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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins and development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pandharpur_temple_and_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandharpur_temple_and_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pandharpur temple and inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandharpur_temple_and_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Central image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pundalik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pundalik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pundalik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pundalik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Identifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Consorts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varkari_sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varkari_sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Varkari sect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varkari_sect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haridasa_sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haridasa_sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Haridasa sect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haridasa_sect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pushtimarg_sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pushtimarg_sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pushtimarg sect </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="فيثوبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيثوبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="বিথোবা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিথোবা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="বিঠোবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিঠোবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vithoba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vithoba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vithoba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B2" title="विट्ठल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विट्ठल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witoba" title="Witoba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Witoba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%B2" title="ವಿಠ್ಠಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಠ್ಠಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B2" title="विठ्ठल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विठ्ठल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%B2)_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਠੋਬਾ (ਵਿਠਲ) ਦੇਵਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਠੋਬਾ (ਵਿਠਲ) ਦੇਵਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withoba" title="Withoba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Withoba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vithoba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Витхоба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витхоба" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Panduranga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Panduranga (disambiguation)">Panduranga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Vithoba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Syayambhuvithoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white image of an idol of an arms-akimbo bare-chested man, wearing a conical head-gear, a dhoti and ornaments. The idol is placed on a brick, and backed by a decorated halo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg/220px-Syayambhuvithoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg/330px-Syayambhuvithoba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="693" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The central image at <a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Vithoba Temple</a> in Pandharpur</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">विठोबा</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Viṭhobā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari Vaishnavism </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rama Krishna Hare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data">Chakra, Shankha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rakhumai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhumai">Rakhumai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahi_(goddess)" title="Rahi (goddess)">Rahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Vithoba (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Viṭhobā), also known as Vitthala (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Viṭṭhala), and Panduranga (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Pāṇḍuraṅga), is a <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Hindu deity</a> predominantly worshipped in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. He is a form of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort <a href="/wiki/Rakhumai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhumai">Rakhumai</a>. Vithoba is the focus of an essentially <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, non-ritualistic <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>-driven<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> faith in Maharashtra and the <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> sect established in <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a> in Karnataka. <a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur</a> is his main temple. Vithoba legends revolve around his devotee <a href="/wiki/Pundalik" title="Pundalik">Pundalik</a> who is credited for bringing the deity to Pandharpur, and around Vithoba's role as a saviour to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. The Varkari poet-saints are known for their unique genre of devotional lyric, the <a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">abhang</a>, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. Other devotional literature dedicated to Vithoba includes the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> hymns of the Haridasa and the Marathi versions of the generic <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a> songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on <a href="/wiki/Devshayani_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Devshayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a> in the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a> in the month of <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartika</a>. The historiography of Vithoba and his sect is an area of continuing debate, even regarding his name. Though the origins of both his sect and his main temple are likewise debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and other names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulshi_Vrundavan,_Pandharpur,_Solapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone icon of an arms-akimbo man standing on a brick and wearing a dhoti, angarkha (shirt), uparna (cloth across the chest) and a crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg/220px-Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg/330px-Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg/440px-Tulshi_Vrundavan%2C_Pandharpur%2C_Solapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the Vithoba icon of Pandharpur adorned with jewellery and clothes.</figcaption></figure> Vithoba (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: विठोबा, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Viṭhobā) is known by many names, including: Vitthala, Panduranga, Pandharinath, Hari, Ranga and Narayan. There are several theories about the origins and meanings of these names. <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> tradition suggests that the name Vitthala (also spelled as Vitthal, Viththal, Vittala and Vithal; <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: विठ्ठल, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: ವಿಠ್ಠಲ, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: విఠ్ఠల and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: વિઠ્ઠલ; all <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Viṭṭhala) is composed of two Sanskrit-Marathi words: viṭ, which means 'brick'; and thal, which may have originated from the Sanskrit sthala, meaning 'standing'. Thus, Vitthala would mean 'one standing on a brick'.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">William Crooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a>, supported this explanation.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-4">[4]</a> The prescribed iconography of Vithoba stipulates that he be shown standing arms-akimbo upon a brick, which is associated with the legend of the devotee Pundalik. However, the Varkari poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> proposed a different etymology—that Vitthala is composed of the words vittha (ignorance) and la (one who accepts), thus meaning 'one who accepts innocent people who are devoid of knowledge'.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar">Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar</a> offers yet another possibility—that Vitthu (Viṭhu) is a Kannada corruption of the name Vishnu adopted in Marathi. The suffixes -la and -ba (meaning 'father' in Marathi) were appended for reverence, producing the names Vitthala and Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar124-6">[6]</a> This corruption of Vishnu to Vitthu could have been due to the tendency of Marathi and Kannada people to pronounce the Sanskrit ṣṇ (/ʃn/) as ṭṭh (/ʈʈʰ/), attested since the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to research scholar M. S. Mate of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_College_(Pune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan College (Pune)">Deccan College</a>, Pundalik—who is assumed to be a historical figure—was instrumental in persuading the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysala</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a> alias Bittidev to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu. The deity was subsequently named as Vitthala, a derivative of Bittidev, by the builder-king.<a href="#cite_note-Sand_1990_p._38-8">[8]</a> Other variants of the name include Viṭhurāyā (King Vitthala), and Viṭhāī (Mother Vitthala). The people of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> add the suffix -nath (Lord) to Vitthala, which yields the name Vitthal-nath.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> The additional honorific suffix <a href="/wiki/-ji" title="-ji">-ji</a> may be added, giving the name Vitthalnathji. This name is generally used in the <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> sect. Panduranga (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: पांडुरंग, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: ಪಾಂಡುರಂಗ, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: పాండురంగ; all <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Pāṇḍuraṅga), also spelt as Pandurang and Pandaranga, is another popular epithet for Vithoba, which means 'the white god' in Sanskrit. The Jain author-saint <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a> (1089–1172 AD) notes it is also used as an epithet for the god <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>-Shiva. Even though Vithoba is depicted with dark complexion, he is called a "white god". Bhandarkar explains this paradox, proposing that Panduranga may be an epithet for the form of Shiva worshipped in Pandharpur, and whose temple still stands. Later, with the increasing popularity of Vithoba's cult, this was also transferred to Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar125-10">[10]</a> Another theory suggests that Vithoba may initially have been a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> god (related to Shiva), only later identified with Vishnu, thus explaining the usage of Panduranga for Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-maxwell-11">[11]</a> Crooke, however, proposed that Panduranga is a Sanskritised form of Pandaraga (belonging to Pandarga), referring to the old name of Pandharpur.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-4">[4]</a> Another name, Pandharinath, also refers to Vithoba as the lord of Pandhari (yet another variant for Pandharpur). Finally, Vithoba is also addressed by the names of Vishnu like <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava sect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development">edit</a>]</div> Reconstruction of the historical development of Vithoba worship has been much debated. In particular, several alternative theories have been proposed regarding the earliest stages as well as the point at which he came to be recognised as a distinct deity. The Pandurangashtakam stotra, a hymn attributed to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> of the 8th century, indicates that Vithoba worship had already existed at an early date.<a href="#cite_note-Pande_2008_p._508-13">[13]</a> According to Richard Maxwell Eaton, author of A Social History of the Deccan,<a href="#cite_note-maxwell-11">[11]</a> Vithoba was first worshiped as the pastoral god Krishna as early as the 6th century. Vithoba's arms-akimbo iconography is similar to <a href="/wiki/Bir_Kuar" title="Bir Kuar">Bir Kuar</a>, associated with Krishna, the cattle-god of the <a href="/wiki/Ahirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahirs">Ahirs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Vithoba was probably later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon and identified with the god Shiva, like most other pastoral gods. This is backed by because of the facts that the temple at Pandharpur is surrounded by Shaiva temples (most notably of the devotee Pundalik himself), and that Vithoba is crowned with the <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a>, symbol of Shiva. However since the 13th century, the poet-saints like <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> and Tukaram identified Vithoba with Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-maxwell-11">[11]</a> Christian Lee Novetzke of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> suggests that Vithoba's worship migrated from Karnataka to the formerly Shaiva city of Pandharpur some time before 1000 CE; but under the possible influence of a Krishna-worshipping <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> sect, the town was transformed into a Vaishnava center of pilgrimage. This proposal is consistent with contemporary remnants of Shaiva worship in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Novetzke116-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/170px-Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/255px-Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/340px-Pandharpur2013Ashad_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Pundalik's temple at <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></figcaption></figure> The religious historian <a href="/wiki/R.C._Dhere" class="mw-redirect" title="R.C. Dhere">R.C. Dhere</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> for his book Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya, opines that Vithoba worship may be even older—"<a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> or pre-Vedic", hence pre-dating the worship of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to this theory, Vithoba is an amalgam of various local heroes, who gave their lives to save their cattle. He was first worshipped by the <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a>, the cattle-owning <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> of Maharashtra. The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadava dynasty</a>, which had cowherd ancestry, could have led to the glorification of Vithoba as Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd. This Vaishnavization of Vithoba also led to conversion of the Shaiva Pundarika shrine to the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik, who—according to legend—brought Vithoba to Pandharpur.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> There may have been an attempt to assimilate Vithoba into <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; today, both are viewed as <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">a form of Vishnu</a> in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-dhere-18">[18]</a> Vithoba is associated more with "compassion, an infinite love and tenderness for his bhaktas (devotees) that can be compared to the love of the mother for her children pining for the presence of his devotees the way a cow pines for her far-away calf."<a href="#cite_note-vaudeville-19">[19]</a> G. A. Deleury, author of The cult of Vithoba, proposes that the image of Vithoba is a viragal (<a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stone</a>), which was later identified with Vishnu in his form as Krishna, and that Pundalik transformed the Puranic, ritualistic <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> worship into more idealised <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> worship—"interiorized adoration prescinding caste distinction and institutional priesthood .."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Indologist Dr. Tilak suggests that Vithoba emerged as "an alternative to the existing pantheon" of brahminical deities (related to classical, ritualistic Hinduism). The emergence of Vithoba was concurrent with the rise of a "new type of lay devotee", the Varkari. While Vishnu and Shiva were bound in rigid ritualistic worship and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> (priestly) control, Vithoba, "the God of the subaltern, became increasingly human." Vithoba is often praised as the protector of the poor and needy.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Stevenson (1843) suggests that Vithoba could have been a Jain saint, as the Vithoba images were similar to Jain images.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandharpur_temple_and_inscriptions">Pandharpur temple and inscriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pandharpur temple and inscriptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg/170px-Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg/255px-Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg/340px-Vithoba_temple_Pandharpur_west_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sikhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhara">shikhara</a> of the Vithoba's chief temple at Pandharpur</figcaption></figure> Scholastic investigation of Vithoba's history often begins with consideration of the dating of the chief temple at Pandharpur, which is believed to be the earliest Vithoba temple.<a href="#cite_note-karve-23">[23]</a> The oldest part of the temple dates to the Yadava period of the 12th and 13th centuries. Most of the temple is believed to have been built in the 17th century, though addition to the temple has never ceased.<a href="#cite_note-zelliot-24">[24]</a> The date the temple was first established is unclear to Bhandarkar, but he insists there is clear evidence to suggest it existed by the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar124-6">[6]</a> According to S. G. Tulpule, the temple stood as early as 1189.<a href="#cite_note-zelliot-24">[24]</a> In fact, a monument dated 1189 records establishment of a small Vithoba shrine at the present location of the temple; thus, Tulpule concludes, the worship of Vithoba predates 1189.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> A stone inscription dated 1237, found on an overhead beam of the present Vithoba temple, mentions that the Hoysala king <a href="/wiki/Vira_Someshwara" title="Vira Someshwara">Someshvara</a> donated a village for the expense of the bhoga (food offering) for "Vitthala".<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> An inscription on a copper plate, dated 1249, records the Yadava king Krishna granting to one of his generals the village Paundrikakshetra (kshetra of Pundarik), on the river Bhimarathi, in the presence of the god Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar124-6">[6]</a> Another stone inscription in Pandharpur narrates a sacrifice at Pandurangapura due to which "people and Vitthal along with the gods were gratified".<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar125-10">[10]</a> Thus from the 13th century, the city is known as the city of Panduranga. Inside the temple, a stone inscription records gifts to the temple between 1272 and 1277 from various donors, notably the Yadava king Ramachandra's minister <a href="/wiki/Hemadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemadri">Hemadri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> Ranade believes that an inscription, found in <a href="/wiki/Alandi" title="Alandi">Alandi</a> and referring to Vitthala and Rakhumai, is the oldest related to Vithoba, and dates it to 1209.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, the name Pandaranga is found on a <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> copper plate inscription, dated 516. Citing this, Pande infers that Vithoba's cult was well established by the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_image">Central image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg/170px-Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg/255px-Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg/340px-Udaigiri_Cave_6bb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>An arms-akimbo Vishnu from Udaygiri Caves.</figcaption></figure> The physical characteristics of the central <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> (image) of Vithoba at Pandharpur, and various textual references to it, have inspired theories relating to Vithoba worship. Sand concludes, from a version of Pundalik's legend in the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> (see <a href="#Legend">Legend</a> below), that two distinct murtis must have existed at Pandharpur—one each of <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_and_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtha and Kshetra">tirtha and kshetra</a> type. The earlier one was a tirtha murti, an image purposely sited near a holy body of water (tirtha), in this case facing west, on the <a href="/wiki/Bhima_River" title="Bhima River">Bhima</a> riverbed, near the Pundalik shrine. The later murti, according to Sand, was a kshetra murti, located at a place of holy power (kshetra), in this case facing east, on the hill where the current temple has stood since about 1189. Thus, Sand proposes that the worship of Vithoba may predate the temple itself.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Deleury suggests that although the temple may have been built in the 13th century, given the <a href="/wiki/Hemadpanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemadpanthi">Hemadpanthi</a> style architecture, the statue of Vithoba is of an earlier style so may have been carved for an earlier, smaller shrine that existed in Pandharpur. The workmanship of the image is earlier than the style of the Yadava (1175–1318), the Anhivad <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> (943–1210) and even the Ajmer <a href="/wiki/Chauhan_dynasty" title="Chauhan dynasty">Chohans</a> (685–1193) eras. Although no other existing Vishnu temple has iconography like Pandharpur's Vithoba, Deleury finds similarities between the Pandharpur image and the third-century, arms-akimbo Vishnu images at <a href="/wiki/Udaygiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaygiri Caves">Udaygiri Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> but declares that they are from different schools of sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pundalik">Pundalik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pundalik">edit</a>]</div> The devotee Pundalik, thrower of the brick (see <a href="#Legend">Legend</a> below), is a major character in the legends of Vithoba. He is commonly perceived to be a historical figure, connected with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar considers Pundalik to be the founder of the Varkari sect and the one who promulgated the sect in Maratha country.<a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar125126-31">[31]</a> Stevenson (1843) goes further, suggesting he might have been a Jain or a Buddhist, since Varkari tradition is a combination of Jain and Buddhist morals, and Vithoba is viewed as Vishnu in his form as Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Frazer, Edwards and P.R. Bhandarkar (1922) all suggest that Pundalik tried to unify Shiva and Vishnu, and that this sect originated in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-Sand37-33">[33]</a> Ranade (1933) thinks that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari sect but also the first great devotee or first high priest of the Pandharpur temple.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but declines the Kannada origin theory.<a href="#cite_note-Sand37-33">[33]</a> According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik was instrumental in coaxing the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to build the Pandharpur temple to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sand_1990_p._38-8">[8]</a> Other scholars like Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974) have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, and dismissed him as a mythical figure.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifications">Identifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Identifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A silver door with ten panels in two columns. The panels depict from top left clockwise a lion-faced man, a man with a bow and axe, a man with a bow, a man playing a flute, a man on a horse, a man with one of his feet on the head of a kneeling man, an arms-akimbo man, a boar-faced man, a man whose body below the waist is a tortoise and a man whose body below the waist is a fish." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg/220px-Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg/330px-Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg/440px-Dashaavathaaram_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Vithoba (left, 4th from top) replaces Buddha in a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9B%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Daśāvatāra">Dashavatara</a>—ten avatars (of Vishnu)—on the door of Sree Balaji Temple, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Primarily, there are three Hindu deities associated with Vithoba: Vishnu, Krishna and Shiva. Gautama Buddha is also associated with Vithoba, consistent with Hindu deification of the Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. However, Varkari consider Vithoba to be the svarupa (original)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Vishnu himself, not an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> (manifestation) of Vishnu like Krishna,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> despite legends and consorts linking Vithoba to Krishna. However, even the <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhavas</a>, who rose in the 13th century as a Krishna-worshipping sect, not only dismissed the notion that Vithoba is Krishna but also frequently vilified Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In some traditions though, Vithoba is also worshipped as a form of Shiva. The Dhangars still consider Vithoba to be a brother of the god <a href="/wiki/Viroba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viroba">Viroba</a>, and view Vithoba as a Shaiva god rather than a Vaishnava one.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Underhill proposes that the shrine of Pandharpur is a combined form of Vishnu-Shiva established by the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> sect that worships Vishnu-Shiva—the Lord, which is what bhagavata means.<a href="#cite_note-U171-40">[40]</a> However, for the chief priests of the Pandharpur temple—Brahmins of the Badva family —"Viṭhobā is neither Viṣṇu nor Śiva. Viṭhobā is Viṭhobā" (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a> original).<a href="#cite_note-Raeside-41">[41]</a> Despite this, some priests of the temple point to marks on the Vithoba image's chest as proof of Vithoba being Vishnu, in his form as Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> Vithoba's image replaces the traditional representation of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a>, when depicted as the ninth avatar of Vishnu, in some temple sculptures and <a href="/wiki/Panchanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchanga">Hindu astrological almanacs</a> in Maharashtra. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha empire">Maratha</a> artists sculpted an image of Pandharpur's Vithoba in the Buddha's place on a panel showing Vishnu's avatars. This can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Caves" title="Shivneri Caves">Shivneri Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Stevenson goes so far as to call devotees of Vithoba (Vithal-bhaktas) Buddhist Vaishnavas (Bauddho-Vaishnavas), since they consider Vithoba to be the ninth—namely Buddha—avatar of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some of the poet-saints praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, an Indian political leader and Buddhist convert, suggested that the image of Vithoba at Pandharpur was in reality the image of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vithoba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vithoba.JPG/170px-Vithoba.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vithoba.JPG/255px-Vithoba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vithoba.JPG/340px-Vithoba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>This bronze image from a home shrine inherits the traditional attributes of Vithoba's Pandharpur image like the conical headgear, the fish shaped earrings, the gem stubbed necklace, and the brick. This image shows Vithoba's right hand making a blessing gesture and his left hand holding a shankha.</figcaption></figure> All Vithoba images are generally modelled on his central image in Pandharpur. The Pandharpur image is a black basalt sculpture that is 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m) tall. Vithoba is depicted as dark young boy. The poet-saints have called him "<a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para-brahman</a> with a dark complexion".<a href="#cite_note-Pande448-46">[46]</a> He wears high, conical headgear or a crown, interpreted as Shiva's symbol—the Linga. Thus, according to Zelliot, Vithoba represents Shiva as well as Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first Varkari poet-saint, <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a> (13th century), states that Vithoba (Vishnu) carries Shiva, who according to Vaishnavism is Vishnu's first and foremost devotee, on his own head.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Vithoba is shown standing arms-akimbo on the brick thrown by the devotee Pundalik. He wears a necklace of <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">tulasi</a>-beads, embedded with the legendary <a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">kaustubha</a> gem, and makara-kundala (fish-shaped earrings) that the poet-saint Tukaram relates to the iconography of Vishnu. Pandharpur's Vithoba holds a <a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">shankha</a> (conch) in his left hand and a <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">chakra</a> (discus) or lotus flower in his right, all of which are symbols traditionally associated with Vishnu. Some images depict Vithoba's right hand making a gesture that has been traditionally misunderstood as a blessing; no gesture of blessing is present in the Pandharpur image.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> Though usually depicted two-armed, four-armed representations of the deity also exist.<a href="#cite_note-madhe-49">[49]</a> The Pandharpur image, when not clothed by its attendant priest to receive devotees, provides Vithoba with the detailed features distinctive of a male body, visible in full relief. However, close inspection of the stonework reveals the outline of a <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a>, supported by a kambarband (waist belt), traced by thin, light carvings.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> Other images and pictures depict Vithoba clothed, usually with pitambara – a yellow <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> and various gold ornaments—the manner in which he is attired by the priests in the daily rites. The Pandharpur image also bears, on the left breast, the mark known as the <a href="/wiki/Srivatsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivatsa">srivatsalanchhana</a>—said to be a curl of white hair, usually found on the breast of Vishnu and Krishna images.<a href="#cite_note-MW1100-50">[50]</a> The image is also dignified with a ring-shaped mark called shriniketana on the right breast, mekhala (a three-stringed waist-belt), a long stick (kathi) embedded in the ground between the legs, and double ring and pearl bracelets on the elbows.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consorts">Consorts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consorts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg/220px-Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg/330px-Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg/440px-Vitthal_-_Rakhumai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Vithoba (left) with his consort Rakhumai at the <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a> Vitthal temple, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, decorated with jewellery during the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></figcaption></figure> Vithoba is usually depicted with his main consort, <a href="/wiki/Rakhumai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhumai">Rakhumai</a>, on his left side. Rakhumai (or Rakhamai) literally means 'mother Rukmini'. Rukmini is traditionally viewed as the wife of Krishna. Hindus generally consider Krishna to be a form of Vishnu, hence his consort as a form of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>. Just like her consort, Rakhumai is also depicted in the arms-akimbo posture, standing on a brick. She has an independent <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> in the Pandharpur temple complex. According to Ghurye, Rukmini—a princess of the <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> region of Maharashtra—was elevated to the status of the main consort, because of her affiliation with the region.<a href="#cite_note-pillai-51">[51]</a> According to Dhangar tradition, Rakhumai is worshipped by the community as Padmavati or Padubai, a protector of the community and cattle in particular.<a href="#cite_note-maxwell-11">[11]</a> Dhangar folklore explains the reason behind separate shrines for Vithoba and Padubai as the outcome of Vithoba invoking a curse on his consort, and his non-attachment to <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> (the householder's life).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Apart from Rakhumai, two other consorts <a href="/wiki/Rahi_(goddess)" title="Rahi (goddess)">Rahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> are worshipped too.The three consorts are considered the consorts of Krishna and incarnations of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-pillai-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maulibg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maulibg.jpg/220px-Maulibg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maulibg.jpg/330px-Maulibg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maulibg.jpg/440px-Maulibg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A modern painting of Vithoba, adorned with fine clothes and jewelry, with a Varkari (left).</figcaption></figure> Vithoba is a popular deity in Maharashtra and Karnataka; devotees also exist in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> but not in the same numbers.<a href="#cite_note-dhere-18">[18]</a> Vithoba is worshipped and revered by most Marathis, but he is not popular as a <a href="/wiki/Kuldevta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuldevta">kuladevata</a> (family deity).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The main temple of Vithoba, which includes a distinct, additional shrine for his consort Rakhumai, is located at Pandharpur. In this context, Pandharpur is affectionately called "Bhu-<a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>" (the place of residence of Vishnu on earth) by devotees.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Devotees, from across Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana, have visited Vithoba's central temple at Pandharpur, since the times of Dnyaneshwar (13th century).<a href="#cite_note-Pande_2008_p._508-13">[13]</a> Two distinct traditions revolve around the worship of Vithoba in Maharashtra: ritual worship inside the temple by the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> priests of the Badva family; and spiritual worship by the Varkaris.<a href="#cite_note-Engblom-55">[55]</a> The ritual worship includes five daily rites. First, at about 3 am, is an arati to awaken the god, called kākaḍāratī. Next comes the pañcāmṛtapūjā, a puja that includes a bath with five (pancha) sweet substances called <a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">panchamrita</a>. The image is then dressed to receive morning devotions. The third rite is another puja involving re-dressing and lunch at noon. This is known as madhyāhṇapūjā. Afternoon devotions are followed by a fourth rite for dinner at sunset—the aparāhṇapūjā. The final rite is śejāratī, an arati for putting the god to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Shima188-56">[56]</a> In addition to the rites at the main temple in Pandharpur, Haridasa traditions dedicated to Vitthala flourish in Karnataka. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varkari_sect">Varkari sect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Varkari sect">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> Panth (Pilgrim Path) or Varkari <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a> (Pilgrim Tradition) is one of the most important Vaishnava sects in India.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> According to Raeside, it is an essentially monotheistic, bhakti sect, focused on the worship of Vithoba and based on traditional Bhagavata <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raeside-41">[41]</a> The sect, according to Vaudeville, is a "Shaiva-Vaishnava synthesis" and "nominal Vaishnavism, containing a free mix of other religions".<a href="#cite_note-Novetzke116-15">[15]</a> It is believed to have originated in Karnataka and migrated to Maharashtra. This last theory is based on a reference to Vithoba as "Kānaḍā" (belonging to Karnataka) in the work of the first of the poet-saints, <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>. However, this word can also be interpreted as "difficult to understand".<a href="#cite_note-Pande448-46">[46]</a> Varkaris and scholars who believe Pundalik to have been a historical figure also consider him to be founder of the cult of Vithoba. This is evidenced by the liturgical call—Pundalikavarada Hari Vitthala!—which means "O Hari Vitthala (Vithoba), who has given a boon to Pundalik!"<a href="#cite_note-sahitya-58">[58]</a> However, according to Zelliot, the sect was founded by Dnyaneshwar (also spelled Jnaneshwar), who was a Brahmin poet and philosopher and flourished during the period 1275–1296.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Varkaris also give him credit with the saying—Dnyanadev rachila paya—which means "Dnyaneshwar laid the foundation stone".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palkhi_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Palkhi_2008.jpg/220px-Palkhi_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Palkhi_2008.jpg/330px-Palkhi_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Palkhi_2008.jpg/440px-Palkhi_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A Varkari journeys from Alandi to Pandharpur. He carries a <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tambura</a> (lute) with saffron flag attached, and <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a> tied to strings in his hands.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> (c. 1270–1350), a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> tailor, wrote short <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi devotional poems</a> in praise of Vithoba called abhangas (literally 'unbroken'), and used the call-and-response <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> (literally 'repeating') form of singing to praise the glory of his Lord. Public performance of this musical devotion led to the spread of the Vithoba faith, which accepted women, Shudras and outcaste "<a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchables</a>", something forbidden in classical brahminical Hinduism. In the times of Muslim rulers, the faith faced stagnation. However, after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a>, when wars erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region, the Muslim rulers had to accept the faiths of Maharashtra in order to gather the support of its people. In this period, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> (c. 1533–99) revived the Varkari tradition. With the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha empire">Maratha empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> (c. 1568–1650), a Vaishya grocer, further propagated the Vithoba-centric tradition throughout the Maharashtra region.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> All these poet-saints, and others like <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, the maidservant of Namdev, wrote poetry dedicated to Vithoba. This Marathi poetry advocates pure devotion, referring to Vithoba mostly as a father, or in the case of the female saint Janabai's poetry, as a mother (Vithabai).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Not only women, like Janabai, but also a wide variety of people from different castes and backgrounds wrote abhangas in praise of Vithoba: <a href="/wiki/Visoba_Khechara" title="Visoba Khechara">Visoba Khechara</a> (who was an orthodox Shaiva and teacher of Namdev), <a href="/wiki/Sena_Nhavi" title="Sena Nhavi">Sena the barber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narahari_Sonar" title="Narahari Sonar">Narhari the goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savata_Mali" title="Savata Mali">Savata the gardener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar" title="Gora Kumbhar">Gora the potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanhopatra" title="Kanhopatra">Kanhopatra</a> the dancing girl, <a href="/wiki/Chokhamela" title="Chokhamela">Chokhamela</a> the "untouchable" <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Muhammad" title="Sheikh Muhammad">Sheikh Muhammad</a> (1560–1650).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Anyone born Shaiva or Vaishnava who considers Vithoba his maya-baap (mother-father) and Pandharpur his maher (maternal house of a bride) is accepted as a Varkari by the sect irrespective of the barriers of <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sahitya-58">[58]</a> Varkaris often practice Vithoba <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a> (meditative repetition of a divine name), and observe a fast on the ekadashi of each month.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haridasa_sect">Haridasa sect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haridasa sect">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampi,_India,_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg/220px-Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg/330px-Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg/440px-Hampi%2C_India%2C_Vitthala_Temple_gopuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>The Vitthala temple in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, Karnataka, was built by <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, whose guru Vyasatirtha was a key Haridasa figure.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> means servant (<a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">dasa</a>) of Vishnu (Hari). According to Haridasa tradition, their sampradaya, also known as Haridasa-kuta, was founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achalananda_Vitthala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achalananda Vitthala (page does not exist)">Achalananda Vitthala</a> (c. 888). It is a distinct branch within Vaishnavism, centered on Vitthala (the Haridasa–Kannada name for Vithoba).<a href="#cite_note-Flood-66">[66]</a> Where Varkari are normally associated with Maharashtra, Haridasa are normally associated with Karnataka. The scholar Sharma considers Vithoba worship first emerged in Karnataka, only later moving to Maharashtra. He argues this on the basis of the reference by Dnyaneshwar, mentioned in section "Varkari sect" above.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Lutgendorf credits the movement to <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a> (1478–1539), the royal <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> (rajguru) to king <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> of the Vijayanagara empire. Vitthala enjoyed royal patronage in this era. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with building <a href="/wiki/Hampi#Vitthala_temple_and_market_complex" title="Hampi">Vitthala's temple</a> at the then capital city <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> (modern Hampi).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Haridasas consider the temple of Pandharpur to be sacred, as well that of Hampi, and worship Vitthala along with forms of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Haridasa literature generally deals with praise dedicated to Vitthala and Krishna. Haridasa poets like <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Vitthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Vitthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Vitthala</a>, Venugopala Vitthala and Mohana Vitthala assumed pen-names ending with "Vitthala", as an act of devotion.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Haridasa poet <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> or Purandara Vitthala (1484–1564), "father of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>", often ended his Kannada language compositions with a salutation to Vitthala.<a href="#cite_note-father-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pushtimarg_sect">Pushtimarg sect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pushtimarg sect">edit</a>]</div> The founder of the Hindu sect <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a> (1479–1531) is believed to have visited Pandharpur at least twice and was ordered to marry by Vithoba (called Vitthalnath or Vitthalnathji in the sect) and have children so that he could be born as Vallabhacharya's son. Later, Vallabhacharya married. His second son and successor was recognized as a manifestation of Vithoba and named Vitthalnath, also known as <a href="/wiki/Gusainji" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusainji">Gusainji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vitthalnath-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-nathdwara-75">[75]</a> One of the sect's Nidhi Swaroops is Vitthalnathji with his consort Yamunaji. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur_Vari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandharpur Vari">Pandharpur Vari</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alandi_Palki_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alandi_Palki_08.jpg/220px-Alandi_Palki_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alandi_Palki_08.jpg/330px-Alandi_Palki_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alandi_Palki_08.jpg/440px-Alandi_Palki_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), holding the footwear of the saint, is carried with honour in a silver bullock cart from Alandi to Pandharpur.</figcaption></figure> The festivals associated with Vithoba primarily correspond to the bi-annual <a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">yatras</a> (pilgrimages) of the Varkaris. The pilgrims travel to the Pandharpur temple from Alandi and <a href="/wiki/Dehu" title="Dehu">Dehu</a>, towns closely associated with poet-saints Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram respectively. Along the way, they sing abhangas (devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba and repeat his name, carrying the <a href="/wiki/Palkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palkhi">palkhis</a> (palanquins) of the poet-saints. Varkaris do not engage in ritual worship but only practice <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darshan</a> (visual adoration) of the deity. The ritual worship by the priests is restricted to five days each around the Ashadha (June–July) and Kartik (October–November) <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashis</a>, when a large number of Varkaris participate in the yatras. In smaller numbers, the Varkaris also visit the temple on two other Ekadashis—in the Hindu months of <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Magha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engblom-55">[55]</a> More than 800,000<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Varkaris travel to Pandharpur for the yatra on Shayani Ekadashi, the 11th day of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">waxing moon</a> in the lunar month of Ashadha.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Both Shayani Ekadashi and <a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a> (in the waxing half of Kartik), are associated with Vishnu. Hindus believe that Vishnu falls asleep in <a href="/wiki/Ksheersagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksheersagar">Ksheersagar</a> (a cosmic ocean of milk), while lying on the back of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha-nāga</a> (the cosmic serpent). His sleep begins on Shayani Ekadashi (literally the 'sleeping 11th') and he finally awakens from his slumber, four months later, on Prabodhini Ekadashi. The celebrations in Ashadha and Kartik continue until the full-moon in those months, concluding with torchlight processions.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shima188-56">[56]</a> Inscriptions dating to the 11th century mention the Ekadashi pilgrimages to Pandharpur.<a href="#cite_note-karve-23">[23]</a> On Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of India">chief minister</a> or a minister of Maharashtra state performs ritual components of worship on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a>. This form of worship is known as sarkari-mahapuja.<a href="#cite_note-mahagov-9">[9]</a> Apart from the four Ekadashis, a fair is held on <a href="/wiki/Navrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Navrati">Dussera</a> night at Pandharpur, when devotees dance on a large slab (ranga-shila) before Vithoba, accompanied with torchlight processions.<a href="#cite_note-U171-40">[40]</a> Other observances at the Pandharpur temple include: <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Ranga-Panchami</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Gulal" title="Gulal">gulal</a> (red powder) is sprinkled on the god's feet; and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>, Krishna's birthday, when devotees dance and sing in front of Vithoba for nine days.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other sacred days include Wednesdays, Saturdays and all other Ekadashis, all of which are considered holy in Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devotional_works">Devotional works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Devotional works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panduranga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Panduranga.jpg/170px-Panduranga.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Panduranga.jpg/255px-Panduranga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Panduranga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A four-armed Vithoba, a 19th-century painting from <a href="/wiki/Tiruchchirappalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchchirappalli">Tiruchchirappalli</a>, Tamil Nadu. Here, Vithoba is depicted as an arms-akimbo Vishnu.</figcaption></figure> Devotional works dedicated to Vithoba can be categorised into the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition and what Raeside calls a "third tradition", that includes both Varkari and Brahmin elements. The Varkari texts are written in Marathi, the Brahmin texts in Sanskrit, and the "third tradition" are Marathi texts written by Brahmins. The Varkari texts are: <a href="/wiki/Bhaktalilamrita" title="Bhaktalilamrita">Bhaktalilamrita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhaktavijaya" title="Bhaktavijaya">Bhaktavijaya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahipati</a>, Pundalika-Mahatmya by <a href="/wiki/Bahinabai" title="Bahinabai">Bahinabai</a>, and a long abhanga by <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>. All these texts describe the legend of Pundalik. The Brahmin texts include: two versions of Panduranga-Mahatmya from the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> (consisting of 900 verses); Panduranga-Mahatmya from the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> (consisting of 1,200 verses); Bhima-Mahatmya, also from the Padma Purana; and a third devotional work, yet again called Panduranga-Mahatmya, which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sand56-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The "third tradition" is found in two works: Panduranga-Mahatmya by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-sridhra-84">[84]</a> In addition to the above, there are many abhangas, the short <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi</a> devotional poems of the Varkaris, and many <a href="/wiki/Stuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuti">stutis</a> (songs of praise) and <a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotras</a> (hymns), some of them originating from the Haridasa tradition. The best known of these is "Pandurangastaka" or "Pandurangastrotra", attributed to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, although this attribution is questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Sand56-80">[80]</a> A text called "Tirthavali-Gatha", attributed to Namdev or Dnyaneshwar but possibly a collection of writings of many poet-saints, also centers on the propagation of Varkari faith and Vithoba worship.<a href="#cite_note-vaudeville-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Other devotional works include aratis like "Yuge atthavisa vitevari ubha" by Namdev and "Yei O Vitthala majhe mauli re". These aratis sing of Vithoba, who wears yellow garments (a characteristic of Vishnu) and is served by <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">mount</a> of Vishnu) and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> (the monkey god, devotee of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>—an avatar of Vishnu). Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenali Ramakrishna">Tenali Ramakrishna</a> (16th century) refers to Vithoba, as Panduranga, in his poem Panduranga-Mahatmyamu: "(O <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>), accepting the services of Pundarika and Kshetrapala (Kala-<a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">bhairava</a>), becoming <a href="/wiki/Kalpataru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpataru">the wish fulfilling tree</a> by assuming a subtle body for the sake of devotees, fulfilling their wishes, the deity Panduranga resides in that temple."<a href="#cite_note-Pande448-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Temples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elaborate, carved entrance to a Hindu temple whose canopy is visible at the top of the image. The entrance section is polygonal with arches and there is a stone staircase leading into the grey/cream coloured structure. Several pilgrims are seen in the foreground, as is a stall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/220px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/330px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg/440px-Pandharpur_Vithoba_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The chief gate of Vithoba's Pandharpur temple. The first step of the temple is regarded as saint <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>'s memorial and the small blue temple in front of the gate is saint <a href="/wiki/Chokhamela" title="Chokhamela">Chokhamela</a>'s memorial.</figcaption></figure> There are many Vithoba temples in Maharashtra,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and some in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Goa and Andhra Pradesh. However, the main centre of worship is Vithoba's temple in Pandharpur. The temple's date of establishment is disputed, though it is clear that it was standing at the time of Dnyaneshwar in the 13th century. Along with Vithoba and his consorts—Rukmini, Satyabhama and Rahi—other Vaishnava deities are worshipped. These include: <a href="/wiki/Venkateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshwara">Venkateshwara</a>, a form of Vishnu; Mahalakshmi, a form of Vishnu's consort <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>; Garuda and Hanuman (see previous section). Shaiva deities are also worshipped, such as: <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and beginnings; <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a>, a form of Shiva; and <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)" title="Annapurna (goddess)">Annapurna</a>, a form of Shiva's consort <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhis</a> (memorials) of saints like Namdev, <a href="/wiki/Chokhamela" title="Chokhamela">Chokhamela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, and of devotees such as Pundalik and <a href="/wiki/Kanhopatra" title="Kanhopatra">Kanhopatra</a>, are in and around the temple.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Other significant temples in Maharashtra are located: at Dehu, the birthplace of Tukaram, which attracts visitors at all <a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">ekadashis</a> of the year; at Kole (<a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara district</a>), in memory of Ghadge Bova, which has a fair on the fifth day of the bright fortnight (waxing moon) in <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Magha</a> month; at <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajapur,_Maharashtra" title="Rajapur, Maharashtra">Rajapur</a>, which host fairs on Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi;<a href="#cite_note-U-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Madhe — a refuge of the Pandharpur image when it was moved to protect from Muslim invaders<a href="#cite_note-madhe-49">[49]</a> and finally at the <a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Shahad" title="Birla Mandir, Shahad">Birla Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shahad" title="Shahad">Shahad</a>. Several temples are found in Goa, the well-known ones being the temples at <a href="/wiki/Sanquelim" title="Sanquelim">Sanquelim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanguem" title="Sanguem">Sanguem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokarna_Math" title="Gokarna Math">Gokarna Math</a>. Similarly temple festivals celebrated in Vitthala temples in <a href="/wiki/Margao" title="Margao">Margao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-goa-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a> attract a lot a pilgrims. Vitthal is also worshipped as Vitthalnath at the <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vitthalnath-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg/220px-Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg/330px-Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg/440px-Thennangur_Panduranga_temple_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Thennangur temple, Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> Vithoba was introduced to South India during the Vijayanagara and Maratha rule.<a href="#cite_note-padmaja-92">[92]</a> In South India he is generally known as Vitthala. The Hampi temple (mentioned above) is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and the most important of Vitthala's temples outside Maharashtra. Constructed in the 15th century, the temple is believed to have housed the central image from Pandharpur, which the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya took "to enhance his own status"<a href="#cite_note-Mokashi42-93">[93]</a> or to save the image from plunder by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Ranade213-94">[94]</a> It was later returned to Pandharpur by Bhanudas (1448–1513), the great-grandfather of poet-saint Eknath. Today, the temple stands without a central image,<a href="#cite_note-Mokashi42-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ranade213-94">[94]</a> though between 1516 and 1565, most important transactions, which would have been carried out previously in the presence of the original state deity <a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi" title="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi">Virupaksha</a> (a form of Shiva), were issued in presence of the central image of Vitthala.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Three of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Mathas_of_Udupi" title="Ashta Mathas of Udupi">eight mathas (monasteries)</a> in Karnataka—<a href="/wiki/Shiroor" title="Shiroor">Shirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pejavara" title="Pejavara">Pejavara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puthige,_Dakshina_Kannada" title="Puthige, Dakshina Kannada">Puttige</a>—have Vitthala as their presiding deity.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A Vitthaleshwara temple stands at <a href="/wiki/Mulbagal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulbagal">Mulbagal</a>, Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Vitthala shrines are found in <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, Vittalapuram near thiruporur and in <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thennangur" title="Thennangur">Thennangur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govindapuram,_Thanjavur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Govindapuram, Thanjavur district">Govindapuram</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a> and sculptures are also found in <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-padmaja-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legend">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg/350px-Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg/525px-Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg/700px-Vithoba_Punadalik_Tukaram_Dnyaneshwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Image of a <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The leftmost panel depicts <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right panel depicts <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Supreme deity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Holy scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sampradayas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Teachers—acharyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Legends regarding Vithoba usually focus on his devotee Pundalik or on Vithoba's role as a savior to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. As discussed in the <a href="#Devotional_works">devotional works</a> section above, the Pundalik legend appears in the Sanskrit scriptures <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>. It is also documented in Marathi texts: Panduranga-Mahatmya by a Brahmin called Sridhara; another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj; and also in the abhangas of various poet-saints. There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which are attested as textual variants of the Skanda Purana (1.34–67). According to the first, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of god Vishnu and dedicated to the service of his parents. The god <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a>, a form of Vishnu, comes from <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhan hill">Govardhana</a> as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is described as in digambara form, wearing makara-kundala, the srivatsa mark (described above),<a href="#cite_note-MW1100-50">[50]</a> a head-dress of peacock feathers, resting his hands on his waist and keeping his cow-stick between his thighs. Pundarika asks Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the river Bhima. He believes that Krishna's presence will make the site a <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_and_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtha and Kshetra">tirtha and a kshetra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sand41f-99">[99]</a> The location is identified with modern-day Pandharpur, which is situated on the banks of the Bhima. The description of Krishna resembles the characteristics of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The second version of the legend depicts Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as the five-year-old <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a> (infant Krishna). This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, Prahlada Maharaj, and the poet-saints, notably Tukaram.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The remaining version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara and as a variant in the Padma Purana. Pundalik, a Brahmin madly in love with his wife, neglected his aged parents as a result. Later, on meeting sage Kukkuta, Pundalik underwent a transformation and devoted his life to the service of his aged parents. Meanwhile, Radha, the milkmaid-lover of Krishna, came to <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a>, the kingdom of Krishna, and sat on his lap. Radha did not honour Rukmini, the chief queen of Krishna, nor did Krishna hold Radha accountable for the offence. Offended, Rukmini left Krishna and went to the forest of Dandivana near Pandharpur. Saddened by Rukmini's departure, Krishna searched for his queen and finally found her resting in Dandivana, near Pundalik's house. After some coaxing, Rukmini was pacified. Then Krishna visited Pundalik and found him serving his parents. Pundalik threw a brick outside for Krishna to rest on. Krishna stood on the brick and waited for Pundalik. After completing his services, Pundalik asked that Krishna, in the Vithoba form, remain on the brick with Rukmini, in her Rakhumai form, and bless his devotees forever.<a href="#cite_note-Pande_2008_p._508-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar125126-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-sridhra-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sand41f-99">[99]</a> Other legends describe Vithoba coming to the rescue of his devotees in the form of a commoner, an outcast <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a> "untouchable" or a Brahmin beggar.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahipati</a>, in his work Pandurangastrotra, narrates how Vithoba helped female saints like Janabai in their daily chores, such as sweeping the house and pounding the rice.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> He narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena the barber. The king of <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> had ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders. As Sena was engrossed in his prayers to Vithoba, Vithoba went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king, and Sena was saved.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Another tale deals with a saint, <a href="/wiki/Damaji" title="Damaji">Damaji</a>, the keeper of the royal grain store, who distributed grain to the people in famine. Vithoba came as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Yet another story narrates how Vithoba resurrected the child of Gora Kumbhar (potter), who had been trampled into the clay by Gora while singing the name of Vithoba.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Zelliot and Berntsen (1988) p. xviii "Varkari cult is rural and non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahman</a> in character" </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Sand (1990), p. 33 "According to Raeside the Varkari tradition is essentially monotheistic and without ritual, and, for this tradition, Vithoba represents Hari Krsna, while for the badavas or hereditary priests "Vithoba is neither Visnu nor Siva. Vithoba is Vithoba (...)"; p. 34 "the more or less anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Varkari sampradaya." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Novetzke (2005) pp. 115–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-hastings-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hastings_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hastings_4-4">e</a> Crooke (2003) pp. 607–08 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Pande (2008) p. 449 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhandarkar124-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhandarkar124_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhandarkar124_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhandarkar124_6-2">c</a> Bhandarkar (1995) p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-Sand_1990_p._38-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sand_1990_p._38_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sand_1990_p._38_8-1">b</a> Sand (1990) p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-mahagov-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahagov_9-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPathak,_Arunchandra_S.2006" class="citation web cs1">Pathak, Arunchandra S. 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Retrieved 20 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shri+Viththal+ek+mahasamanvaya+%28official+site+of+author%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+In+search+of+the+original+idol+of+Viththal.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dhere&rft.aufirst=R+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcdhere.com%2Fviththal_ek_mahasamanvaya%2Fviththal_ek_mahasamanvaya_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW1100-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW1100_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW1100_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams2008" class="citation web cs1">Monier-Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1100-zrIraGga.jpg">"Cologne Scan"</a>. sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. p. 1110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de&rft.atitle=Cologne+Scan&rft.pages=1110&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Monier-Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fserveimg.pl%3Ffile%3D%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw1100-zrIraGga.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pillai-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pillai_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillai_51-1">b</a> Pillai (1997) pp. 366–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Pande (2008) p. 447 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Karve (1968) p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1987) p. xxxv </li> <li id="cite_note-Engblom-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engblom_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engblom_55-1">b</a> Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) pp. 7–10, 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shima188-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shima188_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shima188_56-1">b</a> Shima (1988) p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Flood (1996) p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-sahitya-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sahitya_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahitya_58-1">b</a> anon. (1987) pp. 966–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1990) p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Pawar p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Shima (1988) pp. 184–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Flood (1996) pp. 142–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> see Pawar pp. 350–62 for a review of Varkari literature </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvii </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_66-0">^</a> Flood (2003) pp. 252–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Sharma (2000) pp. 514–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Lutgendorf (2007) pp. 69, 70, 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Rao (1966) pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Rao (1966) p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-father-71"><a href="#cite_ref-father_71-0">^</a> Iyer (2006) p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Kiehnle (1997) p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-vitthalnath-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vitthalnath_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vitthalnath_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-06/features310.htm">"The Artists of Nathadwar — Part 4"</a>. The Sampradaya Sun. May 29, 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sampradaya+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Artists+of+Nathadwar+%E2%80%94+Part+4&rft.date=2005-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harekrsna.com%2Fsun%2Ffeatures%2F05-06%2Ffeatures310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Rachel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7XyeTFxY3wC&q=Vitthalnath++Pandharpur&pg=PA23">The poetics of devotion</a>. Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1233-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+poetics+of+devotion&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1233-5&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7XyeTFxY3wC%26q%3DVitthalnath%2B%2BPandharpur%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nathdwara-75"><a href="#cite_ref-nathdwara_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nathdwara.in/vithalnath.php">"Vithalnath"</a>. Nathdwara Temple Board. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vithalnath&rft.pub=Nathdwara+Temple+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nathdwara.in%2Fvithalnath.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_Trust_of_India_(PTI)2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a> (PTI) (July 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016123154/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/devotees-pour-in-to-temple-town-pandharpur-maharashtra/754121.html">"Devotees pour in to temple town Pandharpur, Maharashtra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN IBN">CNN IBN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/devotees-pour-in-to-temple-town-pandharpur-maharashtra/754121.html">the original</a> on October 16, 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Devotees+pour+in+to+temple+town+Pandharpur%2C+Maharashtra&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.au=Press+Trust+of+India+%28PTI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fgeneralnewsfeed%2Fnews%2Fdevotees-pour-in-to-temple-town-pandharpur-maharashtra%2F754121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Each of the <a href="/wiki/Maasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasa">12 Hindu months</a>—such as Ashadha, Chaitra, Magha, and Kartik—is divided into two fortnights of 15 days each. The moon waxes over the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha), from day 1 to day 15 (<a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> day); and it wanes over the following dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) until <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> day. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Shima (1988) p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sand56-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sand56_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sand56_80-1">b</a> Sand (1990) p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Sand (1990) p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> For the complete English translation of Bhaktavijaya, which narrates the legend of Pundalik and also tells stories of reported interactions between the saints and Vithoba, see Stories of Indian Saints (1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Sand (1990) p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-sridhra-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sridhra_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sridhra_84-1">b</a> For a complete Marathi text and English translation of Panduranga-Mahatmya by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Novetzke (2005) p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Singh (2004) p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Shima (1988) pp. 189–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Pande (2008) pp. 445–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-U-89"><a href="#cite_ref-U_89-0">^</a> Underhill (1991) pp. 165–66, 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathak,_Arunchandra_S.2006" class="citation web cs1">Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620001202/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Kole.html">"Kole"</a>. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1963). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Kole.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kole&rft.pub=The+Gazetteers+Dept%2C+Government+of+Maharashtra+%28first+published%3A+1963%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Arunchandra+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fenglish%2Fgazetteer%2FSATARA%2Fplaces_Kole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goa-91"><a href="#cite_ref-goa_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Bradnock2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Bradnock, Roma Bradnock (2000). Goa handbook 2, illustrated. Footprint Handbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-45-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-45-3"><bdi>978-1-900949-45-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+handbook+2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-900949-45-3&rft.aulast=Robert+W.+Bradnock&rft.aufirst=Roma+Bradnock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-padmaja-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-padmaja_92-1">b</a> T. Padmaja (2002) pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mokashi42-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mokashi42_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mokashi42_93-1">b</a> Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranade213-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ranade213_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranade213_94-1">b</a> Ranade (1933) p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Eaton (2005) p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sharma (2000) p. 612 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Rao (2002) pp. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_R_Venkatesh2011" class="citation news cs1">M R Venkatesh (10 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174994/abode-vittala-tn.html">"New abode for Vittala in TN"</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+abode+for+Vittala+in+TN&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.au=M+R+Venkatesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F174994%2Fabode-vittala-tn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sand41f-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sand41f_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sand41f_99-1">b</a> Sand (1990) pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Bakker (1990) p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Sand (1990) p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Tilak (2006) p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> For complete tale, see Mahipati pp. 22–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> For complete story, see Mahipati pp. 85–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> For the complete legend, see Mahipati pp. 286–289 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanonymous_cited_in1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">anonymous cited in (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA966">"Devolutional Literature — Marathi"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1803-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1803-8"><bdi>81-260-1803-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devolutional+Literature+%E2%80%94+Marathi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-260-1803-8&rft.au=anonymous+cited+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC%26q%3DVitthala%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker,_Hans1990" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Hans (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&q=Hoysala+literature&pg=PA64">The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4"><bdi>90-04-09318-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sacred+Places+in+India+as+Reflected+in+Traditional+Literature&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-04-09318-4&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcwUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DHoysala%2Bliterature%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar,_Ramakrishna_Gopal1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal</a> (1995) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&q=Vithoba&pg=PA125">Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems</a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 124–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0122-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0122-X"><bdi>81-206-0122-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%2C+%C5%9Aaivism%2C+and+Minor+Religious+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-206-0122-X&rft.au=Bhandarkar%2C+Ramakrishna+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5zKrCIBmBwC%26q%3DVithoba%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke,_W.2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">Crooke, W.</a> (2003) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltJI5KhFTRUC&q=Vithoba&pg=PA602">"Pandharpur"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, James</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</a>. Vol. 18. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 607–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3695-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3695-7"><bdi>0-7661-3695-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pandharpur&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E607-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-3695-7&rft.au=Crooke%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltJI5KhFTRUC%26q%3DVithoba%26pg%3DPA602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhere,_R.C.1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dhere, R.C. (1984). Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya (in Marathi). Pune: Shrividya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Vitthal%3A+Ek+Mahasamanvaya&rft.place=Pune&rft.pub=Shrividya+Prakashan&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Dhere%2C+R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Translated into English: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldhaus,_Anne2011" class="citation book cs1">Feldhaus, Anne (2011). Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977759-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977759-4"><bdi>978-0-19-977759-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+a+Folk+God%3A+Vitthal+of+Pandharpur&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977759-4&rft.au=Feldhaus%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_Richard_Maxwell2005" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&q=God+Pandurang+Vithoba&pg=PA139">A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25484-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25484-1"><bdi>0-521-25484-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-25484-1&rft.au=Eaton%2C+Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNNgdBWoYKoC%26q%3DGod%2BPandurang%2BVithoba%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/135">135</a>, 142–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. <q>An Introduction to Hinduism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=135%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood,_Gavin_D.2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&q=Haridasa+Pandharpur&pg=PA257">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C%26q%3DHaridasa%2BPandharpur%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhale,_Shobana1985" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Shobana (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA43">"The Pandharpur Stone inscription of the Yadava king Mahadeva Sake 1192"</a>. In Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (eds.). Studies in Indian Archaeology (238 pages ed.). Popular Prakashan. pp. 42–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-088-2"><bdi>978-0-86132-088-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pandharpur+Stone+inscription+of+the+Yadava+king+Mahadeva+Sake+1192&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.edition=238+pages&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86132-088-2&rft.au=Gokhale%2C+Shobana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35DP1Z-2dnYC%26q%3DVitthala%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, Panchapakesa A.S. (2006) [2006]. Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra. Chennai: Zion Printers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karnataka+Sangeeta+Sastra&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Zion+Printers&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Panchapakesa+A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarve,_Irawati1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irawati_Karve" title="Irawati Karve">Karve, Irawati</a> (1968). "Ch.7: Religion and Gods of Maharashtra". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204436/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Maharashtra-%20Land%20and%20its%20people/chapter_7.pdf">Maharashtra – Land and Its People</a> (PDF). Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Maharashtra-%20Land%20and%20its%20people/chapter_7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.7%3A+Religion+and+Gods+of+Maharashtra&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+%E2%80%93+Land+and+Its+People&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteer&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Karve%2C+Irawati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fgazeetter_reprint%2FMaharashtra-%2520Land%2520and%2520its%2520people%2Fchapter_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeer,_Dhanajay2005" class="citation book cs1">Keer, Dhanajay (2005) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&q=Vithoba&pg=PA482">Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission</a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7154-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7154-237-9"><bdi>81-7154-237-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Ambedkar%3A+Life+and+Mission&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7154-237-9&rft.au=Keer%2C+Dhanajay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-2d6jzRmBQC%26q%3DVithoba%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelkar,_Ashok_R.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelkar, Ashok R. (2001) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=vithoba&pg=PA4179">"Sri-Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvay (Marathi) by R.C. Dhere"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 4179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1221-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri-Vitthal%3A+Ek+Mahasamanvay+%28Marathi%29+by+R.C.+Dhere&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature&rft.pages=4179&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1221-3&rft.au=Kelkar%2C+Ashok+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnPoYxrRfc0C%26q%3Dvithoba%26pg%3DPA4179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiehnle,_Catharina1997" class="citation book cs1">Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt4fJpkFEBsC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA17">Songs on Yoga: Texts and Teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06922-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-06922-4"><bdi>3-515-06922-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+on+Yoga%3A+Texts+and+Teachings+of+the+Mah%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADrian+N%C4%81ths&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-515-06922-4&rft.au=Kiehnle%2C+Catharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt4fJpkFEBsC%26q%3DVitthala%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf,_Philip2007" class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue7eHAUOgrIC&q=Haridasa+Vithala&pg=PA72">Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey</a>. Oxford University Press US. pp. 69, 70, 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8"><bdi>978-0-19-530921-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+Tale%3A+The+Messages+of+a+Divine+Monkey&rft.pages=69%2C+70%2C+72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530921-8&rft.au=Lutgendorf%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUe7eHAUOgrIC%26q%3DHaridasa%2BVithala%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahīpatiAbbottGodbole1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahīpati</a>; Abbott, Justin Edwards; Godbole, Narhar R. (1988). Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0469-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0469-4"><bdi>81-208-0469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+Indian+Saints%3A+An+English+Translation+of+Mahipati%27s+Marathi+Bhaktavijaya&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0469-4&rft.au=Mah%C4%ABpati&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Justin+Edwards&rft.au=Godbole%2C+Narhar+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokashi,_Digambar_BalkrishnaEngblom,_Philip_C.1987" class="citation book cs1">Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgLZGFH1ZTIC&q=Palkhi:+a+pilgrimage+to+Pandharpur&pg=PA14">Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur — translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 34–50 and 263–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-461-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-461-2"><bdi>0-88706-461-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palkhi%3A+a+pilgrimage+to+Pandharpur+%E2%80%94+translated+from+the+Marathi+book+P%C4%81lakh%C4%AB&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=34-50+and+263-278&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-88706-461-2&rft.au=Mokashi%2C+Digambar+Balkrishna&rft.au=Engblom%2C+Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgLZGFH1ZTIC%26q%3DPalkhi%3A%2Ba%2Bpilgrimage%2Bto%2BPandharpur%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams,_Monier2008" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/">Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Universität zu Köln</a>. 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Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 15 (2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 183–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197">10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-1042">0304-1042</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-26. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&q=People+of+India">People of India: Maharashtra</a>. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 11–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-100-6"><bdi>978-81-7991-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+Maharashtra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-100-6&rft.au=Singh%2C+Kumar+Suresh&rft.au=Mehta%2C+B.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDEAlCTxJowUC%26q%3DPeople%2Bof%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Rev._J1843" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Vitthal&pg=PA64">"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan"</a>. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 7 (13). London: periodical <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a> of Great Britain and Ireland: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00155625">10.1017/s0035869x00155625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170083155">170083155</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=On+the+Intermixture+of+Buddhism+with+Brahmanism+in+the+religion+of+the+Hindus+of+the+Dekhan&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170083155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00155625&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Rev.+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWq4IAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DVitthal%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Rev._J1843" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Vitthal&pg=PA64">"An Account of Bauddho-Vaishnavas of Vithal-Bhaktas of Dakhan"</a>. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 7 (13). London: periodical <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a> of Great Britain and Ireland: 64–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00155674">10.1017/s0035869x00155674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164045611">164045611</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+Bauddho-Vaishnavas+of+Vithal-Bhaktas+of+Dakhan&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164045611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00155674&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Rev.+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWq4IAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DVitthal%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilak2006" class="citation book cs1">Tilak, Dr. Shrinivas (2006). "Emergence of Vitthala:divine advocate of the subaltern". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1xXDHLlNYIC">Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology</a>. International Centre for Cultural Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87420-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87420-20-0"><bdi>978-81-87420-20-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+Vitthala%3Adivine+advocate+of+the+subaltern&rft.btitle=Understanding+Karma%3A+In+Light+of+Paul+Ricoeur%27s+Philosophical+Anthropology&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Cultural+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-87420-20-0&rft.aulast=Tilak&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Shrinivas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1xXDHLlNYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Padmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">T. Padmaja (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFkzKMzALrUC&q=Vittala&pg=PA121">Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-398-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-398-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamiln%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pages=92%2C+108%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E22%2C+fig+87&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-398-4&rft.au=T.+Padmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFkzKMzALrUC%26q%3DVittala%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill,_M.M.1991" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, M.M. (1991) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&q=The+Hindu+Religious+Year">The Hindu Religious Year</a> (Originally published: Calcutta: Association Press ed.). Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3"><bdi>81-206-0523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&rft.edition=Originally+published%3A+Calcutta%3A+Association+Press&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-206-0523-3&rft.au=Underhill%2C+M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb9Zc0yPVUUC%26q%3DThe%2BHindu%2BReligious%2BYear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaudeville,_Charlotte1987" class="citation book cs1">Vaudeville, Charlotte (1987). Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA223">The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 223–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0277-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0277-2"><bdi>81-208-0277-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sants%3A+Studies+in+a+Devotional+Tradition+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-208-0277-2&rft.au=Vaudeville%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkKhOivXrhgC%26q%3DVitthala%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelliot,_EleanorBerntsen,_Maxine1988" class="citation book cs1">Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170">The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra</a>. SUNY Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3"><bdi>0-88706-662-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Hinduism%3A+Essays+on+Religion+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88706-662-3&rft.au=Zelliot%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Berntsen%2C+Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PDr-QF4YmYC%26q%3DPandharinath%2BVithoba%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleury,_G._A.1960" class="citation book cs1">Deleury, G. A. (1960). The cult of Vithoba (Pune: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute (Original from the University of Michigan) ed.). Magis Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+Vithoba&rft.edition=Pune%3A+Deccan+College%2C+Postgraduate+and+Research+Institute+%28Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan%29&rft.pub=Magis+Books&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Deleury%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhond,_M._V.2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/M._V._Dhond" class="mw-redirect" title="M. V. Dhond">Dhond, M. V.</a> (2001). Aisa vitevara deva kothe! (in Marathi). Rajhans Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aisa+vitevara+deva+kothe%21&rft.pub=Rajhans+Prakashan&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Dhond%2C+M.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulpule,_S._G.1979" class="citation book cs1">Tulpule, S. G. (1979). Classical Marathi Literature: A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Marathi+Literature%3A+A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Tulpule%2C+S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithoba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vithoba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vithoba">Vithoba</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitthalrukminiMandir.org/">Official site of Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, Pandharpur</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitthalrukminimandir.org/gallery.html">Images of the central image of Vithoba and Rukmini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/showvideo/4682632.cms">Video of the Pandharpur Vithoba's "Maha-puja" (worship), Maharashtra Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628132424/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/showvideo/4682632.cms">Archived</a> 2009-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330010558/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html">Article on the Pandharpur temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/index.html">The Haridasa movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218123913/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSane,_Prajkta2007" class="citation web cs1">Sane, Prajkta (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070137/http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20071025.143818/public/03chapter5_6.pdf">"The 'Palkhi' of Alandi to Pandharpur"</a> (PDF). University of New South Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20071025.143818/public/03chapter5_6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Palkhi%27+of+Alandi+to+Pandharpur&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2007-03&rft.au=Sane%2C+Prajkta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.unsw.edu.au%2F~thesis%2Fadt-NUN%2Fuploads%2Fapproved%2Fadt-NUN20071025.143818%2Fpublic%2F03chapter5_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVithoba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Krishna203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Krishna" title="Template:Krishna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Indrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table 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