Sayles, <i>The Medieval Foundations of England</i> (London 1966) p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (London 1966) p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. O. Sayles, <i>The Medieval Foundations of England</i> (London 1966) pp. 305, 332–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Wickson, <i>the Community of the Realm in 13th C England</i> (London 1970) p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbot of Lilleshall v Harcourt (1256) 96 SS xxix 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_Page_63-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_Page_63_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_Page_63_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(legal_historian)" title="John Baker (legal historian)">Baker, John</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0S0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>An Introduction to English Legal History</i></a> (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198812609" title="Special:BookSources/9780198812609"><bdi>9780198812609</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+English+Legal+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780198812609&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0S0zEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWrit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rules of the Supreme Court (Writ and Appearance) 1979 (Statutory Instrument 1979, No. 1716)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1979/1716/made">[1]</a>, discussed in House of Lords in 1980,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1980/feb/07/rules-of-the-supreme-court-writ-and">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of writs, see, for example, "Antiquities of the Law" (1870) 1 Albany Law Journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU8ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA247">247</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rastell and William Rastell. Les Termes de la Ley. In the Savoy. 1721. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA27">p 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a>, 2nd Ed, 1910, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawdictionar_blac_1910_00/page/44/mode/1up?view=theater">p 44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP74">"Advocatione"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia</a>. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlason. Reeves' History of the English Law. New American Edition. 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBktAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA501">p 501</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruffhead. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9MAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PP4">"Advowson"</a> in "The Table". The Statutes at Large. 1765. Volume 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica. 9th Ed. 1888. vol 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zY7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA412">p 412</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mozley and Whiteley. A Concise Law Dictionary. Butterworths. London. 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15">p 15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further FNB <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDdOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA67">30</a> and 2 Co Inst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzIJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA487">489</a> and 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. London. Boston. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29">p 29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP179">"Arrestandis"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams. A Juridicial Glossary. 1886. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA277">p 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Walter Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBhXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21-IA20">"ARR"</a>. A Compendious and Comprehensive Law Dictionary. 1816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mozely and Whitely, A Concise Law Dictionary, 1876, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48">p 48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further 2 Co Inst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxbuAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA327">328</a>; "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkNlAAAAMAAJ">59</a> Shakespearean Criticism 150; Dolan (ed), "Renaissance Drama and the Law" (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq0kAQAAMAAJ">25</a> Renaissance Drama 158; Ross, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBFdAAAAMAAJ">Elizabethan Literature and the Law of Fraudulent Conveyance</a>, 2003, p 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As to the meaning of "cattle" generally, see for example Stroud, The Judicial Dictionary, 1890, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnvxZMnzIloC&pg=PA113">p 113</a>; and Dwarris, A General Treatise on Statutes, 2nd Ed, 1848, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tO5iAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA636">p 248</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. London. Boston. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29">p 29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP179">"Arrestando"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further 2 Co Inst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxbuAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA51">53</a>; Reg Orig <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oprm40tAxrAC&pg=PP102">24</a>; Tyler v Pomeroy (1864) 8 Allen's Massachusetts Reports 480 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvQPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA487">487</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. London. Boston. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29">p 29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP179">"Arresto"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams. A Juridicial Glossary. 1886. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA191">p 191</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further Reg Orig <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJg0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP283">129</a>; 2 Co Inst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxbuAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA205">205</a>; FNB <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yu46oMyRLesC&pg=PA250">114</a>; 4 Co Inst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulE0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA123">124</a>; De Lovio v Boit (1815) 2 Gallison 398 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=du07AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA408">408</a>, 23 Myer's Federal Decisions 20 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2slAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>; Molloy, <i>De jure maritimo et navali</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wD1fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29">p 29</a>; 17 Viner's Abridgment <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WBGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4">4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Abridgment of Sir Edward Coke's Reports. New York. 1813. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7gvAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA233">p 233</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maugham. A Treatise on the Law of Attornies, Solicitors and Agents. 1825. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeMGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6">p 6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopaedia. 1807. vol 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mG4O65TZjvUC&pg=PA78">p 78</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams. A Juridicial Glossary. 1886. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA277">p 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams. A Juridicial Glossary. 1886. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA619">p 619</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. London. Boston. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36">p 36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP210">"<i>Atturnato</i>"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweet. A Dictionary of English Law. 1882. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2M4UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253">p 153</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Wynne. "Observations on Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium". 1760. printed in "A Miscellany containing Several Law Tracts". 1765. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbFfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA24">p 24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further FNB <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDdOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA349">156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holthouse-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holthouse_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holthouse_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. London. Boston. 1850. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39">p 39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams. A Juridicial Glossary. 1886. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA230">p 230</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP217">"Auxilium"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English. A Dictionary of Words and Phrases Used in Ancient and Modern Law. 1899. Reprinted 2000. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVWH3SS7GBkC&pg=PA79">p 79</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digby. An Introduction to the History of the Law of Real Property. 2nd Ed. 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXdGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117">p 117</a>. The enactment which is chapter 36 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHUcmnRIr54C&pg=PA53">Ruffhead's edition</a> is sometimes cited as chapter 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mozely and Whitely. A Concise Law Dictionary. 1876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36">p 36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further 2 Broom & Had Com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA144">144</a>; FNB <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDdOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA183">82</a> and 83; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TP9aAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP197">The Law-french Dictionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamsJG1886p278-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsJG1886p278_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry C Adams. A Juridical Glossary. 1886. Weed, Parsons & Company. Albany, New York. Volume 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZqgaXG23TcC&pg=PA278">p 278</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rastell and William Rastell. <i>Les Termes de la Ley</i>. In the Savoy. 1721. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35">p 35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Rosc Real Act <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA127">127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP220">"Ayel"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called an ancestral possessory writ: 1 Rosc. Real Act. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA127">127</a>; Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZNCAQAAMAAJ">Civil Procedure at Common Law</a>, 1899, p 127. Ayel is an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancestral_writ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancestral writ (page does not exist)">ancestral writ</a>: Roberts, A Digest of Select British Statutes, 1817, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8hCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148">p 148</a>. <i>Cf</i>. Booth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PdMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA80-IA4">p 83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, A Digest of Select British Statutes, 1817, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8hCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148">p 148</a>. Buchanan, A Technological Dictionary, 1846, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R61jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA133">p 133</a>. (1879) 112 Westminster Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVwVAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA356">356</a>. (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8JVAAAAYAAJ">Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</a> 217. Booth, The Nature and Practice of Real Actions, 2nd Ed, 1811, Ch 16, pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PdMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA200-IA1">200</a> to 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rastell and William Rastell. Les Termes de la Ley. In the Savoy. 1721. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLQ3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119">p 119</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP369">"Chartis"</a>. Cyclopaedia. Fifth Edition. 1741. Volume 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouvier's Law Dictionary. Revised 6th Ed. 1856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart Rapalje and Robert L Lawrence. A Dictionary of American and English Law. Frederick D Lynn & Co. Jersey City. 1888. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA341">p 341</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Detinue of charters" (or "detinue for charters") was a form of <a href="/wiki/Detinue" title="Detinue">detinue</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBhXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21-IA146">" <i>Chartis reddendis</i>"</a>. A Compendious and comprehensive Law Dictionary. 1816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouvier. A Law Dictionary. 2nd Ed. 1843. vol 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA257">p 257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further, Finlason, Reeves' History of the English Law, 1869, vol 2, pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GRHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA383">383</a> to 385; and Troubat, The Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 1837, vol 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfNCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA30">p 30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1651">§ 1651</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Glossary of Terms", <i>Shelby County Criminal Court Clerk</i>, s.v. "capias", retrieved on 30 Jun 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.co.shelby.tn.us/court_clerks/criminal_court/glossary.html">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Writ and Petition History System in Texas" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qB7k56Ufw_sC&pg=PA90">page 90</a> <i>In</i> Quarles, Brandon D. and Cordon, Matthew C. (2003) <i>Legal Research for the Texas Practitioner</i>  W.S. Hein, Buffalo, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3626-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-3626-6">978-0-8377-3626-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Glossary of Terms", <i>Colorado State Courts</i>, retrieved on 19 June 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courts.state.co.us/Glossary.cfm">[4]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gloss...Terms", <i>Shelby</i> (op. cit.), s.v. "Venire facias".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writ&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Maitland F. W. The Forms of Action at Common Law. Cambridge University Press 1962.</li> <li>Baker, J. H. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/introductiontoen0000bake_g0s2" class="extiw" title="iarchive:introductiontoen0000bake g0s2">An Introduction to English Legal History</a></i>. Butterworths 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-53101-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-53101-3">0-406-53101-3</a></li> <li>Milsom, S. F. C. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historicalfounda0000mils" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historicalfounda0000mils">Historical Foundations of the Common Law</a></i> (second edition). Butterworths 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-62503-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-62503-4">0-406-62503-4</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: John Rastell and William Rastell. Les Termes de la Ley. 1721.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Stewart Rapalje and Robert L Lawrence. A Dictionary of American and English Law. Frederick D Lynn & Co. Jersey City. 1888. vol 1.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Henry C Adams. A Juridical Glossary. 1886. Weed, Parsons & Company. Albany, New York. Volume 1.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Henry James Holthouse. A New Law Dictionary. Second Edition. Thomas Blenkarn. London. Charles C Little and James. Boston. 1850.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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