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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Immanuel Kant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immanuel_Kant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenomenologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenomenologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fenomenologie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fenomenologie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Fenomenologie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fenomenologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edmund_Husserl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edmund_Husserl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Edmund Husserl</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Beschikbaar in 46 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فلسفة التعالي – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة التعالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsendensiya" title="Transsendensiya – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transsendensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Трансцэндэнтнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трансцэндэнтнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансценденция – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансценденция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcend%C3%A8ncia" title="Transcendència – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transcendència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="بەرزەجێبوون – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرزەجێبوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental" title="Transcendental – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transcendental" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzendenz" title="Transzendenz – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transzendenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy) – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transcendence (philosophy)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendeco" title="Transcendeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transcendeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trascendencia" title="Trascendencia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trascendencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtsendents" title="Transtsendents – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transtsendents" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraindikotasun" title="Haraindikotasun – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haraindikotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7" title="استعلا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsendenssi" title="Transsendenssi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transsendenssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendance" title="Transcendance – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transcendance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsindinsje" title="Transsindinsje – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Transsindinsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendencia_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Transcendencia (filosofía) – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transcendencia (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentnost" title="Transcendentnost – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transcendentnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzcendencia" title="Transzcendencia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzcendencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentia" title="Transcendentia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Transcendentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transendensi_(filsafat)" title="Transendensi (filsafat) – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transendensi (filsafat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handanvera" title="Handanvera – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Handanvera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trascendenza" title="Trascendenza – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trascendenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A" title="超越 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超越" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96" title="Трансцендентті – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансцендентті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%94" title="초월 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초월" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentia" title="Transcendentia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transcendentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(filozofija)" title="Transcendence (filozofija) – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transcendence (filozofija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihoa-draha" title="Fihoa-draha – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fihoa-draha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അതീന്ദ്രിയവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതീന്ദ്രിയവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_(filosofi)" title="Transcendent (filosofi) – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transcendent (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendencja_(filozofia)" title="Transcendencja (filozofia) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transcendencja (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcend%C3%AAncia_(filosofia)" title="Transcendência (filosofia) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transcendência (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcenden%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Transcendență – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transcendență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Трансцендентность – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансцендентность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Трансцендентно – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трансцендентно" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA" title="اوليائت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوليائت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcedentnost" title="Transcedentnost – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transcedentnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent%C3%A1lnos%C5%A5" title="Transcendentálnosť – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transcendentálnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Трансцендентно – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансцендентно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental" title="Transcendental – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transcendental" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="อุตรภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุตรภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k" title="Aşkınlık – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşkınlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Трансцендентність – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансцендентність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="超越 (哲学) – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超越 (哲学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Transcendentie</b> is het naar buiten staan of overstijgen van de mens. Dit begrip komt bij vele filosofen terug waaronder <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> en later in de <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie">fenomenologie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> en fenomenologische ontologie van <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Alteriteit" title="Alteriteit">alteriteitsdenken</a> van <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a> en in de <a href="/wiki/Reformatorische_wijsbegeerte" title="Reformatorische wijsbegeerte">reformatorische wijsbegeerte</a> van <a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Herman Dooyeweerd</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Immanuel Kant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Immanuel Kant"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immanuel Kant gebruikte het begrip 'transcendent' in zijn <a href="/wiki/Kennistheorie" title="Kennistheorie">kennistheorie</a>. Hij noemde zijn epistemologische onderzoek een 'transcendentale analyse' omdat hij kenbaar probeerde te maken dat ons kenvermogen beperkingen heeft. Zijn filosofie staat dan ook bekend als het <a href="/wiki/Transcendentaal_idealisme" title="Transcendentaal idealisme">transcendentaal idealisme</a>, waarbij 'transcendentaal' slaat op dat wat de grenzen van de kennis aangeeft. Het begrip 'transcendent' daarentegen werd door Kant gebruikt in de betekenis van 'buitenzintuiglijk', oftewel hetgeen wat niet voor de ervaring toegankelijk is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fenomenologie">Fenomenologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fenomenologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fenomenologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edmund_Husserl">Edmund Husserl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Edmund Husserl" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Edmund Husserl"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binnen de fenomenologie van Edmund Husserl wordt het begrip 'transcendentie' in een gelijkaardige manier als bij Kant gebruikt, hoewel er wel verschillen zijn. In tegenstelling tot Kant die de ervaring sterk <a href="/wiki/Intellectualistisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectualistisch">intellectualistisch</a> opvatte, vertrekt Husserl vanuit de fenomenologische methode: men moet de fenomenen voor zichzelf laten spreken. Het draait dus bij Husserl om het 'wezen' van de waarneming. Husserl zet zijn eigen vorm van het <a href="/wiki/Transcendentaal_idealisme" title="Transcendentaal idealisme">transcendentaal idealisme</a> uiteen en stelt dat de dingen en de wereld slechts in zoverre bestaan als we ze waarnemen. </p><p>Voor Husserl zijn er twee voorwerpen van de waarneming: immanente en transcendente objecten. Immanente objecten zijn objecten die het bewustzijn in zichzelf ervaart, zoals blijdschap, pijn of een ingebeelde driehoek. Deze objecten zijn volledig gegeven aan het bewustzijn en <a href="/wiki/A_priori" title="A priori">a priori</a> zeker. Het is een contradictie te stellen dat men pijn voelt, maar de pijn niet zou bestaan. Het pijn voelen is gelijk aan het bestaan van die pijn. Daartegenover staan de transcendente objecten: objecten die van 'buiten' het bewustzijn komen, zoals de waarneming van een tafel. Het transcendente object is niet zuiver gegeven zoals het immanente object het was, maar is altijd slechts gegeven vanuit een bepaald perspectief. Dit noemt Husserl 'afschaduwingen' (<i>Abschattungen</i>). Een tafel ziet men niet van alle kanten tegelijkertijd: men ziet enkel de voorkant, de zijkant, enzovoort. De andere kanten zijn slechts indirect gegeven in het bewustzijn. Deze onvolledigheid van het transcendente object maakt het, in tegenstelling tot immanente objecten, mogelijk dat het object in werkelijkheid niet bestaat. De ervaring van een tafel kan in principe op een illusie berusten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martin_Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Martin Heidegger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Martin Heidegger"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij Heidegger, onder andere in zijn boek <i><a href="/wiki/Sein_und_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sein und Zeit">Sein und Zeit</a></i> (1927), krijgt transcendentie dan weer een andere betekenis. Geïnspireerd op de fenomenologie van Husserl wordt het concept transcendentie hier in de eerste plaats toegeschreven aan de mens, of de mens in zoverre hij het <a href="/wiki/Zijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Zijn">Zijn</a> verstaat: het <i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i>. De mens is volgens de fenomenologie geen gesloten, in zichzelf gekeerd wezen, maar is altijd gericht op de wereld. Een kernbegrip in de fenomenologie is dan ook <a href="/wiki/Intentionaliteit" title="Intentionaliteit">intentionaliteit</a>: activiteiten van de menselijke geest, zoals denken, oordelen, twijfelen, zijn altijd gericht op een object. De mens denkt altijd <i>iets</i>. In die zin is de mens altijd gericht op het buiten-de-mens en typeert Heidegger de mens als transcendentie: <i>Dasein ist in-der-Welt-sein</i>. De mens is altijd geworpen in de wereld en verhoudt zich altijd al op een praktische, concrete wijze tot de zaken om hem heen. In die zin is de mens altijd iets dat zichzelf overstijgt, en dus in wezen 'ek-sistentie' of 'uitstaan naar de wereld'. Dit noemt Heidegger ook wel <i>transcendentie</i>. Deze transcendentie is typerend voor het Dasein en onderscheidt het van de andere dingen in de wereld. </p><p>Een gelijkaardige visie vindt men terug bij <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> in werken zoals <i><a href="/wiki/La_Transcendance_de_l%27Ego" title="La Transcendance de l'Ego">La Transcendance de l'Ego</a></i> (1936) en <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%AAtre_et_le_n%C3%A9ant" title="L'être et le néant">L'être et le néant</a></i> (1943). Hij typeert het menselijke bewustzijn als een 'voor-zich' (<i>pour-soi</i>) en contrasteert dit met een 'op-zich' (<i>en-soi</i>). Het menselijk bewustzijn heeft volgens Sartre geen enkele vastgelegde inhoud, maar haalt haar essentie net uit de dingen die buiten het bewustzijn liggen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emmanuel_Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Emmanuel Levinas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Emmanuel Levinas"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij Emmanuel Levinas, ook sterk beïnvloed door de fenomenologie, krijgt transcendentie nog een andere betekenis. Levinas bekritiseert Husserl en Heidegger in die zin dat hun 'transcendentie' in feite nooit werkelijk transcendent is. Wanneer men zijn aandacht richt op een transcendent object lijkt het op het eerste gezicht inderdaad om iets buiten het bewustzijn te gaan, maar in het leren kennen van het object zelf reduceert men het transcendent object tot het immanente bewustzijn. De transcendente tafel begrijpt een mens slechts in zoverre hij wordt gereduceerd tot immanente ervaringen in het bewustzijn. Op deze wijze ontsnapt de fenomenologie niet aan het <a href="/wiki/Solipsisme" title="Solipsisme">solipsisme</a> en raakt het nooit tot het werkelijk transcendente, de Ander. </p><p>Deze onherleidbare <a href="/wiki/Alteriteit" title="Alteriteit">alteriteit</a>, dat volgens Levinas het enige werkelijke transcendente is, kan enkel worden gevonden in zaken zoals het gelaat van de Ander, de tijd (de toekomst), de liefde en het ouderschap. Deze ervaringen doorbreken volgens Levinas de reducerende beweging van het intentionele bewustzijn. In die zin kan men de Ander ook nooit echt kennen en geheel vatten. In het kind ziet de ouder bijvoorbeeld altijd wel zichzelf, en dus het vertrouwde, kenbare, maar ervaart tegelijkertijd ook altijd iets dat die kennis overstijgt: het kind <i>is</i> de ouder niet. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&oldid=67693794">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcendentie_(filosofie)&oldid=67693794</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Filosofisch_concept" title="Categorie:Filosofisch concept">Filosofisch concept</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Kentheorie" title="Categorie:Kentheorie">Kentheorie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 19 jun 2024 om 07:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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